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Leung C, Su L, Taylor L, Oliveira EA, Simões E Silva AC. Effectiveness of oseltamivir in reducing COVID-19-related in-hospital deaths: A pharmacoepidemiological study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107111. [PMID: 38354825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oseltamivir is a low-cost antiviral agent that could support or complement treatment of COVID-19. This study assessed whether oseltamivir is effective in reducing COVID-19-related mortality. METHODS This retrospective cohort study evaluated real-world data from a nationwide database of hospitalisation due to severe acute respiratory syndrome in Brazil. Propensity score matching was used to mimic a randomised controlled trial with 'oseltamivir' and 'no antivirals at all' as the intervention and control groups, respectively. RESULTS A total of 21 480 and 268 486 patients admitted between February 2020 and January 2023 were included in the intervention and control groups, respectively. After matching, the odds ratio (OR) for death was 0.901 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.873-0.930). The OR (95% CI) for death in patients who were admitted to the ICU, and on non-invasive or invasive ventilation was 0.868 (0.821-0.917), 0.935 (0.893-0.980), and 0.883 (0.814-0.958), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the use of oseltamivir was associated with an attributable risk reduction of 2.50% (95% CI 1.77-3.29). Similar results were observed in patients who were admitted to the ICU, and on non-invasive or invasive ventilation. Oseltamivir is a low-cost potential antiviral treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Char Leung
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Li Su
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lucy Taylor
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Kang Y, Shi Y, Xu S. Arbidol: The current demand, strategies, and antiviral mechanisms. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e984. [PMID: 37647451 PMCID: PMC10461429 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection have made it become one of the most lethal diseases threatening public health; the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against virus strains exacerbates the problem. METHODS Two independent researchers searched relevant studies using Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE databases from its inception to December 2022. RESULTS Based on the different antiviral mechanisms, current antiviral strategies can be mainly classified into virus-targeting approaches such as neuraminidase inhibitors, matrix protein 2 ion channel inhibitors, polymerase acidic protein inhibitors and other host-targeting antivirals. However, highly viral gene mutation has underscored the necessity of novel antiviral drug development. Arbidol (ARB) is a Russian-made indole-derivative small molecule licensed in Russia and China for the prevention and treatment of influenza and other respiratory viral infections. ARB also has inhibitory effects on many other viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Coxsackie virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Hantaan virus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis B and C viruses. ARB is a promising drug which can not only exert activity against virus at different steps of virus replication cycle, but also directly target on hosts before infection to prevent virus invasion. CONCLUSION ARB is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits several viruses in vivo and in vitro, with high safety profile and low resistance; the antiviral mechanisms of ARB deserve to be further explored and more high-quality clinical studies are required to establish the efficacy and safety of ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of NeurodegenerationSchool of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of PharmacyJiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Silu Xu
- Department of PharmacyJiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Aljuhani O, Korayem GB, Altebainawi AF, Alotaibi MS, Alrakban NA, Ghoneim RH, Vishwakarma R, Al Shaya AI, Al Harbi S, Gramish J, Almutairi DM, Alqannam G, Alamri FF, Alharthi AF, Alfaifi M, Al Amer A, Alenazi AA, Bin Aydan N, Alalawi M, Al Sulaiman K. The effect of oseltamivir use in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter propensity score-matched study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1210-1218. [PMID: 37256102 PMCID: PMC10203981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oseltamivir has been used as adjunctive therapy in the management of patients with COVID-19. However, the evidence about using oseltamivir in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 remains scarce. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods This multicenter, retrospective cohort study includes critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients were categorized into two groups based on oseltamivir use within 48 hours of ICU admission (Oseltamivir vs. Control). The primary endpoint was viral load clearance. Results A total of 226 patients were matched into two groups based on their propensity score. The time to COVID-19 viral load clearance was shorter in patients who received oseltamivir (11 vs. 16 days, p = 0.042; beta coefficient: -0.84, 95%CI: (-1.33, 0.34), p = 0.0009). Mechanical ventilation (MV) duration was also shorter in patients who received oseltamivir (6.5 vs. 8.5 days, p = 0.02; beta coefficient: -0.27, 95% CI: [-0.55,0.02], P = 0.06). In addition, patients who received oseltamivir had lower odds of hospital/ventilator-acquired pneumonia (OR:0.49, 95% CI:(0.283,0.861), p = 0.01). On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the groups in the 30-day and in-hospital mortality. Conclusion Oseltamivir was associated with faster viral clearance and shorter MV duration without safety concerns in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohoud Aljuhani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazwa B Korayem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali F Altebainawi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Salman Specialist Hospital, Hail Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal S Alotaibi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Salman Specialist Hospital, Hail Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura A Alrakban
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ragia H Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesh Vishwakarma
- Statistics Department, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Abdulrahman I Al Shaya
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center-King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shmeylan Al Harbi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center-King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center-King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Gramish
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center-King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dahlia M Almutairi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Alqannam
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal F Alamri
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mashael Alfaifi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh. Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al Amer
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Asir Heath Affairs, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A Alenazi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Bin Aydan
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Alalawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fakeeh College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al Sulaiman
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center-King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Akinyele OF, Fakola EG, Adeboye OO, Chinuomah SC. Investigation of Methyl-5-(pentan-3-yloxy)-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxyhydrazide Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of COVID-19 Main Protease: DFT and Molecular Docking Study. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231182050. [PMID: 37377795 PMCID: PMC10291222 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231182050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for effective therapeutics to combat COVID-19 has led to the exploration of the biological activity of numerous compounds. In this study, hydrazones derived from oseltamivir intermediate, methyl 5-(pentan-3-yloxy)-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxylate have been investigated for their potential as drug candidates against the COVID-19 virus using computational methods, including density functional theory (DFT) studies, molecular docking, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) analysis. The DFT studies provide information on the electronic properties of the compounds while the molecular docking results using AutoDock reported the binding energies between the main protease of COVID-19 and the compounds. The DFT results revealed that the energy gap of the compounds ranged from 4.32 to 5.82 eV while compound HC had the highest energy gap (5.82 eV) and chemical potential (2.90 eV). The electrophilicity index values of the 11 compounds ranged from 2.49 to 3.86, thus they were classified as strong electrophiles. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) revealed electron-rich and electron-deficient regions of the compounds. The docking results reveal that all the compounds had better docking scores than remdesivir and chloroquine, frontline drugs employed in combating COVID-19, with HC having the best docking score of -6.5. The results were visualized using Discovery studio, which revealed hydrogen bonding, pi-alkyl interaction, alkyl interaction, salt bridge interaction, halogen interaction as being responsible for the docking scores. The drug-likeness results showed that the compounds qualify as oral drug candidates as none of them violated Vebers and Lipinski's rule. Thus, they could serve as potential inhibitors of COVID-19.
