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Cloutier G, Seltana A, Fallah S, Beaulieu JF. Integrin α7β1 represses intestinal absorptive cell differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2023; 430:113723. [PMID: 37499931 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell differentiation is a highly controlled and orderly process occurring in the crypt so that cells migrating out to cover the villi are already fully functional. Absorptive cell precursors, which originate from the stem cell population located in the lower third of the crypt, are subject to several cycles of amplification in the transit amplifying (TA) zone, before reaching the terminal differentiation compartment located in the upper third. There is a large body of evidence that absorptive cell differentiation is halted in the TA zone through various epigenetic, transcriptional and intracellular signalling events or mechanisms allowing the transient expansion of this cell population but how these mechanisms are themself regulated remains obscure. One clue can be found in the epithelial cell-matrix microenvironment located all along the crypt-villus axis. Indeed, a previous study from our group revealed that α5-subunit containing laminins such as lamimin-511 and 512 inhibit early stages of differentiation in Caco-2/15 cells. Among potential receptors for laminin 511/512 is the integrin α7β1, which has previously been reported to be expressed in the human intestinal crypts and in early stages of Caco-2/15 cell differentiation. In this study, the effects of knocking down ITGA7 in Caco-2/15 cells were studied using shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 strategies. Abolition of the α7 integrin subunit resulted in a significant increase in the level of differentiation and polarization markers as well as the morphological features of intestinal cells. Activities of focal adhesion kinase and Src kinase were both reduced in α7-knockdown cells while the three major intestinal pro-differentiation factors CDX2, HNFα1 and HNF4α were overexpressed. Two epigenetic events associated with intestinal differentiation, the reduction of tri-methylated lysine 27 on histone H3 and the increase of acetylation of histone H4 were also observed in α7-knockdown cells. On the other hand, the ablation of α7 had no effect on cell proliferation. In conclusion, these data indicate that integrin α7β1 acts as a major repressor of absorptive cell terminal differentiation in the Caco-2/15 cell model and suggest that the laminin-α7β1 integrin interaction occurring in the transit amplifying zone of the adult intestine is involved in the transient halting of absorptive cell terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cloutier
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Amira Seltana
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sepideh Fallah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Fallah S, Beaulieu JF. Src family kinases inhibit differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells through the Hippo effector YAP1. Biol Open 2021; 10:272600. [PMID: 34693980 PMCID: PMC8609238 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal cell lineage differentiation is a tightly regulated mechanism that involves several intracellular signaling pathways affecting the expression of a variety of transcription factors, which ultimately regulate cell specific gene expression. Absorptive and goblet cells are the two main epithelial cell types of the intestine. Previous studies from our group using an shRNA knockdown approach have shown that YAP1, one of the main Hippo pathway effectors, inhibits the differentiation of these two cell types. In the present study, we show that YAP1 activity is regulated by Src family kinases (SFKs) in these cells. Inhibition of SFKs led to a sharp reduction in YAP1 expression at the protein level, an increase in CDX2 and the P1 forms of HNF4α and of absorptive and goblet cell differentiation specific markers. Interestingly, in Caco-2/15 cells which express both YAP1 and its paralog TAZ, TAZ was not reduced by the inhibition of SFKs and its specific knockdown rather impaired absorptive cell differentiation indicating that YAP1 and TAZ are not always interchangeable for regulating cell functions. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Inhibition of Src family kinases leads to a sharp reduction in YAP1 expression and an increase in CDX2 and HNF4α, two regulators of intestinal cell differentiation, while its paralog TAZ appears not to be directly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fallah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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3
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Rispal J, Escaffit F, Trouche D. Chromatin Dynamics in Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis: A Paradigm of Cell Fate Determination versus Cell Plasticity. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1062-1080. [PMID: 33051755 PMCID: PMC7667136 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rapid renewal of intestinal epithelium is mediated by a pool of stem cells, located at the bottom of crypts, giving rise to highly proliferative progenitor cells, which in turn differentiate during their migration along the villus. The equilibrium between renewal and differentiation is critical for establishment and maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and is regulated by signaling pathways (Wnt, Notch, Bmp…) and specific transcription factors (TCF4, CDX2…). Such regulation controls intestinal cell identities by modulating the cellular transcriptome. Recently, chromatin modification and dynamics have been identified as major actors linking signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation in the control of intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we synthesize the many facets of chromatin dynamics involved in controlling intestinal cell fate, such as stemness maintenance, progenitor identity, lineage choice and commitment, and terminal differentiation. In addition, we present recent data underlying the fundamental role of chromatin dynamics in intestinal cell plasticity. Indeed, this plasticity, which includes dedifferentiation processes or the response to environmental cues (like microbiota’s presence or food ingestion), is central for the organ’s physiology. Finally, we discuss the role of chromatin dynamics in the appearance and treatment of diseases caused by deficiencies in the aforementioned mechanisms, such as gastrointestinal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rispal
- LBCMCP, Centre of Integrative Biology (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Fabrice Escaffit
- LBCMCP, Centre of Integrative Biology (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31062, France.
