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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Gorman BL, Barmada KM, Ravula HP, Huguely CJ, Wallace ED, Peace MR, Poklis JL, Jiang W, Fitting S. Effects of acute cannabidiol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1358555. [PMID: 38505774 PMCID: PMC10949733 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1358555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Some evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) has potential to help alleviate HIV symptoms due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here we examined acute CBD effects on various behaviors and the endocannabinoid system in HIV Tat transgenic mice. Methods Tat transgenic mice (female/male) were injected with CBD (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) and assessed for antinociception, activity, coordination, anxiety-like behavior, and recognition memory. Brains were taken to quantify endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid catabolic enzymes. Additionally, CBD and metabolite 7-hydroxy-CBD were quantified in the plasma and cortex. Results Tat decreased supraspinal-related nociception and locomotion. CBD and sex had little to no effects on any of the behavioral measures. For the endocannabinoid system male sex was associated with elevated concentration of the proinflammatory metabolite arachidonic acid in various CNS regions, including the cerebellum that also showed higher FAAH expression levels for Tat(+) males. GPR55 expression levels in the striatum and cerebellum were higher for females compared to males. CBD metabolism was altered by sex and Tat expression. Conclusion Findings indicate that acute CBD effects are not altered by HIV Tat, and acute CBD has no to minimal effects on behavior and the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Gorman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Karenna M. Barmada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Havilah P. Ravula
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Caitlin J. Huguely
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - E. Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michelle R. Peace
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Cale JA, Chauhan EJ, Cleaver JJ, Fusciardi AR, McCann S, Waters HC, Žavbi J, King MV. GABAergic and inflammatory changes in the frontal cortex following neonatal PCP plus isolation rearing, as a dual-hit neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03987-y. [PMID: 38363536 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia begins in early neurodevelopment and leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance. It is therefore essential that preclinical models used to understand disease, select drug targets and evaluate novel therapeutics encompass similar neurochemical deficits. One approach to improved preclinical modelling incorporates dual-hit neurodevelopmental insults, like neonatal administration of phencyclidine (PCP, to disrupt development of glutamatergic circuitry) then post-weaning isolation (Iso, to mimic adolescent social stress). We recently showed that male Lister-hooded rats exposed to PCP-Iso exhibit reduced hippocampal expression of the GABA interneuron marker calbindin. The current study expanded on this by investigating changes to additional populations of GABAergic interneurons in frontal cortical and hippocampal tissue from the same animals (by immunohistochemistry) as well as levels of GABA itself (via ELISA). Because inflammatory changes are also implicated in schizophrenia, we performed additional immunohistochemical evaluations of Iba-1 positive microglia as well as ELISA analysis of IL-6 in the same brain regions. Single-hit isolation-reared and dual-hit PCP-Iso rats both showed reduced parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the prelimbic/infralimbic region of the frontal cortex. However, this was more widespread in PCP-Iso, extending to the medial/ventral and lateral/dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortices. Loss of GABAergic markers was accompanied by increased microglial activation in the medial/ventral orbitofrontal cortices of PCP-Iso, together with frontal cortical IL-6 elevations not seen following single-hit isolation rearing. These findings enhance the face validity of PCP-Iso, and we advocate the use of this preclinical model for future evaluation of novel therapeutics-especially those designed to normalise excitatory-inhibitory imbalance or reduce neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Cale
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ethan J Chauhan
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Joshua J Cleaver
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anthoio R Fusciardi
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sophie McCann
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hannah C Waters
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Juš Žavbi
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Madeleine V King
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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3
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Gorman BL, Dodson H, Ramineni S, Wallace ED, Peace MR, Poklis JL, Jiang W, Fitting S. Effects of acute Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148638. [PMID: 37858856 PMCID: PMC10873064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is highly prevalent especially among people living with HIV (PLWH). Activation of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective endocannabinoid system by phytocannabinoids, i.e. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been proposed to reduce HIV symptoms. However, THC's effects on HIV-related memory deficits are unclear. Using HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice, the current study investigates acute THC effects on various behavioral outcomes and the endocannabinoid system. For the rodent tetrad model, THC doses (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) induced known antinociceptive effects, with Tat induction increasing antinociceptive THC effects at 3 and 10 mg/kg doses. Only minor or no effects were noted for acute THC on body temperature, locomotor activity, and coordination. Increased anxiety-like behavior was found for females compared to males, but acute THC had no effect on anxiety. Object recognition memory was diminished by acute THC in Tat(-) females but not Tat(+) females, without affecting males. The endocannabinoid system and related lipids were not affected by acute THC, except for THC-induced decreases in CB1R protein expression levels in the spinal cord of Tat(-) mice. Female sex and Tat induction was associated with elevated 2-AG, AEA, AA, CB1R, CB2R, FAAH and/or MAGL expression in various brain regions. Further, AEA levels in the prefrontal cortex of Tat(+) females were negatively associated with object recognition memory. Overall, findings indicate that acute THC exerts differential effects on antinociception and memory, dependent on sex and HIV Tat expression, potentially in relation to an altered endocannabinoid system, which may be of relevance in view of potential cannabis-based treatment options for PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin L Gorman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hailey Dodson
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shreya Ramineni
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - E Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle R Peace
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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4
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Pla-Tenorio J, Roig AM, García-Cesaní PA, Santiago LA, Sepulveda-Orengo MT, Noel RJ. Astrocytes: Role in pathogenesis and effect of commonly misused drugs in the HIV infected brain. Curr Res Neurobiol 2023; 5:100108. [PMID: 38020814 PMCID: PMC10663134 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of astrocytes as reservoirs and producers of a subset of viral proteins in the HIV infected brain have been studied extensively as a key to understanding HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, their comprehensive role in the context of intersecting substance use and neurocircuitry of the reward pathway and HAND has yet to be fully explained. Use of methamphetamines, cocaine, or opioids in the context of HIV infection have been shown to lead to a faster progression of HAND. Glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic systems are implicated in the development of HAND-induced cognitive impairments. A thorough review of scientific literature exploring the variety of mechanisms in which these drugs exert their effects on the HIV brain and astrocytes has revealed marked areas of convergence in overexcitation leading to increased drug-seeking behavior, inflammation, apoptosis, and irreversible neurotoxicity. The present review investigates astrocytes, the neural pathways, and mechanisms of drug disruption that ultimately play a larger holistic role in terms of HIV progression and drug use. There are opportunities for future research, therapeutic intervention, and preventive strategies to diminish HAND in the subset population of patients with HIV and substance use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn Pla-Tenorio
- Ponce Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, 395 Industrial Reparada, Zona 2, Ponce, PR, 00716, Puerto Rico
| | - Angela M. Roig
- Seattle Children's Hospital, MS OC.7.830, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105-0371, United States
| | - Paulina A. García-Cesaní
- Bella Vista Hospital, Family Medicine Residency, Carr. 349 Km 2.7, Cerro Las Mesas, Mayaguez, PR, 00681, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis A. Santiago
- Ponce Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, 395 Industrial Reparada, Zona 2, Ponce, PR, 00716, Puerto Rico
| | - Marian T. Sepulveda-Orengo
- Ponce Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, 395 Industrial Reparada, Zona 2, Ponce, PR, 00716, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard J. Noel
- Ponce Health Sciences University, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, 395 Industrial Reparada, Zona 2, Ponce, PR, 00716, Puerto Rico
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5
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Lark ARS, Silva LK, Nass SR, Marone MG, Ohene-Nyako M, Ihrig TM, Marks WD, Yarotskyy V, Rory McQuiston A, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Progressive Degeneration and Adaptive Excitability in Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor-Expressing Striatal Neurons Exposed to HIV-1 Tat and Morphine. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1105-1127. [PMID: 35695980 PMCID: PMC9976699 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is especially vulnerable to HIV-1 infection, with medium spiny neurons (MSNs) exhibiting marked synaptodendritic damage that can be exacerbated by opioid use disorder. Despite known structural defects in MSNs co-exposed to HIV-1 Tat and opioids, the pathophysiological sequelae of sustained HIV-1 exposure and acute comorbid effects of opioids on dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-expressing (D1 and D2) MSNs are unknown. To address this question, Drd1-tdTomato- or Drd2-eGFP-expressing reporter and conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice were interbred. MSNs in ex vivo slices from male mice were assessed by whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and filled with biocytin to explore the functional and structural effects of progressive Tat and acute morphine exposure. Although the excitability of both D1 and D2 MSNs increased following 48 h of Tat exposure, D1 MSN firing rates decreased below control (Tat-) levels following 2 weeks and 1 month of Tat exposure but returned to control levels after 2 months. D2 neurons continued to display Tat-dependent increases in excitability at 2 weeks, but also returned to control levels following 1 and 2 months of Tat induction. Acute morphine exposure increased D1 MSN excitability irrespective of the duration of Tat exposure, while D2 MSNs were variably affected. That D1 and D2 MSN excitability would return to control levels was unexpected since both subpopulations displayed significant synaptodendritic degeneration and pathologic phospho-tau-Thr205 accumulation following 2 months of Tat induction. Thus, despite frank morphologic damage, D1 and D2 MSNs uniquely adapt to sustained Tat and acute morphine insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Lindsay K Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- PPD®, Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, VA, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Michael G Marone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Therese M Ihrig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building, Room 4040, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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6
