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Burian M, Podgórska A, Kryzheuskaya K, Gieczewska K, Sliwinska E, Szal B. Ammonium treatment inhibits cell cycle activity and induces nuclei endopolyploidization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 2024; 259:94. [PMID: 38509428 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study determined the effect of ammonium supply on the cell division process and showed that ammonium-dependent elevated reactive oxygen species production could mediate the downregulation of the cell cycle-related gene expression. Plants grown under high-ammonium conditions show stunted growth and other toxicity symptoms, including oxidative stress. However, how ammonium regulates the development of plants remains unknown. Growth is defined as an increase in cell volume or proliferation. In the present study, ammonium-related changes in cell cycle activity were analyzed in seedlings, apical buds, and young leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In all experimental ammonium treatments, the genes responsible for regulating cell cycle progression, such as cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins, were downregulated in the studied tissues. Thus, ammonium nutrition could be considered to reduce cell proliferation; however, the cause of this phenomenon may be secondary. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced in large amounts in response to ammonium nutrition, can act as intermediates in this process. Indeed, high ROS levels resulting from H2O2 treatment or reduced ROS production in rbohc mutants, similar to ammonium-triggered ROS, correlated with altered cell cycle-related gene expression. It can be concluded that the characteristic ammonium growth suppression may be executed by enhanced ROS metabolism to inhibit cell cycle activity. This study provides a base for future research in determining the mechanism behind ammonium-induced dwarfism in plants, and strategies to mitigate such stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Burian
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Podgórska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katsiaryna Kryzheuskaya
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Zumel D, Diéguez X, Werner O, Moreno-Ortiz MC, Muñoz J, Ros RM. High endoreduplication after drought-related conditions in haploid but not diploid mosses. Ann Bot 2023; 132:1249-1258. [PMID: 37823772 PMCID: PMC10902894 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Endoreduplication, the duplication of the nuclear genome without mitosis, is a common process in plants, especially in angiosperms and mosses. Accumulating evidence supports the relationship between endoreduplication and plastic responses to stress factors. Here, we investigated the level of endoreduplication in Ceratodon (Bryophyta), which includes the model organism Ceratodon purpureus. METHODS We used flow cytometry to estimate the DNA content of 294 samples from 67 localities and found three well-defined cytotypes, two haploids and one diploid, the haploids corresponding to C. purpureus and Ceratodon amazonum, and the diploid to Ceratodon conicus, recombination occurring between the former two. KEY RESULTS The endoreduplication index (EI) was significantly different for each cytotype, being higher in the two haploids. In addition, the EI of the haploids was higher during the hot and dry periods typical of the Mediterranean summer than during spring, whereas the EI of the diploid cytotype did not differ between seasons. CONCLUSIONS Endopolyploidy may be essential in haploid mosses to buffer periods of drought and to respond rapidly to desiccation events. Our results also suggest that the EI is closely related to the basic ploidy level, but less so to the nuclear DNA content as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zumel
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - X Diéguez
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Werner
- Universidad de Murcia, Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M C Moreno-Ortiz
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Muñoz
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Ros
- Universidad de Murcia, Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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3
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Wos G, Macková L, Kubíková K, Kolář F. Ploidy and local environment drive intraspecific variation in endoreduplication in Arabidopsis arenosa. Am J Bot 2022; 109:259-271. [PMID: 35137947 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Endoreduplication, nonheritable duplication of a nuclear genome, is widespread in plants and plays a role in developmental processes related to cell differentiation. However, neither ecological nor cytological factors influencing intraspecific variation in endoreduplication are fully understood. METHODS We cultivated plants covering the range-wide natural diversity of diploid and tetraploid populations of Arabidopsis arenosa in common conditions to investigate the effect of original ploidy level on endoreduplication. We also raised plants from several foothill and alpine populations from different lineages and of both ploidies to test for the effect of elevation. We determined the endoreduplication level in leaves of young plants by flow cytometry. Using RNA-seq data available for our populations, we analyzed gene expression analysis in individuals that differed in endoreduplication level. RESULTS We found intraspecific variation in endoreduplication that was mainly driven by the original ploidy level of populations, with significantly higher endoreduplication in diploids. An effect of elevation was also found within each ploidy, yet its direction exhibited rather regional-specific patterns. Transcriptomic analysis comparing individuals with high vs. low endopolyploidy revealed a majority of differentially expressed genes related to the stress and hormone response and to modifications especially in the cell wall and in chloroplasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the general assumption of higher potential of low-ploidy organisms to undergo endoreduplication and suggest that endoreduplication is further integrated within the stress response pathways for a fine-tune adjustment of the endoreduplication process to their local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wos
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Macková
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kubíková
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12845 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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4