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de Oliveira Formiga R, Amaral FC, Souza CF, Mendes DAGB, Wanderley CWS, Lorenzini CB, Santos AA, Antônia J, Faria LF, Natale CC, Paula NM, Silva PCS, Fonseca FR, Aires L, Heck N, Starick MR, Queiroz‐Junior CM, Santos FRS, de Souza FRO, Costa VV, Barroso SPC, Morrot A, Van Weyenbergh J, Sordi R, Alisson‐Silva F, Cunha FQ, Rocha EL, Chollet‐Martin S, Hurtado‐Nedelec MM, Martin C, Burgel P, Mansur DS, Maurici R, Macauley MS, Báfica A, Witko‐Sarsat V, Spiller F. Neuraminidase is a host-directed approach to regulate neutrophil responses in sepsis and COVID-19. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1460-1481. [PMID: 36526272 PMCID: PMC9877938 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neutrophil overstimulation plays a crucial role in tissue damage during severe infections. Because pathogen-derived neuraminidase (NEU) stimulates neutrophils, we investigated whether host NEU can be targeted to regulate the neutrophil dysregulation observed in severe infections. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of NEU inhibitors on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophils from healthy donors or COVID-19 patients were determined by evaluating the shedding of surface sialic acids, cell activation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Re-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing of respiratory tract samples from COVID-19 patients also was carried out. The effects of oseltamivir on sepsis and betacoronavirus-induced acute lung injury were evaluated in murine models. KEY RESULTS Oseltamivir and zanamivir constrained host NEU activity, surface sialic acid release, cell activation, and ROS production by LPS-activated human neutrophils. Mechanistically, LPS increased the interaction of NEU1 with matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Inhibition of MMP-9 prevented LPS-induced NEU activity and neutrophil response. In vivo, treatment with oseltamivir fine-tuned neutrophil migration and improved infection control as well as host survival in peritonitis and pneumonia sepsis. NEU1 also is highly expressed in neutrophils from COVID-19 patients, and treatment of whole-blood samples from these patients with either oseltamivir or zanamivir reduced neutrophil overactivation. Oseltamivir treatment of intranasally infected mice with the mouse hepatitis coronavirus 3 (MHV-3) decreased lung neutrophil infiltration, viral load, and tissue damage. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that interplay of NEU1-MMP-9 induces neutrophil overactivation. In vivo, NEU may serve as a host-directed target to dampen neutrophil dysfunction during severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo de Oliveira Formiga
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRSParisFrance
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Flávia C. Amaral
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Camila F. Souza
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Daniel A. G. B. Mendes
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Carlos W. S. Wanderley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Cristina B. Lorenzini
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Adara A. Santos
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Juliana Antônia
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Lucas F. Faria
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Caio C. Natale
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Nicholas M. Paula
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Priscila C. S. Silva
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Fernanda R. Fonseca
- Department of Clinical MedicineFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Luan Aires
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Nicoli Heck
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Márick R. Starick
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Celso M. Queiroz‐Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Felipe R. S. Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Filipe R. O. de Souza
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Vivian V. Costa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Shana P. C. Barroso
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical ResearchMarcilio Dias Naval Hospital, Navy of BrazilRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Faculty of MedicineFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Immunoparasitology LaboratoryOswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological VirologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Regina Sordi
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Frederico Alisson‐Silva
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Goes Institute of MicrobiologyFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Edroaldo L. Rocha
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Sylvie Chollet‐Martin
- INSERM UMR 996, ‘Infammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance’, Faculty of PharmacyUniversité Paris‐SaclayChâtenay‐MalabryFrance
| | | | - Clémence Martin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRSParisFrance
- Department of PneumologyAP‐HP, Hôpital CochinParisFrance
| | - Pierre‐Régis Burgel
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRSParisFrance
- Department of PneumologyAP‐HP, Hôpital CochinParisFrance
| | - Daniel S. Mansur
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Rosemeri Maurici
- Department of Clinical MedicineFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - André Báfica
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
| | | | - Fernando Spiller
- Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisBrazil
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El-Shorbagy HI, Mohamed MA, El-Gindy A, Hadad GM, Belal F. Development of UPLC method for simultaneous assay of some COVID-19 drugs utilizing novel instrumental standard addition and factorial design. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5466. [PMID: 37016018 PMCID: PMC10071232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A green, rapid, and simple RP-UPLC method was developed and optimized by full factorial design for the simultaneous separation of oseltamivir phosphate, daclatasivir dihydrochloride, and remdesivir, with dexamethasone as a co-administered drug. The separation was established on a UPLC column BEH C18 1.7 µm (2.1 × 100.0 mm) connected with a UPLC pre-column BEH 1.7 µm (2.1 × 5.0 mm) at 25 °C with an injection volume of 10 µL. The detector (PDA) was set at 239 nm. The mobile phase consisted of methanol and ammonium acetate (8.1818 mM) in a ratio of 75.7: 24.3 (v/v). The flow rate was set at 0.048 mL min-1. The overall separation time was 9.5 min. The retention times of oseltamivir phosphate, dexamethasone, daclatasivir dihydrochloride, and remdesivir were 6.323 ± 0.145, 7.166 ± 0.036, 8.078 ± 0.124, and 8.572 ± 0.166 min (eight replicates), respectively. The proposed method demonstrated linearity in the ranges of 10.0-500.0 (ng mL-1) and 0.5-30.0 (µg mL-1) for oseltamivir phosphate, 50.0-5000.0 (ng mL-1) for dexamethasone, 25.0-1000.0 (ng mL-1) and 0.5-25.0 (µg mL-1) for daclatasvir dihydrochlorde, and 10.0-500.0 (ng mL-1) and 0.5-30.0 (µg mL-1) for remdesivir. The coefficients of determination (R2) were greater than 0.9999, with percentage recoveries greater than 99.5% for each drug. The limits of quantitation were 6.4, 1.8, 7.8, and 1.6 ng mL-1, and the limits of detection were 1.9, 0.5, 2.0, and 0.5 ng mL-1 for oseltamivir phosphate, dexamethasone, daclatasivir dihydrochloride, and remdesivir, respectively. The proposed method was highly precise, as indicated by the low percentage of relative standard deviation values of less than 1.2% for each drug. The average content and uniformity of dosage units in the studied drugs' dosage forms were determined. The average contents of oseltamivir phosphate, dexamethasone, daclatasivir dihydrochloride, and remdesivir were nearly 93%, 102%, 99%, and 95%, respectively, while the uniformity of dosage unit values were nearly 92%, 102%, 101%, and 97%. Two novel methods were established in this work. The first method was used to assess the stability of standard solutions. This novel method was based on the slope of regression equations. The second was to evaluate the excipient's interference using an innovative instrumental standard addition method. The novel instrumental standard addition method was performed using the UPLC instrument program. It was more accurate, sensitive, time-saving, economical, and eco-friendly than the classic standard addition method. The results showed that the proposed method can estimate the tested drugs' concentrations without interference from their dosage form excipients. According to the Eco-score (more than 75), the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the AGREE criteria (total score of 0.77), the suggested method was considered eco-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan I El-Shorbagy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Mona A Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa El-Gindy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Hadad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Chen Y, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhan Q, Wu D, Yang C, He X, Qiu M, Zhang N, Li Z, Guo Y, Wen M, Lu L, Ma C, Guo J, Xu W, Li X, Li L, Jiang S, Pan X, Liu S, Tan S. Sertraline Is an Effective SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitor Targeting the Spike Protein. J Virol 2022; 96:e0124522. [PMID: 36468859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01245-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the continuously emerging new variants underscore an urgent need for effective therapeutics for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we screened several FDA-approved amphiphilic drugs and determined that sertraline (SRT) exhibits potent antiviral activity against infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (PsV) and authentic virus in vitro. It effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-mediated cell-cell fusion. SRT targets the early stage of viral entry. It can bind to the S1 subunit of the S protein, especially the receptor binding domain (RBD), thus blocking S-hACE2 interaction and interfering with the proteolysis process of S protein. SRT is also effective against infection with SARS-CoV-2 PsV variants, including the newly emerging Omicron. The combination of SRT and other antivirals exhibits a strong synergistic effect against infection of SARS-CoV-2 PsV. The antiviral activity of SRT is independent of serotonin transporter expression. Moreover, SRT effectively inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-2 PsV and alleviates the inflammation process and lung pathological alterations in transduced mice in vivo. Therefore, SRT shows promise as a treatment option for COVID-19. IMPORTANCE The study shows SRT is an effective entry inhibitor against infection of SARS-CoV-2, which is currently prevalent globally. SRT targets the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and is effective against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants. It also could be used in combination to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. More importantly, with long history of clinical use and proven safety, SRT might be particularly suitable to treat infection of SARS-CoV-2 in the central nervous system and optimized for treatment in older people, pregnant women, and COVID-19 patients with heart complications, which are associated with severity and mortality of COVID-19.
