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Nagashima F, Miyazaki Y, Kanemaru E, Ezaka M, Hara H, Sugiura K, Boerboom SL, Ostrom KF, Jiang W, Bloch DB, Ichinose F, Marutani E. Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase ameliorates neurodegeneration in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102562. [PMID: 36470130 PMCID: PMC9722489 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Nagashima
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eiki Kanemaru
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariko Ezaka
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Hara
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kei Sugiura
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie L. Boerboom
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina F. Ostrom
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanlin Jiang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald B. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eizo Marutani
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhu M, Gong D. A Mouse Model of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-Induced Parkinson Disease Shows that 2-Aminoquinoline Targets JNK Phosphorylation. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920989. [PMID: 32333598 PMCID: PMC7197228 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological features of Parkinson disease (PD) include motor deficits, glial cell activation, and neuroinflammation. The neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), has an oxidation product, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+). This study aimed to investigate the effects of 2-aminoquinoline on motor deficits in a mouse model of MPTP-induced PD and cultured mouse astrocytes treated with MPP+, to determine the effects on astrocyte proliferation and apoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Motor deficits in the mouse model of MPTP-induced PD were investigated using the climbing time, suspension time, and swim time tests. Cultured mouse astrocytes were treated with MPP+, and mice with MPTP-induced PD were treated with increasing doses of 2-aminoquinoline. The MTT assay was used to measure astrocyte viability. Astrocyte apoptosis was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy using Annexin‑V and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) staining. Western blot measured the levels of Bax, p‑JNK, Bcl‑2, and caspase‑3. RESULTS In the mouse model of MPTP-induced PD, motor deficit tests showed that 2-aminoquinoline reduced the impaired motor function during the climbing time, the suspension time, and the swim time tests in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with 2-aminoquinoline significantly reduced the proliferation and apoptosis of astrocytes induced by MPP+ in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The levels of p‑JNK and cleaved caspase‑3 levels were significantly reduced in astrocytes treated with MPP+ following pre-treatment with 2-aminoquinoline, which also reversed the increase in the Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS In the mouse model of MPTP-induced PD, 2-aminoquinoline reduced motor deficiencies, inhibited MPP+ activated astrocyte apoptosis, and regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by targeting p-JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Changjiang University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Daokai Gong
- Department of Neurology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Changjiang University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Kanno K, Tsurukawa Y, Kamisuki S, Shibasaki H, Iguchi K, Murakami H, Uchiyama J, Kuramochi K. Novel neuroprotective hydroquinones with a vinyl alkyne from the fungus, Pestalotiopsis microspora. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:793-799. [PMID: 31341274 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New hydroquinone derivatives bearing a vinyl alkyne, pestalotioquinols A and B, were isolated from a fungal culture broth of Pestalotiopsis microspora. The structures of these novel compounds were determined by interpretation of spectroscopic data (1D/2D NMR, MS, and IR), and the absolute configuration of the stereogenic center of pestalotioquinol A was assigned using the modified Mosher's method. Nerve growth factor-differentiated neuronal PC12 cells were pretreated with pestalotioquinols A and B and removed from the medium, and then treated with a generator of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a reactive nitrogen species, to induce cell death. The cytotoxicity of the treated cells was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase leakage. As a result, 1-3 μM pretreatment of pestalotioquinols A and B rescued neuronal PC12 cells from peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity and the protective activity was sustained after removing each compound from the medium. These results demonstrate that pestalotioquinol derivatives are a new class of hydroquinones possessing a vinyl alkyne and exhibiting relatively high neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanno
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yukine Tsurukawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamisuki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Hisanobu Shibasaki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Keita Iguchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hironobu Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kouji Kuramochi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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Yang SJ, Yang JW, Na JM, Ha JS, Choi SY, Cho SW. 3-(Naphthalen-2-yl(propoxy)methyl)azetidine hydrochloride attenuates MPP+-induced cytotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in SH-SY5Y cells. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 29966582 PMCID: PMC6283030 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common chronic neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons. However, no complete pharmacotherapeutic approaches are currently available for PD therapies. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced SH-SY5Y neurotoxicity has been broadly utilized to create cellular models and study the mechanisms and critical aspects of PD. In the present study, we examined the role of a novel azetidine derivative, 3-(naphthalen-2-yl(propoxy)methyl)azetidine hydrochloride (KHG26792), against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment of KHG26792 significantly attenuated MPP+-induced changes in the protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bax together with efficient suppression of MPP+-induced activation of caspase-3 activity. KHG26792 also attenuated mitochondrial potential and levels of ROS, Ca2+, and ATP in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, KHG26792 inhibited the induced production of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. Moreover, the protective effect of KHG26792 is mediated through regulation of glutathione peroxidase and GDNF levels. Our results suggest a possibility that KHG26792 treatment significantly protects against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and KHG26792 may be a valuable therapeutic agent for the treatment of PD induced by an environmental toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Yang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Ji Woong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Na