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Eliáš P, Hegedüšová Vantarová K. Progress in Slovak botany: a successful path to modern research on flora and vegetation. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Fráková V, Koprivý L, Paľová M, Kolarčik V, Mártonfi P. Evaluation of endopolyploidy patterns in selected Capsicum and Nicotiana species (Solanaceae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2021; 76:2079-2092. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Developmental and environmental signals converge on cell cycle machinery to achieve proper and flexible organogenesis under changing environments. Studies on the plant cell cycle began 30 years ago, and accumulated research has revealed many links between internal and external factors and the cell cycle. In this review, we focus on how phytohormones and environmental signals regulate the cell cycle to enable plants to cope with a fluctuating environment. After introducing key cell cycle regulators, we first discuss how phytohormones and their synergy are important for regulating cell cycle progression and how environmental factors positively and negatively affect cell division. We then focus on the well-studied example of stress-induced G2 arrest and view the current model from an evolutionary perspective. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms controlling the transition from the mitotic cycle to the endocycle, which greatly contributes to cell enlargement and resultant organ growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Shimotohno
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Current affiliation: Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Shiori S Aki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan; , ,
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan; , ,
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan; , ,
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7
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Abstract
As like in mammalian system, the DNA damage responsive cell cycle checkpoint functions play crucial role for maintenance of genome stability in plants through repairing of damages in DNA and induction of programmed cell death or endoreduplication by extensive regulation of progression of cell cycle. ATM and ATR (ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA-MUTATED and -RAD3-RELATED) function as sensor kinases and play key role in the transmission of DNA damage signals to the downstream components of cell cycle regulatory network. The plant-specific NAC domain family transcription factor SOG1 (SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1) plays crucial role in transducing signals from both ATM and ATR in presence of double strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome and found to play crucial role in the regulation of key genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, endoreduplication and programmed cell death. Here we report that Arabidopsis exposed to high salinity shows generation of oxidative stress induced DSBs along with the concomitant induction of endoreduplication, displaying increased cell size and DNA ploidy level without any change in chromosome number. These responses were significantly prominent in SOG1 overexpression line than wild-type Arabidopsis, while sog1 mutant lines showed much compromised induction of endoreduplication under salinity stress. We have found that both ATM-SOG1 and ATR-SOG1 pathways are involved in the salinity mediated induction of endoreduplication. SOG1was found to promote G2-M phase arrest in Arabidopsis under salinity stress by downregulating the expression of the key cell cycle regulators, including CDKB1;1, CDKB2;1, and CYCB1;1, while upregulating the expression of WEE1 kinase, CCS52A and E2Fa, which act as important regulators for induction of endoreduplication. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis undergoes endoreduplicative cycle in response to salinity induced DSBs, showcasing an adaptive response in plants under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India.
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8
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Martín-Esquinas A, Hernández-Apaolaza L. Rice responses to silicon addition at different Fe status and growth pH. Evaluation of ploidy changes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 163:296-307. [PMID: 33892228 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been described in rice that Si only plays a physical barrier that does not allow Fe to enter cell apoplast, causing Fe deficiency responses even under Fe sufficiency growth conditions. Most of the conclusions were attained at acidic pH, but rice is also grown at calcareous conditions, which especially induce Fe deficiency in the plants. In this study, we assay the effect of Si in rice suffering both Fe deficiency and sufficiency in hydroponics at two pHs (5.5 and 7.5). Plant biometric parameters, ROS concentration, enzymatic activities, and total phenolic compounds, as well as ploidy levels, have been determined. In general, both pHs promoted similar rice responses under Fe sufficiency and deficiency status, but at pH 7.5, stress was favored. Flow cytometry studies revealed that Fe deficiency increased the percentage of cells in higher ploidy levels. Moreover, under this Fe status, Si addition enhanced this effect. This increase contributed to maintaining chloroplast structure which may have preserved antioxidant activities, and fortified cell walls, diminishing Fe uptake. The first is considered a beneficial effect as plants presented acceptable SPAD values, well chloroplast structure, and qualitatively high fluorescence observed by confocal microscopy, even under Fe deficiency. But contributes to intensify the Fe shortage, by decreasing apoplast Fe pools. In summary, Si addition to rice plants may not only behave as an apoplastic barrier but may also protect plant chloroplast and alter the plant endoreplication cycle, giving a memory effect to cope with present and future stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martín-Esquinas
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Apaolaza
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Paľová M, Ručová D, Goga M, Kolarčik V. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Endopolyploidy in Mosses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:E27. [PMID: 33375487 PMCID: PMC7824635 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic polyploidy or endopolyploidy is common in the plant kingdom; it ensures growth and allows adaptation to the environment. It is present in the majority of plant groups, including mosses. Endopolyploidy had only been previously studied in about 65 moss species, which represents less than 1% of known mosses. We analyzed 11 selected moss species to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of endopolyploidy using flow cytometry to identify patterns in ploidy levels among gametophytes and sporophytes. All of the studied mosses possessed cells with various ploidy levels in gametophytes, and four of six species investigated in sporophytic stage had endopolyploid sporophytes. The proportion of endopolyploid cells varied among organs, parts of gametophytes and sporophytes, and ontogenetic stages. Higher ploidy levels were seen in basal parts of gametophytes and sporophytes than in apical parts. Slight changes in ploidy levels were observed during ontogenesis in cultivated mosses; the youngest (apical) parts of thalli tend to have lower levels of endopolyploidy. Differences between parts of cauloid and phylloids of Plagiomnium ellipticum and Polytrichum formosum were also documented; proximal parts had higher levels of endopolyploidy than distal parts. Endopolyploidy is spatially and temporally differentiated in the gametophytes of endopolyploid mosses and follows a pattern similar to that seen in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladislav Kolarčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia; (M.P.); (D.R.); (M.G.)