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Elekhnawy E, Negm WA, El-Sherbeni SA, Zayed A. Assessment of drugs administered in the Middle East as part of the COVID-19 management protocols. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1935-1954. [PMID: 36018432 PMCID: PMC9411846 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) has been reported first at the end of 2019. It continues disturbing various human aspects with multiple pandemic waves showing more fatal novel variants. Now Egypt faces the sixth wave of the pandemic with controlled governmental measures. COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease-causing mild to moderate illness that can be progressed into life-threatening complications based on patients- and variant type-related factors. The symptoms vary from dry cough, fever to difficulty in breathing that required urgent hospitalization. Most countries have authorized their national protocols for managing manifested symptoms and thus lowering the rate of patients' hospitalization and boosting the healthcare systems. These protocols are still in use even with the development and approval of several vaccines. These protocols were instructed to aid home isolation, bed rest, dietary supplements, and additionally the administration of antipyretic, steroids, and antiviral drugs. The current review aimed to highlight the administered protocols in the Middle East, namely in Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia demonstrating how these protocols have shown potential effectiveness in treating patients and saving many soles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish Street (Medical Campus), Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish Street (Medical Campus), Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Suzy A. El-Sherbeni
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish Street (Medical Campus), Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish Street (Medical Campus), Tanta, 31527 Egypt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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9
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Aliyu B, Raji YE, Chee HY, Wong MY, Sekawi ZB. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) in the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277206. [PMID: 36454880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts are ongoing by researchers globally to develop new drugs or repurpose existing ones for treating COVID-19. Thus, this led to the use of oseltamivir, an antiviral drug used for treating influenza A and B viruses, as a trial drug for COVID-19. However, available evidence from clinical studies has shown conflicting results on the effectiveness of oseltamivir in COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of oseltamivir for treating COVID-19. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the priori protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021270821). Five databases were searched, the identified records were screened, and followed by the extraction of relevant data. Eight observational studies from four Asian countries were included. A random-effects model was used to pool odds ratios (ORs), mean differences (MD), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the study analysis. Survival was not significantly different between all categories of oseltamivir and the comparison groups analysed. The duration of hospitalisation was significantly shorter in the oseltamivir group following sensitivity analysis (MD -5.95, 95% CI -9.91--1.99 p = 0.003, heterogeneity I2 0%, p = 0.37). The virological, laboratory and radiological response rates were all not in favour of oseltamivir. However, the electrocardiographic safety parameters were found to be better in the oseltamivir group. However, more studies are needed to establish robust evidence on the effectiveness or otherwise of oseltamivir usage for treating COVID-19.
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10
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Shokri F, Rezapoor S, Najafi M, Asadi M, Karimi alavije M, Abolhassani M, Moieneddin MH, Ashrafi AM, Gholipour N, Naderi P, Charati JY, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Saeedi M, Heidary M, Rostamnezhad M. Efficacy of drug regimen with and without oseltamivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study. Vacunas 2022; 24:141-149. [PMID: 36211984 PMCID: PMC9531663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacun.2022.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most critical issue in nowadays medicine. We aimed to evaluate the use and therapeutic outcomes of oseltamivir, an antiviral drug for patients with COVID-19. Materials and method In an observational study conducted at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Amol, Iran, data for 544 patients with laboratory and CT scan result confirmed COVID-19 were retrospectively collected between February 24th and April 13th 2020. To compare the characteristics of patients based on gender, the chi-square test was used. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of oseltamivir on the outcome of treatment. Logrank test were used to compare the length of hospital stay in people treated with oseltamivir and drugs other than oseltamivir. Results Kaplan–Meier and logrank test showed no significant reduction in hospitalization time and survival rate following treatment with oseltamivir. However, a significant increase in lymphocytes count and reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP) level detected. Conclusion Administration of oseltamivir for patients with COVID-19 didn't show any improvement in hospitalization duration and survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlollah Shokri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Amol, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Moussa Abolhassani
- International Federation of Inventors' Associations (IFIA), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Amir Muhammad Ashrafi
- Student Research Committee, Amol Faculty of Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Narges Gholipour
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Parisa Naderi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Yazdani Charati
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran,Corresponding authors
| | - Mostafa Rostamnezhad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors
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11
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Rieder AS, Deniz BF, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. A Review of In Silico Research, SARS-CoV-2, and Neurodegeneration: Focus on Papain-Like Protease. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1553-1569. [PMID: 35917086 PMCID: PMC9343570 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic, the search for new approaches to treat this disease took place in the scientific community. The in silico approach has gained importance at this moment, once the methodologies used in this kind of study allow for the identification of specific protein–ligand interactions, which may serve as a filter step for molecules that can act as specific inhibitors. In addition, it is a low-cost and high-speed technology. Molecular docking has been widely used to find potential viral protein inhibitors for structural and non-structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2, aiming to block the infection and the virus multiplication. The papain-like protease (PLpro) participates in the proteolytic processing of SARS-CoV-2 and composes one of the main targets studied for pharmacological intervention by in silico methodologies. Based on that, we performed a systematic review about PLpro inhibitors from the perspective of in silico research, including possible therapeutic molecules in relation to this viral protein. The neurological problems triggered by COVID-19 were also briefly discussed, especially relative to the similarities of neuroinflammation present in Alzheimer’s disease. In this context, we focused on two molecules, curcumin and glycyrrhizinic acid, given their PLpro inhibitory actions and neuroprotective properties and potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra S Rieder
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Wyse's Lab, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Deniz
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Wyse's Lab, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Wyse's Lab, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases, Wyse's Lab, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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12
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Roncato R, Angelini J, Pani A, Talotta R. Lipid rafts as viral entry routes and immune platforms: A double-edged sword in SARS-CoV-2 infection? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159140. [PMID: 35248801 PMCID: PMC8894694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are nanoscopic compartments of cell membranes that serve a variety of biological functions. They play a crucial role in viral infections, as enveloped viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can exploit rafts to enter or quit target cells. On the other hand, lipid rafts contribute to the formation of immune synapses and their proper functioning is a prerequisite for adequate immune response and viral clearance. In this narrative review we dissect the panorama focusing on this singular aspect of cell biology in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapy. A lipid raft-mediated mechanism can be hypothesized for many drugs recommended or considered for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as glucocorticoids, antimalarials, immunosuppressants and antiviral agents. Furthermore, the additional use of lipid-lowering agents, like statins, may affect the lipid composition of membrane rafts and thus influence the processes occurring in these compartments. The combination of drugs acting on lipid rafts may be successful in the treatment of more severe forms of the disease and should be reserved for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Roncato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Gallini, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Jacopo Angelini
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (ASU FC), via Pozzuolo, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Arianna Pani
- Toxicology Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, via Vanvitelli, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Talotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, AOU "Gaetano Martino", University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy
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13
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Punekar M, Kshirsagar M, Tellapragada C, Patil K. Repurposing of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and impact of repurposed drugs on the nervous system. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105608. [PMID: 35654381 PMCID: PMC9160731 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has devastated humanity and is continuing to threaten us. Due to the high transmissibility of this pathogen, researchers are still trying to cope with the treatment and prevention of this disease. Few of them were successful in finding cure for COVID-19 by including repurposed drugs in the treatment. In such pandemic situations, when it is nearly impossible to design and implement a new drug target, previously designed antiviral drugs could help against novel viruses, referred to as drug repurposing/redirecting/repositioning or re-profiling. This review describes the current landscape of the repurposing of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and the impact of these drugs on our nervous system. In some cases, specific antiviral therapy has been notably associated with neurological toxicity, characterized by peripheral neuropathy, neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric effects within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Punekar
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, 20-A, P B No 11, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Manas Kshirsagar
- Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Chaitanya Tellapragada
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kanchankumar Patil
- ICMR National Institute of Virology, 20-A, P B No 11, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, Maharashtra, India.