| | - Didier Trouche
- LBCMCP, Centre of Integrative Biology (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31062, France
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Wu CC, Hsu TW, Yeh CC, Huang HB. The role of transcription factor caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 in colorectal cancer. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 32:305-311. [PMID: 33163374 PMCID: PMC7605288 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_49_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most malignant tumors in humans and causes mass mortality. In the age of precise medicine, more and more subtypes of CRC were classified. The caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is an intestine-specific transcription factor which is implicated in differentiation, proliferation, cell-adhesion, and migration. The loss of CDX2 in immunohistochemical stain was reported to be a prognostic factor of colon cancer, but the clinical application remained controversial. Most of the CRCs expressed or over-expressed CDX2. Homeobox genes can display either an oncogenic or a tumor-suppressing activity. CDX2 regulates the developing intestinal epithelium and CRC by different pathways. The complex regulation of CDX2 and its complex targets cause the difficulties of application for CDX2 in the prediction of prognosis. However, CDX2 is a potential biomarker applied in the precise classification of CRC for personalized medicine. This review partially clarifies the role of CDX2 in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chia Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wen Hsu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Bing Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Soler L, Stella A, Seva J, Pallarés FJ, Lahjouji T, Burlet-Schiltz O, Oswald IP. Proteome changes induced by a short, non-cytotoxic exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone in the pig intestine. J Proteomics 2020; 224:103842. [PMID: 32454255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways. Among them is estrogen signaling, important for the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, immune signaling and metabolism. The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogen disruptor naturally found in food and feed. The exposure of the intestine to ZEN has toxic effects including alteration of the immune status and is possibly implicated in carcinogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms linked with these effects are not clear. Our objective was to explore the proteome changes induced by a short, non-cytotoxic exposure to ZEN in the intestine using pig jejunal explants. Our results indicated that ZEN promotes little proteome changes, but significantly related with an induction of ERα signaling and a consequent disruption of highly interrelated signaling cascades, such as NF-κB, ERK1/2, CDX2 and HIF1α. The toxicity of ZEN leads also to an altered immune status characterized by the activation of the chemokine CXCR4/SDF-1 axis and an accumulation of MHC-I proteins. Our results connect the estrogen disrupting activity of ZEN with its intestinal toxic effect, associating the exposure to ZEN with cell-signaling disorders similar to those involved in the onset and progression of diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: The proteomics results presented in our study indicate that the endocrine disruptor activity of ZEN is able to regulate a cascade of highly inter-connected signaling events essential for the small intestinal crypt-villus cycle and immune status. These molecular mechanisms are also implicated in the onset and progress of intestinal immune disorders and cancer indicating that exposure to ZEN could play an important role in intestinal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Alexandre Stella
- Toulouse Proteomics Infrastructure, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Seva
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Jose Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tarek Lahjouji
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Toulouse Proteomics Infrastructure, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Kleme ML, Sané A, Garofalo C, Seidman E, Brochiero E, Berthiaume Y, Levy E. CFTR Deletion Confers Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Disrupts Lipid Homeostasis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:E836. [PMID: 29954133 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease in which the intestine exhibits oxidative and inflammatory markers. As mitochondria are the central source and the main target of reactive oxygen species, we hypothesized that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) defect leads to the disruption of cellular lipid homeostasis, which contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods. Mitochondrial functions and lipid metabolism were investigated in Caco-2/15 cells with CFTR knockout (CFTR-/-) engineered by the zinc finger nuclease technique. Experiments were performed under basal conditions and after the addition of the pro-oxidant iron-ascorbate (Fe/Asc) complex. Results. Mitochondria of intestinal cells with CFTR-/-, spontaneously showed an altered redox homeostasis characterised by a significant decrease in the expression of PPARα and nuclear factor like 2. Consistent with these observations, 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase, responsible for repair of ROS-induced DNA lesion, was weakly expressed in CFTR-/- cells. Moreover, disturbed fatty acid β-oxidation process was evidenced by the reduced expression of CPT1 and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long-chain in CFTR-/- cells. The decline of mitochondrial cytochrome c and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression pointing to magnified apoptosis. Mitochondrial respiration was also affected as demonstrated by the low expression of respiratory oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and a high adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate ratio. In contrast, the FAS and ACC enzymes were markedly increased, thereby indicating lipogenesis stimulation. This was associated with an augmented secretion of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in CFTR-/- cells. The addition of Fe/Asc worsened while butylated hydroxy toluene partially improved these processes. Conclusions: CFTR silencing results in lipid homeostasis disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction in intestinal epithelial cells. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the marked abnormalities in response to CFTR deletion.
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Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a highly conserved energy sensor, has a crucial role in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, as well as in cancer and metabolic disorders. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that AMPK activation enhances paracellular junctions, nutrient transporters, autophagy and apoptosis, and suppresses inflammation and carcinogenesis in the intestine, indicating an essential role of AMPK in intestinal health. AMPK inactivation is an aetiological factor in intestinal dysfunctions. This review summarizes the favourable outcomes of AMPK activation on intestinal health, and discusses AMPK as a potential therapeutic target for intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.,School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA .,School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Li XG, Xu GF, Zhai ZY, Gao CQ, Yan HC, Xi QY, Guan WT, Wang SB, Wang XQ. CDX2 increases SLC7A7 expression and proliferation of pig intestinal epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30597-609. [PMID: 27121315 PMCID: PMC5058704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient absorption mediated by nutrient transporters expressed in the intestinal epithelium supplies substrates to support intestinal processes, including epithelial cell proliferation. We evaluated the role of Caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), an intestine-specific transcription factor, in the proliferation of pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-1) and searched for novel intestinal nutrient transporter genes activated by CDX2. Our cloned pig CDX2 cDNA contains a “homeobox” DNA binding motif, suggesting it is a transcriptional activator. CDX2 overexpression in IPEC-1 cells increased cell proliferation, the percentage of cells in S/G2 phase, and the abundance of transcripts of the cell cycle-related genes Cyclin A2; Cyclin B; Cyclin D2; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and cell cycle cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2 and 4, as well as the predicted CDX2 target genes SLC1A1, SLC5A1 and SLC7A7. In addition, luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that CDX2 binds directly to the SLC7A7 promoter. This is the first report of CDX2 function in pig intestinal epithelial cells and identifies SLC7A7 as a novel CDX2 target gene. Our findings show that nutrient transporters are activated during CDX2-induced proliferation of normal intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Guang Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gao-Feng Xu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Zhai