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Ha
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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Obata T. The effect of tamoxifen on opening ATP-sensitive K + channels enhances hydroxyl radical generation in rat striatum. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 63:196-201. [PMID: 30795876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was examined the antioxidant effect of tamoxifen, a synthetic non-steroidal antiestrogen, on cromakalim or nicorandil (ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels opener)-enhanced hydroxyl radical (OH) generation induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in extracellular fluid of rat striatum. Rats were anesthetized, and sodium salicylate in Ringer's solution (0.5 mM or 0.5 nmol/µl/min) was infused through a microdialysis probe to detect the generation of OH as reflected by the non-enzymatic formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) in the striatum. Cromakalim (100 µM) or nicorandil (1 mM) enhanced the formation of OH trapped as DHBA induced by MPP+ (5 mM). Concomitantly, these drugs enhanced dopamine (DA) efflux induced by MPP+. Tamoxifen (30 µM) significantly decreased the level of DA enhanced by cromakalim or nicorandil. Tamoxifen suppressed DHBA formation induced by MPP+ and cromakalim or nicorandil. When iron(II) was administered to cromakalim treated animals, a marked elevation of DHBA was observed, compared with the tamoxifen-treated rats These results indicated that the effects of tamoxifen on opening of KATP channels enhances OH generation in the extracellular space of striatum during of DA release by MPP+. These results indicated that estrogen protects against neuronal degeneration by as an anti-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Obata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Osaka Aoyama University, 2-11-1 Niina, Mino City, Japan; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Oita Medical University, Hasama-machi, Oita, Japan.
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Ito K, Eguchi Y, Imagawa Y, Akai S, Mochizuki H, Tsujimoto Y. MPP+ induces necrostatin-1- and ferrostatin-1-sensitive necrotic death of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17013. [PMID: 28250973 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell death is potentially a powerful treatment modality for intractable diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases. Although there have been many reports about the possible involvement of various types of cell death in neurodegenerative diseases, it is still unclear exactly how neurons die in patients with these diseases, thus treatment strategies based on cell death regulation have not been established yet. To obtain some insight into the mechanisms of cell death involved in neurodegenerative diseases, we studied the effect of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) on the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y (a widely used model of Parkinson’s disease). We found that MPP+ predominantly induced non-apoptotic death of neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. This cell death was strongly inhibited by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a necroptosis inhibitor, and by an indole-containing compound (3,3′-diindolylmethane: DIM). However, it occurred independently of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1/3 (RIP1/RIP3), indicating that this form of cell death was not necroptosis. MPP+-induced cell death was also inhibited by several inhibitors of ferroptosis, including ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Although MPP+-induced death and ferroptosis shared some features, such as occurrence of lipid peroxidation and inhibition by Fer-1, MPP+-induced death seemed to be distinct from ferroptosis because MPP+-induced death (but not ferroptosis) was inhibited by Nec-1, was independent of p53, and was accompanied by ATP depletion and mitochondrial swelling. Further investigation of MPP+-induced non-apoptotic cell death may be useful for understanding the mechanisms of neuronal loss and for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.
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Kuo HC, Lu CC, Shen CH, Tung SY, Hsieh MC, Lee KC, Lee LY, Chen CC, Teng CC, Huang WS, Chen TC, Lee KF. Hericium erinaceus mycelium and its isolated erinacine A protection from MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through the ER stress, triggering an apoptosis cascade. J Transl Med 2016; 14:78. [PMID: 26988860 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hericium erinaceus is an edible mushroom; its various pharmacological effects which have been investigated. This study aimed to demonstrate whether efficacy of oral administration of H. erinaceus mycelium (HEM) and its isolated diterpenoid derivative, erinacine A, can act as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent to bring about neuroprotection using an MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease, which results in motor disturbances, in addition to elucidating the mechanisms involved. Methods Mice were treated with and without HEM or erinacine A, after MPTP injection for brain injuries by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. The efficacy of oral administration of HEM improved MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons and brain impairment in the substantia nigra pars compacta as measured by brain histological examination. Results Treatment with HEM reduced MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell loss, apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative stress, as well as the level of glutathione, nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). Furthermore, HEM reversed MPTP-associated motor deficits, as revealed by the analysis of rotarod assessment. Our results demonstrated that erinacine A decreases the impairment of MPP-induced neuronal cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which were accompanied by ER stress-sustained activation of the IRE1α/TRAF2, JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways, the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), IKB-β and NF-κB, as well as Fas and Bax. Conclusion These physiological and brain histological changes provide HEM neuron-protective insights into the progression of Parkinson’s disease, and this protective effect seems to exist both in vivo and in vitro.