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14
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Zhang Y, Khalid A, Siddiqui MK, Rehman H, Ishtiaq M, Cancan M. On Analysis of Temperature Based Topological Indices of Some Covid-19 Drugs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Department of Electronic Commerce, Hefei Information Technology University, Hefei, China
| | - Asma Khalid
- Department of Mathematics, Air University Islamabad Multan Campus, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Haider Rehman
- Department of Mathematics, Air University Islamabad Multan Campus, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ishtiaq
- Department of Mathematics, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Murat Cancan
- Faculty of Education, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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15
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Zendehdel A, Bidkhori M, Ansari M, Jamalimoghaddamsiyahkali S, Asoodeh A. Efficacy of oseltamivir in the treatment of patients infected with Covid-19. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 77:103679. [PMID: 35531426 PMCID: PMC9054703 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The recent unprecedented pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2 (the new coronavirus 2019), is threatening public health around the world. Although several studies have been performed, there is no identified treatment for Covid-19 patients. Here we assessed the efficacy of oseltamivir in combination therapy, by comparing two different therapeutic regimens in hospitalized patients, in improving outcomes and find better treatment for Covid-19 patients. Methods This is a single-center retrospective cohort study of 285 confirmed Covid-19 in patients at (XXX). Depending on the date of admission, the patients were divided into two groups; group 1 (oseltamivir group) from February 20, 2020 to March 15, 2020 received Oseltamivir with routine regimen and group 2 (control group) from March 20, 2020 to April 20, 2020 received routine regimen alone that included Azithromycin 500 mg/day and Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg/12 h. Endpoints including duration of hospitalization, requirement to admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and mechanical ventilation, outcome and mortality rate. Results A total of 285 patients were enrolled in the two months, 120 patients for group 1 and 165 for group 2. The median time from admission to discharge was significantly shorter in the oseltamivir group compared to the control group (4.9 vs 6.6 days, p < 0.001). Additionally, the mortality rate was found to be lower in the oseltamivir group than in the control group (1.7% vs 6,7%, p = 0.06) which was statistically significant by multivariate analysis (p = 0.03). The incidence of admission to the ICU (6.7% vs 11.5%, p = 0.1) and mechanical ventilation (2.5% vs 4.8%, p = 0.3) were also decreased in the oseltamivir group, but was not statistically significant. Conclusions This study showed that administration of oseltamivir was associated with shorter length of hospital stay and earlier recovery and discharge of hospital, and a lower mortality rate. The recent unprecedented pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2, is threatening public health over the world. Although several studies have been performed there is no identified treatment for Covid-19 patients. This study showed that administration of oseltamivir was associated with shorter length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Zendehdel
- Geriatrics Department, Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Family Medicine Department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bidkhori
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ansari
- Radiology Department, Amir al-Momenin Hospital, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azadeh Asoodeh
- Family Medicine Department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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El Azab NF. A validated UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of some repurposed COVID-19 drugs in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Microchem J 2022; 178:107321. [PMID: 35261396 PMCID: PMC8891122 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of Corona virus disease (COVID-19) in 2019, a number of medications have been developed and tried to combat the pandemic. In the present study, we develop a LC-MS/MS approach to detect and quantify certain COVID-19 candidate drugs in rat plasma, including Hydroxychloroquine, Favipiravir, Oseltamivir, and Remdesivir. The analytes were separated using Ultra High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) over a 13-minute run on a C18 column. The extraction solvent for the (QuEChERS) quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method was methanol, while the clean-up phase was primary secondary amine (PSA). Satisfactory recoveries were achieved for all compounds ranging from 82.39 to 105.87 %, with standard deviations smaller than 15.7. In terms of precision, accuracy, linearity, matrix effect, and stability, the method was validated according to US FDA criteria. The Limit of Detection (LOD) was determined to be between 0.11 and 10 ppb. The approach was further developed for a modest pharmacokinetic research in laboratory rats, and thus can be suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical cases under the same treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha F El Azab
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Elgohary MAS, Hasan EM, Ibrahim AA, Abdelsalam MFA, Abdel-Rahman RZ, Zaki AI, Elaatar MB, Elnagar MT, Emam ME, Hamada MM, Abdel-Hamid TM, Abdel-Hafez AS, Seadawy MG, Fatoh AR, Elsaied MA, Sakr MAR, Elkady AO, Shehata MM, Nawar OM, Selem MAE, Abd-aal MS, Lotfy HH, Elnagdy TR, Helmy S, Mubark MA. Efficacy of Sofosbuvir plus Ledipasvir in Egyptian patients with COVID-19 compared to standard treatment: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Life 2022; 15:350-358. [PMID: 35449996 PMCID: PMC9015168 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is an RNA virus similar to the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the replication process. Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir is an approved drug to treat HCV infection. This study investigates the efficacy of Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir as a treatment for patients with moderate COVID-19 infection. This is a single-blinded parallel-randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomized equally into the intervention group that received Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (S.L. group), and the control group received Oseltamivir, Hydroxychloroquine, and Azithromycin (OCH group). The primary outcomes were the cure rate over time and the incidence of serious adverse events. The secondary outcomes included the laboratory findings. 250 patients were divided equally into each group. Both groups were similar regarding gender, but age was higher in the S.L. group (p=0.001). In the S.L. group, 89 (71.2%) patients were cured, while only 51 (40.8%) patients were cured in the OCH group. The cure rate was significantly higher in the S.L. group (RR=1.75, p<0.001). Kaplan-Meir plot showed a considerably higher cure over time in the S.L. group (Log-rank test, p=0.032). There were no deaths in the S.L. group, but there were six deaths (4.8%) in the OCH group (RR=0.08, p=0.013). Seven patients (5.6%) in the S.L. group and six patients (4.8%) in the OCH group were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (RR=1.17, P=0.776). There were no significant differences between treatment groups regarding total leukocyte and neutrophils count, lymph, and urea. Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir is suggestive of being effective in treating patients with moderate COVID-19 infection. Further studies are needed to compare Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir with new treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Medhat Hasan
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany Ahmad Ibrahim
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohamed Gomaa Seadawy
- Biological Prevention Department, Egyptian Army, Cairo, Egypt,Corresponding Author: Mohamed Gomaa Seadawy, Biological Prevention Department, Egyptian Army, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sherine Helmy
- Research & Development, PHARCO Pharmaceuticals, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Magdy Amin Mubark
- Egyptian Military Medical Services Department, Egyptian Army, Cairo, Egypt
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García-Matarín L, Velilla-Zancada S, Trillo-Calvo E, Molina-Escribano F, Serrano-Cumplido A. [Potentially useful drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 in Primary Care]. Semergen 2022; 48:137-148. [PMID: 34454827 PMCID: PMC8316068 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have exceeded any forecast made. Today we know that the level of severity of the infection in its initial stages will correspond to the evolution and the presence of sequelae in the future. There are no specific treatments that have shown sufficient evidence to allow their recommendation, especially in the mild-moderate stages of the disease. The anti-Covid vaccination is showing clear benefits, both in the prevention of the disease and in its evolution, with the consequent improvement in the numbers of those affected by the pandemic. The use of different drugs used in other indications has been proposed as possible beneficial treatments for COVID-19 that, if used, will be prescribed individually taking into account the characteristics and situation of the patient, the evolutionary phase of the disease as well as well as the limitations of the lack of evidence in its administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. García-Matarín
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud Aguadulce Sur, Almería, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, España
| | - S. Velilla-Zancada
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud Joaquín Elizalde, Logroño, Servicio Riojano de Salud, España
| | - E. Trillo-Calvo
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud Campo de Belchite, Zaragoza, Servicio Aragonés de Salud, España
| | - F. Molina-Escribano
- Médico de familia, Centro de Salud de Sisante, Cuenca, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, España
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Yin J, Li C, Ye C, Ruan Z, Liang Y, Li Y, Wu J, Luo Z. Advances in the development of therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 and perspectives in the drug design for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:824-837. [PMID: 35126885 PMCID: PMC8802458 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Murugan C, Ramamoorthy S, Kuppuswamy G, Murugan RK, Sivalingam Y, Sundaramurthy A. COVID-19: A review of newly formed viral clades, pathophysiology, therapeutic strategies and current vaccination tasks. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1165-1200. [PMID: 34710479 PMCID: PMC8545698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, the world population is facing an existential threat by an invisible enemy known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) or COVID-19. It is highly contagious and has infected a larger fraction of human population across the globe on various routes of transmission. The detailed knowledge of the SARS-CoV-2 structure and clinical aspects offers an important insight into the evolution of infection, disease progression and helps in executing the different therapies effectively. Herein, we have discussed in detail about the genome structure of SARS-CoV-2 and its role in the proteomic rational spread of different muted species and pathogenesis in infecting the host cells. The mechanisms behind the viral outbreak and its immune response, the availability of existing diagnostics techniques, the treatment efficacy of repurposed drugs and the emerging vaccine trials for the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak also have been highlighted. Furthermore, the possible antiviral effects of various herbal products and their extracted molecules in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication and cellular entry are also reported. Finally, we conclude our opinion on current challenges involved in the drug development, bulk production of drug/vaccines and their storage requirements, logistical procedures and limitations related to dosage trials for larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Murugan
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sharmiladevi Ramamoorthy
