Adult height and head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis within the INHANCE Consortium

Oncological features and outcomes of laryngeal cancer surgery: a multicentric study

BACKGROUND

Laryngeal cancer (LC) is among of the most frequent head and neck cancers, associated to a high social impact and mortality. Unfortunately, the current treatment outcomes of LC are often scant, with different factors affecting patient's prognosis (i.e., advanced age, advanced disease stage, lymph node involvement, tumor pathological features, type of intervention). The aims of the present study were: 1) to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical features of patients affected by LC; and 2) to focus on tumor risk factors affecting patient's overall survival (OS) and recurrences.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of all patients affected by LC and surgically treated at two different hospital settings has been performed.

RESULTS

Two hundred twenty-five patients were enrolled in the present study; of these 189 were males (84%) and 36 (16%) were females. The most frequently performed surgery was total laryngectomy. Thirty-two (14.2%) patients experienced local recurrence, while 15 patients (6.6%) had regional recurrence and 15 distant metastases. Multivariate analysis showed that locoregional recurrence was associated to the occurrence of distant metastases (P=0.002, HR=25,35). Analyzing OS, the only statistically significant factor that correlated with an increased risk of mortality (P<0.015, HR=2,45) was locoregional recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study confirms the literature data about age and sex distribution of LC, about tumors localization, lymph nodes metastasis and distant metastasis incidence and OS rate, based on T and N stage. Interestingly, within this series, the presence of locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis is related to a worst prognosis and a lower overall survival rate.

FACE-Q for Measuring Patient-reported Outcomes after Facial Skin Cancer Surgery: Cross-cultural Validation

Background

Facial skin cancer and its surgical treatment can affect health-related quality of life. The FACE-Q Skin Cancer Module is a patient-reported outcome measure that measures different aspects of health-related quality of life and has recently been translated into Dutch. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the translated version in a Dutch cohort using modern psychometric measurement theory (Rasch).

Methods

Dutch participants with facial skin cancer were prospectively recruited and asked to complete the translated FACE-Q Skin Cancer Module. The following assumptions of the Rasch model were tested: unidimensionality, local independence, and monotonicity. Response thresholds, fit statistics, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects, and targeting were assessed for all scales and items within the scales. Responsiveness was tested for the "cancer worry" scale.

Results

In total, 259 patients completed the preoperative questionnaire and were included in the analysis. All five scales assessed showed a good or sufficient fit to the Rasch model. Unidimensionality and monotonicity were present for all scales. Some items showed a local dependency. Most of the scales demonstrate ordered item thresholds and appropriate fit statistics.

Conclusions

The FACE-Q Skin Cancer Module is a well-designed patient-reported outcome measure that shows psychometric validity for the translated version in a Dutch cohort, using classical and modern test theory.

Efficacy of LigaSure Versus Harmonic Devices in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Our goal is to conduct a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies to evaluate the efficacy of LigaSure (Valleylab, Boulder, CO) compared with Harmonic (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Cincinnati, OH) devices in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Our search strategy, from inception until March 1, 2024, involved multiple databases, including the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science (WOS), PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We evaluated randomized clinical trials using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials (RoB-2) tool and non-randomized studies using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies for Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. The primary outcomes assessed were operative time, mean length of hospital stay, and the rates of intraoperative complications such as bleeding, organ injury, leakage, and hematoma formation. Additionally, we collected data on postoperative complications, including bleeding, abscess formation, leakage, fever (>38°C), and reoperation rates. Data were analyzed using random-effects models and reported as mean difference (MD) or risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using Review Manager software (RevMan, version 5.4 for Windows, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020). Four studies, comprising two randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and two retrospective cohort studies, involving a total of 692 patients, were included in the analysis. Both the operative time and length of hospital stay did not significantly differ between the LigaSure and Harmonic groups (p>0.05). The pooled analysis also revealed no significant difference between the LigaSure and Harmonic groups in terms of intraoperative and postoperative complications (p>0.05). In conclusion, our systematic review and meta-analysis found no significant statistical or clinical differences between LigaSure and Harmonic devices in terms of operative outcomes and complication rates in patients undergoing LSG.

Sternocleidomastoid flap for reconstruction of tongue small cell carcinoma: A case report

BACKGROUND

The management of tongue carcinoma is excision and radical neck dissection followed with reconstruction. This is a case report of a patient with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who underwent the procedure with sternocleidomastoid (SCM) flap reconstruction.

CASE SUMMARY

A 52-year-old woman without smoking history complained tongue ulcer since 3 years ago. Based on the histopathological examination, the patient was diagnosed with T2N2M0 right tongue SCC and underwent wide excision of tumor; right mandibular; neck dissection and were reconstructed with SCM flap.

CONCLUSION

SCC of the tongue requires wide excision and dissection of the neck and mandible if infiltration into the surrounding lymph nodes has been found. The SCM flap reconstruction could be used post-surgery.

Evaluation of micrometastasis and isolated tumor cells in node-negative early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a cross-sectional study in tertiary-level hospitals in eastern India

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to investigate the incidence of micrometastasis (MMs) and isolated tumor cells (ITCs) in node-negative early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (T1-T2 N0). The secondary objective was to correlate the incidence with the clinicopathologic parameters of age, sex, depth of invasion, pattern of invasion, host lymphocytic response, and size and grade of primary tumor.

STUDY DESIGN

Micrometastasis and ITCs in cervical nodes of 30 patients with early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma were detected and compared using 3 methods: routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, serial-sectioning at intervals of 150 microns employing hematoxylin and eosin, and serial sectioning pan-cytokeratin immunostaining. Associations with clinicopathological variables were analyzed.

RESULTS

Metastatic tumor cells were detected in the cervical nodes of 2 patients using serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry, resulting in upstaging of 6.6% of all cases. Level I and II lymph nodes were primarily involved.

CONCLUSIONS

Early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma has a significant potential for MMs that frequently go undetected in routine histopathologic examination. However, laborious and technique-sensitive, serial sectioning in combination with pan-cytokeratin staining (AE1/AE3) may aid in detecting MMs and ITCs in patients with early-stage OTSCC.

Screening oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer in a radiation oncology department

Background

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) occurs in up to 40% of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients before treatment and remains a common symptom (23-60%) after oncological treatments, leading to several consequences. Early detection is essential for effective swallowing-rehabilitation and nutritional-support. The increased radiosensitivity of tumors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) and advances in imaging techniques have stimulated research into deintensified strategies to minimize radiotherapy (RT) side effects. The purposes of the study are to establish the percentage of patients with HNC who are candidates to RT who are at risk of dysphagia [Eating Assessment Tool (EAT) score ≥ 3], determine if tumor location and previous surgery were related to a higher risk of dysphagia and if patients suffering severe toxicity during cancer therapy are at greater risk of posttreatment-dysphagia.

Materials and methods

Patients diagnosed of HNC who were referred to RT treatment at our Radiation Oncology Department were prospectively included. Questionnaire EAT-10 was filled in the first assessment used as a screening tool and repeated one month after treatment. Treatment toxicity was established according to common toxicity criteria adverse effects (CTCAE4.03).