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Flounlacker KM, Hahn YK, Xu R, Simons CA, Tian T, Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Myelin regulatory factor is a target of individual and interactive effects of HIV-1 Tat and morphine in the striatum and pre-frontal cortex. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:15-26. [PMID: 36853588 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain pervasive even with increased efficacy/use of antiretroviral therapies. Opioid use/abuse among HIV + individuals is documented to exacerbate CNS deficits. White matter (WM) alterations, including myelin pallor, and volume/structural alterations detected by diffusion tensor imaging are common observations in HIV + individuals, and studies in non-human primates suggest that WM may harbor virus. Using transgenic mice that express the HIV-1 Tat protein, we examined in vivo effects of 2-6 weeks of Tat and morphine exposure on WM using genomic and biochemical methods. RNA sequencing of striatal tissue at 2 weeks revealed robust changes in mRNAs associated with oligodendrocyte precursor populations and myelin integrity, including those for transferrin, the atypical oligodendrocyte marker N-myc downstream regulated 1 (Ndrg1), and myelin regulatory factor (Myrf/Mrf), an oligodendrocyte-specific transcription factor with a significant role in oligodendrocyte differentiation/maturation. Western blots conducted after 6-weeks exposure in 3 brain regions (striatum, corpus callosum, pre-frontal cortex) revealed regional differences in the effect of Tat and morphine on Myrf levels, and on levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), whose transcription is regulated by Myrf. Responses included individual and interactive effects. Although baseline and post-treatment levels of Myrf and MBP differed between brain regions, post-treatment MBP levels in striatum and pre-frontal cortex were compatible with changes in Myrf activity. Additionally, the Myrf regulatory ubiquitin ligase Fbxw7 was identified as a novel target in our model. These results suggest that Myrf and Fbxw7 contribute to altered myelin gene regulation in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Flounlacker
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
| | - Yun Kyung Hahn
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Ruqiang Xu
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Chloe A Simons
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Tao Tian
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,The Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,The Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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7
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Young JW, Kenton JA, Milienne-Petiot M, Deben D, Achim C, Geyer MA, Perry W, Grant IE, Minassian A. Chronic methamphetamine exposure exerts few effects on the iTat mouse model of HIV, but blocks Tat expression-induced slowed reward retrieval. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114109. [PMID: 36108778 PMCID: PMC10878174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to infect millions worldwide, negatively impacting neurobehavioral function. Further understanding of the combined effects of HIV and methamphetamine use is crucial, as methamphetamine use is prevalent in people with HIV. The HIV-associated protein Tat may contribute to cognitive dysfunction, modeled preclinically in mice using doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Tat expression (iTat). Tat may exert its effects on cognitive function via disruption of the dopamine transporter, similar to the action of methamphetamine. Additionally, Tat and methamphetamine both decrease interneuron populations, including those expressing calbindin. It is important to understand the combined effects of Tat and methamphetamine in preclinical models of HIV infection. Here, we used iTat transgenic mice and a chronic binge regimen of methamphetamine exposure to determine their combined impact on reward learning and motivation. We also measured calbindin expression in behavior-relevant brain regions. Before induction with DOX, iTat mice exhibited no differences in behavior. Chronic methamphetamine exposure before Tat induction impaired initial reward learning but did not affect motivation. Furthermore, DOX-induced Tat expression did not alter behavior, but slowed latencies to retrieve rewards. This effect of Tat, however, was not observed in methamphetamine-treated mice, indicative of a potential protective effect. Finally, Tat expression was associated with an increase in calbindin-expressing cells in the VTA, while methamphetamine exposure did not alter calbindin numbers. These findings may indicate a protective role of methamphetamine in HIV neuropathology, which in turn may help in our understanding of why people with HIV use methamphetamine at disproportionately higher rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Debbie Deben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cristian Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Igor E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States
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8
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McIntosh R, Hidalgo M, Lobo J, Dillon K, Szeto A, Hurwitz BE. Circulating endothelial and angiogenic cells predict hippocampal volume as a function of HIV status. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:65-77. [PMID: 36418739 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) have the capacity to stabilize human blood vessels in vivo. Evidence suggests that these cells are depleted in dementia and in persons living with HIV (PWH), who have a higher prevalence of dementia and other cognitive deficits associated with aging. However, the associations of CECs and MACs with MRI-based measures of aging brain health, such as hippocampal gray matter volume, have not been previously demonstrated. The present study examined differences in these associations in 51 postmenopausal women with and without HIV infection. Gray matter volume was quantified using MRI. CECs and MACs were enumerated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Analyses examined the association of these cell counts with left and right hippocampal gray matter volume while controlling for age and hypertension status. The main finding was an interaction suggesting that compared to controls, postmenopausal PWH with greater levels of CECs and MACs had significantly greater hippocampus GMV. Further research is necessary to examine potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in HIV infection linking morpho-functional circulatory reparative processes with more diminished hippocampal volume in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger McIntosh
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Melissa Hidalgo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Broward Health North, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Judith Lobo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Dillon
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angela Szeto
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Barry E Hurwitz
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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9
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Zhu J, Quizon PM, Wang Y, Adeniran CA, Strauss MJ, Jiménez-Torres AC, Patel P, Cirino TJ, Eans SO, Hammond HR, Deliscar LS, O'Hara P, Saini SK, Ofori E, Vekariya RH, Zhang S, Moukha-Chafiq O, Nguyen TH, Ananthan S, Augelli-Szafran CE, Zhan CG, McLaughlin JP. SRI-32743, a novel allosteric modulator, attenuates HIV-1 Tat protein-induced inhibition of the dopamine transporter and alleviates the potentiation of cocaine reward in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109239. [PMID: 36126727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse increases the incidence of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. We have demonstrated that HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) allosterically modulates dopamine (DA) reuptake through the human DA transporter (hDAT), potentially contributing to Tat-induced cognitive impairment and potentiation of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). This study determined the effects of a novel allosteric modulator of DAT, SRI-32743, on the interactions of HIV-1 Tat, DA, cocaine, and [3H]WIN35,428 with hDAT in vitro. SRI-32743 (50 nM) attenuated Tat-induced inhibition of [3H]DA uptake and decreased the cocaine-mediated dissociation of [3H]WIN35,428 binding in CHO cells expressing hDAT, suggesting a SRI-32743-mediated allosteric modulation of the Tat-DAT interaction. In further in vivo studies utilizing doxycycline-inducible Tat transgenic (iTat-tg) mice, 14 days of Tat expression significantly reduced the recognition index by 31.7% in the final phase of novel object recognition (NOR) and potentiated cocaine-CPP 2.7-fold compared to responses of vehicle-treated control iTat-tg mice. The Tat-induced NOR deficits and potentiation of cocaine-CPP were not observed in saline-treated iTat-tg or doxycycline-treated G-tg (Tat-null) mice. Systemic administration (i.p.) of SRI-32743 prior to behavioral testing ameliorated Tat-induced impairment of NOR (at a dose of 10 mg/kg) and the Tat-induced potentiation of cocaine-CPP (at doses of 1 or 10 mg/kg). These findings demonstrate that Tat and cocaine interactions with DAT may be regulated by compounds interacting at the DAT allosteric modulatory sites, suggesting a potential therapeutic intervention for HIV-infected patients with concurrent cocaine abuse.
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10
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McLaurin KA, Cranston MN, Li H, Mactutus CF, Harrod SB, Booze RM. Synaptic dysfunction is associated with alterations in the initiation of goal-directed behaviors: Implications for HIV-1-associated apathy. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114174. [PMID: 35863502 PMCID: PMC9990912 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exhibit an increased prevalence of neuropsychiatric comorbities (e.g., apathy) relative to their seronegative counterparts. Given the profound functional consequences associated with apathy, characterizing the multidimensional neuropsychiatric syndrome, and associated neural mechanisms, following chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure remains a critical need. HIV-1-associated apathy was examined by quantifying goal-directed behaviors, indexed using voluntary wheel running, during the diurnal and nocturnal cycle. Apathetic behaviors in the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat were characterized by a profound decrease in the number of running bouts during both the diurnal and nocturnal cycle, supporting a prominent deficit in the self-initiation of spontaneous behaviors. Additionally, HIV-1 Tg animals exhibited a decreased reinforcing efficacy of voluntary wheel running during the nocturnal cycle. Following the completion of voluntary wheel running, synaptic dysfunction in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) was examined as a potential neural mechanism underlying HIV-1-associated apathy. HIV-1 Tg animals displayed prominent synaptic dysfunction in MSNs of the NAcc, characterized by enhanced dendritic branching complexity and a population shift towards an immature dendritic spine phenotype relative to control animals. Synaptic dysfunction, which accounted for 42.0% to 68.5% of the variance in the number of running bouts, was strongly associated with the self-initiation of spontaneous behaviors. Establishment of the relationship between synaptic dysfunction and apathy affords a key target for the development of novel therapeutics and cure strategies for affective alterations associated with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Michael N Cranston
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Hailong Li
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Steven B Harrod
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America.