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Guruprasad Kuppuswamy
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Murugan
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yuvaraj Sivalingam
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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21
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Omar AZ, Mosa TM, El-Sadany SK, Hamed EA, El-Atawy M. Novel piperazine based compounds as potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Protease Enzyme: Synthesis and molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2021; 1245:131020. [PMID: 34248201 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structurally diverse piperazine-based compounds hybrid with thiadiazole, isatin or with sulfur/nitrogen, functionalities were synthesized. The structures of the new compounds were established based on their spectral data and elemental analysis. The physicochemical, bioactivity scores and pharmacokinetic behavior of all the prepared ligands were evaluated using in silico computational tools. The new piperazine ligands have been screened for their inhibition activity against SARS-CoV-2 protease enzyme using molecular docking analysis. The docking studies showed that all the ligands have been docked with negative dock energy onto the target protease protein. Moreover, Molecular interaction studies revealed that SARS-CoV-2 protease enzyme had strong hydrogen bonding interactions with piperazine ligands. The present in silico study thus, provided some guidance to facilitate drug design targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Z Omar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Tawfik M Mosa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Samer K El-Sadany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Ezzat A Hamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Atawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. 426 Ibrahemia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 46423 Saudi Arabia
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22
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Kariyawasam JC, Jayarajah U, Riza R, Abeysuriya V, Seneviratne SL. Gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1362-1388. [PMID: 33728439 PMCID: PMC7989191 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory viral infection, has affected more than 78 million individuals worldwide as of the end of December 2020. Previous studies reported that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infections may affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. In this review we outline the important GI manifestations of COVID-19 and discuss the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and their diagnosis and management. GI manifestations are reported in 11.4-61.1% of individuals with COVID-19, with variable onset and severity. The majority of COVID-19-associated GI symptoms are mild and self-limiting and include anorexia, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain/discomfort. A minority of patients present with an acute abdomen with aetiologies such as acute pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, bowel ischaemia, haemoperitoneum or abdominal compartment syndrome. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA has been found in biopsies from all parts of the alimentary canal. Involvement of the GI tract may be due to direct viral injury and/or an inflammatory immune response and may lead to malabsorption, an imbalance in intestinal secretions and gut mucosal integrity and activation of the enteric nervous system. Supportive and symptomatic care is the mainstay of therapy. However, a minority may require surgical or endoscopic treatment for acute abdomen and GI bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayani C Kariyawasam
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Rishdha Riza
- Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Visula Abeysuriya
- Nawaloka Hospital Research and Education Foundation, Nawaloka Hospitals, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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23
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Ng YL, Salim CK, Chu JJH. Drug repurposing for COVID-19: Approaches, challenges and promising candidates. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107930. [PMID: 34174275 PMCID: PMC8220862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional drug development and discovery has not kept pace with threats from emerging and re-emerging diseases such as Ebola virus, MERS-CoV and more recently, SARS-CoV-2. Among other reasons, the exorbitant costs, high attrition rate and extensive periods of time from research to market approval are the primary contributing factors to the lag in recent traditional drug developmental activities. Due to these reasons, drug developers are starting to consider drug repurposing (or repositioning) as a viable alternative to the more traditional drug development process. Drug repurposing aims to find alternative uses of an approved or investigational drug outside of its original indication. The key advantages of this approach are that there is less developmental risk, and it is less time-consuming since the safety and pharmacological profile of the repurposed drug is already established. To that end, various approaches to drug repurposing are employed. Computational approaches make use of machine learning and algorithms to model disease and drug interaction, while experimental approaches involve a more traditional wet-lab experiments. This review would discuss in detail various ongoing drug repurposing strategies and approaches to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic, along with the advantages and the potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ling Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, 117545, Singapore,Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Cyrill Kafi Salim
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, 117545, Singapore,Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, 117545, Singapore,Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore,Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore,Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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24
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Jonny, Violetta L, Kartasasmita AS, Amirullah Roesli RM, Rita C. Pharmacological Treatment Options for Coronavirus Disease-19 in Renal Patients. Int J Nephrol 2021; 2021:4078713. [PMID: 34858665 PMCID: PMC8632427 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4078713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including dialysis and transplant patients, are at greater risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 due to kidney dysfunction and preexisting comorbidities. To date, a specific guideline on managing these high-risk patients infected with COVID-19 has not been established. As the current management of COVID-19 comprises mainly experimental drugs, the authors aim to provide information on dosing adjustments at different stages of kidney dysfunction and notable renal side effects. We performed a nonsystematical review of currently available COVID-19 drugs exploring several different clinical trial databases and search browsers. Several antivirals and monoclonal antibodies used in COVID-19 treatment require dosage adjustments in kidney dysfunction. In a global pandemic setting, nephrologists need to consider the appropriate dosage according to the renal function and closely monitor the side effects of different drug combinations to obtain the optimum therapeutic effect while avoiding further renal damage. Further studies are required to determine the safety and efficacy of these drugs in renal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gatot Soebroto Indonesia Army Central Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Laurencia Violetta
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Gatot Soebroto Indonesia Army Central Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Coriejati Rita
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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25
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Pedler RL, Speck PG. Marine mollusc extracts-Potential source of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2310. [PMID: 34726308 PMCID: PMC8646538 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a novel human coronavirus and the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19). There is an urgent need for effective antivirals to treat current Covid‐19 cases and protect those unable to be vaccinated against SARS‐CoV‐2. Marine molluscs live in an environment containing high virus densities (>107 virus particles per ml), and there are an estimated 100,000 species in the phylum Mollusca, demonstrating the success of their innate immune system. Mollusc‐derived antivirals are yet to be used clinically despite the activity of many extracts, including against human viruses, being demonstrated in vitro. Hemolymph of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) has in vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus and human adenovirus, while antiviral action against SARS‐CoV‐2 has been proposed by in silico studies. Such evidence suggests that molluscs, and in particular C. gigas hemolymph, may represent a source of antivirals for human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pedler
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter G Speck
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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26
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Mujayanto R. Aphthous Stomatitis Following Ageusia in SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection: A Case Report. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:817-819. [PMID: 34571566 PMCID: PMC8630940 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rochman Mujayanto
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Indonesia
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27
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Mousavi SS, Karami A, Haghighi TM, Tumilaar SG, Fatimawali, Idroes R, Mahmud S, Celik I, Ağagündüz D, Tallei TE, Emran TB, Capasso R. In Silico Evaluation of Iranian Medicinal Plant Phytoconstituents as Inhibitors against Main Protease and the Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:5724. [PMID: 34577194 PMCID: PMC8470205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which initially appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Elderly individuals and those with comorbid conditions may be more vulnerable to this disease. Consequently, several research laboratories continue to focus on developing drugs to treat this infection because this disease has developed into a global pandemic with an extremely limited number of specific treatments available. Natural herbal remedies have long been used to treat illnesses in a variety of cultures. Modern medicine has achieved success due to the effectiveness of traditional medicines, which are derived from medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to determine whether components of natural origin from Iranian medicinal plants have an antiviral effect that can prevent humans from this coronavirus infection using the most reliable molecular docking method; in our case, we focused on the main protease (Mpro) and a receptor-binding domain (RBD). The results of molecular docking showed that among 169 molecules of natural origin from common Iranian medicinal plants, 20 molecules (chelidimerine, rutin, fumariline, catechin gallate, adlumidine, astragalin, somniferine, etc.) can be proposed as inhibitors against this coronavirus based on the binding free energy and type of interactions between these molecules and the studied proteins. Moreover, a molecular dynamics simulation study revealed that the chelidimerine-Mpro and somniferine-RBD complexes were stable for up to 50 ns below 0.5 nm. Our results provide valuable insights into this mechanism, which sheds light on future structure-based designs of high-potency inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Sasan Mousavi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441, Iran; (S.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.M.H.)
| | - Akbar Karami
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441, Iran; (S.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.M.H.)
| | - Tahereh Movahhed Haghighi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441, Iran; (S.S.M.); (A.K.); (T.M.H.)
| | - Sefren Geiner Tumilaar
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia; (S.G.T.); (F.)
| | - Fatimawali
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia; (S.G.T.); (F.)