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wu-Tai Guan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Song-Bo Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Gadaleta RM, Garcia-irigoyen O, Moschetta A. Bile acids and colon cancer: Is FXR the solution of the conundrum? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Sun X, Yang Q, Rogers CJ, Du M, Zhu MJ. AMPK improves gut epithelial differentiation and barrier function via regulating Cdx2 expression. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:819-831. [PMID: 28234358 PMCID: PMC5423107 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in gut epithelial integrity and barrier function is associated with many diseases. The homeostasis of intestinal barrier is based on a delicate regulation of epithelial proliferation and differentiation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of energy metabolism, and cellular metabolites are intrinsically involved in epigenetic modifications governing cell differentiation. We aimed to evaluate the regulatory role of AMPK on intestinal epithelial development and barrier function. In this study, AMPK activator (AICAR) improved the barrier function of Caco-2 cells as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and reduced paracellular FITC-dextran permeability; consistently, AICAR enhanced epithelial differentiation and tight junction formation. Transfection of Caco-2 cells with AMPK WT plasmid, which enhances AMPK activity, improved epithelial barrier function and epithelial differentiation, while K45R (AMPK dominant negative mutant) impaired; these changes were correlated with the expression of caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), the key transcription factor committing cells to intestinal epithelial lineage. CDX2 deficiency abolished intestinal differentiation promoted by AMPK activation. Mechanistically, AMPK inactivation was associated with polycomb repressive complex 2 regulated enrichment of H3K27me3, the inhibitory histone modification, and lysine-specific histone demethylase-1-mediated reduction of H3K4me3, a permissive histone modification. Those histone modifications provide a mechanistic link between AMPK and CDX2 expression. Consistently, epithelial AMPK knockout in vivo reduced CDX2 expression, impaired intestinal barrier function, integrity and ultrastructure of tight junction, and epithelial cell migration, promoted intestinal proliferation and exaggerated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In summary, AMPK enhances intestinal barrier function and epithelial differentiation via promoting CDX2 expression, which is partially mediated by altered histone modifications in the Cdx2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, WA, USA.,School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844, ID, USA
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, WA, USA
| | - Carl J Rogers
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, WA, USA
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, WA, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, WA, USA.,School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844, ID, USA
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Roostaee A, Guezguez A, Beauséjour M, Simoneau A, Vachon PH, Levy E, Beaulieu JF. Histone deacetylase inhibition impairs normal intestinal cell proliferation and promotes specific gene expression. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2695-708. [PMID: 26129821 PMCID: PMC5014201 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms that maintain proliferation and delay cell differentiation in the intestinal crypt are not yet fully understood. We have previously shown the implication of histone methylation in the regulation of enterocytic differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of histone deacetylation as an important epigenetic mechanism that controls proliferation and differentiation of intestinal cells using the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) on the proliferation and differentiation of human and mouse intestinal cells. Treatment of newly confluent Caco‐2/15 cells with SAHA resulted in growth arrest, increased histone acetylation and up‐regulation of the expression of intestine‐specific genes such as those encoding sucrase‐isomaltase, villin and the ion exchanger SLC26A3. Although SAHA has been recently used in clinical trials for cancer treatment, its effect on normal intestinal cells has not been documented. Analyses of small and large intestines of mice treated with SAHA revealed a repression of crypt cell proliferation and a higher expression of sucrase‐isomaltase in both segments compared to control mice. Expression of SLC26A3 was also significantly up‐regulated in the colons of mice after SAHA administration. Finally, SAHA was also found to strongly inhibit normal human intestinal crypt cell proliferation in vitro. These results demonstrate the important implication of epigenetic mechanisms such as histone acetylation/deacetylation in the regulation of normal intestinal cell fate and proliferation. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2695–2708, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Roostaee
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Amel Guezguez
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Marco Beauséjour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Aline Simoneau
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Pierre H Vachon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, and Research Center, Sainte-Justine UHC, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1C5
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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12
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Roostaee A, Benoit YD, Boudjadi S, Beaulieu JF. Epigenetics in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Renewal. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2361-7. [PMID: 27061836 PMCID: PMC5074234 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A controlled balance between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential to maintain normal intestinal tissue renewal and physiology. Such regulation is powered by several intracellular pathways that are translated into the establishment of specific transcription programs, which influence intestinal cell fate along the crypt-villus axis. One important check-point in this process occurs in the transit amplifying zone of the intestinal crypts where different signaling pathways and transcription factors cooperate to manage cellular proliferation and differentiation, before secretory or absorptive cell lineage terminal differentiation. However, the importance of epigenetic modifications such as histone methylation and acetylation in the regulation of these processes is still incompletely understood. There have been recent advances in identifying the impact of histone modifications and chromatin remodelers on the proliferation and differentiation of normal intestinal crypt cells. In this review we discuss recent discoveries on the role of the cellular epigenome in intestinal cell fate, development, and tissue renewal. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2361-2367, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Roostaee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Yannick D Benoit