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Wang S, Song T, Leng C, Lan K, Ning J, Chu H. Propofol protects against the neurotoxicity of 1‑methyl‑4‑phenylpyridinium. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:309-14. [PMID: 26572916 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and muscular rigidity. Treatment with propofol (2,6‑diisopropylphenol) has been observed to attenuate oxidative stress injury via inhibition of programmed cell death. Results from the present study indicate that propofol treatment attenuates 1‑methyl‑4‑phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‑induced oxidative stress, which was demonstrated by increased levels of reactive oxygen species, 4‑hydroxy‑2‑nonenal and protein carbonyls. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that propofol may ameliorate MPP+‑induced mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing the level of ATP and the mitochondrial membrane potential. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays indicated that propofol treatment reduces cell vulnerability to MPP+‑induced insult. Propofol was also observed to prevent apoptotic signals by reducing the ratio of Bcl‑2‑associated X protein to B‑cell lymphoma 2, reducing the expression level of cleaved caspase‑3 and attenuating cytochrome c release. Thus, propofol may present as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoushi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Song
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Cuibo Leng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Ketao Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Jishun Ning
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P.R. China
| | - Haichen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) induces microglial activation and degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. Donepezil is a well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used clinically to treat cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that MPP+ promotes microglial M1 polarization and suppresses M2 polarization and that this can be restored by donepezil. Results indicate that MPP+ treatment in microglial BV2 cells promotes microglial polarization toward the M1 state. However, pretreatment with donepezil inhibited MPP+-induced M1 polarization in microglia by suppressing the release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Importantly, we found that MPP+ inhibited microglial M2 polarization by suppressing expression of Arg-1, Fizz1, and Ym1, which was also rescued by pretreatment with donepezil. In addition, IL-4-mediated induction of anti-inflammatory marker genes IL-10, IL-13, and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) were significantly attenuated by MPP+ in BV2 cells, which was restored by pretreatment with donepezil in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we found that the addition of MPP+ reduced the intensity of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) but not total STAT6 in IL-4-stimulated BV2 cells. Importantly, pretreatment of microglial BV2 cells with donepezil 3 h prior to administration of MPP+ rescued the reduction of STAT6 phosphorylation induced by MPP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chen
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan 250012, China
| | - Ruihua Hou
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3DT, U.K
| | - Shujun Xu
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan 250012, China
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan 250012, China
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Hara S, Kobayashi M, Kuriiwa F, Mukai T, Mizukami H. Different mechanisms of hydroxyl radical production susceptible to purine P2 receptor antagonists between carbon monoxide poisoning and exogenous ATP in rat striatum. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1322-33. [PMID: 25096805 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.951842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning stimulates cAMP production via purine P2Y11-like receptors in the rat striatum, activating cAMP signaling pathways, resulting in hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) production. Extracellular ATP was thought likely to trigger the cascade, but the present study has failed to demonstrate a clear increase in the extracellular ATP due to CO poisoning. The CO-induced (•)OH production was attenuated by the P2Y11 receptor antagonist NF157, in parallel with its abilities to suppress the CO-induced cAMP production. The (•)OH production was more strongly suppressed by a non-selective P2 receptor antagonist, PPADS, which had no effect on cAMP production. More selective antagonists toward the respective P2 receptors susceptible to PPADS, including NF279, had little or no effect on the CO-induced (•)OH production. The intrastriatal administration of exogenous ATP dose-dependently stimulated (•)OH production, which was dose-dependently antagonized by PPADS and NF279 but not by NF157. Exogenous GTP and CTP dose-dependently stimulated (•)OH production, though less potently. The GTP-induced (•)OH production was susceptible to both of NF279 and PPADS, but the CTP-induced (•)OH production was resistant to PPADS. The mechanism of (•)OH production may differ between CO poisoning and exogenous ATP, while multiple P2 receptors could participate in (•)OH production. The CO-induced (•)OH production was susceptible to the inhibition of NADPH oxidase, but not xanthine oxidase. Also, the NADPH oxidase inhibition suppressed (•)OH production induced by forskolin, a stimulator of intracellular cAMP formation. It is likely that (•)OH is produced by NADPH oxidase activation via cAMP signaling pathways during CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