Results

From November 2019 to January 2021, 72 patients were included. All completed pretreatment EAT-10 questionnaire. The mean (SD) score of the pretreatment EAT-10 was 7.26 ± 11.19 and 43.1% were at dysphagia risk. Patients with tumors located in the oral cavity, oropharynx and those that had received surgery prior to RT had higher risk than the rest of locations or those who had not previous surgery (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). After oncological treatment 95.83% completed EAT-10 post-treatment and 45,6% showed positive EAT-10 score.

Conclusions

Patients with tumors in the oral cavity or oropharynx, presenting in advanced stage, and who previously received surgery are at higher risk of developing dysphagia. The EAT-10 is a simple tool that can help us identify those patients and refer them for an intensive evaluation to reduce dysphagia-consequences.

Comprehensive Analysis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Histopathological Insights With a Focus on Prognostic Factors and Survival Time

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the head and neck region. Particularly, high incidence rates are observed in South and Southeast Asia, attributed to the widespread use of the carcinogenic areca nut. This study aimed to investigate the clinical, epidemiological, and histopathological features of OSCC, identify prognostic factors impacting disease-free survival, and determine a post-diagnosis disease-free survival time of OSCC patients.

METHODOLOGY

Employing a descriptive cross-sectional design, the study conducted a thorough examination of the clinical, epidemiological, and histopathological aspects of OSCC among patients seeking care at a tertiary healthcare facility. Participants were personally interviewed if available, while information for unreachable or deceased individuals was extracted from archival patient records in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Bakhtawar Amin Medical and Dental College, Multan, Pakistan. Data analysis was performed with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 54.16 ± 11.1, with a notable concentration in the 41 years and above age group, indicating a significant prevalence of OSCC in this population. The data revealed a gender bias toward males, and a substantial proportion of patients, particularly those aged 41 years and above, had unfortunately passed away. Statistical analysis using the Fisher exact test showed a significant association between age groups and patients' current living status (p-value < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Histopathologically, moderately differentiated OSCC was the most frequently encountered grade, and surgery emerged as the predominant treatment modality. The majority of patients studied had a survival period of three years or less, emphasizing the need for further exploration of factors influencing prognosis and treatment outcomes in OSCC.

Medical encounters with patients diagnosed with cancer: The association between physicians' behavior and perceived patient centered care and anxiety

PURPOSE

To evaluate the association between physicians' behavior and cancer patients' perceived patient-centered care (PCC) and anxiety following medical encounters.

METHODS

A prospective study design with 100 encounters, including 100 cancer patients and 22 oncology/surgery physicians, was performed between November 2019 and July 2021. Before the medical encounters, patients were asked to complete the validated State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and physicians and patients completed sociodemographic and clinical data. During the medical encounters, structured 'real-time' observations of the physicians' behaviors were performed using the Four Habits Coding Scheme (4HCS). Following the medical encounters, patients were asked to re-complete the STAI and to fill the validated Perceived PCC questionnaire.

RESULTS

Mean 4HCS was positively associated with perceived PCC (β = 0.351, p < 0.001) and contributed 10.5% to the total 25.3% explained variance beyond the sociodemographic and clinical variables. Of the 4HCS sub scales, 'Demonstrate Empathy' displayed the lowest correlation with perceived PCC as compared to informational behaviors. In contrast, mean 4HCS was not associated with post-meeting anxiety (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our 'in-vivo' observations of medical encounters expands on previous studies in educational settings in showing how physicians' behaviors impact real patients' experience. The findings may provide a more accurate picture of physicians' supportive and unsupportive behaviors that impact on perceived PCC and anxiety. Patients may prefer their physicians to focus on the informational content related to their disease trajectory rather than focusing on empathy with their emotions. Physicians should be trained in ways to support patients on how to regain emotional control in stressful medical situations.

Impact of Sternothyroid Muscle Division on Patient-Reported Voice Outcomes After Thyroid Surgery: A Prospective Study

OBJECTIVE

Division of the sternothyroid muscle during thyroidectomy is a widely accepted surgical technique to provide improved exposure of the thyroid gland, thus facilitating the ligation of superior pole vessels and identification of the laryngeal nerves. However, few have examined the impact on voice outcomes. We evaluate the impact of sternothyroid muscle division on patient-perceived voice outcomes after thyroidectomy.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary academic institution.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study was conducted comparing pre- and postoperative voice outcome data after thyroidectomy, measured using Voice Handicap Index-10. The cohort of 109 patients underwent lobectomy or total thyroidectomy by a single surgeon at 1 institution. The sternothyroid muscle was fully divided in all surgeries. The integrity of the recurrent laryngeal and external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve was assessed using intraoperative nerve monitoring and postoperative laryngoscopy. Pre- and postoperative Voice Handicap Index-10 scores were compared.

RESULTS

No statistically significant difference was found between total pre- and postoperative Voice Handicap Index-10 scores (μpreop  = 1.92, μpostop  = 1.83, p = .87). There were no questions yielding statistically significant responses between pre- and postoperative groups. This was consistent regardless of whether the sternothyroid muscle was cut unilaterally or bilaterally. Men showed a statistically significant improvement in score after surgery.

CONCLUSION

These findings support no difference in postoperative voice outcomes after the intraoperative division of the sternothyroid muscle. This supports the usage of this technique as a safe means to facilitate exposure during thyroid surgery and will serve as important information to guide intraoperative surgical decision-making.

Perineural Invasion Is a Significant Prognostic Factor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

(1) Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize current evidence regarding the prognostic role of perineural invasion (PNI) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (2) Methods: We searched Cochrane Central, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science, using relevant keywords to identify eligible articles. Two independent reviewers conducted two-stage screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) criteria. All analyses were performed using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA; version 3.3.070) software. (3) Results: The study included 101 published articles encompassing 26,062 patients. The pooled analyses showed that PNI was associated with significantly worse overall survival (OS; HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32-1.58; p < 0.001), worse disease-specific survival (DSS; HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.65-2.12; p < 0.001), and worse disease-free survival (DFS; HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.65-2.12; p < 0.001). Similarly, both local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and regional recurrence-free survival (RRFS) were worse in patients with PNI (HR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.72-3.10, p < 0.001; and HR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.51-2.74, p < 0.001), respectively. The random-effect estimate of three studies demonstrated that the presence of PNI was associated with worse failure-free survival (FFS; HR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.12-5.98, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The current evidence suggests that PNI can be used as an independent predictor of the prognosis for patients with OSCC. The presence of PNI was associated with worse OS, DFS, DSS, FFS, and with recurrence. Asian patients and patients with extra-tumoral or peripheral PNI invasion were associated with worse prognosis.