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10
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Hernández-Apaolaza L, Escribano L, Zamarreño ÁM, García-Mina JM, Cano C, Carrasco-Gil S. Root Silicon Addition Induces Fe Deficiency in Cucumber Plants, but Facilitates Their Recovery After Fe Resupply. A Comparison With Si Foliar Sprays. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:580552. [PMID: 33424881 PMCID: PMC7793930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has not been cataloged as an essential element for higher plants. However, it has shown beneficial effects on many crops, especially under abiotic and biotic stresses. Silicon fertilization was evaluated for the first time on plants exposed to fluctuations in an Fe regime (Fe sufficiency followed by Fe deficiency and, in turn, by Fe resupply). Root and foliar Si applications were compared using cucumber plants that were hydroponically grown in a growth chamber under different Fe nutritional statuses and Si applied either to the roots or to the shoots. The SPAD index, Fe, and Mn concentration, ROS, total phenolic compounds, MDA concentration, phytohormone balance, and cell cycle were determined. The results obtained showed that the addition of Si to the roots induced an Fe shortage in plants grown under optimal or deficient Fe nutritional conditions, but this was not observed when Si was applied to the leaves. Plant recovery following Fe resupply was more effective in the Si-treated plants than in the untreated plants. A relationship between the ROS concentration, hormonal balance, and cell cycle under different Fe regimes and in the presence or absence of Si was also studied. The contribution of Si to this signaling pathway appears to be related more to the induction of Fe deficiency, than to any direct biochemical or metabolic processes. However, these roles could not be completely ruled out because several hormone differences could only be explained by the addition of Si.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Escribano
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Mª Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sciences School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Mª García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sciences School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Cano
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Carrasco-Gil
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Cortinovis G, Di Vittori V, Bellucci E, Bitocchi E, Papa R. Adaptation to novel environments during crop diversification. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2020; 56:203-217. [PMID: 32057695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the context of the global challenge of climate change, mitigation strategies are needed to adapt crops to novel environments. The main goal to address this is an understanding of the genetic basis of crop adaptation to different agro-ecological conditions. The movement of crops during the Colombian Exchange that started with the travels of Columbus in 1492 is an example of rapid adaptation to novel environments. Many diversification-related traits have been characterised in multiple crop species, and association-mapping analyses have identified loci involved in these. Here, we present an overview of current knowledge regarding the molecular basis related to the complex patterns of crop adaptation and dissemination, particularly outside their centres of origin. Investigation of the genomic basis of crop expansion offers a powerful contribution to the development of tools to identify and exploit valuable genetic diversity and to improve and design novel resilient crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cortinovis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valerio Di Vittori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Bellucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Bitocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Roberto Papa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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12
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Zhang Z, Qu J, Li F, Li S, Xu S, Zhang R, Xue J, Guo D. Genome-wide evolutionary characterization and expression analysis of SIAMESE-RELATED family genes in maize. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:91. [PMID: 32727363 PMCID: PMC7389639 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SIAMESE (SIM) locus is a cell-cycle kinase inhibitor (CKI) gene that has to date been identified only in plants; it encodes a protein that promotes transformation from mitosis to endoreplication. Members of the SIAMESE-RELATED (SMR) family have similar functions, and some are related to cell-cycle responses and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of SMRs are poorly understood in maize (Zea mays L.). Results In the present study, 12 putative SMRs were identified throughout the entire genome of maize, and these were clustered into six groups together with the SMRs from seven other plant species. Members of the ZmSMR family were divided into four groups according to their protein sequences. Various cis-acting elements in the upstream sequences of ZmSMRs responded to abiotic stresses. Expression analyses revealed that all ZmSMRs were upregulated at 5, 20, 25, and 35 days after pollination. In addition, we found that ZmSMR9/11/12 may have regulated the initiation of endoreplication in endosperm central cells. Additionally, ZmSMR2/10 may have been primarily responsible for the endoreplication regulation of outer endosperm or aleurone cells. The relatively high expression levels of almost all ZmSMRs in the ears and tassels also implied that these genes may function in seed development. The effects of treatments with ABA, heat, cold, salt, and drought on maize seedlings and expression of ZmSMR genes suggested that ZmSMRs were strongly associated with response to abiotic stresses. Conclusion The present study is the first to conduct a genome-wide analysis of members of the ZmSMR family by investigating their locations in chromosomes, identifying regulatory elements in their promoter regions, and examining motifs in their protein sequences. Expression analysis of different endosperm developmental periods, tissues, abiotic stresses, and hormonal treatments suggests that ZmSMR genes may function in endoreplication and regulate the development of reproductive organs. These results may provide valuable information for future studies of the functions of the SMR family in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhou Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Silu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiquan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Maize engineering technology research center of shaanxi province, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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13