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salah Boudjadi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Kleme ML, Sané AT, Garofalo C, Levy E. Targeted CFTR gene disruption with zinc-finger nucleases in human intestinal epithelial cells induces oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 74:84-94. [PMID: 26923293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystemic pathology caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. OBJECTIVES As the intestine harbors the greatest number of CFTR transcripts after birth and since CFTR plays a role in glutathione transport, we hypothesized that CFTR deletion might produce oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation in CF intestinal epithelial cell. METHODS CFTR gene was abrogated in Caco-2/15 enterocytes through the zinc-finger nuclease system. Their oxidative and inflammatory characteristics were appreciated under basal conditions and after the treatment with the pro-oxidant iron-ascorbate (Fe/Asc) complex and pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Intestinal epithelial cells with CFTR knockout spontaneously exhibited an increased lipid peroxidation level, reflected by malondialdehyde overproduction and reduced antioxidant defense characterized by low enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. CFTR silencing also resulted in elevated protein expression of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis Factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. Moreover, exaggerated OxS and inflammation processes occurred in CFTR(-/-) cells in response to the addition of Fe/Asc and LPS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal Caco-2/15 cells with CFTR deletion, display innate oxidative and inflammatory features while being more sensitive to pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory stimuli. These two pathophysiological processes could be implicated in CF-related intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Kleme
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Alain Théophile Sané
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C4, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Kameoka Y, Kitazawa R, Ariasu K, Tachibana R, Mizuno Y, Haraguchi R, Kitazawa S. Reactivation of CDX2 in Gastric Cancer as Mark for Gene Silencing Memory. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:115-24. [PMID: 26379313 PMCID: PMC4564377 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the epigenetic mechanism that reactivates CDX2 (a homeobox transcription factor that serves as a tumor-suppressor gene) in intestinal-type gastric cancer during cancer progression, we examined the methylation status of the CDX2 gene promoter and the expression pattern of methyl-CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2). From archives of the pathology records of surgically excised advanced stomach cancer cases in the Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University in a past decate (n=265), 10 cases of intestinal-type tubular adenocarcinoma, well-differentiated type (wel) with minor poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma (por) components were selected. The expression pattern of CDX2, MUC2 and MeCP2 in these 10 cases was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cancerous and non-cancerous areas were selectively obtained by microdissection, and the methylation status of the CDX2 promoter of each area was assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). In all 10 cases, CDX2 expression was clearly observed in the nucleus of the non-cancerous background of the intestinal metaplasic area, where the unmethylation pattern of the CDX2 gene promoter prevailed with reduced MeCP2 expression. In this metaplastic area, CDX2 expression was co-localized with its target gene, MUC2. CDX2 expression then disappeared from the deep invasive wel area. Reflecting the reduced CDX2 expression, microdissected samples from all the wel areas showed hypermethylation of the CDX2 gene promoter by MSP, with prominent MeCP2 expression. Interestingly, while hypermethylation of the CDX2 gene promoter was maintained in the por area in 8 of the 10 cases, CDX2 expression was restored in por areas where MeCP2 expression was markedly and selectively reduced. The other two cases, however, showed a constant MeCP2 expression level comparable to the surrounding deep invasive wel area with negative CDX2 expression. Therefore, gene silencing by hypermethylation may be overcome by the reduction of methyl-CpG binding proteins, resulting in apparent but non-functional reactivation of CDX2 as a mere molecular mark for gene silencing memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kameoka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital
| | - Kanazu Ariasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryosuke Tachibana
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University Hospital
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
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Iwao T, Toyota M, Miyagawa Y, Okita H, Kiyokawa N, Akutsu H, Umezawa A, Nagata K, Matsunaga T. Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into functional enterocyte-like cells using a simple method. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 29:44-51. [PMID: 23822979 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were differentiated into the endoderm using activin A and were then treated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) for differentiation into intestinal stem cell-like cells. These immature cells were then differentiated into enterocyte-like cells using epidermal growth factor (EGF) in 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). At the early stage of differentiation, mRNA expression of caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), a major transcription factor related to intestinal development and differentiation, and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), an intestinal stem cell marker, was markedly increased by treatment with FGF2. When cells were cultured in medium containing EGF and a low concentration of FBS, mRNAs of specific markers of intestinal epithelial cells, including sucrase-isomaltase, the intestinal oligopeptide transporter SLC15A1/peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), and the major metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4, were expressed. In addition, sucrase-isomaltase protein expression and uptake of β-Ala-Lys-N-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a fluorescence-labeled substrate of the oligopeptide transporter, were detected. These results demonstrate a simple and direct method for differentiating human iPS cells into functional enterocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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16
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Seltana A, Guezguez A, Lepage M, Basora N, Beaulieu JF. Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 accelerates differentiation in human intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:1195-200. [PMID: 23274493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene Src is an important protein tyrosine kinase involved in signaling pathways that control cell adhesion, growth, migration and survival. Here, we investigated the involvement of Src family kinases (SFKs) in human intestinal cell differentiation. We first observed that Src activity peaked in early stages of Caco-2/15 cell differentiation. Inhibition of SFKs with PP2, a selective SFK inhibitor, accelerated the overall differentiation program. Interestingly, all polarization and terminal differentiation markers tested, including sucrase-isomaltase, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase and E and Li-cadherins were found to be significantly up-regulated after only 3 days of treatment in the newly differentiating cells. Further investigation of the effects of PP2 revealed a significant up-regulation of the two main intestinal epithelial cell-specific transcription factors Cdx2 and HNF1α and a reduction of polycomb PRC2-related epigenetic repressing activity as measured by a decrease in H3K27me3, two events closely related to the control of cell terminal differentiation in the intestine. Taken together, these data suggest that SFKs play a key role in the control of intestinal epithelial cell terminal differentiation.