Primary Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of nasopharynx with metastatic cervical lymph nodes: an exceedingly rare entity with review of literature

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasopharynx is extremely rare and displays aggressive nature with a poor prognosis. Neuroendocrine tumours rarely arise from the head and neck region and pose a diagnostic and management challenge. In English literature, only 16 cases of primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasopharynx have been reported so far; and to the best of our knowledge, this is the seventeenth case and second in the younger age group. Here, we report the case of an adolescent male patient who presented with nasal blockage, repeated episodes of epistaxis and neck swellings. After proper diagnostic workup, the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasopharynx was made. The patient was treated with chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy. Imaging investigation executed after the end of the treatment exhibited complete remission of the disease. The patient is kept under active surveillance with no signs of relapse at present.

mPGES-1 Inhibitor Discovery Based on Computer-Aided Screening: Pharmacophore Models, Molecular Docking, ADMET, and MD Simulations

mPGES-1 is an enzyme, which, when activated by inflammatory factors, can cause prostaglandin E synthesis. Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are capable of inhibiting prostaglandin production, yet they can also cause gastrointestinal reactions and coagulation disorders. mPGES-1, the enzyme at the conclusion of prostaglandin production, does not cause any adverse reactions when inhibited. Numerous studies have demonstrated that mPGES-1 is more abundant in cancerous cells than in healthy cells, indicating that decreasing the expression of mPGES-1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Consequently, the invention of mPGES-1 inhibitors presents a fresh avenue for the treatment of inflammation and cancer. Incorporating a database of TCM compounds, we collected a batch of compounds that had an inhibitory effect on mPGES-1 and possessed IC50 value. Firstly, a pharmacophore model was constructed, and the TCM database was screened, and the compounds with score cut-off values of more than 1 were retained. Then, the compounds retained after being screened via the pharmacodynamic model were screened for docking at the mPGES-1 binding site, followed by high-throughput virtual screening [HTVS] and standard precision [SP] and super-precision [XP] docking, and the compounds in the top 20% of the XP docking score were selected to calculate the total free binding energy of MM-GBSA. The best ten compounds were chosen by comparing their score against the reference ligand 4U9 and the MM-GBSA_dG_Bind score. ADMET analysis resulted in the selection of ten compounds, three of which had desirable medicinal properties. Finally, the binding energy of the target protein mPGES-1 and the candidate ligand compound was analyzed using a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation of the reference ligand 4U9 and three selected compounds. After a gradual screening study and analysis, we identified a structure that is superior to the reference ligand 4U9 in all aspects, namely compound 15643. Taken together, the results of this study reveal a structure that can be used to inhibit mPGES-1 compound 15643, thereby providing a new option for anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor drugs.

Awareness of head and neck cancer among patients attended at a regional referral hospital in Tanzania

BACKGROUND

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are considered to be lethal and about 50% of the cases are diagnosed at advanced stages and are associated with poor prognosis. Despite the high disease burden globally, there are scarce studies on awareness of HNCs and this is the first study to explore such awareness in Tanzania. The study aimed at determining awareness of head and neck cancer among patients attended at a regional referral hospital in Tanzania.

METHODS

A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted at Geita Regional Referral Hospital from April to May 2022 where 315 respondents were recruited. Simple random sampling technique was utilized and data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Chi-square test was performed to establish the relationship between the selected independent and dependent variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

More than half (54.9%) of the respondents considered themselves to be somewhat knowledgeable on head neck cancer. In the same study, 56.2% of the respondents didn't know anatomical sites of head and neck cancer and over half (65.9%) of the respondents didn't know signs and symptoms of head and neck cancer. Cigarette smoking (73.7%) and alcohol consumption (65.1%) were the most correctly identified risk factors for HNCs. Regarding treatment options and preventive measures, 75.2% of the respondents knew cessation of cigarette smoking as a preventive measure for HNCs and surgery (91.7%) was the most known treatment option for head and neck. Similarly, a significant association was found between awareness on HNCs and some of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.

CONCLUSIONS

Although majority of respondents considered themselves to be somewhat knowledgeable on HNCs, awareness by patients on anatomical sites, clinical features, risk factors, preventive measures and curability of head and neck cancer at the Regional Referral Hospital was minimal.

Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors: State of the Art

Head and neck (HN) squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) originate from the epithelial cells of the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract, which includes the oral cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the sinonasal cavities. There are many associated risk factors, including alcohol drinking coupled with tobacco use, which accounts for 70% to 80% of HNSCCs. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is another independent risk factor for oropharyngeal SCC, but it is only a minor contributor to oral cavity SCC (OSCC). Betel quid chewing is also an established risk factor in southeast Asian countries. However, OSCC, and especially oral tongue cancer, incidence has been reported to be increasing in several countries, suggesting risk factors that have not been identified yet. This review summarizes the established risk factors for oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas and examines other undemonstrated risk factors for HNSCC.

Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the head and neck in a Brazilian single-center study

OBJECTIVES

Lymphomas represent around 10% of head and neck neoplasms, among which the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histologic subtype. In the present study, we characterized demographic parameters, anatomical sites, and survival rates of patients in a Brazilian cancer center.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Single-center retrospective epidemiological study of 243 head and neck DLBCL patients. Demographic characteristics, tumor localization, HIV status, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and treatment modality were obtained from electronic medical records.

RESULTS

The most common primary head and neck tumor location in patients with DLBCL was Waldeyer's ring. Interestingly, age above 80 years, male gender, high LDH levels, and HIV positivity were significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS) rates and increased risk of death. We further demonstrated that treatment had a protective effect, improving OS, and reducing risk of death. Notably, we found no benefit of combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus isolated treatment modalities.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that primary head and neck DLBCL is more incident in middle age and elderly patients with a small male patients' majority in a Brazilian population. Moreover, we observed a 3-year OS rate of almost 60% and multivariate analysis showed that treatment was the only protective factor.

Survival Analysis in Patients with Laryngeal Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION

The worldwide incidence rate of laryngeal cancer is declining. However, the 5-year survival for these patients has decreased in recent years from 66% to 63%. This may be due to changes in the treatment of the disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the survival rate of patients with LC according to the stage of the disease and the treatment applied. For this purpose, surgical versus organ preservation protocols (OPP) based on chemoradiotherapy were evaluated.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary hospital. The study included adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of primary LC. Patients with LC and systemic metastases and those with synchronous tumors at diagnosis were excluded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between exposure to LC treatment and the time to event (death). Overall survival (OS), cause-specific survival (CSS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated.

RESULTS

Patients with advanced tumors (stages III and IV) had almost three times the risk of LC death than those in the initial tumor stages (I and II) [HR CCS = 2.89 (95%CI 1.30-6.39)]; [HR OS = 2.01 (95%CI 1.35-2.98)]. Patients who underwent surgical treatment had a higher chance of survival than those who were treated according to OPP [HR = 0.62; 95%CI (0.38-1.02)] in CSS, 0.74 [95%CI (0.50-1.90)] in OS, and 0.61 [95%CI (0.40-0.91)] in DFS.

DISCUSSION

OPP changed the management of patients with advanced stages of LC, establishing CRT as an alternative to surgery. Our data did not reveal clinically relevant differences in OS between patients treated with OPP and those who underwent surgery; however, we reported differences in the DFS rate after five years of follow-up in favor of the surgery-treated group of patients.

CONCLUSION

Surgical treatment improves CSS and DFS at five years in patients with initial LC with respect to radiation therapy alone. Furthermore, surgical treatment associated with complementary radiation therapy offers better CSS and DFS in patients with advanced LC.

Small-Cell Carcinoma of Nasopharynx: A Case Report of Unusual Localization

Neuroendocrine tumors are a spectrum of rare and highly heterogeneous neoplasms with distinct functional and biological behavior in relation to location, tumor size, and histological differentiation. Neuroendocrine tumors arise from the neuroendocrine cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system located in almost every organ. Neuroendocrine tumors in the head and neck district are usually reported in sinonasal cavities and larynx. We present the case of a nasopharyngeal small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, which, as far as we know, is the 16th case reported in literature.