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Chong CM, Shen M, Zhou ZY, Pan P, Hoi PM, Li S, Liang W, Ai N, Zhang LQ, Li CW, Yu H, Hou T, Lee SMY. Discovery of a benzofuran derivative (MBPTA) as a novel ROCK inhibitor that protects against MPP⁺-induced oxidative stress and cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:283-93. [PMID: 24973649 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with multifactorial etiopathogenesis. The discovery of drug candidates that act on new targets of PD is required to address the varied pathological aspects and modify the disease process. In this study, a small compound, 2-(5-methyl-1-benzofuran-3-yl)-N-(5-propylsulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) acetamide (MBPTA) was identified as a novel Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor with significant protective effects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced damage in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Further investigation showed that pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with MBPTA significantly suppressed MPP(+)-induced cell death by restoring abnormal changes in nuclear morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and numerous apoptotic regulators. MBPTA was able to inhibit MPP(+)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NO generation, overexpression of inducible NO synthase, and activation of NF-κB, indicating the critical role of MBPTA in regulating ROS/NO-mediated cell death. Furthermore, MBPTA was shown to activate PI3K/Akt survival signaling, and its cytoprotective effect was abolished by PI3K and Akt inhibitors. The structural comparison of a series of MBPTA analogs revealed that the benzofuran moiety probably plays a crucial role in the anti-oxidative stress action. Taken together, these results suggest that MBPTA protects against MPP(+)-induced apoptosis in a neuronal cell line through inhibition of ROS/NO generation and activation of PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mingyun Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peichen Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Pui-Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Wang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Nana Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Lun-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cheuk-Wing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Huidong Yu
- Rongene Pharma Co., Ltd., International Business Incubator, Guangzhou Science Town, Guangdong 510663, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) pathway. The cause of neuronal death in PD is largely unknown, but it is becoming clear that inflammation plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of PD. Silibinin is a major flavonoid in milk thistle which has an anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated whether silibinin could have neuroprotective effects on DA neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-treated animal model of PD in vivo. To address this question, animals received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of silibinin, starting 1 day before MPP(+) injection and continued daily until 6 days post-lesion for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining, or until 1 hour prior to the MPP(+) injection to examine the expression levels of inflammatory proteins. Finally, their brains were harvested at the indicated time points for the analyses. Silibinin treatment with 10 mg/kg had no significantly neuroprotective effects in the substantia nigra (SN). However, 50 and 100 mg/kg of silibinin ameliorated the MPP(+)-induced neurotoxicity in the SN in a dose-dependent manner, and the increased levels of inflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by MPP(+) treatment were attenuated by treatment with 100 mg/kg of silibinin. These results indicate that silibinin could be a useful and beneficial natural product offering promise for the prevention of DA neuronal degeneration involved in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Ju Jung
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea
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13
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Abstract
One of the toxicities caused by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is damage to dopaminergic neurons. When injected into C57BL/6J mice, MPTP penetrates into the brain and is converted to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) by monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B in astrocytes. MPP⁺ has high affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT) on dopaminergic neurons, and is taken up into the cell to cause cell death. There have been relatively few researches on the acute MPTP toxicity to embryonic or newborn mice. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the influence of MPTP and MPP⁺ on embryonic and newborn mice by measuring sequential changes in major indexes of MPTP toxicity and MPTP metabolism; levels of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), DAT, MAO-A and MAO-B. In addition, we measured the levels of dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), in the brain of newborn mice. A single injection of MPTP and MPP⁺ reduced the levels of dopamine and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, in the brain of newborn mice about 6-12 hr after the injection. Similarly the levels of mRNAs and proteins of DAT and TH were lowered in the brain of embryonic and newborn mice as well. The levels of these indexes were generally recovered at 24 hr after injection, indicating that the neurotoxicity induced by a single injection of MPTP or MPP⁺ is temporary and recoverable in embryonic and newborn mice. By contrast, no significant changes in the expression levels of MAO-A and MAO-B were observed in either MPTP- or MPP⁺-treated mice.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/adverse effects
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/metabolism
- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/metabolism
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/pathology
- Female
- Homovanillic Acid/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- MPTP Poisoning/metabolism
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monoamine Oxidase/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Sai T, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Involvement of monoamine oxidase-B in the acute neurotoxicity of MPTP in embryonic and newborn mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:365-73. [PMID: 22281418 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Sai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Chen J, Wang X, Yi X, Wang Y, Liu Q, Ge R. Induction of KLF4 contributes to the neurotoxicity of MPP + in M17 cells: a new implication in Parkinson's disease. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:109-17. [PMID: 23370975 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-9961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in humans. The effect of Krüppel-like factor (KLF) 4 in PD is unknown. In this study, KLF4 was found to be increased in both a time-dependent manner and a dose-dependent manner in response to the incubation with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in human dopamine neuroblastoma M17 cells, suggesting a potential role in MPP + -induced neurotoxicity. Following experiments showed that overexpression of KLF4 in M17 cells promoted MPP + -induced oxidative stress, embodied by exacerbated reactive oxygen species, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and protein carbonyls. Furthermore, overexpression of KLF4 slowed cell proliferation and promoted lactate dehydrogenase release. Conversely, inhibition of KLF4 in M17 cells attenuated MPP + -induced neurotoxicity. The expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 in both mRNA and protein levels was found to be decreased by overexpressing KLF4, while increased by knockdown of KLF4. Moreover, promoter luciferase experiments showed that transcriptional activity on SOD1 was inhibited by KLF4. All the results indicated that KLF4 promoted the neurotoxicity of MPP + via inhibiting the transcription of SOD1, suggesting a potential mechanism of increased oxidative stress and cell death in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, No. 661, the 2nd Yellow River Road, Binzhou City, Shandong Province, 256603, China
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Esposito E, Impellizzeri D, Mazzon E, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S. Neuroprotective activities of palmitoylethanolamide in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41880. [PMID: 22912680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical and cellular changes that occur following treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine (MPTP) are remarkably similar to that seen in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons, which results in disabling motor disturbances. Activation of glial cells and the consequent neuroinflammatory response is increasingly recognized as a prominent neuropathological feature of PD. There is currently no effective disease-modifying therapy. Targeting the signaling pathways in glial cells responsible for neuroinflammation represents a promising new therapeutic approach designed to preserve remaining neurons in PD. Chronic treatment with palmitoylethanolamide (PEA, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), initiated 24 hr after MPTP injection (20 mg/kg), protected against MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Treatment with PEA reduced MPTP-induced microglial activation, the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes and S100β overexpression, and protected against the alterations of microtubule-associated protein 2a,b-, dopamine transporter-, nNOS- positive cells in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, chronic PEA reversed MPTP-associated motor deficits, as revealed by the analysis of forepaw step width and percentage of faults. Genetic ablation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α in PPAR-αKO mice exacerbated MPTP systemic toxicity, while PEA-induced neuroprotection seemed be partially PPARα-dependent. The effects of PEA on molecules typically involved in apoptotic pathways were also analyzed. Our results indicate that PEA protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity and the ensuing functional deficits even when administered once the insult has been initiated.
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Bournival J, Plouffe M, Renaud J, Provencher C, Martinoli MG. Quercetin and sesamin protect dopaminergic cells from MPP+-induced neuroinflammation in a microglial (N9)-neuronal (PC12) coculture system. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012; 2012:921941. [PMID: 22919443 DOI: 10.1155/2012/921941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the majority of Parkinson's disease (PD) cases are associated with microglia activation with resultant elevation of various inflammatory mediators and neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2 natural molecules, quercetin and sesamin, on neuroinflammation induced by the Parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in a glial-neuronal system. We first established that quercetin and sesamin defend microglial cells against MPP+-induced increases in the mRNA or protein levels of 3 pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), as revealed by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, respectively. Quercetin and sesamin also decrease MPP+-induced oxidative stress in microglial cells by reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression as well as mitochondrial superoxide radicals. We then measured neuronal cell death and apoptosis after MPP+ activation of microglia, in a microglial (N9)-neuronal (PC12) coculture system. Our results revealed that quercetin and sesamin rescued neuronal PC12 cells from apoptotic death induced by MPP+ activation of microglial cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the phytoestrogen quercetin and the lignan sesamin diminish MPP+-evoked microglial activation and suggest that both these molecules may be regarded as potent, natural, anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Kim-Han JS, Antenor-Dorsey JA, O'Malley KL. The parkinsonian mimetic, MPP+, specifically impairs mitochondrial transport in dopamine axons. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7212-21. [PMID: 21562285 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0711-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired axonal transport may play a key role in Parkinson's disease. To test this notion, a microchamber system was adapted to segregate axons from cell bodies using green fluorescent protein-labeled mouse dopamine (DA) neurons. Transport was examined in axons challenged with the DA neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+). MPP+ rapidly reduced overall mitochondrial motility in DA axons; among motile mitochondria, anterograde transport was slower yet retrograde transport was increased. Transport effects were specific for DA mitochondria, which were smaller and transported more slowly than their non-DA counterparts. MPP+ did not affect synaptophysin-tagged vesicles or any other measureable moving particle. Toxin effects on DA mitochondria were not dependent upon ATP, calcium, free radical species, JNK, or caspase3/PKC pathways but were completely blocked by the thiol-anti-oxidant N-acetyl-cysteine or membrane-permeable glutathione. Since these drugs also rescued processes from degeneration, these findings emphasize the need to develop therapeutics aimed at axons as well as cell bodies to preserve "normal" circuitry and function as long as possible.