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Précourt LP, Marcil V, Ntimbane T, Taha R, Lavoie JC, Delvin E, Seidman EG, Beaulieu JF, Levy E. Antioxidative properties of paraoxonase 2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G623-34. [PMID: 22744335 PMCID: PMC3468556 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00039.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON) family members seem central to a wide variety of human illnesses, but appreciation of their antioxidative function in the gastrointestinal tract is in its infancy. The major objective of the present work is to highlight the role of the ubiquitously expressed PON2 in the small intestine. With use of pLKO lentiviral vector containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus, PON2 expression was knocked down in intestinal Caco-2/15 cells, where antioxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and degree of inflammation were evaluated. As a consequence of PON2 inactivation in the epithelial cells, we observed 1) imbalanced primary and secondary antioxidative responses, characterized by increased superoxide dismutases and decreased catalase, 2) high concentrations of H(2)O(2) and malondialdehyde, along with low glutathione-to-glutathione disulfide ratio, 3) upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression after induction of oxidative stress, and 4) raised level of the activation of transcription factor NF-κB, which was likely implicated in exacerbation of the inflammatory activation. These results suggest that PON2 is involved in the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Précourt
- 1Department of Nutrition, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Valérie Marcil
- 2Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Thierry Ntimbane
- 1Department of Nutrition, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Rame Taha
- 1Department of Nutrition, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | | | - Edgard Delvin
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; ,4Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Ernest G. Seidman
- 2Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; ,5Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- 5Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- 1Department of Nutrition, Research Centre, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; ,5Canadian Institutes for Health Research Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Kusano Y, Horie S, Morishita N, Shibata T, Uchida K. Constitutive expression of an antioxidant enzyme, glutathione S-transferase P1, during differentiation of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:347-56. [PMID: 22580340 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the constitutive expression of an antioxidant enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), during differentiation of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. We observed that the class π GST isozyme (GST P1) expression correlated with the increased expression of caudal-related homeodomain protein 2 (CDX2), a member of the mammalian homeobox family of transcription factors. In addition, transfection of Caco-2 cells with the human CDX2 cDNA resulted in enhanced expression of the GST P1 gene and protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that CDX2 binds to the GST P1 promoter containing the putative consensus CDX-binding element, TTTAC, located at -247 upstream from the established site for transcription initiation. Using the dsDNA pull-down assay, it was revealed that CDX2 recognized and bound to the putative consensus CDX-binding element within the human GST P1 promoter region and that the amount of the CDX2 bound to the putative consensus CDX-binding element increased during Caco-2 cell differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CDX2 formed the transcriptional complex with Sp1 and bound to the putative consensus CDX-binding element within the human GST P1 promoter region. These data suggest that CDX2 binds to the human GST P1 promoter via complex formation with Sp1 and controls the constitutive expression of GST P1 during Caco-2 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kusano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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19
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Benoit YD, Lepage MB, Khalfaoui T, Tremblay E, Basora N, Carrier JC, Gudas LJ, Beaulieu JF. Polycomb repressive complex 2 impedes intestinal cell terminal differentiation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3454-63. [PMID: 22467857 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The crypt-villus axis constitutes the functional unit of the small intestine, where mature absorptive cells are confined to the villi, and stem cells and transit amplifying and differentiating cells are restricted to the crypts. The polycomb group (PcG) proteins repress differentiation and promote self-renewal in embryonic stem cells. PcGs prevent transcriptional activity by catalysing epigenetic modifications, such as the covalent addition of methyl groups on histone tails, through the action of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Although a role for PcGs in the preservation of stemness characteristics is now well established, recent evidence suggests that they may also be involved in the regulation of differentiation. Using intestinal epithelial cell models that recapitulate the enterocytic differentiation programme, we generated a RNAi-mediated stable knockdown of SUZ12, which constitutes a cornerstone for PRC2 assembly and functionality, in order to analyse intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation. Expression of SUZ12 was also investigated in human intestinal tissues, revealing the presence of SUZ12 in most proliferative epithelial cells of the crypt and an increase in its expression in colorectal cancers. Moreover, PRC2 disruption led to a significant precocious expression of a number of terminal differentiation markers in intestinal cell models. Taken together, our data identified a mechanism whereby PcG proteins participate in the repression of the enterocytic differentiation program, and suggest that a similar mechanism exists in situ to slow down terminal differentiation in the transit amplifying cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D Benoit
- CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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20
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a highly dynamic tissue undergoing constant and rapid renewal. It consists of a functional villus compartment responsible for terminal digestion and nutrient absorption and a progenitor cell compartment located in the crypts that produce new cells. The mechanisms regulating cell proliferation in the crypt, their migration, and differentiation are still incompletely understood. Until recently, normal human intestinal cell models allowing the study of these mechanisms have been lacking. In our laboratory, using fetal human intestines obtained at mid-gestation, we have generated the first normal human intestinal epithelial crypt-like (HIEC) cell line and villus-like primary cultures of differentiated enterocytes (PCDE). In this chapter, we provide a detailed description of the methodologies used to generate and characterize these normal intestinal crypt and villus cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Beaulieu
- CIHR Team on Digestive Epithelium, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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21
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Abstract
Soluble proteins are enriched in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retrograde transport from the Golgi that is mediated by the KDEL receptors. In addition to the classic carboxyl-terminal KDEL motif, a variety of sequence variants are also capable of receptor binding that result in ER localization. Although different ER localization signals that exhibit varying affinities for the KDEL receptors exist, whether there are functional implications was unknown. The present study determines whether AGR2 requires a specific ER localization signal to be functionally active. AGR2 is expressed in most human adenocarcinomas and serves a role in promoting growth and the transformed phenotype. Using two different cell lines in which AGR2 induces expression of either the EGFR ligand amphiregulin or the transcription factor CDX2, only the highly conserved wild-type carboxyl-terminal KTEL motif results in the appropriate outcome. Deletion of the KTEL motif results in AGR2 secretion and loss of AGR2 function. AGR2 function is also lost when ER residence is achieved with a carboxyl-terminal KDEL or KSEL instead of a KTEL motif. Thus variations in ER localization sequences may serve a specific functional role, and in the case of AGR2, this role is served specifically by KTEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Gupta
- Department of Medicine and the Stanford Digestive Disease Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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22