Primary hemangiopericytoma in parietal bone: literature review and case report

BACKGROUND

Hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a tumor originating from pericytes surrounding the capillary walls. Most HPCs grow slowly, but some display aggressive growth. Treatment for HPC is total resection or resection plus adjuvant radiation.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 14-year-old girl presented with a blood vessel-rich tumor with a smooth surface located on the left side of the parietal bone, attached to the inner surface of the skull. The dura was completely intact. The final diagnosis was HPC based on the histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings. The patient underwent total resection of the tumor and cranioplasty. The dura was not incised because of the lack of invasive growth. Within the 2-year follow-up, the patient showed an excellent prognosis without any local recurrence or positive radiologic features.

CONCLUSION

The patient presented with common intracranial hypertension symptoms. A blood vessel-rich tumor with a smooth surface was attached to the inner surface of the skull with the dura completely intact. Simple surgical resection without radiotherapy offered an excellent prognosis during 2 years of follow-up.

Enchondroma of Anterior Maxilla: A Rare Entity

Enchondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor composed of mature hyaline cartilage. Cartilaginous tumors are detected in a small percentage of cases in the craniofacial region. These tumors may have diverse presentations ranging from a simple enchondroma to a high-grade osteo or chondrosarcoma. In the maxilla, only 1 case of enchondroma has been reported in the literature to date, to the best of the authors' knowledge. Tumor's membranous development attributes to its occurrence usually in the cartilage-bearing areas of the jaws, like the condylar process of the mandible (Meckel's cartilage). This case report intends to present one case of enchondroma involving the left maxilla, which has no primary cartilage of its own.

Lipid-Based Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery Systems in Breast Cancer Therapy

Globally, breast cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases, inducing critical intimidation to human health. Lipid-based nanomaterials have been successfully demonstrated as drug carriers for breast cancer treatment. To date, the development of a better drug delivery system based on lipid nanomaterials is still urgent to make the treatment and diagnosis easily accessible to breast cancer patients. In a drug delivery system, lipid nanomaterials have revealed distinctive features, including high biocompatibility and efficient drug delivery. Specifically, a targeted drug delivery system based on lipid nanomaterials has inherited the advantage of optimum dosage and low side effects. In this review, insights on currently used potential lipid-based nanomaterials are collected and introduced. The review sheds light on conjugation, targeting, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical significance of lipid-based nanomaterials to treat breast cancer. Furthermore, a brighter side of lipid-based nanomaterials as future potential drug delivery systems for breast cancer therapy is discussed.

Synthetic Lethality Targeting Polθ

Research studies regarding synthetic lethality (SL) in human cells are primarily motivated by the potential of this phenomenon to be an effective, but at the same time, safe to the patient's anti-cancer chemotherapy. Among the factors that are targets for the induction of the synthetic lethality effect, those involved in DNA repair seem to be the most relevant. Specifically, when mutation in one of the canonical DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways occurs, which is a frequent event in cancer cells, the alternative pathways may be a promising target for the elimination of abnormal cells. Currently, inhibiting RAD52 and/or PARP1 in the tumor cells that are deficient in the canonical repair pathways has been the potential target for inducing the effect of synthetic lethality. Unfortunately, the development of resistance to commonly used PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) represents the greatest obstacle to working out a successful treatment protocol. DNA polymerase theta (Polθ), encoded by the POLQ gene, plays a key role in an alternative DSB repair pathway-theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ). Thus, it is a promising target in the treatment of tumors harboring deficiencies in homologous recombination repair (HRR), where its inhibition can induce SL. In this review, the authors discuss the current state of knowledge on Polθ as a potential target for synthetic lethality-based anticancer therapies.

Self-Powered and Flexible Triboelectric Sensors with Oblique Morphology towards Smart Swallowing Rehabilitation Monitoring System

With aging, disability of the body can easily occur because the function of the body is degraded. Especially, swallowing disorder is regarded as a crucial issue because patients cannot obtain the nutrients from food by swallowing it. Hence, the rehabilitation of swallowing disorder is urgently required. However, the conventional device for swallowing rehabilitation has shown some limitations due to its external power source and internal circuit. Herein, a self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator for swallowing rehabilitation (TSR) is proposed. To increase the electrical output and pressure sensitivity of the TSR, the tilted reactive ion etching is conducted and the electrical output and pressure sensitivity are increased by 206% and 370%, respectively. The effect of the tilted reactive ion etching into the electrical output generated from the TSR is systematically analyzed. When the tongue is pressing, licking, and holding the TSR, each motion is successfully detected through the proposed TSR. Based on these results, the smart swallowing rehabilitation monitoring system (SSRMS) is implemented as the application and the SSRMS could successfully detect the pressing by the tongue. Considering these results, the SSRMS can be expected to be utilized as a promising smart swallowing rehabilitation monitoring system in near future.

Morphometric comparison of Fisch type A and endoscopic endonasal far-medial supracondylar approaches to the jugular foramen

OBJECTIVE

The jugular foramen (JF) is one of the most complex and challenging skull base regions to approach surgically. The extreme medial approach to access the JF provides the approach angle from an anterior direction and does not require dissection and sacrifice of the jugular bulb (JB) to reach the pars nervosa. The authors compared the Fisch type A approach to the extreme medial approach to access the JF and evaluated the usefulness of the extreme medial approach.

METHODS

This study was performed at the Anatomical Laboratory for Visuospatial Innovations in Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery of The Ohio State University. For the comparison of surgical maneuverability and visualization, two angles were measured: 1) the angle of attack (AoA), defined as the widest angle of movement achieved with a straight dissector; and 2) the angle of endoscopic exposure (AoEE), defined as the widest angle of movement in the nasal cavity. The differences in eustachian tube (ET) management, approach angle, surgical maneuverability, and surgical application of the Fisch type A approach to the extreme medial approach were compared.

RESULTS

There was no difference between ET mobilization and transection regarding cranial-caudal (CC) or medial-lateral (ML) AoA (p = 0.646). The CC-AoA of the Fisch type A approach was significantly wider than the CC-AoA of the extreme medial approach (p = 0.001), and the CC-AoEE was significantly wider than the CC-AoA of the extreme medial approach (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the CC-AoA of the Fisch type A approach and the CC-AoEE. The ML-AoA of the Fisch type A approach was significantly wider than the ML-AoA of the extreme medial approach (p = 0.033), and the ML-AoEE was significantly wider than ML-AoA in the extreme medial approach (p < 0.001). The ML-AoEE was significantly wider than the ML-AoA in the Fisch type A approach (p = 0.033).

CONCLUSIONS

The surgical maneuverability of the extreme medial approach was not inferior to that of the Fisch type A approach. The extreme medial approach can provide excellent surgical field visualization, while preserving the JB. Select cases of chordomas, chondrosarcomas, and JF schwannomas should be considered for an extreme medial approach. These two approaches are complementary, and a case-by-case detailed analysis should be conducted to decide the best approach.