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11
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Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Kaufman MJ, Ashpole NM, Paris JJ. Age-related neuroendocrine, cognitive, and behavioral co-morbidities are promoted by HIV-1 Tat expression in male mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5345-5365. [PMID: 35830469 PMCID: PMC9320553 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the U.S. about half of the HIV-infected individuals are aged 50 and older. In men living with HIV, secondary hypogonadism is common and occurs earlier than in seronegative men, and its prevalence increases with age. While the mechanisms(s) are unknown, the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein disrupts neuroendocrine function in mice partly by dysregulating mitochondria and neurosteroidogenesis. We hypothesized that conditional Tat expression in middle-aged male transgenic mice [Tat(+)] would promote age-related comorbidities compared to age-matched controls [Tat(−)]. We expected Tat to alter steroid hormone milieu consistent with behavioral deficits. Middle-aged Tat(+) mice had lower circulating testosterone and progesterone than age-matched controls and greater circulating corticosterone and central allopregnanolone than other groups. Young Tat(+) mice had greater circulating progesterone and estradiol-to-testosterone ratios. Older age or Tat exposure increased anxiety-like behavior (open field; elevated plus-maze), increased cognitive errors (radial arm water maze), and reduced grip strength. Young Tat(+), or middle-aged Tat(−), males had higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds than age-matched counterparts. Steroid levels correlated with behaviors. Thus, Tat may contribute to HIV-accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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12
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McLane VD, Lark ARS, Nass SR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat reduces apical dendritic spine density throughout the trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus of male transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 782:136688. [PMID: 35595189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one-third of persons infected with HIV-1 (PWH) develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which can be exacerbated by exposure to opioids. The impact of opioids on HIV-induced alterations in neuronal plasticity is less well understood. Both morphine exposure and HIV have been shown to disrupt synaptic growth and stability in the hippocampus suggesting a potential site of convergence for their deleterious effects. In the present study, we examined the density of dendritic spines in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons, and granule neurons within the dentate gyrus representing the hippocampal trisynaptic pathway after short-term exposure to the HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein and morphine. We exposed inducible male, HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice to escalating doses of morphine (10-40 mg/kg, b.i.d.) and examined synaptodendritic structure in Golgi-impregnated hippocampal neurons. HIV-1 Tat, but not morphine, systematically reduced the density of apical, but not basilar, dendrites of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons, and granule neuronal apical dendrites, suggesting the coordinated loss of specific synaptic interconnections throughout the hippocampal trisynaptic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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13
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Nass SR, Ohene-Nyako M, Hahn YK, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Neurodegeneration Within the Amygdala Is Differentially Induced by Opioid and HIV-1 Tat Exposure. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:804774. [PMID: 35600626 PMCID: PMC9115100 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.804774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a critical problem that contributes to the spread of HIV and may intrinsically worsen neuroHIV. Despite the advent of combined antiretroviral therapies (cART), about half of persons infected with HIV (PWH) experience cognitive and emotional deficits that can be exacerbated by opioid abuse. HIV-1 Tat is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of PWH on cART and is thought to contribute to neuroHIV. The amygdala regulates emotion and memories associated with fear and stress and is important in addiction behavior. Notwithstanding its importance in emotional saliency, the effects of HIV and opioids in the amygdala are underexplored. To assess Tat- and morphine-induced neuropathology within the amygdala, male Tat transgenic mice were exposed to Tat for 8 weeks and administered saline and/or escalating doses of morphine twice daily (s.c.) during the last 2 weeks of Tat exposure. Eight weeks of Tat exposure decreased the acoustic startle response and the dendritic spine density in the basolateral amygdala, but not the central nucleus of the amygdala. In contrast, repeated exposure to morphine alone, but not Tat, increased the acoustic startle response and whole amygdalar levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) monomers and oligomers and tau phosphorylation at Ser396, but not neurofilament light chain levels. Co-exposure to Tat and morphine decreased habituation and prepulse inhibition to the acoustic startle response and potentiated the morphine-induced increase in Aβ monomers. Together, our findings indicate that sustained Tat and morphine exposure differentially promote synaptodendritic degeneration within the amygdala and alter sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yun K. Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kurt F. Hauser,
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14
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Fu Y, Lorrai I, Zorman B, Mercatelli D, Shankula C, Marquez Gaytan J, Lefebvre C, de Guglielmo G, Kim HR, Sumazin P, Giorgi FM, Repunte-Canonigo V, Sanna PP. Escalated (Dependent) Oxycodone Self-Administration Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Transcriptional Evidence of Neurodegeneration in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Transgenic Rats. Viruses 2022; 14:669. [PMID: 35458399 PMCID: PMC9030762 DOI: 10.3390/v14040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder is associated with accelerated disease progression in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH). Problem opioid use, including high-dose opioid therapy, prescription drug misuse, and opioid abuse, is high and increasing in the PWH population. Oxycodone is a broadly prescribed opioid in both the general population and PWH. Here, we allowed HIV transgenic (Tg) rats and wildtype (WT) littermates to intravenously self-administer oxycodone under short-access (ShA) conditions, which led to moderate, stable, "recreational"-like levels of drug intake, or under long-access (LgA) conditions, which led to escalated (dependent) drug intake. HIV Tg rats with histories of oxycodone self-administration under LgA conditions exhibited significant impairment in memory performance in the novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm. RNA-sequencing expression profiling of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in HIV Tg rats that self-administered oxycodone under ShA conditions exhibited greater transcriptional evidence of inflammation than WT rats that self-administered oxycodone under the same conditions. HIV Tg rats that self-administered oxycodone under LgA conditions exhibited transcriptional evidence of an increase in neuronal injury and neurodegeneration compared with WT rats under the same conditions. Gene expression analysis indicated that glucocorticoid-dependent adaptations contributed to the gene expression effects of oxycodone self-administration. Overall, the present results indicate that a history of opioid intake promotes neuroinflammation and glucocorticoid dysregulation, and excessive opioid intake is associated with neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in HIV Tg rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Irene Lorrai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (H.R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Daniele Mercatelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Chase Shankula
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Jorge Marquez Gaytan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Celine Lefebvre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
- 92160 Antony, France
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Hyunjae Ryan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (H.R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (B.Z.); (H.R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Federico M. Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (F.M.G.)
| | - Vez Repunte-Canonigo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Pietro Paolo Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (Y.F.); (I.L.); (C.S.); (J.M.G.); (C.L.)
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15
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Vitaliano GD, Kim JK, Kaufman MJ, Adam CW, Zeballos G, Shanmugavadivu A, Subburaju S, McLaughlin JP, Lukas SE, Vitaliano F. Clathrin-nanoparticles deliver BDNF to hippocampus and enhance neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and cognition in HIV/neuroAIDS mouse model. Commun Biol 2022; 5:236. [PMID: 35301411 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes the growth, differentiation, maintenance and survival of neurons. These attributes make BDNF a potentially powerful therapeutic agent. However, its charge, instability in blood, and poor blood brain barrier (BBB) penetrability have impeded its development. Here, we show that engineered clathrin triskelia (CT) conjugated to BDNF (BDNF-CT) and delivered intranasally increased hippocampal BDNF concentrations 400-fold above that achieved previously with intranasal BDNF alone. We also show that BDNF-CT targeted Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and increased TrkB expression and downstream signaling in iTat mouse brains. Mice were induced to conditionally express neurotoxic HIV Transactivator-of-Transcription (Tat) protein that decreases BDNF. Down-regulation of BDNF is correlated with increased severity of HIV/neuroAIDS. BDNF-CT enhanced neurorestorative effects in the hippocampus including newborn cell proliferation and survival, granule cell neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and increased dendritic integrity. BDNF-CT exerted cognitive-enhancing effects by reducing Tat-induced learning and memory deficits. These results show that CT bionanoparticles efficiently deliver BDNF to the brain, making them potentially powerful tools in regenerative medicine.
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16
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Xu C, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, Nath B, Mistry T, Jiang W, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Mukhopadhyay S, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Inhibitory Neurotransmission Is Sex-Dependently Affected by Tat Expression in Transgenic Mice and Suppressed by the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Enzyme Inhibitor PF3845 via Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor Mechanisms. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050857. [PMID: 35269478 PMCID: PMC8909692 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, which regulates physiological and cognitive processes, presents a promising therapeutic target for treating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Here we examine whether upregulating eCB tone has potential protective effects against HIV-1 Tat (a key HIV transactivator of transcription) protein-induced alterations in synaptic activity. (2) Methods. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to assess inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex slices of Tat transgenic male and female mice, in the presence and absence of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor PF3845. Western blot and mass spectrometry analyses assessed alterations of cannabinoid receptor and enzyme protein expression as well as endogenous ligands, respectively, to determine the impact of Tat exposure on the eCB system. (3) Results. GABAergic activity was significantly altered upon Tat exposure based on sex, whereas the effectiveness of PF3845 to suppress GABAergic activity in Tat transgenic mice was not altered by Tat or sex and involved CB1R-related mechanisms that depended on calcium signaling. Additionally, our data indicated sex-dependent changes for AEA and related non-eCB lipids based on Tat induction. (4) Conclusion. Results highlight sex- and/or Tat-dependent alterations of GABAergic activity and eCB signaling in the prefrontal cortex of Tat transgenic mice and further increase our understanding about the role of FAAH inhibition in neuroHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Callie Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
| | - Bhupendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Twisha Mistry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Micah J. Niphakis
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.J.N.); (B.F.C.)
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (B.N.); (T.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.X.); (B.J.Y.-S.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-962-6595
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17
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Moss E, Akins NS, Li J, Le HV, Paris JJ. Allopregnanolone and neuroHIV: Potential benefits of neuroendocrine modulation in the era of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13047. [PMID: 34651359 PMCID: PMC8866218 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forty years into the HIV pandemic, approximately 50% of infected individuals still suffer from a constellation of neurological disorders collectively known as 'neuroHIV.' Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been a tremendous success, in its present form, it cannot eradicate HIV. Reservoirs of virus reside within the central nervous system, serving as sources of HIV virotoxins that damage mitochondria and promote neurotoxicity. Although understudied, there is evidence that HIV or the HIV regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), can dysregulate neurosteroid formation potentially contributing to endocrine dysfunction. People living with HIV commonly suffer from endocrine disorders, including hypercortisolemia accompanied by paradoxical adrenal insufficiency upon stress. Age-related comorbidities often onset sooner and with greater magnitude among people living with HIV and are commonly accompanied by hypogonadism. In the post-cART era, these derangements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes are secondary (i.e., relegated to the brain) and indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction. We review the clinical and preclinical evidence for neuroendocrine dysfunction in HIV, the capacity for hormone therapeutics to play an ameliorative role and the future steroid-based therapeutics that may have efficacy as novel adjunctives to cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Alaa N. Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Emaya Moss
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Nicholas S. Akins
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Hoang V. Le
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of BioMolecular SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversity of MississippiUniversityMSUSA
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18
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Kannan M, Singh S, Chemparathy DT, Oladapo AA, Gawande DY, Dravid SM, Buch S, Sil S. HIV-1 Tat induced microglial EVs leads to neuronal synaptodendritic injury: microglia-neuron cross-talk in NeuroHIV. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids 2022; 3:133-149. [PMID: 36812097 PMCID: PMC9937449 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2022.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim Activation of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome is an essential contributor to neuroinflammation underlying HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). Under pathological conditions, microglia-derived-EVs (MDEVs) can affect neuronal functions by delivering neurotoxic mediators to recipient cells. However, the role of microglial NLRP3 in mediating neuronal synaptodendritic injury has remained unexplored to date. In the present study, we sought to assess the regulatory role of HIV-1 Tat induced microglial NLRP3 in neuronal synaptodendritic injury. We hypothesized that HIV-1 Tat mediated microglia EVs carrying significant levels of NLRP3 contribute to the synaptodendritic injury, thereby affecting the maturation of neurons. Methods To understand the cross-talk between microglia and neuron, we isolated EVs from BV2 and human primary microglia (HPM) cells with or without NLRP3 depletion using siNLRP3 RNA. EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation, characterized by ZetaView nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, and western blot analysis for exosome markers. Purified EVs were exposed to primary rat neurons isolated from E18 rats. Along with green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid transfection, immunocytochemistry was performed to visualize neuronal synaptodendritic injury. Western blotting was employed to measure siRNA transfection efficiency and the extent of neuronal synaptodegeneration. Images were captured in confocal microscopy, and subsequently, Sholl analysis was performed for analyzing dendritic spines using neuronal reconstruction software Neurolucida 360. Electrophysiology was performed on hippocampal neurons for functional assessment. Results Our findings demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat induced expression of microglial NLRP3 and IL1β, and further that these were packaged in microglial exosomes (MDEV) and were also taken up by the neurons. Exposure of rat primary neurons to microglial Tat-MDEVs resulted in downregulation of synaptic proteins- PSD95, synaptophysin, excitatory vGLUT1, as well as upregulation of inhibitory proteins- Gephyrin, GAD65, thereby implicating impaired neuronal transmissibility. Our findings also showed that Tat-MDEVs not only caused loss of dendritic spines but also affected numbers of spine sub-types- mushroom and stubby. Synaptodendritic injury further affected functional impairment as evidenced by the decrease in miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). To assess the regulatory role of NLRP3 in this process, neurons were also exposed to Tat-MDEVs from NLRP3 silenced microglia. Tat-MDEVs from NLRP3 silenced microglia exerted a protective role on neuronal synaptic proteins, spine density as well as mEPSCs. Conclusion In summary, our study underscores the role of microglial NLRP3 as an important contributor to Tat-MDEV mediated synaptodendritic injury. While the role of NLRP3 in inflammation is well-described, its role in EV-mediated neuronal damage is an interesting finding, implicating it as a target for therapeutics in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Divya T. Chemparathy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Abiola A. Oladapo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dinesh Y. Gawande