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Liu L, Yu YL, Liu C, Wang XT, Liu XD, Xie L. Insulin deficiency induces abnormal increase in intestinal disaccharidase activities and expression under diabetic states, evidences from in vivo and in vitro study. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1963-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dahan S, Rabinowitz KM, Martin AP, Berin MC, Unkeless JC, Mayer L. Notch-1 signaling regulates intestinal epithelial barrier function, through interaction with CD4+ T cells, in mice and humans. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:550-9. [PMID: 21056041 PMCID: PMC3031772 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interactions between lymphocytes and intestinal epithelial cells occur in the subepithelial space of the gastrointestinal tract. Normal human lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) induce differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. The absence of LPLs in mice, such as in RAG1(-/-) mice, results in defects in epithelial cell differentiation. We investigated the role of lymphoepithelial interactions in epithelial differentiation and barrier function. METHODS We used adoptive transfer to determine if CD4(+) T cells (CD4(+)CD62L(+)CD45Rb(Hi) and/or CD4(+)CD62L(+)CD45Rb(Lo)) could overcome permeability defect (quantified in Ussing chambers). Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine expression of cleaved Notch-1, villin, and claudin 5 in colon samples from mice and humans. Caco-2 cells were infected with a lentivirus containing a specific Notch-1 or scrambled short hairpin RNA sequence. Tight junction assembly was analyzed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses, and transepithelial resistance was monitored. RESULTS Expression of cleaved Notch-1, villin, or claudin 5 was not detected in RAG1(-/-) colonocytes; their loss correlated with increased intestinal permeability. Transfer of CD45Rb(Hi) and/or CD45Rb(Lo) cells into RAG1(-/-) mice induced expression of cleaved Notch, villin, and claudin 5 in colonocytes and significantly reduced the permeability of the distal colon. Loss of Notch-1 expression in Caco-2 cells correlated with decreased transepithelial resistance and dysregulated expression and localization of tight junction proteins. Levels of cleaved Notch-1 were increased in colonic epithelium of patients with Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS LPLs promote mucosal barrier function, which is associated with activation of the Notch-1 signaling pathway. LPLs maintain intestinal homeostasis by inducing intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, polarization, and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dahan
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
| | | | - Andrea P. Martin
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Eli Lilly and Company Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - M. Cecilia Berin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jay C. Unkeless
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lloyd Mayer
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Abe M, Havre PA, Urasaki Y, Ohnuma K, Morimoto C, Dang LH, Dang NH. Mechanisms of confluence-dependent expression of CD26 in colon cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:51. [PMID: 21284881 PMCID: PMC3038146 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPPIV) is a 110 kDa surface glycoprotein expressed in most normal tissues, and is a potential novel therapeutic target for selected cancers. Our work evaluates the mechanism involved in confluence-dependent CD26 expression in colon cancer. METHODS Colon adenocarcinoma cells were grown to confluence, and expression of CD26 and transcription factors implicated in its regulation was confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Real-time PCR was also performed to evaluate CD26 upregulation at the transcriptional level. The influence of c-Myc on CD26 expression during different growth conditions was further evaluated following transient transfection of a c-Myc-expressing plasmid and a c-Myc specific siRNA. RESULTS We found that the colon cancer cell lines HCT-116 and HCT-15 exhibited a confluence-dependent increase in CD26 mRNA and protein, associated with decreased expression of c-Myc, increased USF-1 and Cdx 2 levels, and unchanged HNF-1α expression. Meanwhile, ectopic expression of c-Myc in both cell lines led to decreased CD26 expression. In contrast, transfection of a siRNA targeted to Cdx2 resulted in decreased CD26 level. Importantly, culturing of cells in serum-depleted media, but not acidic conditions, upregulated CD26. While HIF-1α level also increased when cells were cultured in serum-depleted media, its expression was required but not sufficient for CD26 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS CD26 mRNA and protein levels increase in a confluence-dependent manner in colon carcinoma cell lines, with c-Myc acting as a repressor and Cdx2 acting as an enhancer of CD26 expression. The enhanced expression of CD26 in serum-depleted media and a requirement for HIF-1α suggest a role for nutrients or growth factors in the regulation of CD26 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Abe
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89135, USA
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Abstract
Metaplasia (or transdifferentiation) is defined as the transformation of one tissue type to another. Clues to the molecular mechanisms that control the development of metaplasia are implied from knowledge of the transcription factors that specify tissue identity during normal embryonic development. Barrett's metaplasia describes the development of a columnar/intestinal phenotype in the squamous oesophageal epithelium and is the major risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This particular type of cancer has a rapidly rising incidence and a dismal prognosis. The homoeotic transcription factor Cdx2 (Caudal-type homeobox 2) has been implicated as a master switch gene for intestine and therefore for Barrett's metaplasia. Normally, Cdx2 expression is restricted to the epithelium of the small and large intestine. Loss of Cdx2 function, or conditional deletion in the intestine, results in replacement of intestinal cells with a stratified squamous phenotype. In addition, Cdx2 is sufficient to provoke intestinal metaplasia in the stomach. In the present paper, we review the evidence for the role of Cdx2 in the development of Barrett's metaplasia.
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26
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Benoit YD, Paré F, Francoeur C, Jean D, Tremblay E, Boudreau F, Escaffit F, Beaulieu JF. Cooperation between HNF-1alpha, Cdx2, and GATA-4 in initiating an enterocytic differentiation program in a normal human intestinal epithelial progenitor cell line. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G504-17. [PMID: 20133952 PMCID: PMC2907224 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00265.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the intestinal epithelium, the Cdx, GATA, and HNF transcription factor families are responsible for the expression of differentiation markers such as sucrase-isomaltase. Although previous studies have shown that Cdx2 can induce differentiation in rat intestinal IEC-6 cells, no data are available concerning the direct implication of transcription factors on differentiation in human normal intestinal epithelial cell types. We investigated the role of Cdx2, GATA-4, and HNF-1alpha using the undifferentiated human intestinal epithelial crypt cell line HIEC. These transcription factors were tested on proliferation and expression of polarization and differentiation markers. Ectopic expression of Cdx2 or HNF-1alpha, alone or in combination, altered cell proliferation abilities through the regulation of cyclin D1 and p27 expression. HNF-1alpha and GATA-4 together induced morphological modifications of the cells toward polarization, resulting in the appearance of functional features such as microvilli. HNF-1alpha was also sufficient to induce the expression of cadherins and dipeptidylpeptidase, whereas in combination with Cdx2 it allowed the expression of the late differentiation marker sucrase-isomaltase. Large-scale analysis of gene expression confirmed the cooperative effect of these factors. Finally, although DcamKL1 and Musashi-1 expression were downregulated in differentiated HIEC, other intestinal stem cell markers, such as Bmi1, were unaffected. These observations show that, in cooperation with Cdx2, HNF-1alpha acts as a key factor on human intestinal cells to trigger the onset of their functional differentiation program whereas GATA-4 appears to promote morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D. Benoit
- 1CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d′ anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Fréderic Paré