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Clinical Achievements and Considerations Among Treatment Options

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a severe malignancy arising from the nasopharyngeal epithelium and is southern China's third most common cancer. With the advancement of treatment methods, early-stage NPC patients usually have a better prognosis and more prolonged survival period than those with other malignant tumors. Most treatment failures are due to distant metastasis or a locally advanced stage of NPC in the initial diagnosis. In addition, approximately 10% of patients develop local recurrence, and 10%-20% of patients experience distant metastasis after treatment. These patients have a poor prognosis, with a median survival of only approximately 10-15 months. In the rapid development of treatment options, the efficacy and safety of some treatments have been validated and approved for first-line treatment, while those of other treatments remain unclear. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in NPC treatment and explain the various therapeutic possibilities in treating locally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic NPC patients.

The Optimal Second-Line Systemic Treatment Model for Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis

Background

The optimal second-line systemic treatment model for recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) remains controversial. A Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to address this issue with regard to efficacy and toxicity.

Methods

By searching MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science, we extracted eligible studies. Efficacy, represented as overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), and overall toxicity, represented as ≥ grade 3 severe acute events (sAE), were assessed to compare the following 7 treatment models through an NMA: standard-of-care therapy (SoC), single targeted therapy different from SoC (ST), double targeted therapy (DT), targeted therapy combined with chemotherapy (T+C), single immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (SI), double immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (DI) and single chemotherapy different from SoC (SC). Rank probabilities according to the values of the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) were separately determined for efficacy and toxicity.

Results

In total, 5285 patients from 24 eligible studies were ultimately screened, with 5184, 4532 and 4026 involved in the NMA of OS, PFS and sAE, respectively. All qualifying studies were absent from first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In terms of OS, SI was superior to the other treatments, followed by DI, ST, T+C, SoC, DT and SC. Other than SI and SC, all treatments tended to be consistent, with hazard ratios (HRs) close to 1 between groups. For PFS, ST ranked first, while DT ranked last. For the toxicity profiles, compared with the other models, SI resulted in the lowest incidences of sAE, with statistical significance over SoC (odds ratio [OR] 0.31, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.11 to 0.90), ST (OR 0.23, 95% CrI 0.06 to 0.86) and DT (OR 0.11, 95% CrI 0.02 to 0.53), while DT was the worst. When the SUCRA values of OS and sAE were combined, a cluster plot illustrated the superiority of SI, which demonstrated the best OS and tolerability toward sAE.

Conclusion

For R/M HNSCC patients without immune checkpoint inhibitors in the first-line setting, SI may serve as the optimal second-line systemic treatment model, demonstrating the best OS and least sAE.

The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging to measure the depth of invasion in oral tongue cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived depth of invasion (DOI) compared to histopathological DOI is still controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to address this controversy and further investigate the best imaging sequence to measure DOI of tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). A comprehensive literature search of five electronic databases was conducted. Stata/SE was used to establish a continuous variable model to assess the consistency between MRI-derived DOI and histopathological DOI. IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 was used to evaluate the correlation between MRI-derived DOI and histopathological DOI. The meta-analysis showed that the weighted mean difference (WMD) of DOI measured by MRI had an acceptable overestimation compared with that measured by histopathology (WMD 1.64 mm; P < 0.001). In the subgroup analyses, there was no difference between T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and histopathological values (WMD 0.77 mm; P = 0.273), while T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) had a major overestimation (WMD 2.09 mm; P < 0.001). The overall inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between MRI-derived DOI and histopathological DOI was 0.869 (95% CI 0.837-0.895), and was 0.923 (95% CI 0.894-0.944) in the T1WI subgroup and 0.790 (95% CI 0.718-0.845) in the T2WI subgroup. MRI is an accurate modality for evaluating the DOI in oral tongue SCC, and T1WI showed relatively higher validity than T2WI for DOI measurements.

Identification of Bacteria Associated with Post-Operative Wounds of Patients with the Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Approach

The bacterial infection of post-operative wounds is a common health problem. Therefore, it is important to investigate fast and accurate methods of identifying bacteria in clinical samples. The aim of the study was to analyse the use of the MALDI-TOF MS technique to identify microorganism wounds that are difficult to heal. The most common bacteria are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp. We also demonstrate the effect of culture conditions, such as the used growth medium (solid: Brain Heart Infusion Agar, Mueller Hilton Agar, Glucose Bromocresol Purple Agar, and Vancomycin Resistance Enterococci Agar Base and liquid: Tryptic Soy Broth and BACTEC Lytic/10 Anaerobic/F), the incubation time (4, 6, and 24h), and the method of the preparation of bacterial protein extracts (the standard method based on the Bruker guideline, the Sepsityper method) to identify factors and the quality of the obtained mass spectra. By comparing the protein profiles of bacteria from patients not treated with antibiotics to those treated with antibiotics based on the presence/absence of specific signals and using the UniProt platform, it was possible to predict the probable mechanism of the action of the antibiotic used and the mechanism of drug resistance.

Sonlicromanol's active metabolite KH176m normalizes prostate cancer stem cell mPGES-1 overexpression and inhibits cancer spheroid growth

Aggressiveness of cancers, like prostate cancer, has been found to be associated with elevated expression of the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Here, we investigated whether KH176m (the active metabolite of sonlicromanol), a recently discovered selective mPGES-1 inhibitor, could affect prostate cancer cells-derived spheroid growth. We demonstrated that KH176m suppressed mPGES-1 expression and growth of DU145 (high mPGES-1 expression)-derived spheroids, while it had no effect on the LNCaP cell line, which has low mPGES-1 expression. By addition of exogenous PGE₂, we found that the effect of KH176m on mPGES-1 expression and spheroid growth is due to the inhibition of a PGE₂-driven positive feedback control-loop of mPGES-1 transcriptional regulation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells exhibiting the ability of self-renewal, plasticity, and initiating and maintaining tumor growth. Our data shows that mPGES-1 is specifically expressed in this CSCs subpopulation (CD44⁺CD24^-). KH176m inhibited the expression of mPGES-1 and reduced the growth of spheroids derived from the CSC. Based on the results obtained we propose selective mPGES-1 targeting by the sonlicromanol metabolite KH176m as a potential novel treatment approach for cancer patients with high mPGES-1 expression.

Depletion of DNA Polymerase Theta Inhibits Tumor Growth and Promotes Genome Instability through the cGAS-STING-ISG Pathway in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Simple Summary

DNA polymerase theta, encoded by the human POLQ gene, is upregulated in several cancers and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. The importance of POLQ, however, has yet to be elucidated in esophageal cancer. In this study, we explored the functional impacts of POLQ and looked into its underlying mechanisms. POLQ was overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumors associated with unfavorable prognosis and contributed to malignant phenotypes by promoting genome stability, suggesting that targeting polymerase theta may provide a potential therapeutic approach for improving ESCC management.

Abstract

Overexpression of the specialized DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) is frequent in breast, colon and lung cancers and has been correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Here, we aimed to determine the importance and functional role of POLQ in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Integrated analysis of four RNA-seq datasets showed POLQ was predominantly upregulated in ESCC tumors. High expression of POLQ was also observed in a cohort of 25 Hong Kong ESCC patients and negatively correlated with ESCC patient survival. POLQ knockout (KO) ESCC cells were sensitized to multiple genotoxic agents. Both rH2AX foci staining and the comet assay indicated a higher level of genomic instability in POLQ-depleted cells. Double KO of POLQ and FANCD2, known to promote POLQ recruitment at sites of damage, significantly impaired cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, as compared to either single POLQ or FANCD2 KOs. A significantly increased number of micronuclei was observed in POLQ and/or FANCD2 KO ESCC cells. Loss of POLQ and/or FANCD2 also resulted in the activation of cGAS and upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Our results suggest that high abundance of POLQ in ESCC contributes to the malignant phenotype through genome instability and activation of the cGAS pathway.