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Wei Z, Shi X, Wei F, Fan Z, Mei L, Tian B, Shi Y, Cao G, Shi G. The cotton endocycle-involved protein SPO11-3 functions in salt stress via integrating leaf stomatal response, ROS scavenging and root growth. Physiol Plant 2019; 167:127-141. [PMID: 30426499 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The SPORULATION 11 (SPO11) proteins are among eukaryotic the topoisomerase VIA (Topo VIA) homologs involved in modulating various important biological processes, such as growth, development and stress response via endoreduplication in plants, but the underlying mechanism response to stress remains largely unknown under salt treatment. Here, we attempted to characterize a homolog of TOP VIA in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), designated as GhSPO11-3. The silencing of GhSPO11-3 in cotton plants resulted in a dwarf phenotype with a failure of cell endoreduplication and a phase shift in the ploidy levels. The GhSPO11-3-silenced plants also showed substantial changes including accumulated malondialdehyde, significantly reduced chlorophyll and proline contents and decreased antioxidative enzyme activity after salt treatment. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing GhSPO11-3 accelerated both leaf and root growth with cell expansion and endopolyploidy. Both leaf stomatal density and aperture were markedly decreased, and the transgenic Arabidopsis lines were more tolerant with expression of stress-responsive genes under salinity stress. Furthermore, consistent with the reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes was largely reinforced, and antioxidant enzyme activities were accordingly significantly enhanced in transgenic Arabidopsis lines under salt stress. In general, these results indicated that GhSPO11-3 likely respond to salt stress by positively regulating root growth, stomatal response, ROS production and the expression of stress-related genes to cope with adverse conditions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wei
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xinjie Shi
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhuxuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Liqing Mei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yinghui Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gangqiang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gongyao Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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14
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Tian Y, Gu H, Fan Z, Shi G, Yuan J, Wei F, Yang Y, Tian B, Cao G, Huang J. Role of a cotton endoreduplication-related gene, GaTOP6B, in response to drought stress. Planta 2019; 249:1119-1132. [PMID: 30552583 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cotton GaTOP6B is involved in cellular endoreduplication and a positive response to drought stress via promoting plant leaf and root growth. Drought is deemed as one of adverse conditions that could cause substantial reductions in crop yields worldwide. Since cotton exhibits a moderate-tolerant phenotype under water-deficit conditions, the plant could therefore be used to characterize potential new genes regulating drought tolerance in crop plants. In this work, GaTOP6B, encoding DNA topoisomerase VI subunit B, was identified in Asian cotton (Gossypium arboreum). Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and overexpression (OE) were used to investigate the biological function of GaTOP6B in G. arboreum and Arabidopsis thaliana under drought stress. The GaTOP6B-silencing plants showed a reduced ploidy level, and displayed a compromised tolerance phenotype including lowered relative water content (RWC), decreased proline content and antioxidative enzyme activity, and an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content under drought stress. GaTOP6B-overexpressing Arabidopsis lines, however, had increased ploidy levels, and were more tolerant to drought treatment, associated with improved RWC maintenance, higher proline accumulation, and reduced stomatal aperture under drought stress. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes involved in the processes like cell cycle, transcription and signal transduction, were substantially up-regulated in GaTOP6B-overexpressing Arabidopsis, promoting plant growth and development. More specifically, under drought stress, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoid, starch and sucrose were selectively enhanced to improve tolerance in plants. Taken together, the results demonstrated that GaTOP6B could coordinately regulate plant leaf and root growth via cellular endoreduplication, and positively respond to drought stress. Thus, GaTOP6B could be a competent candidate gene for improvement of drought tolerance in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Tian
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuxuan Fan
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongyao Shi
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Yuan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoming Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gangqiang Cao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Huang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Li F, Wang L, Zhang Z, Li T, Feng J, Xu S, Zhang R, Guo D, Xue J. ZmSMR4, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) gene in maize (Zea mays L.), functions as a key player in plant growth, development and tolerance to abiotic stress. Plant Sci 2019; 280:120-131. [PMID: 30823990 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication is a key cell cycle variant in the developing maize endosperm and has been associated with cell enlargement and dry matter accumulation. Therefore, identification of the key genes associated with endosperm development and endoreduplication would not only lay the groundwork for understanding the biological process of endoreduplication but also be important for maize breeding. Here, we identified 12 putative endoreduplication-related candidate genes as members of the Zea mays L. SIAMESE-RELATED (ZmSMR) gene family and denoted them ZmSMR1-ZmSMR12. Sequence analysis indicated that all the ZmSMR protein sequences exhibited modest sequence similarity to the SIAMESE gene from Arabidopsis. Further analyses suggested that most ZmSMR genes might be associated with the transition from mitosis to endoreduplication because the expression levels of most ZmSMR genes were upregulated in endosperm cells during the phase of switching to an endoreduplication cell cycle. Additionally, the ZmSMRs responded to various abiotic stresses at the transcriptional level. One member of the ZmSMR gene family, the ZmSMR4 (KY946768) gene, was isolated as the first maize endoreduplication-related gene and has been used to develop transgenic Arabidopsis plants. ZmSMR4 was localized to the nucleus and could interact with ZmCDKA and ZmCDKB. Moreover, ZmSMR4 was able to rescue the multicellular trichome phenotype of Arabidopsis sim mutants and enhanced the endoreduplication levels of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ZmSMR4 not only displayed enhanced leaf margin serrations but also showed several interesting breeding phenotypes, such as early blossoming and fuller seeds. Taken together, our data suggest that the ZmSMR4 gene is plant-specific and functions as a key player in the signalling network that controls plant growth, development and responses to abiotic stress by regulating the transition between the mitotic cycle and endoreduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhengquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Renhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jiquan Xue