- The University Center of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey;
| | - Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey;
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- The University Center of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
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28
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Tammam SN, El Safy S, Ramadan S, Arjune S, Krakor E, Mathur S. Repurpose but also (nano)-reformulate! The potential role of nanomedicine in the battle against SARS-CoV2. J Control Release 2021; 337:258-284. [PMID: 34293319 PMCID: PMC8289726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has taken the world by surprise. To date, a worldwide approved treatment remains lacking and hence in the context of rapid viral spread and the growing need for rapid action, drug repurposing has emerged as one of the frontline strategies in the battle against SARS-CoV2. Repurposed drugs currently being evaluated against COVID-19 either tackle the replication and spread of SARS-CoV2 or they aim at controlling hyper-inflammation and the rampaged immune response in severe disease. In both cases, the target for such drugs resides in the lungs, at least during the period where treatment could still provide substantial clinical benefit to the patient. Yet, most of these drugs are administered systemically, questioning the percentage of administered drug that actually reaches the lung and as a consequence, the distribution of the remainder of the dose to off target sites. Inhalation therapy should allow higher concentrations of the drug in the lungs and lower concentrations systemically, hence providing a stronger, more localized action, with reduced adverse effects. Therefore, the nano-reformulation of the repurposed drugs for inhalation is a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to lungs. In this review, we critically analyze, what nanomedicine could and ought to do in the battle against SARS-CoV2. We start by a brief description of SARS-CoV2 structure and pathogenicity and move on to discuss the current limitations of repurposed antiviral and immune-modulating drugs that are being clinically investigated against COVID-19. This account focuses on how nanomedicine could address limitations of current therapeutics, enhancing the efficacy, specificity and safety of such drugs. With the appearance of new variants of SARS-CoV2 and the potential implication on the efficacy of vaccines and diagnostics, the presence of an effective therapeutic solution is inevitable and could be potentially achieved via nano-reformulation. The presence of an inhaled nano-platform capable of delivering antiviral or immunomodulatory drugs should be available as part of the repertoire in the fight against current and future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma N. Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - Sara El Safy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahenda Ramadan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sita Arjune
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Krakor
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, , University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, , University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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29
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GARİP USTAOĞLU Ş, KAYGUSUZ H, BİLGİN MD, SEVERCAN F. Novel approaches for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment: a nonsystematic review. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:358-371. [PMID: 34803440 PMCID: PMC8573842 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2105-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since COVID-19 pandemic has been continuously rising and spreading, several original contributions and review articles on COVID-19 started to appear in the literature. The review articles are mainly focus on the current status of the pandemic along with current status of the corona diagnosis and treatment process. Due to some disadvantages of the currently used methods, the improvement on the novel promising diagnosis and treatment methods of corona virus is very important issue. In this review, after briefly discussing the status of current diagnosis and treatment methods, we present to the scientific community, novel promising methods in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. As with other novel approaches, first, the diagnosis potential of mass spectroscopy and optical spectroscopic methods such as UV/visible, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics will be discussed for the corona virus infected samples based on the relevant literature. In vibrational spectroscopy studies, due to complexity of the data, multivariate analysis methods are also applied to data. The application of multivariate analysis tools that can be used to extract useful information from the data for diagnostic and characterisation purposes is also included in this review. The reviewed methods include hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, support vector machine algorithm, and one form of neural networks namely deep learning method. Second, novel treatment methods such as photodynamic therapy and the use of nanoparticles in the in-corona virus therapy will be discussed. Finally, the advantages of novel promising diagnosis and treatment methods in COVID-19, over standard methods will be discussed. One of the main aims of this paper is to encourage the scientific community to explore the potential of this novel tools for their use in corona virus characterization, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şebnem GARİP USTAOĞLU
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Altınbaş University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Hakan KAYGUSUZ
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Altınbaş University, İstanbulTurkey
- Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Mehmet Dinçer BİLGİN
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, AydınTurkey
| | - Feride SEVERCAN
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Altınbaş University, İstanbulTurkey
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30
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Alghamdi HA, Attique SA, Yan W, Arooj A, Albulym O, Zhu D, Bilal M, Nawaz MZ. Repurposing the inhibitors of COVID-19 key proteins through molecular docking approach. Process Biochem 2021; 110:216-222. [PMID: 34421325 PMCID: PMC8367655 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, famous as COVID-19, has recently emerged as a novel virus and imposed an unrecoverable loss to global health and the economy. At present, no effective drug against COVID-19 is available and currently available viral drugs targeting the viral key proteins of related RNA viruses have been found ineffective against COVID-19. This study evaluated the inhibitors of the viral proteases and other structural proteins, including Mpro (Main protease), RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), and spike glycoprotein from synthetic and herbal sources. The molecular docking-based approach was used to identify and evaluate the putative inhibitors of key proteins involved in viral replication and survival. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical properties of these inhibitors were explored to predict the drug suitability as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19 by considering adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) using Lipinski’s rule or SwissADME. Trandolapril, Benazepril, and Moexipril were evaluated as the best non-carcinogenic and non-toxic potential inhibitors of spike glycoprotein, Mpro, and RdRp, respectively. The drugs showed significant binding affinities against the active sites of respective SARS_CoV-2 target proteins; hence, they can be used as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Awais Attique
- Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Marine Science, College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Anam Arooj
- Department of Computer Science, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Obaid Albulym
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.,Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
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31
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Bera K, Reeda VSJ, Babila PR, Dinesh DC, Hritz J, Karthick T. An in silico molecular dynamics simulation study on the inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 proteases (3CL pro and PL pro) to combat COVID-19. Molecular Simulation 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1957884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Bera
- CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V. S. Jeba Reeda
- Department of Physics and Research Center, Women's Christian College, Nagercoil, India (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India)
| | - P. R. Babila
- Department of Physics and Research Centre, Muslim Arts College, Thiruvithancode, India (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India)
| | | | - Jozef Hritz
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T. Karthick
- Department of Physics, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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Sun AM, Hoffman T, Luu BQ, Ashammakhi N, Li S. Application of lung microphysiological systems to COVID-19 modeling and drug discovery: a review. Biodes Manuf 2021; 4:757-775. [PMID: 34178414 PMCID: PMC8213042 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for effective therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The process of drug development is a costly and meticulously paced process, where progress is often hindered by the failure of initially promising leads. To aid this challenge, in vitro human microphysiological systems need to be refined and adapted for mechanistic studies and drug screening, thereby saving valuable time and resources during a pandemic crisis. The SARS-CoV-2 virus attacks the lung, an organ where the unique three-dimensional (3D) structure of its functional units is critical for proper respiratory function. The in vitro lung models essentially recapitulate the distinct tissue structure and the dynamic mechanical and biological interactions between different cell types. Current model systems include Transwell, organoid and organ-on-a-chip or microphysiological systems (MPSs). We review models that have direct relevance toward modeling the pathology of COVID-19, including the processes of inflammation, edema, coagulation, as well as lung immune function. We also consider the practical issues that may influence the design and fabrication of MPS. The role of lung MPS is addressed in the context of multi-organ models, and it is discussed how high-throughput screening and artificial intelligence can be integrated with lung MPS to accelerate drug development for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argus M. Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- UC San Diego Healthcare, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
| | - Bao Q. Luu
- Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, Scripps Green Hospital, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza 5121 Engineering V University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Abstract
COVID-19 has rapidly become a pandemic worldwide, causing extensive and long-term health issues. There is an urgent need to identify therapies that limit SARS-CoV-2 infection and improve the outcome of COVID-19 patients. Unbalanced lung inflammation is a common feature in severe COVID-19 patients; therefore, reducing lung inflammation can undoubtedly benefit the clinical manifestations. Histamine H1 receptor (H1 receptor) antagonists are widely prescribed medications to treat allergic diseases, while recently it has emerged that they show significant promise as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Here, we briefly summarize the novel use of H1 receptor antagonists in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also describe the potential antiviral mechanisms of H1 receptor antagonists on SARS-CoV-2. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of the use of H1 receptor antagonists in managing COVID-19 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Qu
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M. Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Yihang Pan
- Tomas Lindahl Nobel Laureate Laboratory, Precision Medicine Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
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Al-Masaeed M, Alghawanmeh M, Al-Singlawi A, Alsababha R, Alqudah M. An Examination of COVID-19 Medications' Effectiveness in Managing and Treating COVID-19 Patients: A Comparative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:557. [PMID: 34068474 PMCID: PMC8151388 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The review seeks to shed light on the administered and recommended COVID-19 treatment medications through an evaluation of their efficacy. Methods: Data were collected from key databases, including Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. Other platforms included WHO and FDA publications. The review's literature search was guided by the WHO solidarity clinical trials for COVID-19 scope and trial-assessment parameters. Results: The findings indicate that the use of antiretroviral drugs as an early treatment for COVID-19 patients has been useful. It has reduced hospital time, hastened the clinical cure period, delayed and reduced the need for mechanical and invasive ventilation, and reduced mortality rates. The use of vitamins, minerals, and supplements has been linked to increased immunity and thus offering the body a fighting chance. Nevertheless, antibiotics do not correlate with improving patients' wellbeing and are highly discouraged from the developed clinical trials. Conclusions: The review demonstrates the need for additional clinical trials with a randomized, extensive sample base and over a more extended period to examine the potential side effects of the medications administered. Critically, the findings underscore the need for vaccination as the only viable medication to limit the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Masaeed
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
| | | | | | - Rawan Alsababha
- School of nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2560, Australia;
| | - Muhammad Alqudah
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
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Fricke-Galindo I, Falfán-Valencia R. Pharmacogenetics Approach for the Improvement of COVID-19 Treatment. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030413. [PMID: 33807592 PMCID: PMC7998786 DOI: 10.3390/v13030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a challenge. The efficacy of several drugs has been evaluated and variability in drug response has been observed. Pharmacogenetics could explain this variation and improve patients’ outcomes with this complex disease; nevertheless, several disease-related issues must be carefully reviewed in the pharmacogenetic study of COVID-19 treatment. We aimed to describe the pharmacogenetic variants reported for drugs used for COVID-19 treatment (remdesivir, oseltamivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, azithromycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, and dexamethasone). In addition, other factors relevant to the design of pharmacogenetic studies were mentioned. Variants in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, CY2D6, ABCB1, ABCC2, and SLCO1B1, among other variants, could be included in pharmacogenetic studies of COVID-19 treatment. Besides, nongenetic factors such as drug–drug interactions and inflammation should be considered in the search for personalized therapy of COVID-19.