The Inverse Association of Body Mass Index with Lung Cancer: Exploring Residual Confounding, Metabolic Aberrations and Within-Person Variability in Smoking

BACKGROUND

The inverse observational association between body mass index (BMI) and lung cancer risk remains unclear. We assessed whether the association is explained by metabolic aberrations, residual confounding, and within-person variability in smoking, and compared against other smoking-related cancers.

METHODS

We investigated the association between BMI, and its combination with a metabolic score (MS) of mid-blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides, with lung cancer and other smoking-related cancers in 778,828 individuals. We used Cox regression, adjusted and corrected for within-person variability in smoking (status/pack-years), calculated from 600,201 measurements in 221,958 participants.

RESULTS

Over a median follow-up of 20 years, 20,242 smoking-related cancers (6,735 lung cancers) were recorded. Despite adjustment and correction for substantial within-person variability in smoking, BMI remained inversely associated with lung cancer [HR per standard deviation increase, 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.85-0.89)]. Individuals with BMI less than 25 kg/m² and high MS had the highest risk [HR 1.52 (1.44-1.60) vs. BMI ≥25 with low MS]. These associations were weaker and nonsignificant among nonsmokers. Similar associations were observed for head and neck cancers and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, whereas for other smoking-related cancers, we generally observed positive associations with BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased lung cancer risk with low BMI and high MS is unlikely due to residual confounding and within-person variability in smoking. However, similar results for other cancers strongly related to smoking suggest a remaining, unknown, effect of smoking.

IMPACT

Extensive smoking-adjustments may not capture all the effects of smoking on the relationship between obesity-related factors and risk of smoking-related cancers.

Postoperative Lemierre’s syndrome: a previously unreported complication of transoral surgery. Illustrative case

BACKGROUND

Lemierre’s syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening clinical condition characterized by bacteremia and thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein, usually secondary to oropharyngeal infection and often caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum; rarely, it occurs after surgical procedures. The most common clinical presentation includes acute pharyngitis, high fever, and neck pain. The diagnosis is based on blood culture and cranial and cervical spine computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast. Antibiotic therapy for 3–6 weeks is the mainstay of treatment, while the use of anticoagulant drugs is controversial.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors describe a case of Lemierre’s syndrome that occurred after transoral surgery. The patient underwent a combined surgical approach from above (transoral) and below (anterolateral transcervical) to the upper cervical spine for the resection of a large anterior osteophyte causing dysphagia, globus sensation, and dysphonia. Three weeks after the surgical procedure, she developed fever and severe neck pain.

LESSONS

The aim of this paper is to consider Lemierre’s syndrome as a possible complication after the transoral approach, underlining the importance of its early diagnosis and with a suggestion to perform cranial and cervical spine CT or MRI venous angiography in patients who undergo surgery with a transoral approach and exhibit local or systemic signs of infection such as neck pain, persistent fever, and positive blood culture results.

National Variations in the Work-Up, Investigation, and Surgical Management of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast across Canadian Surgeons

Variation in the management of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) of the breast occur at both national and international levels. The aim of this study is to determine the degree of, and reasons behind, this variation in the workup and treatment of DCIS among Canadian surgeons. We developed a 35-question survey involving the pre-, peri, and post-operative management of DCIS using SurveyMonkey^®. The survey was sent out via email and responses were analyzed using SurveyMonkey^® and Microsoft Excel. 51/119 (43%) of the Canadian General Surgeons contacted participated in this study. Some variation was observed in the utilization of pre-operative imaging with 29/48 (60%) surgeons routinely using ultrasound. Perceived contraindications to breast conserving therapy also varied with multicentricity (54%) and the presence of diffuse microcalcifications (13%). Nearly all respondent's (98%) patients had access to immediate breast reconstruction following a mastectomy but 14/48 (29%) of respondents' patients were required to travel a mean distance of 300 km to undergo the procedure. Substantial variation was also seen during follow-up with half (52%) of surgeons following up patients for >1 month in their surgical clinic. There is considerable variation in the management of DCIS among Canadian Surgeons. The present study indicates the need for pan-Canadian, evidence-based guidelines to ensure a standardized management strategy for patients with DCIS.

Incidence and Survival for Head and Neck Cancers in Estonia, 1996-2016: A Population-Based Study

Background

Changing patterns of alcohol and tobacco consumption and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have affected the epidemiology of head and neck cancers. The aim of this study was to examine 20-year trends in the incidence and survival of head and neck cancers in Estonia by site, sex, morphology, and stage.

Methods

Data on all adult cases of invasive head and neck cancers diagnosed in Estonia in 1996–2016 were obtained from a population-based cancer registry. TNM stage was available for 2010–2016. Incidence trends were modeled with join-point regression, and five-year relative survival ratios (RSRs) were calculated.

Results

A total of 6,769 cases were included, 64% men. We observed declining incidence of lip and laryngeal cancer and substantial increases in the incidence of hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers. Over 60% of mouth and pharyngeal cancers were diagnosed at stage IV. Age-standardized 5-year RSR for mouth and pharyngeal cancer increased substantially over the study period, from 21% (95% CI 16%–25%) in 1996–2002 to 33% (29%–38%) in 2010–2016. The largest survival increases were seen for cancers of the oral cavity (reaching 44% in 2010–2016), tongue (41%), and larynx (63%), while modest changes were seen for the oropharynx (24%) and hypopharynx (17%). The latest 5-year RSR was 90% for thyroid cancers (99% for papillary carcinoma). Large female survival advantage was seen for most sites.

Conclusion

The observed trends suggest an emerging role of HPV infection in combination with traditional risk factors in the development of head and neck cancers in Estonia. Efforts targeting health behavior, HPV vaccination, and earlier diagnosis are crucial for reducing mortality from these cancers.

A Case Report on Leech Infestation as a Cause of Severe Anemia in a 10-Month-Old Infant in Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Leeches are blood sucking hermaphroditic parasites belonged to the phylum Annelida of the class Hirudinea. Based on the location of leech infestation, the patient may present with anemia and respiratory symptoms. Even though Leech infestation is mentioned as common problem in African countries and the common cause of anemia, especially in children but it is not mentioned as a cause of severe anemia in an infant.

CASE PRESENTATION

In this paper, we are reporting a 10 months old baby presented to Debre Tabor General Hospital with nasal bleeding and blood tingled vomiting of four days duration. With the diagnosis of severe anemia secondary to leech infestation, she was transfused with 360 mL of whole blood and the leech was removed from the oropharynx with McGill forceps. She was followed for 48 hours. There was no ongoing bleeding; the vital signs became stable, and then patient's parents were advised to boil drinking water before use. Finally, the infant discharged with improvement.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

We concluded that leech infestation should be included as the differential diagnosis of an infant presented with nasal bleeding and blood tingled vomiting who came from rural areas.

