1
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Smith S, Cassada JB, Von Bredow L, Erreger K, Webb EM, Trombley TA, Kalbfleisch JJ, Bender BJ, Zagol-Ikapitte I, Kramlinger VM, Bouchard JL, Mitchell SG, Tretbar M, Shoichet BK, Lindsley CW, Meiler J, Hamm HE. Discovery of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4)-Tethered Ligand Antagonists Using Ultralarge Virtual Screening. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1086-1100. [PMID: 38633591 PMCID: PMC11020070 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate a structure-based small molecule virtual screening and lead optimization pipeline using a homology model of a difficult-to-drug G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) target. Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is activated by thrombin cleavage, revealing a tethered ligand that activates the receptor, making PAR4 a challenging target. A virtual screen of a make-on-demand chemical library yielded a one-hit compound. From the single-hit compound, we developed a novel series of PAR4 antagonists. Subsequent lead optimization via simultaneous virtual library searches and structure-based rational design efforts led to potent antagonists of thrombin-induced activation. Interestingly, this series of antagonists was active against PAR4 activation by the native protease thrombin cleavage but not the synthetic PAR4 agonist peptide AYPGKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon
T. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jackson B. Cassada
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lukas Von Bredow
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
- Institute
for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical
School, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Kevin Erreger
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Emma M. Webb
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Trevor A. Trombley
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Jacob J. Kalbfleisch
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Brian J. Bender
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Irene Zagol-Ikapitte
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Valerie M. Kramlinger
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Jacob L. Bouchard
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Sidnee G. Mitchell
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Maik Tretbar
- Institute
for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical
School, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, Tennessee 37067, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Institute
for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical
School, Leipzig 04109, Germany
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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2
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Chen P, Chen C, Zheng Y, Chen F, Liu Z, Ren S, Song H, Liu T, Lu Z, Sun H, Kong Y, Yuan H. Discovery of 2,3-Dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3- g]benzofuran Derivatives as Protease Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Antagonists with Potent Antiplatelet Aggregation Activity and Low Bleeding Tendency. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5502-5537. [PMID: 38552183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Patients with arterial embolic disease have benefited greatly from antiplatelet therapy. However, hemorrhage risk of antiplatelet agents cannot be ignored. Herein, we describe the discovery of 2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-g]benzofuran compounds as novel PAR4 antagonists. Notably, the isomers 36 and 37 with the chemotype of phenoxyl methylene substituted on the 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxine ring exhibited potent in vitro antiplatelet activity (IC50 = 26.13 nM for 36 and 14.26 nM for 37) and significantly improved metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (T1/2 = 97.6 min for 36 and 11.1 min for BMS-986120). 36 also displayed good oral PK profiles (mice: T1/2 = 7.32 h and F = 45.11%). Both of them showed overall potent ex vivo antiplatelet activity at concentrations of 6 and 12 mg/kg, with no impact on the coagulation system and low bleeding liability. Our work will facilitate development of novel PAR4 antagonists as a safer therapeutic option for arterial embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yizheng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fangjun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shenhong Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hangyu Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tongdan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhipeng Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing 401135, China
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3
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Zhang X, Jiang W, Richter JM, Bates JA, Reznik SK, Stachura S, Rampulla R, Doddalingappa D, Ulaganathan S, Hua J, Bostwick JS, Sum C, Posy S, Malmstrom S, Dickey J, Harden D, Lawrence RM, Guarino VR, Schumacher WA, Wong P, Yang J, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Discovery of Potent and Selective Quinoxaline-Based Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Antagonists for the Prevention of Arterial Thrombosis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3571-3589. [PMID: 38385264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
PAR4 is a promising antithrombotic target with potential for separation of efficacy from bleeding risk relative to current antiplatelet therapies. In an effort to discover a novel PAR4 antagonist chemotype, a quinoxaline-based HTS hit 3 with low μM potency was identified. Optimization of the HTS hit through the use of positional SAR scanning and the design of conformationally constrained cores led to the discovery of a quinoxaline-benzothiazole series as potent and selective PAR4 antagonists. The lead compound 48, possessing a 2 nM IC50 against PAR4 activation by γ-thrombin in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and greater than 2500-fold selectivity versus PAR1, demonstrated robust antithrombotic efficacy and minimal bleeding in the cynomolgus monkey models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jeremy M Richter
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - J Alex Bates
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Samuel K Reznik
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sylwia Stachura
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Dyamanna Doddalingappa
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra-Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sankar Ulaganathan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra-Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ji Hua
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Chi Sum
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Shana Posy
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sarah Malmstrom
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joyce Dickey
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David Harden
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - R Michael Lawrence
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Victor R Guarino
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - William A Schumacher
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Pancras Wong
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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4