- 1CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d′ anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Caroline Francoeur
- 1CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d′ anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Dominique Jean
- 1CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d′ anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Eric Tremblay
- 1CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d′ anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - François Boudreau
- 1CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d′ anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Fabrice Escaffit
- 2Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- 1CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d′ anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; and
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Gagné D, Groulx JF, Benoit YD, Basora N, Herring E, Vachon PH, Beaulieu JF. Integrin-linked kinase regulates migration and proliferation of human intestinal cells under a fibronectin-dependent mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2009; 222:387-400. [PMID: 19885839 PMCID: PMC2814089 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) plays a role in integrin signaling-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM)–cell interactions and also acts as a scaffold protein in functional focal adhesion points. In the present study, we investigated the expression and roles of ILK in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we report that ILK and its scaffold-function interacting partners, PINCH-1, α-parvin, and β-parvin, are expressed according to a decreasing gradient from the bottom of the crypt (proliferative/undifferentiated) compartment to the tip of the villus (non-proliferative/differentiated) compartment, closely following the expression pattern of the ECM/basement membrane component fibronectin. The siRNA knockdown of ILK in human IECs caused a loss of PINCH-1, α-parvin, and β-parvin expression, along with a significant decrease in cell proliferation via a loss of cyclin D1 and an increase in p27 and hypophosphorylated pRb expression levels. ILK knockdown severely affected cell spreading, migration, and restitution abilities, which were shown to be directly related to a decrease in fibronectin deposition. All ILK knockdown-induced defects were rescued with exogenously deposited fibronectin. Altogether, our results indicate that ILK performs crucial roles in the control of human intestinal cell and crypt–villus axis homeostasis—especially with regard to basement membrane fibronectin deposition—as well as cell proliferation, spreading, and migration. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 387–400, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gagné
- CIHR Team on the Digestive Epithelium, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Benoit YD, Lussier C, Ducharme PA, Sivret S, Schnapp LM, Basora N, Beaulieu JF. Integrin alpha8beta1 regulates adhesion, migration and proliferation of human intestinal crypt cells via a predominant RhoA/ROCK-dependent mechanism. Biol Cell 2009; 101:695-708. [PMID: 19527220 DOI: 10.1042/BC20090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Integrins are transmembrane αβ heterodimer receptors that function as structural and functional bridges between the cytoskeleton and ECM (extracellular matrix) molecules. The RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate tripeptide motif)-dependent integrin α8β1 has been shown to be involved in various cell functions in neuronal and mesenchymal-derived cell types. Its role in epithelial cells remains unknown. Results. Integrin α8β1 was found to be expressed in the crypt cell population of the human intestine but was absent from differentiating and mature epithelial cells of the villus. The function of α8β1 in epithelial crypt cells was investigated at the cellular level using normal HIECs (human intestinal epithelial cells). Specific knockdown of α8 subunit expression using an shRNA (small-hairpin RNA) approach showed that α8β1 plays important roles in RGD-dependent cell adhesion, migration and proliferation via a RhoA/ROCK (Rho-associated kinase)-dependent mechanism as demonstrated by active RhoA quantification and pharmacological inhibition of ROCK. Moreover, loss of α8β1, through RhoA/ROCK, impairs FA (focal adhesion) complex integrity as demonstrated by faulty vinculin recruitment. Conclusions. Integrin α8β1 is expressed in epithelial cells. In intestinal crypt cells, α8β1 is closely involved in the regulation of adhesion, migration and cell proliferation via a predominant RhoA/ROCK-dependent mechanism. These results suggest an important role for this integrin in intestinal crypt cell homoeostasis.
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Colleypriest BJ, Palmer RM, Ward SG, Tosh D. Cdx genes, inflammation and the pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:313-22. [PMID: 19564133 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metaplasia is the conversion of one cell or tissue type to another and can predispose patients to neoplasia. Perhaps one of the best-known examples of metaplasia is Barrett's metaplasia (BM), a pathological condition in which the distal oesophageal epithelium switches from stratified squamous to intestinal-type columnar epithelium. BM predisposes to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and is the consequence of long-term acid bile reflux. The incidence of BM and oesophageal adenocarcinoma has risen dramatically in recent years. A key event in the pathogenesis of BM is the induction of oesophageal CDX2 expression. Importantly, recent data reveal the molecular mechanisms that link inflammation in the development of Barrett's metaplasia, CDX2 and the progression to cancer. This review highlights the relationship between inflammation, metaplasia and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Colleypriest
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Houghton O, Connolly LE, McCluggage WG. Morules in endometrioid proliferations of the uterus and ovary consistently express the intestinal transcription factor CDX2. Histopathology 2008; 53:156-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dahan S, Roda G, Pinn D, Roth-Walter F, Kamalu O, Martin AP, Mayer L. Epithelial: lamina propria lymphocyte interactions promote epithelial cell differentiation. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:192-203. [PMID: 18045591 PMCID: PMC2975902 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal lymphoepithelial interactions occur in the epithelium and the subepithelial space. We asked whether normal, Crohn's disease (CD), or ulcerative colitis (UC) lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) could promote intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) growth and differentiation. METHODS T84 cells were cocultured with isolated LPL. IECs were then lysed and subjected to measurement of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity; Western blot analysis for MAPK and Akt activation; and real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess caudal-related homeoprotein 2 (CDX2) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Tissue sections were immunostained for evidence of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, CDX2, and IAP; and CDX2 mRNA expression was assessed in human colonic biopsy specimens. RESULTS IAP activity was increased in T84 cells cocultured for 8 days with normal LPL (P < .05) and even greater with CD LPL (P < .001). Crypt IECs in active CD mucosa expressed IAP ex vivo. Phospho-MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase) and phospho-Akt were seen as early as 30 minutes after coculture. MAPK activation was greatest in T84 cells cocultured with CD LPL. There was a specific increase in Phospho-p38 MAPK and Phospho-Akt staining in the nuclei of crypt IECs in active vs inactive CD, normal mucosa, and UC mucosa. CDX2 mRNA expression was increased in CD LPL cocultured T84 cells, which did not correlate with CDX2 protein localization ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS There is cross talk between LPL and IECs, which leads to IEC differentiation. The differentiation is accelerated in CD mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dahan
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Giulia Roda
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Pinn
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Okebugwu Kamalu
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Andrea P. Martin
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lloyd Mayer