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Shashank M. Dravid
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Marks WD, Paris JJ, Barbour AJ, Moon J, Carpenter VJ, McLane VD, Lark ARS, Nass SR, Zhang J, Yarotskyy V, McQuiston AR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. HIV-1 Tat and Morphine Differentially Disrupt Pyramidal Cell Structure and Function and Spatial Learning in Hippocampal Area CA1: Continuous versus Interrupted Morphine Exposure. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0547-20.2021. [PMID: 33782102 PMCID: PMC8146490 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0547-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About half the people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have neurocognitive deficits that often include memory impairment and hippocampal deficits, which can be exacerbated by opioid abuse. To explore the effects of opioids and HIV on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron structure and function, we induced HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) expression in transgenic mice for 14 d and co-administered time-release morphine or vehicle subcutaneous implants during the final 5 d (days 9-14) to establish steady-state morphine levels. Morphine was withheld from some ex vivo slices during recordings to begin to assess the initial pharmacokinetic consequences of opioid withdrawal. Tat expression reduced hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability at lower stimulating currents. Pyramidal cell firing rates were unaffected by continuous morphine exposure. Behaviorally, exposure to Tat or high dosages of morphine impaired spatial memory Exposure to Tat and steady-state levels of morphine appeared to have largely independent effects on pyramidal neuron structure and function, a response that is distinct from other vulnerable brain regions such as the striatum. By contrast, acutely withholding morphine (from morphine-tolerant ex vivo slices) revealed unique and selective neuroadaptive shifts in CA1 pyramidal neuronal excitability and dendritic plasticity, including some interactions with Tat. Collectively, the results show that opioid-HIV interactions in hippocampal area CA1 are more nuanced than previously assumed, and appear to vary depending on the outcome assessed and on the pharmacokinetics of morphine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Marks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848
| | - Aaron J Barbour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Valerie J Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Virginia D McLane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Arianna R S Lark
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Jingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Viktor Yarotskyy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709
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Salahuddin MF, Mahdi F, Sulochana SP, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat Protein Promotes Neuroendocrine Dysfunction Concurrent with the Potentiation of Oxycodone's Psychomotor Effects in Female Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:813. [PMID: 33946474 DOI: 10.3390/v13050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with neuroendocrine dysfunction which may contribute to co-morbid stress-sensitive disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or -gonadal (HPG) axes are perturbed in up to 50% of HIV patients. The mechanisms are not known, but we have found the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein to recapitulate the clinical phenotype in male mice. We hypothesized that HPA and/or HPG dysregulation contributes to Tat-mediated interactions with oxycodone, an opioid often prescribed to HIV patients, in females. Female mice that conditionally-expressed the Tat1-86 protein [Tat(+) mice] or their counterparts that did not [Tat(-) control mice] were exposed to forced swim stress (or not) and behaviorally-assessed for motor and anxiety-like behavior. Some mice had glucocorticoid receptors (GR) or corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRF-R) pharmacologically inhibited. Some mice were ovariectomized (OVX). As seen previously in males, Tat elevated basal corticosterone levels and potentiated oxycodone's psychomotor activity in females. Unlike males, females did not demonstrate adrenal insufficiency and oxycodone potentiation was not regulated by GRs or CRF-Rs. Rather OVX attenuated Tat/oxycodone interactions. Either Tat or oxycodone increased anxiety-like behavior and their combination increased hypothalamic allopregnanolone. OVX increased basal hypothalamic allopregnanolone and obviated Tat or oxycodone-mediated fluctuations. Together, these data provide further evidence for Tat-mediated dysregulation of the HPA axis and reveal the importance of HPG axis regulation in females. HPA/HPG disruption may contribute vulnerability to affective and substance use disorders.
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21
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Cirino TJ, McLaughlin JP. Mini review: Promotion of substance abuse in HIV patients: Biological mediation by HIV-1 Tat protein. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135877. [PMID: 33838257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful viral suppression by combinatorial anti-retroviral therapy, HIV infection continues to negatively impact the quality of life of patients by promoting neuropathy and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), where substance use disorder (SUD) is highly comorbid and known to worsen health outcomes. While substance abuse exacerbates the progression of HIV, emerging evidence also suggests the virus may potentiate the rewarding effect of abused substances. As HIV does not infect neurons, these effects are theorized to be mediated by viral proteins. Key among these proteins are HIV-1 Tat, which can continue to be produced under viral suppression in patients. This review will recap the behavioral evidence for HIV-1 Tat mediation of a potentiation of cocaine, opioid and alcohol reward, and explore the neurochemical dysfunction associated by Tat as potential mechanisms underlying changes in reward. Targeting rampant oxidative stress, inflammation and excitotoxicity associated with HIV and Tat protein exposure may prove useful in combating persistent substance abuse comorbid with HIV in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Cirino
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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22
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Paris JJ, Chen X, Anderson J, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Du F, McLaughlin JP, Kaufman MJ. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of metabolite abnormalities in aged Tat-transgenic mouse brain. GeroScience 2021. [PMID: 33818687 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most individuals living with HIV in the USA are over 45 years old and are vulnerable to the combined effects of HIV and aging. Antiretroviral therapies reduce HIV morbidity and mortality but do not prevent HIV trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein expression or development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), which may be caused by Tat. Tat-transgenic (Tat-tg) mice are used to study Tat's effects, typically after transgene induction with doxycycline. However, uninduced Tat-tg mice experience transgene leak and model aspects of HAND when aged, including neuroinflammation. We used in vivo 9.4-tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare neurochemistry in aged versus young female and male uninduced Tat-tg mice. Aged Tat-tg mice demonstrated measurable tat mRNA brain expression and had lower medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) GABA, glutamate, and taurine levels and lower striatal GABA and taurine levels. Females had lower MPFC glutathione and taurine and lower striatal taurine levels. Brain testosterone levels were negatively correlated with age in aged males but not females. Aged mice had cortical abnormalities not previously reported in aged wild-type mice including lower MPFC GABA and taurine levels. As glutathione and taurine levels reflect inflammation and oxidative stress, our data suggest that Tat may exacerbate these processes in aged Tat-tg mice. However, additional studies in controls not expressing Tat are needed to confirm this point and to deconvolve individual effects of age and Tat expression. Sex steroid hormone supplements, which counter climacteric effects, increase taurine levels, and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, could attenuate some of the brain abnormalities we identified in aged Tat-tg mice.
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23
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Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Kaufman MJ, Ashpole NM, Paris JJ. HIV-1 Tat promotes age-related cognitive, anxiety-like, and antinociceptive impairments in female mice that are moderated by aging and endocrine status. GeroScience 2021; 43:309-327. [PMID: 32940828 PMCID: PMC8050151 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism is a common comorbidity associated with HIV-1 that is more prevalent among infected individuals over the age of 45. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, but both combined antiretroviral therapeutics and HIV-1 proteins, such as trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat), dysregulate steroid-synthetic mechanisms including lipid storage/synthesis and mitochondrial function. Thus, Tat expression may accelerate age-related comorbidities partly by impairing endocrine function. Few studies exist of Tat-mediated behavioral deficits in aged animals and effects of endocrine status have not been investigated. Accordingly, we tested whether conditional Tat expression in aged (~ 1.5 years old), female, Tat-transgenic [Tat(+)] mice increases anxiety-like behavior, impairs cognition, and augments mechanical allodynia, when compared to age-matched controls that do not express Tat protein [Tat(-)]. We further tested whether aged mice that maintained their endocrine status (pre-estropausal) were more resilient to Tat/age-related comorbidities than peri- or post-estropausal mice. Tat and endocrine aging status exerted separate and interacting effects that influenced anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors. Peri- and post-estropausal mice exhibited greater anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze and impaired learning in the radial arm water maze compared to pre-estropausal mice. Irrespective of estropause status, Tat(+) mice demonstrated impaired learning, reduced grip strength, and mechanical allodynia compared to Tat(-) mice. Tat exposure reduced circulating estradiol in post-estropausal mice and increased the estradiol-to-testosterone ratio in pre-estropausal mice. Changes in circulating estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone correlated with grip strength. Thus, endocrine status is an important factor in age-related anxiety, cognition, neuromuscular function, and allodynia that can be accelerated by HIV-1 Tat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, 315 Faser Hall, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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24
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De La Garza R, Rodrigo H, Fernandez F, Roy U. The Increase of HIV-1 Infection, Neurocognitive Impairment, and Type 2 Diabetes in The Rio Grande Valley. Curr HIV Res 2021; 17:377-387. [PMID: 31663481 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191029162235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection remains a persistent predicament for the State of Texas, ranking seventh among the most documented HIV cases in the United States. In this regard, the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) in South Texas is considered as one of the least investigated areas of the state with respect to HIV infection and HIV associated comorbidities. Considering the 115% increase in average HIV incidence rates per 100,000 within the RGV from 2007-2015, it is worth characterizing this population with respect to their HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), and the association of treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Moreover, the increased rate of Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) in the RGV population is intertwined with that of HIV-1 infection facing challenges due to the lack of knowledge about prevention to inadequate access to healthcare. Hence, the role of T2D in the development of HAND among the people living with HIV (PLWH) in the RGV will be reviewed to establish a closer link between T2D and HAND in cART-treated patients of the RGV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De La Garza
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, United States
| | - Hansapani Rodrigo
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, United States
| | - Francisco Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, Texas, United States
| | - Upal Roy
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, United States
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Barbour AJ, Nass SR, Hahn YK, Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Restoration of KCC2 Membrane Localization in Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptor-Expressing Medium Spiny Neurons Rescues Locomotor Deficits in HIV Tat-Transgenic Mice. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211022089. [PMID: 34445881 PMCID: PMC8404672 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211022089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People infected with HIV (PWH) are highly susceptible to striatal and hippocampal damage. Motor and memory impairments are common among these patients, likely as behavioral manifestations of damage to these brain regions. GABAergic dysfunction from HIV infection and viral proteins such as transactivator of transcription (Tat) have been well documented. We recently demonstrated that the neuron specific Cl- extruder, K+ Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2), is diminished after exposure to HIV proteins, including Tat, resulting in disrupted GABAAR-mediated hyperpolarization and inhibition. Here, we utilized doxycycline (DOX)-inducible, GFAP-driven HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice to further explore this phenomenon. After two weeks of Tat expression, we found no changes in hippocampal KCC2 levels, but a significant decrease in the striatum that was associated with hyperlocomotion in the open field assay. We were able to restore KCC2 activity and baseline locomotion with the KCC2 enhancer, CLP290. Additionally, we found that CLP290, whose mechanism of action has yet to be described, acts to restore phosphorylation of serine 940 resulting in increased KCC2 membrane localization. We also examined neuronal subpopulation contributions to the noted effects and found significant differences. Dopamine D2 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) were selectively vulnerable to Tat-induced KCC2 loss, with no changes observed in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing MSNs. These results suggest that disinhibition/diminished hyperpolarization of dopamine D2 receptor-expressing MSNs can manifest as increased locomotion in this context. They further suggest that KCC2 activity might be a therapeutic target to alleviate motor disturbances related to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Barbour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Sara R. Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Yun K. Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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26
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Ohene-Nyako M, Nass SR, Hahn YK, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Morphine and HIV-1 Tat interact to cause region-specific hyperphosphorylation of tau in transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 741:135502. [PMID: 33202259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Opiate abuse is prevalent among HIV-infected individuals and may exacerbate HIV-associated age-related neurocognitive disorders. However, the extent to which HIV and opiates converge to accelerate pathological traits indicative of brain aging remains unknown. The pathological phospho-isotypes of tau (pSer396, pSer404, pThr205, pSer202, and pThr181) and the tau kinases GSK3β and CDK5/p35 were explored in the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex of inducible male and female HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mice, with some receiving escalating doses of morphine for 2 weeks. In the striatum of male mice, pSer396 was increased by co-exposure to morphine and Tat as compared to all other groups. Striatal pSer404 and pThr205 were increased by Tat alone, while pSer202 and pThr181 were unchanged. A comparison between Tat-transgenic female and male mice revealed disparate outcomes for pThr205. No other sex-related changes to tau phosphorylation were observed. In the hippocampus, Tat increased pSer396, while other phosphorylation sites were unchanged and pSer202 was not detected. In the prefrontal cortex, morphine increased pSer396 levels, which were unaffected by Tat, while other phosphorylation sites were unaffected. Assessment of tau kinases revealed no changes to striatal GSK3β (phosphorylated or total) or the total CDK5 levels. Striatal levels of phosphorylated CDK5 and p35, the activator of CDK5, were increased by Tat and with morphine co-exposure, respectively. P35 levels positively correlated with those of pSer396 with Tat and morphine co-exposure. The results reveal region-specific hyperphosphorylation of tau induced by exposure to morphine, Tat, and unique morphine and Tat interactions.