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Lahaie-Collins V, Bournival J, Plouffe M, Carange J, Martinoli MG. Sesamin modulates tyrosine hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, inducible NO synthase and interleukin-6 expression in dopaminergic cells under MPP+-induced oxidative stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2011; 1:54-62. [PMID: 19794909 PMCID: PMC2715194 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.1.1.6958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is regarded as a mediator of nerve cell death in several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Sesamin, a lignan mainly found in sesame oil, is currently under study for its anti-oxidative and possible neuroprotective properties. We used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine (MPP(+)) ion, the active metabolite of the potent parkinsonism-causing toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, to produce oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in neuronal PC12 cells, which express dopamine, as well as neurofilaments. Our results show that picomolar doses of sesamin protected neuronal PC12 cells from MPP(+)-induced cellular death, as revealed by colorimetric measurements and production of reactive oxygen species. We also demonstrated that sesamin acted by rescuing tyrosine hydroxylase levels from MPP(+)-induced depletion. Sesamin, however, did not modulate dopamine transporter levels, and estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta protein expression. By examining several parameters of cell distress, we found that sesamin also elicited a strong increase in superoxide dismutase activity as well as protein expression and decreased catalase activity and the MPP(+) stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression, in neuronal PC12 cells. Finally, sesamin possessed significant anti-inflammatory properties, as disclosed by its potential to reduce MPP(+)-induced interleukin-6 mRNA levels in microglia. From these studies, we determined the importance of the lignan sesamin as a neuroprotective molecule and its possible role in complementary and/or preventive therapies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Lahaie-Collins
- Department of Biochemistry, Neuroscience Research Group, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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20
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Abstract
(Artemia) nauplii was used to asses the toxicity of rotenone, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine), MP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) and the effect of L-DOPA co-treatment with rotenone. Rotenone had a dose dependent effect on mortality (LC₅₀: 0.37 ± 0.04 μM mean ± S E, n = 24), while MPTP and MP+ proved to be toxic in millimolar range (LC₅₀: 0.21 ± 0.09 mM and 0.20 ± 0.08 mM, respectively, n = 4). L-DOPA (50-200 μM) co-treatment increased the survival of the rotenone-treated animals (LC₅₀: 0.51 ± 0.23 μM, 1.03 ± 0.66 μM, and 0.76 ± 0.52 μM, respectively). In the whole body tissue homogenates of Artemia, sublethal (up to 0.3 μM) concentrations of rotenone increased the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity by up to 50 about percent (LC₅₀: 53.3 ± 6.8 nM/min/mg protein, against 34.7 ± 3.6 nM/min/mg protein, n = 4). Nauplii treated in 100 mM L-DOPA and rotenone together showed further increase of GST activity all across the range of rotenone concentrations. These results on Artemia nauplii show similarities with other animal models, when complex I inhibitors were tested. Biochemical measurements suggest a protective role of L-DOPA by increasing the GST activity as part of the intracellular defences during toxin-evoked oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Vehovszky
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, Hungary.
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Wang CK, Chen LG, Wen CL, Hou WC, Hung LF, Yen SJ, Shen YJ, Lin SY, Liang YC. Neuroprotective Activity of Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana Extracts In Vitro and In Vivo. J Med Food 2010; 13:170-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kwe Wang
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Department of Internal Medicine, Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital
| | - Lih-Geeng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi
| | - Chi-Luan Wen
- Taiwan Seed Improvement and Propagation Station, Council of Agriculture
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy Science, College of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Ling-Fang Hung
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Shish-Jung Yen
- Medical Laboratory (Yang Ming Branch), Taipei City Hospital
| | - Yi-Jyun Shen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Shyr-Yi Lin
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital
| | - Yu-Chih Liang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
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Dong XX, Wang Y, Qin ZH. Molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:379-87. [PMID: 19343058 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A pivotal role for excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases is gaining increasingly more acceptance, but the underlying mechanisms through which it participates in neurodegeneration still need further investigation. Excessive activation of glutamate receptors by excitatory amino acids leads to a number of deleterious consequences, including impairment of calcium buffering, generation of free radicals, activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition and secondary excitotoxicity. Recent studies implicate excitotoxicity in a variety of neuropathological conditions, suggesting that neurodegenerative diseases with distinct genetic etiologies may share excitotoxicity as a common pathogenic pathway. Thus, understanding the pathways involved in excitotoxicity is of critical importance for the future clinical treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the current understanding of excitotoxic mechanisms and how they are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Obata T, Yonemoti H, Aomine M. The protective effect of fluvastatin on hydroxyl radical generation by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in the rat myocardium. Microvasc Res 2009; 77:163-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is primarily characterized by the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the