Radiation-induced neuropathies in head and neck cancer: prevention and treatment modalities

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common human malignancy with a global incidence of 650,000 cases per year. Radiotherapy (RT) is commonly used as an effective therapy to treat tumours as a definitive or adjuvant treatment. Despite the substantial advances in RT contouring and dosage delivery, patients suffer from various radiation-induced complications, among which are toxicities to the nervous tissues in the head and neck area. Radiation-mediated neuropathies manifest as a result of increased oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, neuroinflammation and altered cellular function in the nervous tissues. Eventually, molecular damage results in the formation of fibrotic tissues leading to susceptible loss of function of numerous neuronal substructures. Neuropathic sequelae following irradiation in the head and neck area include sensorineural hearing loss, alterations in taste and smell functions along with brachial plexopathy, and cranial nerves palsies. Numerous management options are available to relieve radiation-associated neurotoxicities notwithstanding treatment alternatives that remain restricted with limited benefits. In the scope of this review, we discuss the use of variable management and therapeutic modalities to palliate common radiation-induced neuropathies in head and neck cancers.

A descriptive study of human papilloma virus in upper aero-digestive squamous cell carcinoma at Uganda cancer institute assessed by P16 immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND

Cancer burden in sub-Saharan Africa is on the rise with one-third of cancers estimated to be caused by infectious agents. Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in sub-Saharan Africa and includes tumors in the Upper Aero-digestive Tract (UADT). The established risk factors are tobacco and alcohol exposure with a recent recognition of the role of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The HPV related HNC is seen predominantly in the oropharynx, presents at a younger age and has a better prognosis. With a rapidly increasing incidence of these cancers in the developed world, it was important to study HPV in HNC in Uganda. The HPV can be detected using P16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate marker thus making it suitable for screening. The study aimed at establishing the presence of HPV and the commonly affected sites in UADT squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) using P16 immunohistochemistry.

METHODOLOGY

This was a cross sectional study in which 59 patients with histologically proven SCC from the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx were recruited. These patients' demographics and clinical data were collected. Tissue sections from retrieved histology samples were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin to reconfirm SCC. Subsequently, P16 expression was determined using P16 immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Seventy-one patients were enrolled and 59 patients with confirmed SCC of the sites of interest were analyzed. The majority (79.7%) of the participants were male and over 50 years. 59.3% were tobacco smokers, 66.1% used alcohol, 52.2% used both. Only 27.1% used none of the substances. Only 27.1% of the participants were HIV positive. Most of the tumors were in the larynx (37.3%) and 64.4% were overall TNM stage 4. The overall prevalence of HPV in UADT SCC at UCI was 20.3, 95%CI 10.9-32.8. The oropharynx had the highest prevalence (30.8%).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of HPV in UADT SCC at UCI is significant at 20.3%. The most affected site, is the oropharynx. Vigilant HPV screening of these sites with confirmation where possible is recommended.

Fusobacterium necrophorum Septicemia Leading to Lemierre's Syndrome in an Immunocompetent Individual: A Case Report

Lemierre syndrome is a life-threatening condition associated with infection by obligate anaerobes residing in oropharyngeal mucosa. The most common organism responsible is Fusobacterium necrophorum. We report a case in a 69-year-old gentleman. The man with past medical history of hypertension, anxiety and chronic alcohol abuse was brought in by his family for altered mental status and fever. He had a complicated stay with septic shock on multiple pressors, his blood cultures grew Fusobacterium necrophorum and neck ultrasound showed acute thrombus of the right internal jugular vein (IJV). The patient had received intravenous antibiotics throughout stay but had poor prognosis and eventually expired after a complicated hospital stay.

Lemierre syndrome is a rare syndrome usually associated with an acute oropharyngeal infection due to anaerobic bacteria leading to secondary septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. The characteristic clinical picture noticed is a hematogenous progression to distant septic emboli. It is a life-threatening condition and a prompt diagnosis is critical for preventing fatal consequences.

The purpose of this case report is to increase awareness about this clinical condition among medical professionals.

Dual-mode emission and transmission microscopy for virtual histochemistry using hematoxylin- and eosin-stained tissue sections

In the clinical practice of pathology, trichrome stains are commonly used to highlight collagen and to help evaluate fibrosis. Such stains do delineate collagen deposits but are not molecularly specific and can suffer from staining inconsistencies. Moreover, performing histochemical stain evaluation requires the preparation of additional sections beyond the original hematoxylin- and eosin-stained slides, as well as additional staining steps, which together add cost, time, and workflow complications. We have developed a new microscopy approach, termed DUET (DUal-mode Emission and Transmission) that can be used to extract signals that would typically require special stains or advanced optical methods. Our preliminary analysis demonstrates the potential of using the resulting signals to generate virtual histochemical images that resemble trichrome-stained slides and can support clinical evaluation. We demonstrate advantages of this approach over images acquired from conventional trichrome-stained slides and compare them with images created using second harmonic generation microscopy.

Isolated Laryngeal Leishmaniasis: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Isolated laryngeal Leishmaniasis is a rare entity in the Indian subcontinent. We describe a case of a 45 year old male with hoarseness and noisy breathing. Patient's initial histological and serological workup was inconclusive. Final biopsy findings (suggestive of Leishmania donovani), positive rK-39 serology and his native place being Bihar (endemic for Leishmaniasis) led us to the diagnosis. He was treated with high dose liposomal Amphotericin B to which he responded well. This case report highlights the importance of remaining aware of rare infectious causes of laryngitis. Timely diagnosis and intervention are crucial.

Detection of Microbiota in Post Radiation Sinusitis

OBJECTIVES

A shift in the microbiota of chronic rhinosinusitis has been described after radiotherapy to the sinonasal cavity and skull base. There is a paucity of literature characterizing the bacteriology of post radiation sinusitis using next-generation gene sequencing techniques. This study aims to describe and compare the microbial flora of rhinosinusitis after radiotherapy using both culture and molecular techniques for microbial DNA detection.

METHODS

The medical records of patients treated with external beam radiation for sinonasal, nasopharyngeal, or skull base malignancy were reviewed at a tertiary care facility. Patients' sinonasal cavities were swabbed for routine culture or brushed for molecular gene sequencing. Swab specimens were processed for standard microbial culture, and brush specimens were sent for gene sequencing at Micro GenX Laboratory (Lubbock, Texas, USA).

RESULTS

Twenty-two patients were diagnosed with chronic sinusitis after undergoing radiotherapy. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism identified by both culture and gene sequencing, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several additional organisms were detected by gene sequencing that were not isolated by routine culture techniques. Gene sequencing identified pathogens differing from culture results in 50% of patients examined.

CONCLUSION

The bacteriology of post radiation sinusitis appears to resemble the microorganisms responsible for chronic sinusitis in healthy adults. Next generation gene sequencing techniques may reveal additional organisms responsible for sinusitis and provide complementary results that may impact the medical treatment of post radiation sinusitis.

An update on head and neck cancer: new entities and their histopathology, molecular background, treatment, and outcome

The head and neck region harbor numerous specialized tissues of all lineages giving rise to a plethora of different malignancies. In recent years, new types and subtypes of cancer has been described here due to the recognition of their histological and molecular characteristics. Some have been formally accepted in the most recent classifications from the World Health Organization (WHO) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) as distinct diseases due to characteristics in clinical presentation, outcome, and treatment. In particular, this applies to malignancies of the salivary gland, sinonasal tract, and oropharynx. In this overview, we present the most recent developments in the classification, histopathological characteristics, and molecular features of head and neck cancer. The clinical and radiological characteristics, outcome, and treatment options including perspectives for targeted therapies, are discussed.