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Rebold N, Holger D, Alosaimy S, Morrisette T, Rybak M. COVID-19: Before the Fall, An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Treatment Options. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:93-113. [PMID: 33495967 PMCID: PMC7831619 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has quickly become one of the most dire international pandemic crises since the 1918 Spanish flu. Evidence for COVID-19 pharmacological therapies has shown rapid growth and a diverse array of results, but an assessment of the value of each piece of evidence must be reinforced. This article aims to review utilized therapies, the evidence level supporting these therapies, as well as drugs under investigation for the treatment of COVID-19. Primary scrutinized therapies include antiviral regimens, such as remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunomodulating drugs, such as corticosteroids and interleukin (IL) inhibitors, and other therapies including convalescent plasma. Only one therapy, dexamethasone, has shown a mortality benefit in randomized controlled trials and summarized evidence for other therapies show limited positive results. Reviewing these therapies in a historical way shows how limited evidence can drive therapy decisions. A broad summary of available evidence can assist clinicians in a return to hierarchical assessments of evidence which can lead to safer patient outcomes, improved distribution of resources, and better targets for appropriate therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rebold
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dana Holger
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sara Alosaimy
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Taylor Morrisette
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Mandal M, Chowdhury SK, Khan AA, Baildya N, Dutta T, Misra D, Ghosh NN. Inhibitory efficacy of RNA virus drugs against SARS-CoV-2 proteins: An extensive study. J Mol Struct 2021; 1234:130152. [PMID: 33678903 PMCID: PMC7909904 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we have made a comprehensive analysis of inhibitory efficacy of 16 RNA virus drugs against RdRp, Mpro and PLpro proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Analysis of docked conformation revealed that Baloxavir marboxil (BMX) corresponds to the highest binding energy. Analysis of residue confirmed that BMX strongly interact with these three proteins involving H-bonding, ionic as well as hydrophobic interactions. Molecular dynamics simulation and analysis of parameters like RMSD, RMSF, binding energy confirmed noticeable conformational alternation with these proteins with makeable effect on RdRp. The potentially inhibitory action of BMX against these three proteins suggests the inhibition of overall transcription process of SARS-CoV-2. These observation along with the recently observed inhibitory action of BMX on influenza with clinically proven no side effects emphasizes to uncover the role of BMX by in-vitro and in-vivo analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manab Mandal
- Department of Botany, Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Suti 742201, India
| | - Swapan Kumar Chowdhury
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Abdul Ashik Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling 734101, India
| | - Nabajyoti Baildya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India
| | - Tanmoy Dutta
- Departments of Chemistry, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani 741235, India
| | - Debabrata Misra
- Plant and Microbial Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, India
| | - Narendra Nath Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga, Mokdumpur, Malda 732103, India
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Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not only poses a serious threat to the health of people worldwide but also affects the global economy. The outbreak of COVID-19 began in December 2019, at the same time as the influenza season. However, as the treatments and prognoses of COVID-19 and influenza are different, it is important to accurately differentiate these two different respiratory tract infections on the basis of their respective early-stage characteristics. We reviewed official documents and news released by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), the United States CDC, and the World Health Organization (WHO), and we also searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (Embase), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, preprinted bioRxiv and medRxiv databases for documents and guidelines from earliest available date up until October 3rd, 2020. We obtained the latest information about COVID-19 and influenza and summarized and compared their biological characteristics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathological mechanisms, treatments, and prognostic factors. We show that although COVID-19 and influenza are different in many ways, there are numerous similarities; thus, in addition to using nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody-based approaches, clinicians and epidemiologists should distinguish between the two using their respective characteristics in early stages. We should utilize experiences from other epidemics to provide additional guidance for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaonan Tao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Mehmood I, Ijaz M, Ahmad S, Ahmed T, Bari A, Abro A, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Tahir ul Qamar M. SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Genomics, Risk Assessment, Potential Therapeutics and Vaccine Development. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18041626. [PMID: 33567746 PMCID: PMC7915969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a great threat to public health, being a causative pathogen of a deadly coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It has spread to more than 200 countries and infected millions of individuals globally. Although SARS-CoV-2 has structural/genomic similarities with the previously reported SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the specific mutations in its genome make it a novel virus. Available therapeutic strategies failed to control this virus. Despite strict standard operating procedures (SOPs), SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally and it is mutating gradually as well. Diligent efforts, special care, and awareness are needed to reduce transmission among susceptible masses particularly elder people, children, and health care workers. In this review, we highlighted the basic genome organization and structure of SARS-CoV-2. Its transmission dynamics, symptoms, and associated risk factors are discussed. This review also presents the latest mutations identified in its genome, the potential therapeutic options being used, and a brief explanation of vaccine development efforts against COVID-19. The effort will not only help readers to understand the deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus but also provide updated information to researchers for their research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mehmood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Munazza Ijaz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Amna Bari
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Asma Abro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan;
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.T.u.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.T.u.Q.)