- Key Laboratory of the Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, China; Maize Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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16
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Tank JG, Pandya RV, Thaker VS. Changes in radical scavenging activity of normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploid root tip cells of Allium cepa. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 24:1538-1546. [PMID: 30294223 PMCID: PMC6169515 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell responds to abiotic stress conditions by adjusting its cellular metabolism and various defensive mechanisms. Cellular metabolism involves changes in the cell cycle, in which the cell undergoes repeated rounds of endocycles leading to polyploidization. Defense mechanisms such as role of antioxidants are a key to understand plant adaptation. The present work describes endoreduplication and radical scavenging activity as two different defense mechanisms adapted by plants for their survival under stress condition. The work describes linkage of these two processes with each other under abiotic stress. Endoreduplicated root tip cells of Allium cepa were depolyploidized by exogenous phytohormones. Further, free radical scavenging activity from normal, endoreduplicated and depolyploidized root tips cells was observed to understand the role of phytohormones. Elevated free radical scavenging potential was observed in endoreduplicated cells compared to normal and depolyploidized cells. Based on these results, it was concluded that endoreduplication and antioxidant pathways are linked with each other through phytohormonal activities. The concentration of auxin and cytokinin regulates the activity of ascorbate oxidase enzyme, which in turn maintains the concentration of AsA within the cell. AsA level directs the prolyl-hydroxylation process of cell division proteins in quiescent center cells either toward endoreduplication process or cell division process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna G. Tank
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rohan V. Pandya
- Gujarat Biodiversity Gene Bank, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vrinda S. Thaker
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
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17
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Baduel P, Bray S, Vallejo-Marin M, Kolář F, Yant L. The “Polyploid Hop”: Shifting Challenges and Opportunities Over the Evolutionary Lifespan of Genome Duplications. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Goga M, Ručová D, Kolarčik V, Sabovljević M, Bačkor M, Lang I. Usnic acid, as a biotic factor, changes the ploidy level in mosses. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2781-2787. [PMID: 29531694 PMCID: PMC5838065 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens and mosses often share the same environmental conditions where they compete for substrate and other essential factors. Lichens use secondary metabolites as allelochemicals to repel surrounding plants and potential rivals. In mosses, endoreduplication leads to the occurrence of various ploidy levels in the same individual and has been suggested as an adaptation to abiotic stresses. Here, we show that also biotic factors such as usnic acid, an allelochemical produced by lichens, directly influenced the level of ploidy in mosses. Application of usnic acid changed the nuclei proportion and significantly enhanced the endoreduplication index in two moss species, Physcomitrella patens and Pohlia drummondii. These investigations add a new aspect on secondary metabolites of lichens which count as biotic factors and affect ploidy levels in mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Goga
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceInstitute of Biology and EcologyPavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia
| | - Dajana Ručová
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceInstitute of Biology and EcologyPavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia
| | - Vladislav Kolarčik
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceInstitute of Biology and EcologyPavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia
| | - Marko Sabovljević
- Faculty of BiologyInstitute of Botany and Botanical GardenUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Martin Bačkor
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceInstitute of Biology and EcologyPavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia
| | - Ingeborg Lang
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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19
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Pirrello J, Deluche C, Frangne N, Gévaudant F, Maza E, Djari A, Bourge M, Renaudin JP, Brown S, Bowler C, Zouine M, Chevalier C, Gonzalez N. Transcriptome profiling of sorted endoreduplicated nuclei from tomato fruits: how the global shift in expression ascribed to DNA ploidy influences RNA-Seq data normalization and interpretation. Plant J 2018; 93:387-398. [PMID: 29172253 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of normal development most eukaryotic organisms, ranging from insects and mammals to plants, display variations in nuclear ploidy levels resulting from somatic endopolyploidy. Endoreduplication is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. Endoreduplication is a remarkable characteristic of the fleshy pericarp tissue of developing tomato fruits, where it establishes a highly integrated cellular system that acts as a morphogenetic factor supporting cell growth. However, the functional significance of endoreduplication is not fully understood. Although endoreduplication is thought to increase metabolic activity due to a global increase in transcription, the issue of gene-specific ploidy-regulated transcription remains open. To investigate the influence of endoreduplication on transcription in tomato fruit, we tested the feasibility of a RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach using total nuclear RNA extracted from purified populations of flow cytometry-sorted nuclei based on their DNA content. Here we show that cell-based approaches to the study of RNA-Seq profiles need to take into account the putative global shift in expression between samples for correct analysis and interpretation of the data. From ploidy-specific expression profiles we found that the activity of cells inside the pericarp is related both to the ploidy level and their tissue location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pirrello
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Cynthia Deluche
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Elie Maza
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Anis Djari