- Address correspondence to: Immunobiology Center; Mount Sinai School of Medicine 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1089; NYC, NY 10029 Tel: 212-659-9266; Fax: 212-987-5593
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Strickland-Marmol LB, Khoor A, Livingston SK, Rojiani A. Utility of tissue-specific transcription factors thyroid transcription factor 1 and Cdx2 in determining the primary site of metastatic adenocarcinomas to the brain. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:1686-90. [PMID: 17979487 DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-1686-uottft] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Brain metastases of adenocarcinoma of unknown primary pose a diagnostic dilemma to the surgical pathologist. Although the most common source in these cases is the lung, determining a primary source is difficult on routinely stained slides. Immunohistochemical stain panels including differential cytokeratins, hormone receptors, and breast-specific proteins are commonly used in these cases. Recently, attention has turned to tissue-specific transcription factors, such as thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and Cdx2, in the appraisal of metastatic adenocarcinomas. OBJECTIVE To characterize the previously unpublished immunohistochemical expression of the relatively new tissue-specific transcription factor Cdx2 in metastatic adenocarcinomas to the brain. DESIGN We reviewed the surgical pathology files of the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Fla, and retrieved 38 consecutive cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma (22 pulmonary, 10 breast, 6 gastrointestinal [2 esophagus/gastroesophageal junction, 4 colorectal]) to the brain with confirmation of the primary site by chart review and histologic evaluation. Sections were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to TTF-1, Cdx2, and cytokeratins 7 and 20 by standard methods. RESULTS Specificities and positive predictive values for Cdx2 and TTF-1 equaled 100% for metastatic gastrointestinal and pulmonary adenocarcinomas, respectively. The negative predictive value of Cdx2 was also very high at 97%. CONCLUSIONS Cdx2 is a specific and valuable tool for the surgical pathologist when faced with the common problem of metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary. In conjunction with TTF-1, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin 20, Cdx2 can accurately differentiate the most common sources of metastatic adenocarcinoma to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah B Strickland-Marmol
- University of South Florida Department of Pathology, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC Box 11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Abstract
Butyrate (NaBu), a product of intestinal microbial metabolism, has been proposed as an anti-inflammatory agent for treating inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated in the modulation of intestinal epithelial cell inflammatory response to NaBu remain unknown. Here, microarray analysis performed on nontransformed human crypt intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC) shows that NaBu regulated specifically the short-term IL-1beta -dependent induction of different inflammatory genes. While NaBu significantly increased the IL-1beta -induction of genes like SAA2, C3, and IL-1alpha , other inflammatory genes like CXCL5, CXCL11, and IL-1beta were decreased. Induction of various genes such as CXCL8, CCL20, and IL-6 was unaffected by NaBu. We show that, compared to genes that are upregulated or downregulated by NaBu, genes that are unaffected by NaBu were induced more rapidly after IL-1beta treatment and contained a higher concentration of transcription factor binding sites in their promoter region. In addition, transient treatment with IL-1beta was sufficient for subsequent induction of NaBu-upregulated and NaBu-unaffected classes of genes, while a continuous presence of IL-1beta was required for NaBu-downregulated gene expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that fundamental differences predispose inflammatory genes to specific regulation by NaBu in intestinal epithelial cells, thereby allowing precise control of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Blais
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Saegusa M, Hashimura M, Kuwata T, Hamano M, Wani Y, Okayasu I. A functional role of Cdx2 in beta-catenin signaling during transdifferentiation in endometrial carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:1885-92. [PMID: 17468517 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear beta-catenin is required for changes in morphology from glandular to morular phenotypes of endometrial carcinoma (Em Ca) cells, with activation of p14(ARF)/p53/p21(Waf1) and alteration of p16(INK4A)/pRb pathways. Having demonstrated previously that the homeodomain transcription factor Cdx2 increases markedly during intestinal epithelial cell differentiation, we have examined its effects in beta-catenin signaling during transdifferentiation of Em Ca cells. In clinical cases, Cdx2 immunoreactivity, along with increased mRNA signals, was found to overlap with nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and p21(Waf1) in morules, demonstrating an inverse correlation with cell proliferation. In cell lines, over-expression of active form beta-catenin resulted in a significant increase in endogenous Cdx2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the Cdx2 promoter was activated by T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) -independent activated beta-catenin, as well as Cdx2 itself, through the region from -39 to +9 bp relative to transcription start site. Cells over-expressing exogenous Cdx2 showed high levels of p21(Waf1) expression due to stabilization of the mRNA status, resulting in significant decrease in the proliferation rate, in contrast to the lack of apparent changes in morphology. Moreover, transfected Cdx2 could inhibit beta-catenin/TCF4-mediated transcriptional activation of target genes, including p14(ARF) and cyclin D1, probably through indirect mechanisms. These data suggest that over-expression of Cdx2 mediated by nuclear beta-catenin and Cdx2 itself can cause an inhibition of Em Ca cell proliferation through up-regulation of p21(Waf1) expression, modulating beta-catenin/TCF4-mediated transcription. We therefore conclude that an association between Cdx2 and beta-catenin signaling may participate in induction of transdifferentiation of Em Ca cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Saegusa
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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Chun SY, Chen F, Washburn JG, MacDonald JW, Innes KL, Zhao R, Cruz-Correa MR, Dang LH, Dang DT. CDX2 promotes anchorage-independent growth by transcriptional repression of IGFBP-3. Oncogene 2007; 26:4725-9. [PMID: 17297462 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CDX2 is a Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor that is important for the establishment and maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells. We have reported that CDX2 promotes tumorigenicity in a subset of human colorectal cancer cell lines. Here, we present evidence that CDX2 negatively regulates the well-documented growth inhibitor insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Specifically, CDX2 binds to the IGFBP-3 gene promoter and can repress IGFBP-3 transcription, protein expression and secretion. Furthermore, inhibition of IGFBP-3 partially rescues the decreased anchorage-independent growth phenotype observed in CDX2 knockout cells. These data demonstrate for the first time that (1) CDX2 can function as a transcriptional repressor, and (2) one mechanism by which CDX2 promotes anchorage-independent growth is by transcriptional repression of IGFBP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Chun
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0682, USA
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Boudreau F, Rivard N, Gendron FP, Beaulieu JF. [CDX2: a transcription factor with multiple tasks for epithelial cells of the digestive tract]. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:7-8. [PMID: 17212918 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20072317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- François Boudreau
- Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Chaire de recherche du Canada en physiopathologie intestinale, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (Québec), J1H 5N4 Canada
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