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Xie Y, Seawell J, Boesch E, Allen L, Suchy A, Longo FM, Meeker RB. Small molecule modulation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor suppresses age- and genotype-associated neurodegeneration in HIV gp120 transgenic mice. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113489. [PMID: 33007293 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of HIV in the central nervous system leads to cognitive deficits in up to 50% of people living with HIV even with systemic suppression by antiretroviral treatment. The interaction of chronic inflammation with age-associated degeneration places these individuals at increased risk of accelerated aging and other neurodegenerative diseases and no treatments are available that effectively halt these processes. The adverse effects of aging and inflammation may be mediated, in part, by an increase in the expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) which shifts the balance of neurotrophin signaling toward less protective pathways. To determine if modulation of p75NTR could modify the disease process, we treated HIV gp120 transgenic mice with a small molecule ligand designed to engage p75NTR and downregulate degenerative signaling. Daily treatment with 50 mg/kg LM11A-31 for 4 months suppressed age- and genotype-dependent activation of microglia, increased microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2), reduced dendritic varicosities and slowed the loss of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus. An age related accumulation of microtubule associated protein Tau was identified in the hippocampus in extracellular clusters that co-expressed p75NTR suggesting a link between Tau and p75NTR. Although the significance of the relationship between p75NTR and Tau is unclear, a decrease in Tau-1 immunoreactivity as gp120 mice entered old age (>16 months) suggests that the Tau may transition to more pathological modifications; a process blocked by LM11A-31. Overall, the effects of LM11A-31 are consistent with strong neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions that have significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Jaimie Seawell
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America; The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States of America
| | - Emily Boesch
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Lauren Allen
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Ashley Suchy
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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Bagdas D, Paris JJ, Carper M, Wodarski R, Rice ASC, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Damaj MI. Conditional expression of HIV-1 tat in the mouse alters the onset and progression of tonic, inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity in a sex-dependent manner. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1609-1623. [PMID: 32533878 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least one-third of HIV-1-afflicted individuals experience peripheral neuropathy. Although the underlying mechanisms are not known, they may involve neurotoxic HIV-1 proteins. METHODS We assessed the influence of the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat, on inflammatory and neuropathic nociceptive behaviours using transgenic male and female mice that conditionally expressed (or did not express) HIV-1 Tat1-86 in fibrillary acidic protein-expressing glia in the central and peripheral nervous systems. RESULTS Tat induction significantly attenuated the time spent paw-licking following formalin injection (2.5%, i.pl.) in both male and female mice. However, significant sex differences were observed in the onset and magnitude of inflammation and sensory sensitivity following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection (10%, i.pl.) after Tat activation. Unlike female mice, male mice showed a significant attenuation of paw swelling and an absence of mechanical/thermal hypersensitivity in response to CFA after Tat induction. Male Tat(+) mice also showed accelerated recovery from chronic constrictive nerve injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity compared to female Tat(+) mice. Morphine (3.2 mg/kg) fully reversed CCI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in female Tat(-) mice, but not in Tat(+) females. CONCLUSIONS The ability of Tat to decrease oedema, paw swelling, and limit allodynia suggests a sequel of events in which Tat-induced functional deficits precede the onset of mechanical hypersensitivity. Moreover, HIV-1 Tat attenuated responses to inflammatory and neuropathic insults in a sex-dependent manner. HIV-1 Tat appears to directly contribute to HIV sensory neuropathy and reveals sex differences in HIV responsiveness and/or the underlying peripheral neuroinflammatory and nociceptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Moriah Carper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Andrew S C Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy at VCU, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Barbour AJ, Hauser KF, McQuiston AR, Knapp PE. HIV and opiates dysregulate K +- Cl - cotransporter 2 (KCC2) to cause GABAergic dysfunction in primary human neurons and Tat-transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104878. [PMID: 32344154 PMCID: PMC7685173 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of people infected with HIV (PWH) exhibit HIV-associated neuropathology (neuroHIV), even when receiving combined antiretroviral therapy. Opiate use is widespread in PWH and exacerbates neuroHIV. While neurons themselves are not infected, they incur sublethal damage and GABAergic disruption is selectively vulnerable to viral and inflammatory factors released by infected/affected glia. Here, we demonstrate diminished K+-Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) levels in primary human neurons after exposure to HIV-1 or HIV-1 proteins ± morphine. Resulting disruption of GABAAR-mediated hyperpolarization/inhibition was shown using genetically-encoded voltage (Archon1) and calcium (GCaMP6f) indicators. The HIV proteins Tat (acting through NMDA receptors) and R5-gp120 (acting via CCR5) but not X4-tropic gp120 (acting via CXCR4), and morphine (acting through μ-opioid receptors) all induced KCC2 loss. We demonstrate that modifying KCC2 levels or function, or antagonizing NMDAR, CCR5 or MOR rescues KCC2 and GABAAR-mediated hyperpolarization/inhibition in HIV, Tat, or gp120 ± morphine-exposed neurons. Using an inducible, Tat-transgenic mouse neuroHIV model, we found that chronic exposure to Tat also reduces KCC2. Our results identify KCC2 as a novel therapeutic target for ameliorating the pathobiology of neuroHIV, including PWH exposed to opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Barbour
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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30
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Nass SR, Hahn YK, McLane VD, Varshneya NB, Damaj MI, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Chronic HIV-1 Tat exposure alters anterior cingulate cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical synaptic circuitry, associated behavioral control, and immune regulation in male mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100077. [PMID: 33083793 PMCID: PMC7571616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 selectively disrupts neuronal integrity within specific brain regions, reflecting differences in viral tropism and/or the regional differences in the vulnerability of distinct neuronal subpopulations within the CNS. Deficits in prefrontal cortex (PFC)-mediated executive function and the resultant loss of behavioral control are a particularly debilitating consequence of neuroHIV. To explore how HIV-1 disrupts executive function, we investigated the effects of 48 h, 2 and/or 8 weeks of HIV-1 Tat exposure on behavioral control, synaptic connectivity, and neuroimmune function in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and associated cortico-basal ganglia (BG)-thalamocortical circuitry in adult, Tat transgenic male mice. HIV-1 Tat exposure increased novelty-exploration in response to novel food, flavor, and environmental stimuli, suggesting that Tat triggers increased novelty-exploration in situations of competing motivation (e.g., drive to feed or explore vs. fear of novel, brightly lit open areas). Furthermore, Tat induced adaptability in response to an environmental stressor and pre-attentive filtering deficits. The behavioral insufficiencies coincided with decreases in the inhibitory pre- and post-synaptic proteins, synaptotagmin 2 and gephyrin, respectively, in the ACC, and alterations in specific pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines out of 23 assayed. The interaction of Tat exposure and the resultant time-dependent, selective alterations in CCL4, CXCL1, IL-12p40, and IL-17A levels in the PFC predicted significant decreases in adaptability. Tat decreased dendritic spine density and cortical VGLUT1 inputs, while increasing IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5, and CCL11 in the striatum. Alternatively, IL-1α, CCL5, and IL-13 were decreased in the mediodorsal thalamus despite the absence of synaptic changes. Thus, HIV-1 Tat appears to uniquely and systematically disrupt immune regulation and the inhibitory and excitatory synaptic balance throughout the ACC-BG-thalamocortical circuitry resulting in a loss of behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Yun K. Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Virginia D. McLane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Neil B. Varshneya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980059, Richmond, VA, 23298-0059, USA
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, P.O. Box 980613, VA, 23298-0613, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, P.O. Box 980059, Richmond, VA, 23298-0059, USA
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Salahuddin MF, Qrareya AN, Mahdi F, Jackson D, Foster M, Vujanovic T, Box JG, Paris JJ. Combined HIV-1 Tat and oxycodone activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -gonadal axes and promote psychomotor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction in female mice. Horm Behav 2020; 119:104649. [PMID: 31821792 PMCID: PMC7071558 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The majority of HIV+ patients present with neuroendocrine dysfunction and ~50% experience co-morbid neurological symptoms including motor, affective, and cognitive dysfunction, collectively termed neuroHIV. In preclinical models, the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), promotes neuroHIV pathology that can be exacerbated by opioids. We and others find gonadal steroids, estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4), to rescue Tat-mediated pathology. However, the combined effects of Tat and opioids on neuroendocrine function and the subsequent ameliorative capacity of gonadal steroids are unknown. We found that conditional HIV-1 Tat expression in naturally-cycling transgenic mice dose-dependently potentiated oxycodone-mediated psychomotor behavior. Tat increased depression-like behavior in a tail-suspension test among proestrous mice, but decreased it among diestrous mice (who already demonstrated greater depression-like behavior); oxycodone reversed these effects. Combined Tat and oxycodone produced apparent behavioral disinhibition of anxiety-like responding which was greater on diestrus than on proestrus. These mice made more central entries in an open field, but spent less time there and demonstrated greater circulating corticosterone. Tat increased the E2:P4 ratio of circulating steroids on diestrus and acute oxycodone attenuated this effect, but repeated oxycodone exacerbated it. Corticotropin-releasing factor was increased by Tat expression, acute oxycodone exposure, and was greater on diestrus compared to proestrus. In human neuroblastoma cells, Tat exerted neurotoxicity that was ameliorated by E2 (1 or 10 nM) or P4 (100, but not 10 nM) independent of oxycodone. Oxycodone decreased gene expression of estrogen and κ-opioid receptors. Thus, neuroendocrine function may be an important target for HIV-1 Tat/opioid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F Salahuddin
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alaa N Qrareya
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Dejun Jackson
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Matthew Foster
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Tamara Vujanovic
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - J Gaston Box
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, University, MS 38677-1848, USA; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Jacobs IR, Xu C, Hermes DJ, League AF, Xu C, Nath B, Jiang W, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Mackie K, Mukhopadhyay S, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Fitting S. Inhibitory Control Deficits Associated with Upregulation of CB 1R in the HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Mouse Model of Hand. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:661-678. [PMID: 31372820 PMCID: PMC6898753 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infected individuals are living longer lives; however, longevity is met with an increasing number of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) diagnoses. The transactivator of transcription (Tat) is known to mediate the neurotoxic effects in HAND by acting directly on neurons and also indirectly via its actions on glia. The Go/No-Go (GNG) task was used to examine HAND in the Tat transgenic mouse model. The GNG task involves subjects discriminating between two stimuli sets in order to determine whether or not to inhibit a previously trained response. Data reveal inhibitory control deficits in female Tat(+) mice (p = .048) and an upregulation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R) in the infralimbic (IL) cortex in the same female Tat(+) group (p < .05). A significant negative correlation was noted between inhibitory control and IL CB1R expression (r = −.543, p = .045), with CB1R expression predicting 30% of the variance of inhibitory control (R2 = .295, p = .045). Furthermore, there was a significant increase in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) frequencies in Tat(+) compared to Tat(−) mice (p = .008, across sexes). The increase in sEPSC frequency was significantly attenuated by bath application of PF3845, a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme inhibitor (p < .001). Overall, the GNG task is a viable measure to assess inhibitory control deficits in Tat transgenic mice and results suggest a potential therapeutic treatment for the observed deficits with drugs which modulate endocannabinoid enzyme activity. Results of the Go/No-Go operant conditioning task reveal inhibitory control deficits in female transgenic Tat(+) mice without significantly affecting males. The demonstrated inhibitory control deficits appear to be associated with an upregulation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R) in the infralimbic (IL) cortex in the same female Tat(+) group. ![]()