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Bourge
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Spencer Brown
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Département de Biologie, IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- GBF, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | | | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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20
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Zeng Z, Huang H, Han N, Huang CY, Langridge P, Bian H, Zhu M. Endopolyploidy levels in barley vary in different root types and significantly decrease under phosphorus deficiency. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 118:11-21. [PMID: 28601019 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased endopolyploidy is important for plant growth and development as well as for adaptation to environmental stresses. However, little is known about the role of reduced endopolyploidy, especially in root systems. In this report, endopolyploidy variations were examined in different types of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots, and the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency and salinity (NaCl) stress on root endopolyploidy were also studied. The results showed that the endopolyploidy levels were lower in lateral roots than in either primary or nodal roots. The lower endopolyploidy in lateral roots was attributed to cortical cells. P deficiency reduced the endopolyploidy levels in lateral roots and mature zone of primary roots. By contrast, salinity had no effects on the endopolyploidy levels in either lateral or primary roots, but had a minor effect on nodal roots. Transcript analysis of cell cycle-related genes showed that multiple cell cycle-related genes were more highly expressed in lateral roots than in primary roots, suggesting their roles in lowering endopolyploidy. P deficiency reduced HvCCS52A1 transcripts in the mature zone of primary roots, but had little effect on the transcripts of 12 cell cycle-related genes in lateral roots, suggesting that endopolyploidy regulation differs between lateral roots and primary roots. Our results revealed that endopolyploidy reduction in root systems could be an integrated part of endopolyploidy plasticity in barley growth and development as well as in adaptation to a low P environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghui Zeng
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Huahong Huang
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Ning Han
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chun Y Huang
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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21
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Abstract
Polyploidy, or the duplication of entire genomes, has been observed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and in somatic and germ cells. The consequences of polyploidization are complex and variable, and they differ greatly between systems (clonal or non-clonal) and species, but the process has often been considered to be an evolutionary 'dead end'. Here, we review the accumulating evidence that correlates polyploidization with environmental change or stress, and that has led to an increased recognition of its short-term adaptive potential. In addition, we discuss how, once polyploidy has been established, the unique retention profile of duplicated genes following whole-genome duplication might explain key longer-term evolutionary transitions and a general increase in biological complexity.
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22
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Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) doubles the DNA content in the nucleus and leads to polyploidy. In this review, Yant and Bomblies discuss both the adaptive potential and problems associated with WGD, focusing primarily on cellular effects. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) doubles the DNA content in the nucleus and leads to polyploidy. In whole-organism polyploids, WGD has been implicated in adaptability and the evolution of increased genome complexity, but polyploidy can also arise in somatic cells of otherwise diploid plants and animals, where it plays important roles in development and likely environmental responses. As with whole organisms, WGD can also promote adaptability and diversity in proliferating cell lineages, although whether WGD is beneficial is clearly context-dependent. WGD is also sometimes associated with aging and disease and may be a facilitator of dangerous genetic and karyotypic diversity in tumorigenesis. Scaling changes can affect cell physiology, but problems associated with WGD in large part seem to arise from problems with chromosome segregation in polyploid cells. Here we discuss both the adaptive potential and problems associated with WGD, focusing primarily on cellular effects. We see value in recognizing polyploidy as a key player in generating diversity in development and cell lineage evolution, with intriguing parallels across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Yant
- John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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23
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Scholes DR, Paige KN. Plasticity in ploidy: a generalized response to stress. Trends Plant Sci 2015; 20:165-175. [PMID: 25534217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, the replication of the genome without mitosis, leads to an increase in the cellular ploidy of an organism over its lifetime, a condition termed 'endopolyploidy'. Endopolyploidy is thought to play significant roles in physiology and development through cellular, metabolic, and genetic effects. While the occurrence of endopolyploidy has been observed widely across taxa, studies have only recently begun to characterize and manipulate endopolyploidy with a focus on its ecological and evolutionary importance. No compilation of these examples implicating endoreduplication as a generalized response to stress has thus far been made, despite the growing evidence supporting this notion. We review here the recent literature of stress-induced endopolyploidy and suggest that plants employ endoreduplication as an adaptive, plastic response to mitigate the effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Scholes
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ken N Paige
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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24