nigrostriatal system, which in turn produces profound neurochemical changes within the basal ganglia, representing the neural substrate for parkinsonian motor symptoms. The pathogenesis of the disease is still not completely understood, but environmental and genetic factors are thought to play important roles. Research into the pathogenesis and the development of new therapeutic intervention strategies that will slow or stop the progression of the disease in human has rapidly advanced by the use of neurotoxins that specifically target DA neurons. Over the years, a broad variety of experimental models of the disease has been developed and applied in diverse animal species. The two most common toxin models used employ 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/1-methyl-4-phenilpyridinium ion (MPTP/MPP+), either given systemically or locally applied into the nigrostriatal pathway, to resemble PD features in animals. Both neurotoxins selectively and rapidly destroy catecolaminergic neurons, although with different mechanisms. Since in vivo microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography is an established technique for studying physiological, pharmacological, and pathological changes of a wide range of low molecular weight substances in the brain extracellular fluid, here we review the most prominent animal and human data obtained by the use of this technique in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, G. Pagano, Universitá degli Studi di Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
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Kunz M, Gama CS, Andreazza AC, Salvador M, Ceresér KM, Gomes FA, Belmonte-de-Abreu PS, Berk M, Kapczinski F. Elevated serum superoxide dismutase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in different phases of bipolar disorder and in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1677-81. [PMID: 18657586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that oxidative stress may play a role in the pathophysiology of both schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS We compared the antioxidant enzyme, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the lipid peroxidation product, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as assessed in depressed (N=21), manic (N=32) and euthymic (N=31) bipolar patients, and in chronically medicated patients with schizophrenia (N=97), all fulfilling DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, and a group of healthy controls (N=32). RESULTS Serum SOD (U/mg protein) activity was significantly increased (p<0.001) in manic (7.44+/-3.88) and depressed (6.12+/-4.64) BD patients and SZ (9.48+/-4.51) when compared to either controls (1.81+/-0.63) or euthymic (2.75+/-1.09) BD patients. TBARS (mol/L) levels were significantly higher in the SZ group (4.95+/-1.56, p=0.016), bipolar euthymic (6.36+/-1.46, p<0.001), bipolar manic (7.54+/-1.74, p<0.001), and bipolar depressed patients (5.28+/-1.54, p=0.028) compared to controls (3.96+/-1.51). DISCUSSION Our findings show increased SOD activity in SZ, as well as in depressed and manic bipolar patients, but not in euthymic BD subjects. This suggests a dysregulation in oxidative defenses in both disorders. It is likely that such changes reflect state changes in bipolar disorder. It is possible that this is a compensatory response to the oxidative stress that occurs in the acute phase of bipolar episodes. TBARS results show increases in lipid peroxidation in mania. TBARS levels in SZ and in euthymic as well as depressed individuals with BD were higher than in controls. This suggests persistent increases in SZ, which may reflect ongoing symptomatology or treatment, and a state dependent gradient in BD, with greatest oxidative stress in mania. These data support oxidative biology as both a key component of the pathophysiology of both BD and SZ, and the use of agents that modulate oxidative biology as a promising avenue for intervention in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Kunz
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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LoPachin RM, Gavin T. Response to “Paraquat: The Red Herring of Parkinson's Disease Research”. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:219-21; author reply 222-3. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ando K, Maeda J, Inaji M, Okauchi T, Obayashi S, Higuchi M, Suhara T, Tanioka Y. Neurobehavioral protection by single dose l-deprenyl against MPTP-induced parkinsonism in common marmosets. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 195:509-16. [PMID: 17879087 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establishment of preclinical method evaluating behavioral protective actions of drugs for Parkinson's disease was attempted using l-deprenyl (DEP) as a reference drug in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated common marmosets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen marmosets received MPTP at 2 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.) per day for three consecutive days. To these marmosets, intragastric (i.g.) administration of DEP at 10 mg/kg was pretreated 2 h before each MPTP administration in DEP3 group and pretreated only in the first MPTP administration day in DEP1 group. As a control, distilled water (DW) was pretreated before each MPTP administration (n = 5 for each of three groups). RESULTS In DW group, decreased daily activity counts and increased dysfunction scores were persistently observed for 3 weeks after MPTP. In DEP groups, the similar changes of both levels to those in DW group were temporally observed after MPTP for several days and then the values recovered to the pre-MPTP levels. The results of autoradiography performed after above behavioral observations indicated that markedly lower bindings of [(11)C]PE2I (ligand for dopamine transporters) were observed at the striatum of DW group marmoset as compared with the striatum of additionally prepared MPTP-free marmoset (n = 5). The bindings in DEP groups were almost the same as in the MPTP-free marmoset brains. CONCLUSION The present preclinical methods using continuous recording of activity of marmosets in their living cages and autoradiography using dopamine transporter ligand might be sensitive for detecting protective actions of drugs for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Marmoset Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 1430 Nogawa, Miyamaeku, Kawasaki 216-0001, Japan.