The Health System and Policy Implications of Changing Epidemiology for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers in the United States From 1995 to 2016

Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are typically grouped under the general term, "oral cancer." Yet, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers is increasing in the United States, while the incidence of oral cavity cancers has declined. These 2 distinct but conflated groups of oral cancers are attributed to different risk factors. Incidence and survival trends were examined across US population groups and by anatomical subsite. Disparities in incidence and survival by sex, race/ethnicity, and subsite were identified. Risk factors are complex, interactive, and not fully identified. Cancer control research illustrates health disparities in access to care and patient outcomes. Database and supplemental searches yielded 433 articles published between 1995 and 2016 characterizing aspects of oral cancer epidemiology relating to incidence, survival, risk, disparities, and cancer control. Oral cavity cancer survival in black men remains the most intractable burden. Although understanding of oral cancer etiology is improving, application to policy is limited. Cancer control efforts are diverse, sporadic, limited in scope, and generally lacking in success, and they need stratification by oral cavity cancers/oropharyngeal cancers. Further intervention and epidemiologic research, improved workforce capacity, and integrated care delivery are identified as important directions for public health policy. Sustained, multilevel campaigns modeled on tobacco control success are suggested.

Genetic Contributions to The Association Between Adult Height and Head and Neck Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

With the aim to dissect the effect of adult height on head and neck cancer (HNC), we use the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to test the association between genetic instruments for height and the risk of HNC. 599 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified as genetic instruments for height, accounting for 16% of the phenotypic variation. Genetic data concerning HNC cases and controls were obtained from a genome-wide association study. Summary statistics for genetic association were used in complementary MR approaches: the weighted genetic risk score (GRS) and the inverse-variance weighted (IVW). MR-Egger regression was used for sensitivity analysis and pleiotropy evaluation. From the GRS analysis, one standard deviation (SD) higher height (6.9 cm; due to genetic predisposition across 599 SNPs) raised the risk for HNC (Odds ratio (OR), 1.14; 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI), 0.99-1.32). The association analyses with potential confounders revealed that the GRS was associated with tobacco smoking (OR = 0.80, 95% CI (0.69-0.93)). MR-Egger regression did not provide evidence of overall directional pleiotropy. Our study indicates that height is potentially associated with HNC risk. However, the reported risk could be underestimated since, at the genetic level, height emerged to be inversely associated with smoking.

Prognostic factors in head and neck cancer: a 10-year retrospective analysis in a single-institution in Italy

This study was undertaken to evaluate the association between demographics, lifestyle habits, and clinical data and overall survival (OS), recurrence and second primary cancer (SPC) in patients with first primary head and neck cancer (HNC). We retrospectively reviewed data from 482 patients treated at the "Agostino Gemelli" Teaching Hospital, Rome, between 2002-2012 for primary HNC. Individual parameters were evaluated for association with specific outcomes such as OS, cancer recurrence and second primary cancer (SPC) appearance using hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Five-year OS was 60.6% for all HNC cases, 49.0% for oral cavity, 54.8% for oropharynx, 50.0% for hypopharynx and 63.4% for larynx. Predictors of OS were older age (HR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02-1.05) and advanced tumour stage (HR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.41-2.84). The risk of recurrence was associated with drinking 8-14 drinks per week (HR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.00-2.97). The risk of developing SPC increased with advanced tumour stage (HR = 2.75; 95% CI: 1.39-5.44) and with smoking for more than 40 years (HR = 3.68; 95% CI: 1.10-12.30). OS differed among HNC sites. Increasing age was an unfavourable predictor of HNC OS. Tumour stage was a prognostic factor both for OS and for risk of developing SPC. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were prognostic factors for recurrence and SPC, respectively.

Gender differences in the relationship between socioeconomic status and height loss among the elderly in South Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010

This study aimed to examine average height loss and the relationship between height loss and socioeconomic status (SES) among the elderly in South Korea.Data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010. A total of 5265 subjects (2818 men and 2447 women) were included. Height loss was calculated as the difference between the subject's self-reported maximum adult height and their measured current height. The height loss values were divided into quartiles (Q1-Q4) for men and women. SES was determined using a self-reported questionnaire for education level, family income, and occupation.Height loss was associated with SES in all age groups, and mean height loss increased with age. In the relationship between education level and maximum height loss (Q4), men with ≤6, 7-9, or 10-12 years of education had higher odds ratios for the prevalence of height loss (Q4) than men with the highest education level (≥13 years). With regard to the relationship between the income level and height loss (Q4), the subjects with the lowest income had an increased prevalence of maximum height loss (Q4) than the subjects with the highest income (odds ratios = 2.03 in men and 1.94 in women). Maximum height loss (Q4) was more prevalent in men and women with a low SES and less prevalent in men with a high SES than in men with a middle SES.Height loss (Q4) was associated with education level in men and with income level (especially low income) in men and women. Height loss was also associated with a low SES in men and women.

The relationship between adult stature and longevity: tall men are unlikely to outlive their short peers – evidence from a study of all adult deaths in Poland in the years 2004–2008

Early epidemiological studies demonstrated that short stature is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, lower energy intake or food deprivation during growth, poor health, and increased all-cause mortality. Nevertheless, the links between adult height and longevity become tenuous if certain confounders (e.g. BMI, SES, educational attainment, etc.) are allowed for. Furthermore, numerous studies have found that like excess weight, tallness is costly in terms of longevity in late ontogeny, and shorter people tend to outlive their taller peers, especially if they are slim and maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle. Therefore, there is currently a lack of agreement in the literature as to whether and how body height and lifespan are linked. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between adult stature and longevity on the basis of a large sample from a population-based cohort study. Data on declared height and exact dates of birth and death were available from 480,493 men and 364,666 women who died in the years 2004-2008 in Poland. To control for secular changes, the sample was divided into fifteen birth cohorts and each group was subsequently split into five height categories using pentiles, separately for both sexes. The analysis has revealed an inverse relationship between height and lifespan in men and women. However, after controlling for secular changes in height, the relationship turned out to be very weak and linear in men, and inverted U-shaped in women. In general, taller individuals had lower age at death compared to shorter ones, and this relationship was more pronounced and consistent in men. To sum up, these findings do not comport with the traditional belief that taller individuals live longer. The role of several possible biological mechanisms pertinent to enhanced longevity in smaller individuals was emphasized, and these biological factors were discussed.

Adult height, nutrition, and population health

In this review, the potential causes and consequences of adult height, a measure of cumulative net nutrition, in modern populations are summarized. The mechanisms linking adult height and health are examined, with a focus on the role of potential confounders. Evidence across studies indicates that short adult height (reflecting growth retardation) in low- and middle-income countries is driven by environmental conditions, especially net nutrition during early years. Some of the associations of height with health and social outcomes potentially reflect the association between these environmental factors and such outcomes. These conditions are manifested in the substantial differences in adult height that exist between and within countries and over time. This review suggests that adult height is a useful marker of variation in cumulative net nutrition, biological deprivation, and standard of living between and within populations and should be routinely measured. Linkages between adult height and health, within and across generations, suggest that adult height may be a potential tool for monitoring health conditions and that programs focused on offspring outcomes may consider maternal height as a potentially important influence.