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Tu Y, Jiang A, Gan L, Hossain M, Zhang J, Peng B, Xiong Y, Song Z, Cai D, Xu W, Zhang J, He Y. Genome duplication improves rice root resistance to salt stress. Rice (N Y) 2014; 7:15. [PMID: 25184027 PMCID: PMC4151024 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity is a stressful environmental factor that limits the productivity of crop plants, and roots form the major interface between plants and various abiotic stresses. Rice is a salt-sensitive crop and its polyploid shows advantages in terms of stress resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of genome duplication on rice root resistance to salt stress. RESULTS Both diploid rice (HN2026-2x and Nipponbare-2x) and their corresponding tetraploid rice (HN2026-4x and Nipponbare-4x) were cultured in half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium with 150 mM NaCl for 3 and 5 days. Accumulations of proline, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na(+) content, H(+) (proton) flux at root tips, and the microstructure and ultrastructure in rice roots were examined. We found that tetraploid rice showed less root growth inhibition, accumulated higher proline content and lower MDA content, and exhibited a higher frequency of normal epidermal cells than diploid rice. In addition, a protective gap appeared between the cortex and pericycle cells in tetraploid rice. Next, ultrastructural analysis showed that genome duplication improved membrane, organelle, and nuclei stability. Furthermore, Na(+) in tetraploid rice roots significantly decreased while root tip H(+) efflux in tetraploid rice significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genome duplication improves root resistance to salt stress, and that enhanced proton transport to the root surface may play a role in reducing Na(+) entrance into the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Aiming Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yunyang Teachers’ College, Shiyan 442000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Gan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yunyang Teachers’ College, Shiyan 442000, P.R. China
| | - Mokter Hossain
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Yuguo Xiong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojian Song
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Detian Cai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuchi He
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chevalier C, Bourdon M, Pirrello J, Cheniclet C, Gévaudant F, Frangne N. Endoreduplication and fruit growth in tomato: evidence in favour of the karyoplasmic ratio theory. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:2731-46. [PMID: 24187421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth of a plant organ depends upon the developmental processes of cell division and cell expansion. The activity of cell divisions sets the number of cells that will make up the organ; the cell expansion activity then determines its final size. Among the various mechanisms that may influence the determination of cell size, endopolyploidy by means of endoreduplication appears to be of great importance in plants. Endoreduplication is widespread in plants and supports the process of differentiation of cells and organs. Its functional role in plant cells is not fully understood, although it is commonly associated with ploidy-dependent cell expansion. During the development of tomato fruit, cells from the (fleshy) pericarp tissue become highly polyploid, reaching a DNA content barely encountered in other plant species (between 2C and 512C). Recent investigations using tomato fruit development as a model provided new data in favour of the long-standing karyoplasmic ratio theory, stating that cells tend to adjust their cytoplasmic volume to the nuclear DNA content. By establishing a highly structured cellular system where multiple physiological functions are integrated, endoreduplication does act as a morphogenetic factor supporting cell growth during tomato fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chevalier
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Pirrello
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Cheniclet
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France CNRS, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Frangne
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Pirrello J, Bourdon M, Cheniclet C, Bourge M, Brown SC, Renaudin JP, Frangne N, Chevalier C. How fruit developmental biology makes use of flow cytometry approaches. Cytometry A 2013; 85:115-25. [PMID: 24273206 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit species such as tomato are important because of their nutritional and economic value. Several stages of fruit development such as ovary formation, fruit set, and fruit maturation have already been the subject of many developmental studies. However, fruit growth per se has been much less addressed. Fruit growth like all plant organs depends upon the developmental processes of cell division and cell expansion. The activity of cell divisions sets the number of cells that will compose the fruit; the cell expansion activity then determines its final size. Among the various mechanisms that may influence the determination of cell size, endopolyploidy by the means of endoreduplication, i.e. genome amplification in the absence of mitosis, appears to be of great importance in fleshy fruits. In tomato fruit, endoreduplication is associated with DNA-dependent cell expansion: cell size can reach spectacular levels such as hundreds of times its initial size (e.g. >0.5 mm in diameter), with as much as a 256-fold increase in nuclear DNA content. Using tomato fruit development as a model, recent investigations combining the use of flow cytometry, cellular imaging and molecular analyses have provided new data in favor of the long-standing karyoplasmic ratio theory, stating that cells tend to adjust their cytoplasmic volume to the nuclear DNA content. By establishing a highly structured cellular system where multiple physiological functions are integrated, endoreduplication acts as a morphogenetic factor supporting cell growth during tomato fruit development. In the context of plant breeding, deciphering the mechanisms controlling fruit growth, in particular those connecting the process of nuclear endoreduplication with modulation of gene expression, the regulation of cell size and final fruit size and composition, is necessary to understand better the establishment of fleshy fruit quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pirrello
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Abstract
A subject of extensive study in evolutionary theory has been the issue of how neutral, redundant copies can be maintained in the genome for long periods of time. Concurrently, examples of adaptive gene duplications to various environmental conditions in different species have been described. At this point, it is too early to tell whether or not a substantial fraction of gene copies have initially achieved fixation by positive selection for increased dosage. Nevertheless, enough examples have accumulated in the literature that such a possibility should be considered. Here, I review the recent examples of adaptive gene duplications and make an attempt to draw generalizations on what types of genes may be particularly prone to be selected for under certain environmental conditions. The identification of copy-number variation in ecological field studies of species adapting to stressful or novel environmental conditions may improve our understanding of gene duplications as a mechanism of adaptation and its relevance to the long-term persistence of gene duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fyodor A Kondrashov