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Mancilla-Galindo J, García-Méndez JÓ, Márquez-Sánchez J, Reyes-Casarrubias RE, Aguirre-Aguilar E, Rocha-González HI, Kammar-García A. All-cause mortality among patients treated with repurposed antivirals and antibiotics for COVID-19 in Mexico City: A real-world observational study. EXCLI J 2021; 20:199-222. [PMID: 33628159 PMCID: PMC7898041 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate all-cause mortality risk in patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Mexico City treated with repurposed antivirals and antibiotics. This real-world retrospective cohort study contemplated 395,343 patients evaluated for suspected COVID-19 between February 24 and September 14, 2020 in 688 primary-to-tertiary medical units in Mexico City. Patients were included with a positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2; those receiving unspecified antivirals, excluded; and groups of antivirals prescribed in < 30 patients, eliminated. Survival and mortality risks were determined for patients receiving antivirals, antibiotics, both, or none. We assessed the effect of early (<2 days) versus late (>2 days) use of antivirals on mortality in a sub-cohort of patients. Multivariable adjustment, propensity score matching, generalized estimating equations, and calculation of E-values were performed to limit confounding. 136,855 patients were analyzed; mean age 44.2 (SD:16.8) years; 51.3 % were men. 16.6 % received antivirals (3 %), antibiotics (10 %), or both (3.6 %). Antivirals studied were Oseltamivir (n=8414), Amantadine (n=319), Lopinavir-Ritonavir (n=100), Rimantadine (n=61), Zanamivir (n=39), and Acyclovir (n=36). Survival with antivirals (73.7 %, p<0.0001) and antibiotics (85.8 %, p<0.0001) was lower than no antiviral/antibiotic (93.6 %). After multivariable adjustment, increased risk of death occurred with antivirals (HR=1.72, 95 % CI: 1.61-1.84) in ambulatory (HR=4.7, 95 % CI: 3.94-5.62) and non-critical (HR=2.03, 95 % CI: 1.86-2.21) patients. Oseltamivir increased mortality risk in the general population (HR=1.72, 95 % CI: 1.61-1.84), ambulatory (HR=4.79, 95 % CI: 4.01-5.75), non-critical (HR=2.05, 95 % CI: 1.88-2.23), and pregnancy (HR=8.35, 95 % CI: 1.77-39.30); as well as hospitalized (HR=1.13, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.26) and critical patients (HR=1.22, 95 % CI: 1.05-1.43) after propensity score-matching. Early versus late oseltamivir did not modify the risk. Antibiotics were a risk factor in general population (HR=1.13, 95 % CI: 1.08-1.19) and pediatrics (HR=4.22, 95 % CI: 2.01-8.86), but a protective factor in hospitalized (HR=0.81, 95 % CI: 0.77-0.86) and critical patients (HR=0.67, 95 % CI: 0.63-0.72). No significant benefit for repurposed antivirals was observed; oseltamivir was associated with increased mortality. Antibiotics increased mortality risk in the general population but may increase survival in hospitalized and critical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mancilla-Galindo
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Óscar García-Méndez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Posgrado y Educación Médica Continua, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Infectología, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rodrigo Estefano Reyes-Casarrubias
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Posgrado y Educación Médica Continua, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Aguirre-Aguilar
- Departamento de Atención Institucional Continua y Urgencias, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Isaac Rocha-González
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ashuin Kammar-García
- Departamento de Atención Institucional Continua y Urgencias, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Tarighi P, Eftekhari S, Chizari M, Sabernavaei M, Jafari D, Mirzabeigi P. A review of potential suggested drugs for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 895:173890. [PMID: 33482181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The latest pandemic, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is associated with high prevalence and easy transmission, which is expanding globally with no conventional treatment or vaccine. The new virus revealed 79% and 50% genomic similarities with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Accordingly, since the disease resists testing and adopting new therapeutics, repositioning pre-existing drugs may present a fast and attractive strategy with known safety, characteristics, and dosage used. However, they are not specific and targeted. Therefore, several drugs have been investigated for their efficacy and safety in the treatment of COVID-19; most of them are undergoing clinical trials. This article summarizes clinical investigations of potential therapeutic drugs used as COVID-19 therapy. Subsequently, it prepares a pattern of results and therapeutic targets to help further experiment designs. We have investigated drugs as classified in the following three groups; 1) The drugs which computationally showed effectiveness (in silico) but needed further lab confirmations; 2) Emetine, Teicoplanin, and Nelfinavir have shown effectiveness in vitro; 3) The drugs currently under clinical trial.
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Cavalcante MB, Cavalcante CTDMB, Braga ACS, Andrade DA, Montenegro MA, Santos PAN, Motoyama PVP, Rocha MG, Dib LA, Araujo Júnior E. COVID-19 Treatment: Drug Safety Prior to Conception and During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2021; 81:46-60. [PMID: 33487665 PMCID: PMC7815333 DOI: 10.1055/a-1247-5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new viral respiratory infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, China. COVID-19 quickly spread across the world, leading the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a similar virus to those involved in other epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Epidemiological studies have shown that COVID-19 frequently affects young adults of reproductive age and that the elderly and patients with chronic disease have high mortality rates. Little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and breastfeeding. Most COVID-19 cases present with mild flu-like symptoms and only require treatment with symptomatic relief medications, whereas other cases with COVID-19 require treatment in an intensive care unit. There is currently no specific effective treatment for COVID-19. A large number of drugs are being used to fight infection by SARS-CoV-2. Experience with this therapeutic arsenal has been gained over the years in the treatment of other viral, autoimmune, parasitic, and bacterial diseases. Importantly, the search for an effective treatment for COVID-19 cannot expose pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 to the potential teratogenic risks of these drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to determine and understand the safety of anti-COVID-19 therapies prior to conception and during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Borges Cavalcante
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.,CONCEPTUS - Reproductive Medicine, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dennyse Araújo Andrade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Gondim Rocha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.,CONCEPTUS - Reproductive Medicine, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azôr Dib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.,CONCEPTUS - Reproductive Medicine, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - Edward Araujo Júnior
- Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Karmakar D, Lahiri B, Ranjan P, Chatterjee J, Lahiri P, Sengupta S. Road Map to Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Clinico-Immunopathology and COVID-19 Disease Severity. Pathogens 2020; 10:5. [PMID: 33374748 PMCID: PMC7823523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The rapid spread of the virus worldwide prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 discontinuing's a global health crisis. Approximately 80% of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 display undetectable to mild inflammation confined in the upper respiratory tract. In remaining patients, the disease turns into a severe form affecting almost all major organs predominantly due to an imbalance of innate and adaptive arms of host immunity. The purpose of the present review is to narrate the virus's invasion through the system and the host's reaction. A thorough discussion on disease severity is also presented regarding the behavior of the host's immune system, which gives rise to the cytokine storm particularly in elderly patients and those with comorbidities. A multifaceted yet concise description of molecular aspects of disease progression and its repercussion on biochemical and immunological features in infected patients is tabulated. The summary of pathological, clinical, immunological, and molecular accounts discussed in this review is of theranostic importance to clinicians for early diagnosis of COVID-19 and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
| | - Basudev Lahiri
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Piyush Ranjan
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Pooja Lahiri
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Sanghamitra Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
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Haji Abdolvahab M, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Zarei M, Bose D, Majidzadeh-A K, Farahmand L. Potential role of interferons in treating COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107171. [PMID: 33221168 PMCID: PMC7608019 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recently public health crises in the world is emerged by spreading the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also named COVID-19. The virus is originated in bats and transported to humans via undefined intermediate animals. This virus can produce from weak to severe respiratory diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), pneumonia and even death in patients. The COVID-19 disease is distributed by inhalation via contaminated droplets or contact with infected environment. The incubation time is from 2 to 14 day and the symptoms are typically fever, sore throat, cough, malaise, fatigue, breathlessness among others. It needs to be considered that many infected people are asymptomatic. Developing various immunological and virological methods to diagnose this disease is supported by several laboratories. Treatment is principally supportive; however, there are several agents that are using in treating of COVID-19 patients. Interferons (IFNs) have shown to be crucial in fighting with COVID-19 disease and can be a suitable candidate in treatment of these patients. Combination therapy can be more effective than monotherapy to cure this disease. Prevention necessitates to be performed by isolation of suspected people and home quarantine as well as taking care to infected people with mild or strict disease at hospitals. As the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has accelerated, developing effective therapy is an urgent requirement to battle the virus and prevent further pandemic. In this manuscript we reviewed available information about SARS-CoV-2 and probable therapies for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Haji Abdolvahab
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Shima Moradi-Kalbolandi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial & Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran.
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Chakraborty R, Parvez S. COVID-19: An overview of the current pharmacological interventions, vaccines, and clinical trials. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114184. [PMID: 32739342 PMCID: PMC7392210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, the greatest public health emergency of the 21st century, has affected 215 countries and territories around the world resulting in 15,151,738 confirmed cases and 621,121 deaths. The outbreak has continued at breakneck pace despite stringent public health measures, ravaging the global economy and causing profound human casualties. Vaccination is currently the best bet for the prevention of COVID-19. Still, in its absence, there has been considerable interest in repurposing existing therapeutic agents to reduce the severity of the illness and ease the burden on the already strained healthcare systems. This review outlines the current evidence regarding proposed treatments- experimental or repurposed, for COVID-19, and gives an insight into the clinical trial landscape for drugs as well as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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