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Dementia Complex/genetics
- AIDS Dementia Complex/metabolism
- AIDS Dementia Complex/psychology
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- HIV-1
- Inhibition, Psychological
- Limbic Lobe/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neurocognitive Disorders/genetics
- Neurocognitive Disorders/metabolism
- Psychomotor Performance/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Up-Regulation/physiology
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/biosynthesis
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Jacobs
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexis F League
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Callie Xu
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bhupendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | | | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Nash B, Tarn K, Irollo E, Luchetta J, Festa L, Halcrow P, Datta G, Geiger JD, Meucci O. Morphine-Induced Modulation of Endolysosomal Iron Mediates Upregulation of Ferritin Heavy Chain in Cortical Neurons. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0237-19.2019. [PMID: 31300544 PMCID: PMC6675873 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0237-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent and are aggravated by µ-opioid use. We have previously shown that morphine and other µ-opioids may contribute to HAND by inhibiting the homeostatic and neuroprotective chemokine receptor CXCR4 in cortical neurons, and this novel mechanism depends on upregulation of the protein ferritin heavy chain (FHC). Here, we examined the cellular events and potential mechanisms involved in morphine-mediated FHC upregulation using rat cortical neurons of either sex in vitro and in vivo. Morphine dose dependently increased FHC protein levels in primary neurons through µ-opioid receptor (µOR) and Gαi-protein signaling. Cytoplasmic FHC levels were significantly elevated, but nuclear FHC levels and FHC gene expression were unchanged. Morphine-treated rats also displayed increased FHC levels in layer 2/3 neurons of the prefrontal cortex. Importantly, both in vitro and in vivo FHC upregulation was accompanied by loss of mature dendritic spines, which was also dependent on µOR and Gαi-protein signaling. Moreover, morphine upregulated ferritin light chain (FLC), a component of the ferritin iron storage complex, suggesting that morphine altered neuronal iron metabolism. Indeed, prior to FHC upregulation, morphine increased cytoplasmic labile iron levels as a function of decreased endolysosomal iron. In line with this, chelation of endolysosomal iron (but not extracellular iron) blocked morphine-induced FHC upregulation and dendritic spine reduction, whereas iron overloading mimicked the effect of morphine on FHC and dendritic spines. Overall, these data demonstrate that iron mediates morphine-induced FHC upregulation and consequent dendritic spine deficits and implicate endolysosomal iron efflux to the cytoplasm in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Nash
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Kevin Tarn
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Jared Luchetta
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Lindsay Festa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Peter Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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Abstract
The face of the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic has changed significantly thanks to the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. Unfortunately, several HIV-associated comorbidities continuously occur in the clinical population, most notably HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). While many molecular and cellular mechanisms have been characterized by describing HAND pathology (specifically neuroinflammatory insults and oxidative stress) in the ART era, compromised adult neurogenesis is emerging as a potential new mechanism. Neurogenesis is a dynamic process that generates new neurons and glial cells from neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in specific areas of the brain. There are increasing observations that HIV-1 can productively and non-productively infect NSCs and NPCs. HIV-1 proteins and/or secondary immune/inflammatory responses impair the initial differentiation process of NSCs to NPCs, restrict neuronal lineage differentiation, and aberrantly promote astrocytic lineage differentiation. Recent studies with HIV-1 transgenic animal models demonstrate varying degrees of adult neurogenic deficits, which correlate with milder to moderate forms of neurocognitive impairments. The neurogenic dysfunction underlying HAND highlights the importance of developing potential therapeutics to restore adult neurogenic homeostasis in HIV-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Putatunda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Jones AM, Masuda QN, Halquist MS, Kim WK, Knapp PE, Kashuba ADM, Hauser KF, McRae M. HIV-1 Tat and opioids act independently to limit antiretroviral brain concentrations and reduce blood-brain barrier integrity. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:560-577. [PMID: 31102185 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poor antiretroviral penetration may contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence within the brain and to neurocognitive deficits in opiate abusers. To investigate this problem, HIV-1 Tat protein and morphine effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and drug brain penetration were explored using a conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mouse model. Tat and morphine effects on the leakage of fluorescently labeled dextrans (10-, 40-, and 70-kDa) into the brain were assessed. To evaluate effects on antiretroviral brain penetration, Tat+ and Tat- mice received three antiretroviral drugs (dolutegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine) with or without concurrent morphine exposure. Antiretroviral and morphine brain and plasma concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS. Morphine exposure, and, to a lesser extent, Tat, significantly increased tracer leakage from the vasculature into the brain. Despite enhanced BBB breakdown evidenced by increased tracer leakiness, morphine exposure led to significantly lower abacavir concentrations within the striatum and significantly less dolutegravir within the hippocampus and striatum (normalized to plasma). P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter for which these drugs are substrates, expression and function were significantly increased in the brains of morphine-exposed mice compared to mice not exposed to morphine. These findings were consistent with lower antiretroviral concentrations in brain tissues examined. Lamivudine concentrations were unaffected by Tat or morphine exposure. Collectively, our investigations indicate that Tat and morphine differentially alter BBB integrity. Morphine decreased brain concentrations of specific antiretroviral drugs, perhaps via increased expression of the drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Quamrun N Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7569, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Abstract
The marked increase in life expectancy for HIV-1 seropositive individuals, following the great success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), heralds an examination of the progression of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, since the seminal call for animal models of HIV-1/AIDS in 1988, there has been no extant in vivo animal model system available to provide a truly longitudinal study of HAND. Here, we demonstrate that the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat, resembling HIV-1 seropositive individuals on lifelong cART, exhibits age-related, progressive neurocognitive impairments (NCI), including alterations in learning, sustained attention, flexibility, and inhibition; deficits commonly observed in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Pyramidal neurons from layers II-III of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) displayed profound synaptic dysfunction in HIV-1 Tg animals relative to controls; dysfunction that was characterized by alterations in dendritic branching complexity, synaptic connectivity, and dendritic spine morphology. NCI and synaptic dysfunction in pyramidal neurons from layers II-III of the mPFC independently identified the presence of the HIV-1 transgene with at least 78.5% accuracy. Thus, even in the absence of sensory or motor system deficits and comorbidities, HAND is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by age-related disease progression; impairments which may be due, at least partly, to synaptic dysfunction in the mPFC. Further, the progression of HAND with age in the HIV-1 Tg rat and associated synaptic dysfunction affords an instrumental model system for the development of therapeutics and functional cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hailong Li
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Hammond JW, Qiu WQ, Marker DF, Chamberlain JM, Greaves-Tunnell W, Bellizzi MJ, Lu SM, Gelbard HA. HIV Tat causes synapse loss in a mouse model of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder that is independent of the classical complement cascade component C1q. Glia 2018; 66:2563-2574. [PMID: 30325063 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation, increased proinflammatory cytokine production, and a reduction in synaptic density are key pathological features associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Even with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), more than 50% of HIV-positive individuals experience some type of cognitive impairment. Although viral replication is inhibited by cART, HIV proteins such as Tat are still produced within the nervous system that are neurotoxic, involved in synapse elimination, and provoke enduring neuroinflammation. As complement deposition on synapses followed by microglial engulfment has been shown during normal development and disease to be a mechanism for pruning synapses, we have tested whether complement is required for the loss of synapses that occurs after a cortical Tat injection mouse model of HAND. In Tat-injected animals evaluated 7 or 28 days after injection, levels of early complement pathway components, C1q and C3, are significantly elevated and associated with microgliosis and a loss of synapses. However, C1qa knockout mice have the same level of Tat-induced synapse loss as wild-type (WT) mice, showing that the C1q-initiated classical complement cascade is not driving synapse removal during HIV1 Tat-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennetta W Hammond
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Wen Q Qiu
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Daniel F Marker
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jeffrey M Chamberlain
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Will Greaves-Tunnell
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Matthew J Bellizzi
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Shao-Ming Lu
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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Rubin LH, Sacktor N, Creighton J, Du Y, Endres CJ, Pomper MG, Coughlin JM. Microglial activation is inversely associated with cognition in individuals living with HIV on effective antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2018; 32:1661-1667. [PMID: 29746297 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite viral suppression, HIV-associated cognitive impairment persists and may be partially due to persistent immune signalling by cells of the myeloid-lineage. Here, we aimed to understand the contribution of activated microglia located in vulnerable brain regions (e.g. frontal, subcortical) of HIV-infected, virally suppressed (HIV+VS) individuals in relation to cognitive and motor function. DESIGN Twenty-one HIV+VS individuals underwent PET with [11C]DPA-713 to image the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a marker of microglial activation, and completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. METHODS Multivariable linear regressions were used to examine the contribution of [11C]DPA-713 binding to cognitive performance. RESULTS Higher [11C]DPA-713 binding was associated with lower cognition among HIV+VS individuals. [11C]DPA-713 binding in middle frontal gyrus/frontal cortex, hippocampus/temporal cortex and occipital cortex was inversely associated with performance on a number of cognitive domains, including verbal memory, processing speed/attention/concentration, executive function, working memory and motor function. [C]DPA-713 binding in parietal cortex, cerebellum and thalamus was associated with only specific cognitive domains including visual construction and verbal memory. Binding was not associated with global cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The findings add to the growing body of evidence that immune-mediated brain injury may contribute to domain specific, HIV-associated, cognitive vulnerabilities despite viral suppression.