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Zhu Y, Hoell P, Ahlemeyer B, Sure U, Bertalanffy H, Krieglstein J. Implication of PTEN in production of reactive oxygen species and neuronal death in in vitro models of stroke and Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2006; 50:507-16. [PMID: 17169462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise mechanism for an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under pathological conditions is not yet fully understood. We have recently demonstrated an implication of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a tumor suppressor, in ROS generation and neuronal apoptosis induced by staurosporine. These findings raised further interest whether PTEN functions as a common mediator of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative processes. To address this issue, neural cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP(+)), which mimic cerebral ischemia and Parkinson's disease, respectively. OGD for 4 h followed by 16 h of reoxygenation or incubation with MPP(+) (250 microM) for 48 h induced 33% and 45% neuronal death in rat hippocampal and in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y neurons, respectively, accompanied by a gradual increase in the intracellular level of ROS. The increase in ROS by OGD and by MPP(+) did not cause oxidative inactivation of PTEN and thus, PTEN remains constitutively active. In support, the protein level of PTEN was not reduced in both cell cultures after challenging with OGD or MPP(+). Importantly, the elevated intracellular ROS levels and the neuronal death caused by OGD or by MPP(+) toxicity were significantly inhibited when PTEN was downregulated by a specific antisense oligonucleotide or by siRNA. Because SOD2 protein level is not altered either by knockdown of PTEN nor by an inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signalling, we suggest that SOD2 do not contribute to the pathomechanism of oxidative stress induced by PTEN or by inhibiting the related Akt signalling. The present study highlights PTEN as a crucial and common mediator of ROS generation and neuronal death and suggests that PTEN could become a potential therapeutic target for interfering with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhu
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Richardson JR, Caudle WM, Guillot TS, Watson JL, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Seo BB, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT, Yagi T, Matsuno-Yagi A, Miller GW. Obligatory Role for Complex I Inhibition in the Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:196-204. [PMID: 17038483 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to mice and nonhuman primates causes a parkinsonian disorder characterized by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and corresponding motor deficits. MPTP has been proposed to exert its neurotoxic effects through a variety of mechanisms, including inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, displacement of dopamine from vesicular stores, and formation of reactive oxygen species from mitochondrial or cytosolic sources. However, the mechanism of MPTP-induced neurotoxicity is still a matter of debate. Recently, we reported that the yeast single-subunit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) dehydrogenase (NDI1) is resistant to rotenone, a complex I inhibitor that produces a parkinsonian syndrome in rats, and that overexpression of NDI1 in SK-N-MC cells prevents the toxicity of rotenone. In this study, we used viral-mediated overexpression of NDI1 in SK-N-MC cells and animals to determine the relative contribution of complex I inhibition in the toxicity of MPTP. In cell culture, NDI1 overexpression abolished the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, the active metabolite of MPTP. Overexpression of NDI1 through stereotactic administration of a viral vector harboring the NDI1 gene into the substantia nigra protected mice from both the neurochemical and behavioral deficits elicited by MPTP. These data identify inhibition of complex I as a requirement for dopaminergic neurodegeneration and subsequent behavioral deficits produced by MPTP. Furthermore, combined with reports of a complex I defect in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, the present study affirms the utility of MPTP in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/adverse effects
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Electron Transport Complex I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- MPTP Poisoning/chemically induced
- MPTP Poisoning/metabolism
- MPTP Poisoning/pathology
- MPTP Poisoning/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Skills Disorders/chemically induced
- Motor Skills Disorders/metabolism
- Motor Skills Disorders/pathology
- Motor Skills Disorders/prevention & control
- NADH Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis
- NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/biosynthesis
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Obata T. Protective effect of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, on copper-induced hydroxyl radical generation in the rat heart. Toxicology 2006; 223:175-80. [PMID: 16647179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was examined the effect of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, on Cu(II)-induced hydroxyl radical generation (OH) in the extracellular fluid of rat myocardium. Rats were anesthetized and sodium salicylate in Ringer's solution (0.5 nmol/microl/min) was infused through a microdialysis probe to detect the generation of OH as reflected by the non-enzymatic formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) in the myocardium. When Cu(II) was infused through the microdialysis probe, Cu(II) increased in OH formation trapped as 2,3-DHBA in the dialysate. When fluvastatin (100 microM) was administered to Cu(II) (50 microM)-pretreated animals, the levels of 2,3-DHBA at 300 min after administration of fluvastatin significantly decreased. In cumulative dose dependent experiments, three concentrations of Cu(II), 10, 25 and 50 microM, were infused through the microdialysis probe in the rat myocardium. A positive linear correlation between Cu(II) and the formation of 2,3-DHBA (R(2)=0.980) was observed. However, when corresponding experiments were performed with fluvastatin (100 microM) pretreated animals, the level of 2,3-DHBA decreased. These results suggest that blocking LDL oxidation by fluvastatin may attenuate Cu(II)-induced OH formation in the rat heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Obata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ohu University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
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