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 88 Dr Aiguader, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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Bourdon M, Pirrello J, Cheniclet C, Coriton O, Bourge M, Brown S, Moïse A, Peypelut M, Rouyère V, Renaudin JP, Chevalier C, Frangne N. Evidence for karyoplasmic homeostasis during endoreduplication and a ploidy-dependent increase in gene transcription during tomato fruit growth. Development 2012; 139:3817-26. [PMID: 22991446 DOI: 10.1242/dev.084053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endopolyploidy is a widespread process that corresponds to the amplification of the genome in the absence of mitosis. In tomato, very high ploidy levels (up to 256C) are reached during fruit development, concomitant with very large cell sizes. Using cellular approaches (fluorescence and electron microscopy) we provide a structural analysis of endoreduplicated nuclei at the level of chromatin and nucleolar organisation, nuclear shape and relationship with other cellular organelles such as mitochondria. We demonstrate that endopolyploidy in pericarp leads to the formation of polytene chromosomes and markedly affects nuclear structure. Nuclei manifest a complex shape, with numerous deep grooves that are filled with mitochondria, affording a fairly constant ratio between nuclear surface and nuclear volume. We provide the first direct evidence that endopolyploidy plays a role in increased transcription of rRNA and mRNA on a per-nucleus basis. Overall, our results provide quantitative evidence in favour of the karyoplasmic theory and show that endoreduplication is associated with complex cellular organisation during tomato fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bourdon
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, BP 81, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Bainard JD, Bainard LD, Henry TA, Fazekas AJ, Newmaster SG. A multivariate analysis of variation in genome size and endoreduplication in angiosperms reveals strong phylogenetic signal and association with phenotypic traits. New Phytol 2012; 196:1240-1250. [PMID: 23078229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome size (C-value) and endopolyploidy (endoreduplication index, EI) are known to correlate with various morphological and ecological traits, in addition to phylogenetic placement. A phylogenetically controlled multivariate analysis was used to explore the relationships between DNA content and phenotype in angiosperms. Seeds from 41 angiosperm species (17 families) were grown in a common glasshouse experiment. Genome size (2C-value and 1Cx-value) and EI (in four tissues: leaf, stem, root, petal) were determined using flow cytometry. The phylogenetic signal was calculated for each measure of DNA content, and phylogenetic canonical correlation analysis (PCCA) explored how the variation in genome size and EI was correlated with 18 morphological and ecological traits. Phylogenetic signal (λ) was strongest for EI in all tissues, and λ was stronger for the 2C-value than the 1Cx-value. PCCA revealed that EI was correlated with pollen length, stem height, seed mass, dispersal mechanism, arbuscular mycorrhizal association, life history and flowering time, and EI and genome size were both correlated with stem height and life history. PCCA provided an effective way to explore multiple factors of DNA content variation and phenotypic traits in a phylogenetic context. Traits that were correlated significantly with DNA content were linked to plant competitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian D Bainard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Luke D Bainard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Thomas A Henry
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Aron J Fazekas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Steven G Newmaster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Chevalier C, Nafati M, Mathieu-Rivet E, Bourdon M, Frangne N, Cheniclet C, Renaudin JP, Gévaudant F, Hernould M. Elucidating the functional role of endoreduplication in tomato fruit development. Ann Bot 2011; 107:1159-69. [PMID: 21199834 PMCID: PMC3091799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoreduplication is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. The process of endoreduplication results from the ability of cells to modify their classical cell cycle into a partial cell cycle where DNA synthesis occurs independently from mitosis. Despite the ubiquitous occurrence of the phenomenon in eukaryotic cells, the physiological meaning of endoreduplication remains vague, although several roles during plant development have been proposed, mostly related to cell differentiation and cell size determination. SCOPE Here recent advances in the knowledge of endoreduplication and fruit organogenesis are reviewed, focusing on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model, and the functional analyses of endoreduplication-associated regulatory genes in tomato fruit are described. CONCLUSIONS The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory kinase WEE1 and the anaphase promoting complex activator CCS52A both participate in the control of cell size and the endoreduplication process driving cell expansion during early fruit development in tomato. Moreover the fruit-specific functional analysis of the tomato CDK inhibitor KRP1 reveals that cell size and fruit size determination can be uncoupled from DNA ploidy levels, indicating that endoreduplication acts rather as a limiting factor for cell growth. The overall functional data contribute to unravelling the physiological role of endoreduplication in growth induction of fleshy fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chevalier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Endopolyploidy occurs when DNA replication is not followed by mitotic nuclear division, resulting in tissues or organisms with nuclei of varying ploidy levels. Endopolyploidy appears to be a common phenomenon in plants, though the prevalence of endopolyploidy has not been determined in bryophytes (including mosses and liverworts). Forty moss species and six liverwort species were analyzed for the degree of endopolyploidy using flow cytometry. Nuclei were extracted in LB01 buffer and stained with propidium iodide. Of the forty moss species, all exhibited endopolyploid nuclei (mean cycle value =0.65±0.038) except for the Sphagnum mosses (mean cycle value =0). None of the liverwort species had endopolyploid nuclei (mean cycle value = 0.04 ± 0.014). As bryophytes form a paraphyletic grade leading to the tracheophytes, understanding the prevalence and role of endopolyploidy in this group is important.
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Bourdon M, Frangne N, Mathieu-Rivet E, Nafati M, Cheniclet C, Renaudin JP, Chevalier C. Endoreduplication and Growth of Fleshy Fruits. Progress in Botany 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02167-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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