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Nookala AR, Schwartz DC, Chaudhari NS, Glazyrin A, Stephens EB, Berman NEJ, Kumar A. Methamphetamine augment HIV-1 Tat mediated memory deficits by altering the expression of synaptic proteins and neurotrophic factors. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:37-51. [PMID: 29729322 PMCID: PMC6003882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is common among individuals infected with HIV-1 and has been shown to affect HIV replication and pathogenesis. These HIV-1 infected individuals also exhibit greater neuronal injury and higher cognitive decline. HIV-1 proteins, specifically gp120 and HIV-1 Tat, have been earlier shown to affect neurocognition. HIV-1 Tat, a viral protein released early during HIV-1 replication, contributes to HIV-associated neurotoxicity through various mechanisms including production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species and dysregulation of neuroplasticity. However, the combined effect of METH and HIV-1 Tat on neurocognition and its potential effect on neuroplasticity mechanisms remains largely unknown. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the combined effect of METH and HIV-1 Tat on behavior and on the expression of neuroplasticity markers by utilizing Doxycycline (DOX)-inducible HIV-1 Tat (1-86) transgenic mice. Expression of Tat in various brain regions of these mice was confirmed by RT-PCR. The mice were administered with an escalating dose of METH (0.1 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg, i.p) over a 7-day period, followed by 6 mg/kg, i.p METH twice a day for four weeks. After three weeks of METH administration, Y maze and Morris water maze assays were performed to determine the effect of Tat and METH on working and spatial memory, respectively. Compared with controls, working memory was significantly decreased in Tat mice that were administered METH. Moreover, significant deficits in spatial memory were also observed in Tat-Tg mice that were administered METH. A significant reduction in the protein expressions of synapsin 1, synaptophysin, Arg3.1, PSD-95, and BDNF in different brain regions were also observed. Expression levels of Calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII), a marker of synaptodendritic integrity, were also significantly decreased in HIV-1 Tat mice that were treated with METH. Together, this data suggests that METH enhances HIV-1 Tat-induced memory deficits by reducing the expression of pre- and postsynaptic proteins and neuroplasticity markers, thus providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms behind neurocognitive impairments in HIV-infected amphetamine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Ram Nookala
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Daniel C. Schwartz
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Nitish S. Chaudhari
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Alexy Glazyrin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Edward B. Stephens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nancy E. J. Berman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Wodarski R, Bagdas D, Paris JJ, Pheby T, Toma W, Xu R, Damaj MI, Knapp PE, Rice AS, Hauser KF. Reduced intraepidermal nerve fibre density, glial activation, and sensory changes in HIV type-1 Tat-expressing female mice: involvement of Tat during early stages of HIV-associated painful sensory neuropathy. Pain Rep 2018; 3:e654. [PMID: 29922746 PMCID: PMC5999412 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection is associated with chronic pain states, including sensory neuropathy, which affects greater than 40% of patients. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To determine the impact of HIV-Tat induction on nociceptive behaviour in female mice conditionally expressing HIV Tat1-86 protein through a doxycycline (DOX)-driven glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, intraepidermal nerve fibre density and immune cell activation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Mice were assessed for mechanical and thermal sensitivity for 9 weeks using von-Frey and Hargreaves tests. RESULTS Intraepidermal nerve fibre density was significantly reduced after 6 weeks of Tat induction, similar to sensory neuropathy seen in clinical HIV infection. Tat induction through DOX caused a significant reduction in paw withdrawal thresholds in a time-dependent manner starting the 4th week after Tat induction. No changes in paw withdrawal latencies were seen in Tat(-) control mice lacking the tat transgene. Although reductions in paw withdrawal thresholds increased throughout the study, no significant change in spontaneous motor activity was observed. Spinal cord (cervical and lumbar), DRG, and hind paw skin were collected at 8 days and 6 weeks after Tat induction. HIV-Tat mRNA expression was significantly increased in lumbar DRG and skin samples 8 days after DOX treatment. Tat induced a significant increase in the number of Iba-1 positive cells at 6 weeks, but not after 8 days, of exposure. No differences in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity were observed. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Tat protein contributes to painful HIV-related sensory neuropathy during the initial stages of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Tim Pheby
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wisam Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ruqiang Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pamela E. Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew S.C. Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Kesby JP, Fields JA, Chang A, Coban H, Achim CL, Semenova S; TMARC Group. Effects of HIV-1 TAT protein and methamphetamine exposure on visual discrimination and executive function in mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 349:73-9. [PMID: 29709610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mild neurocognitive impairments are common in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV-encoded proteins, such as trans-activator of transcription (TAT), contribute to neuropathology and cognitive function in medicated subjects. The combination of TAT and comorbid methamphetamine use may further impair neurocognitive function in HIV-positive individuals by affecting dopaminergic systems in the brain. The current study examined the effects of TAT protein expression and methamphetamine exposure on cognitive function and dopamine systems in mice. Transgenic mice with inducible brain expression of the TAT protein were exposed to a binge methamphetamine regimen. TAT expression was induced via a doxycycline-containing diet during the final stage of the regimen and maintained throughout cognitive testing. Learning and executive function were assessed using an operant visual discrimination protocol, with a strategy switch and reversal. TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure improved visual discrimination learning. Combined TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure increased perseverative errors during reversal learning. TAT expression altered reversal learning by improving early stage, but impairing late stage, learning. TAT expression was also associated with an increase in dopamine transporter expression in the caudate putamen. These results highlight that TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure likely affect a range of selective cognitive processes, with some potentially improving function under certain conditions.
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Fitting S, McLaurin KA, Booze RM, Mactutus CF. Dose-dependent neurocognitive deficits following postnatal day 10 HIV-1 viral protein exposure: Relationship to hippocampal anatomy parameters. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 65:66-82. [PMID: 29111178 PMCID: PMC5889695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of antiretroviral prophylactic treatment, pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continues to be a significant risk factor in the post-cART era. The time of infection (i.e., during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding) may play a role in the development of neurocognitive deficits in pediatric HIV-1. HIV-1 viral protein exposure on postnatal day (P)1, preceding the postnatal brain growth spurt in rats, had deleterious effects on neurocognitive development and anatomical parameters of the hippocampus (Fitting et al., 2008a,b). In the present study, rats were stereotaxically injected with HIV-1 viral proteins, including Tat1-86 and gp120, on P10 to further examine the role of timing on neurocognitive development and anatomical parameters of the hippocampus (Fitting et al., 2010). The dose-dependent virotoxin effects observed across development following P10 Tat1-86 exposure were specific to spatial learning and absent from prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity. A relationship between alterations in spatial learning and/or memory and hippocampal anatomical parameters was noted. Specifically, the estimated number of neurons and astrocytes in the hilus of the dentate gyrus explained 70% of the variance of search behavior in Morris water maze acquisition training for adolescents and 65% of the variance for adults; a brain-behavior relationship consistent with observations following P1 viral protein exposure. Collectively, late viral protein exposure (P10) results in selective alterations in neurocognitive development without modifying measures of somatic growth, preattentive processing, or locomotor activity, as characterized by early viral protein exposure (P1). Thus, timing may be a critical factor in disease progression, with children infected with HIV earlier in life being more vulnerable to CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Fitting
- University of South Carolina, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kristen A McLaurin
- University of South Carolina, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- University of South Carolina, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- University of South Carolina, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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McLane VD, Kumar S, Leeming R, Rau S, Willis CL, Cao L. Morphine-potentiated cognitive deficits correlate to suppressed hippocampal iNOS RNA expression and an absent type 1 interferon response in LP-BM5 murine AIDS. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:117-29. [PMID: 29526406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use accelerates neurocognitive impairment in HIV/AIDS patients. We assessed the effect of chronic morphine treatment and LP-BM5/murine AIDS (MAIDS) infection on cognition, cytokine production, and type 1 interferon (IFN) expression in the murine CNS. Morphine treatment decreased expression of pro-inflammatory factors (CCL5, iNOS) and reduced cognitive performance in LP-BM5-infected mice, correlating to increased hippocampal viral load and a blunted type 1 IFN response. In the striatum, morphine reduced viral load while increasing IFN-α RNA expression. Our results suggest that differentially regulated type 1 IFN responses may contribute to distinct regional outcomes in the hippocampus and striatum in LP-BM5/MAIDS.
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Bozzelli PL, Alaiyed S, Kim E, Villapol S, Conant K. Proteolytic Remodeling of Perineuronal Nets: Effects on Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Population Dynamics. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5735789. [PMID: 29531525 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5735789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The perineuronal net (PNN) represents a lattice-like structure that is prominently expressed along the soma and proximal dendrites of parvalbumin- (PV-) positive interneurons in varied brain regions including the cortex and hippocampus. It is thus apposed to sites at which PV neurons receive synaptic input. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in PNN integrity may affect glutamatergic input to PV interneurons, a population that is critical for the expression of synchronous neuronal population discharges that occur with gamma oscillations and sharp-wave ripples. The present review is focused on the composition of PNNs, posttranslation modulation of PNN components by sulfation and proteolysis, PNN alterations in disease, and potential effects of PNN remodeling on neuronal plasticity at the single-cell and population level.
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Pelkey KA, Chittajallu R, Craig MT, Tricoire L, Wester JC, McBain CJ. Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1619-1747. [PMID: 28954853 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10-15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T Craig
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jason C Wester
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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McLaughlin JP, Paris JJ, Mintzopoulos D, Hymel KA, Kim JK, Cirino TJ, Gillis TE, Eans SO, Vitaliano GD, Medina JM, Krapf RC, Stacy HM, Kaufman MJ. Conditional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transactivator of Transcription Protein Expression Induces Depression-like Effects and Oxidative Stress. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2017; 2:599-609. [PMID: 29057370 PMCID: PMC5648358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of major depression in those with HIV/AIDS is substantially higher than in the general population. Mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are poorly understood. HIV-transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein, produced and excreted by HIV, could be involved. We determined whether conditional Tat protein expression in mice is sufficient to induce depression-like behaviors and oxidative stress. Further, as oxidative stress is associated with depression, we determined whether decreasing or increasing oxidative stress by administering methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) or diethylmaleate (DEM), respectively, altered depression-like behavior. METHODS GT-tg bigenic mice received intraperitoneal saline or doxycycline (Dox, 25-100 mg/kg/day) to induce Tat expression. G-tg mice, which do not express Tat protein, also received Dox. Depression-like behavior was assessed with the tail suspension test (TST) and the two-bottle saccharin/water consumption task. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) were assessed ex vivo. Medial frontal cortex (MFC) oxidative stress and temperature were measured in vivo with 9.4-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). RESULTS Tat expression increased TST immobility time in an exposure-dependent manner and reduced saccharin consumption. MSM decreased immobility time while DEM increased it in saline-treated GT-tg mice. Tat and MSM behavioral effects persisted for 28 days. Tat and DEM increased while MSM decreased ROS/RNS levels. Tat expression increased MFC glutathione levels and temperature. CONCLUSIONS Tat expression induced rapid and enduring depression-like behaviors and oxidative stress. Increasing/decreasing oxidative stress increased/decreased, respectively, depression-like behavior. Thus, Tat produced by HIV may contribute to the high depression prevalence among those with HIV. Further, mitigation of oxidative stress could reduce depression severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dionyssios Mintzopoulos
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Kristen A. Hymel
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jae K. Kim
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Thomas J. Cirino
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Timothy E. Gillis
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Gordana D. Vitaliano
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Jessica M. Medina
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Richard C. Krapf
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Heather M. Stacy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- McLean Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478
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Schier CJ, Marks WD, Paris JJ, Barbour AJ, McLane VD, Maragos WF, McQuiston AR, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Selective Vulnerability of Striatal D2 versus D1 Dopamine Receptor-Expressing Medium Spiny Neurons in HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Male Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5758-69. [PMID: 28473642 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0622-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite marked regional differences in HIV susceptibility within the CNS, there has been surprisingly little exploration into the differential vulnerability among neuron types and the circuits they underlie. The dorsal striatum is especially susceptible, harboring high viral loads and displaying marked neuropathology, with motor impairment a frequent manifestation of chronic infection. However, little is known about the response of individual striatal neuron types to HIV or how this disrupts function. Therefore, we investigated the morphological and electrophysiological effects of HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) in dopamine subtype 1 (D1) and dopamine subtype 2 (D2) receptor-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) by breeding transgenic Tat-expressing mice to Drd1a-tdTomato- or Drd2-eGFP-reporter mice. An additional goal was to examine neuronal vulnerability early during the degenerative process to gain insight into key events underlying the neuropathogenesis. In D2 MSNs, exposure to HIV-1 Tat reduced dendritic spine density significantly, increased dendritic damage (characterized by swellings/varicosities), and dysregulated neuronal excitability (decreased firing at 200-300 pA and increased firing rates at 450 pA), whereas insignificant morphologic and electrophysiological consequences were observed in Tat-exposed D1 MSNs. These changes were concomitant with an increased anxiety-like behavioral profile (lower latencies to enter a dark chamber in a light-dark transition task, a greater frequency of light-dark transitions, and reduced rearing time in an open field), whereas locomotor behavior was unaffected by 2 weeks of Tat induction. Our findings suggest that D2 MSNs and a specific subset of neural circuits within the dorsal striatum are preferentially vulnerable to HIV-1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), neurocognitive disorders afflict 30-50% of HIV-infected individuals and synaptodendritic injury remains evident in specific brain regions such as the dorsal striatum. A possible explanation for the sustained neuronal injury is that the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein trans-activator of transcription (Tat) continues to be expressed in virally suppressed patients on cART. Using inducible Tat-expressing transgenic mice, we found that dopamine subtype 2 (D2) receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are selectively vulnerable to Tat exposure compared with D1 receptor-expressing MSNs. This includes Tat-induced reductions in D2 MSN dendritic spine density, increased dendritic damage, and disruptions in neuronal excitability, which coincide with elevated anxiety-like behavior. These data suggest that D2 MSNs and specific circuits within the basal ganglia are preferentially vulnerable to HIV-1.
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Balinang JM, Masvekar RR, Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Productive infection of human neural progenitor cells by R5 tropic HIV-1: opiate co-exposure heightens infectivity and functional vulnerability. AIDS 2017; 31:753-64. [PMID: 28099189 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV type-1 (HIV-1) causes a spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) complications; many are worsened by opiate co-exposure. Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) give rise to all CNS neurons and macroglia. We tested the hypothesis that hNPC maturation and fate are altered by HIV and opiates, contributing to HIV-1-related neuropathology. Reports of hNPC infection remain controversial. We rigorously examined this question, testing whether hNPCs propogated infection, and whether HIV affected hNPCs absent their infection. DESIGN AND METHODS Primary hNPCs were characterized over multiple passages. Following R5 HIV-1BaL exposure, p24, Nef, and tat assays monitored infection; a serial dilution approach tested infection transfer to naive hNPCs. Bromodeoxyuridine uptake, population doubling time, and immunostaining assessed proliferation and differentiation. Morphine co-exposure assessed opiate interactions. Supernatant from HIV-1BaL-infected PBMCs (HIVsup), HIV-1BaL, and ultraviolet light-inactivated HIVsup were compared to test effects of inflammatory milieu versus virus or infection per se. RESULTS The hNPCs (CD4/CD8/Iba/CXC3CL1/CD11b) were infectable and could transfer infection to naive hNPCs. Infection was partly blocked by maraviroc, implicating CCR5. HIVsup reduced hNPC proliferation and caused premature differentiation into neurons/astroglia. Effects on proliferation were due to soluble factors/viral proteins, not infection per se. Morphine co-exposure exacerbated certain functional consequences of HIVsup, and sustained the infection of hNPCs. CONCLUSION hNPCs can be infected and propagate virus in vitro. hNPCs or their progeny may represent an underappreciated viral reservoir. Factors from infected cells alter hNPC proliferation and neural cell maturation, which likely compromises CNS structure and function. Morphine-HIV interactions may worsen dysfunction and sustain infection.
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Leibrand CR, Paris JJ, Ghandour MS, Knapp PE, Kim WK, Hauser KF, McRae M. HIV-1 Tat disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity and increases phagocytic perivascular macrophages and microglia in the dorsal striatum of transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 640:136-143. [PMID: 28057474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which acts as a rate-limiting step for HIV-1 entry into the CNS and for subsequent neuroinflammatory/neurotoxic actions. One mechanism by which HIV may destabilize the BBB involves actions of the HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat). We utilized a conditional, Tat-expressing transgenic murine model to examine the influence of Tat1-86 expression on BBB integrity and to assess the relative numbers of phagocytic perivascular macrophages and microglia within the CNS in vivo. The effects of Tat exposure on sodium-fluorescein (Na-F; 0.376kDa), horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 44kDa), and Texas Red-labeled dextran (70kDa) leakage into the brain were assessed in Tat-exposed (Tat+) and control (Tat-) mice. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat significantly increased both Na-F and HRP, but not the larger sized Texas Red-labeled dextran, confirming BBB breakdown and also suggesting the breach was limited to molecules <70kDa. Additionally, at 5 d after Tat induction, Alexa Fluor® 488-labeled dextran was bilaterally infused into the lateral ventricles 5 d before the termination of the experiment. Within the caudate/putamen, Tat induction increased the proportion of dextran-labeled Iba-1+ phagocytic perivascular macrophages (∼5-fold) and microglia (∼3-fold) compared to Tat- mice. These data suggest that HIV-1 Tat exposure is sufficient to destabilize BBB integrity and to increase the presence of activated, phagocytic, perivascular macrophages and microglia in an in vivo model of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Leibrand
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - M Said Ghandour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Xu C, Fitting S. Inhibition of GABAergic Neurotransmission by HIV-1 Tat and Opioid Treatment in the Striatum Involves μ-Opioid Receptors. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:497. [PMID: 27877102 PMCID: PMC5099255 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is considered a chronic disease with high prevalence of mild forms of neurocognitive impairments, also referred to as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Although opiate drug use can exacerbate HIV-1 Tat-induced neuronal damage, it remains unknown how and to what extent opioids interact with Tat on the GABAergic system. We conducted whole-cell recordings in mouse striatal slices and examined the effects of HIV-1 Tat in the presence and absence of morphine (1 μM) and damgo (1 μM) on GABAergic neurotransmission. Results indicated a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) and miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) by Tat (5–50 nM) in a concentration-dependent manner. The significant Tat-induced decrease in IPSCs was abolished when removing extracellular and/or intracellular calcium. Treatment with morphine or damgo alone significantly decreased the frequency, but not amplitude of IPSCs. Interestingly, morphine but not damgo indicated an additional downregulation of the mean frequency of mIPSCs in combination with Tat. Pretreatment with naloxone (1 μM) and CTAP (1 μM) prevented the Tat-induced decrease in sIPSCs frequency but only naloxone prevented the combined Tat and morphine effect on mIPSCs frequency. Results indicate a Tat- or opioid-induced decrease in GABAergic neurotransmission via μ-opioid receptors with combined Tat and morphine effects involving additional opioid receptor-related mechanisms. Exploring the interactions between Tat and opioids on the GABAergic system may help to guide future research on HAND in the context of opiate drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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