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Lin YT, Li Y, Hsu HC, Tsai JY, Lee JH, Tai CJ, Wu MJ, Wu CC. Discovery of 7, 4'-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone as a protease-activated receptor 4 antagonist with antithrombotic activity and less bleeding tendency in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115152. [PMID: 35752281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of the importance of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4), one of thrombin receptors, as a therapeutic target in thrombotic cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we utilized ligand-based virtual screening, bioassay, and structure-activity relationship study to discover PAR4 antagonists with new chemical scaffolds from natural origin, and examined their application as antiplatelet agents. By using these approaches, we have identified a flavonoid, 7, 4'-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone, that exhibits anti-PAR4 activity. 7, 4'-Dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone inhibited PAR4-mediated human platelet aggregation, GPIIb/IIIa activation, and P-selectin secretion. Also, it inhibited PAR4 downstream signaling pathways, including Ca2+/protein kinase C, Akt, and MAP kinases ERK and p38, in human platelets, and suppressed PAR4-mediated β-arrestin recruitment in CHO-K1 cells exogenously expressed human PAR4. In a microfluidic system, 7, 4'-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone reduced thrombus formation on collagen-coated chambers at an arterial shear rate in recalcified whole blood. Furthermore, mice treated with 7, 4'-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone were significantly protected from FeCl3-induced carotid arterial occlusions, without significantly affecting tail bleeding time. In conclusion, 7, 4'-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone represents a new class of nature-based PAR4 antagonist, it shows effective in vivo antithrombotic properties with less bleeding tendency, and could be a potential candidate for developing new antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ting Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu Li
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ying Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hau Lee
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Tai
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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5
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Priestley ES, Banville J, Deon D, Dubé L, Gagnon M, Guy J, Lapointe P, Lavallée JF, Martel A, Plamondon S, Rémillard R, Ruediger E, Tremblay F, Posy SL, Guarino VR, Richter JM, Li J, Gupta A, Vetrichelvan M, Balapragalathan TJ, Mathur A, Hua J, Callejo M, Guay J, Sum CS, Cvijic ME, Watson C, Wong P, Yang J, Bouvier M, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Marinier A. Discovery of Two Novel Antiplatelet Clinical Candidates (BMS-986120 and BMS-986141) That Antagonize Protease-Activated Receptor 4. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8843-8854. [PMID: 35729784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a G-protein coupled receptor that is expressed on human platelets and activated by the coagulation enzyme thrombin. PAR4 plays a key role in blood coagulation, and its importance in pathological thrombosis has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Herein, we describe the optimization of a series of imidazothiadiazole PAR4 antagonists to a first-in-class clinical candidate, BMS-986120 (43), and a backup clinical candidate, BMS-986141 (49). Both compounds demonstrated excellent antithrombotic efficacy and minimal bleeding time prolongation in monkey models relative to the clinically important antiplatelet agent clopidogrel and provide a potential opportunity to improve the standard of care in the treatment of arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Jacques Banville
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Deon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurence Dubé
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marc Gagnon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julia Guy
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Philippe Lapointe
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lavallée
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alain Martel
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Serge Plamondon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Roger Rémillard
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Edward Ruediger
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Shana L Posy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Victor R Guarino
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Jeremy M Richter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Jianqing Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra-Jigani Road, Bangalore560099, India
| | - Muthalagu Vetrichelvan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra-Jigani Road, Bangalore560099, India
| | - T J Balapragalathan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra-Jigani Road, Bangalore560099, India
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Ji Hua
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Mario Callejo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Guay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chi Shing Sum
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Carol Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Pancras Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, QuébecH3C 3J7, Canada
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6
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Okamura A, Miake J, Tomomori T, Takami A, Sawano T, Kato M, Ogura K, Tsujimoto D, Kawatani S, Agung KP, Notsu T, Hisatome I, Yamamoto K, Imamura T. Thrombin Induces a Temporal Biphasic Vascular Response through the Differential Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase via Protease-activated Receptor-1 and Protein Kinase C. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:351-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4), belonging to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), is expressed on the surface of Human platelets, and the activation of it can lead to platelets aggregation. Studies demonstrated that PAR4 inhibition protect mice from arterial/arteriolar thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and cerebral infarct, while do not affect the haemostatic responses integrity. Therefore, PAR4 has been a promising target for the development of anti-thrombotic agents. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent patents and literature on PAR4 and their application published between 2013 and 2021. EXPERT OPINION PAR4 is a promising anti-thrombotic target and PAR4 inhibitors are important biologically active compounds for the treatment of thrombosis. Most the recent patents and literature focus on PAR4 selective inhibitors, and BMS-986120 and BMS-986141, which were developed by BMS, have entered clinical trials. With the deep understanding of the crystal structures and biological functions of PAR4, we believe that many other novel types of molecules targeting PAR4 would enter the clinical studies or the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Yu
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
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8
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Bertron JL, Duvernay MT, Mitchell SG, Smith ST, Maeng JG, Blobaum AL, Davis DC, Meiler J, Hamm HE, Lindsley CW. Discovery and Optimization of a Novel Series of Competitive and Central Nervous System-Penetrant Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4524-4534. [PMID: 34855359 PMCID: PMC8823334 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed pharmacology and therapeutic potential of the central PAR4 receptors are poorly understood due to a lack of potent, selective, and brain-penetrant tool compounds. Despite this, robust data with biochemical and genetic tools show the therapeutic potential of PAR4 antagonists in traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders with a neuroinflammatory component. Thus, we performed a functional HTS campaign, identified a fundamentally new PAR4 competitive inhibitor chemotype, optimized this new series (increased potency >45-fold), discovered enantiospecific activity (though opposing preference for human versus mouse PAR4), and engendered high central nervous system penetration (rat Kp's of 0.52 to 4.2 and Kp,uu's of 0.52 to 1.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette L. Bertron
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sidnee G. Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shannon T. Smith
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jae G. Maeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Dexter C. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Saxony 04109, Germany
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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9
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Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
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10
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Vytla D, Shaw P, Velayuthaperumal R, Emmadi J, Mathur A, Roy A. Microwave accelerated Castagnoli-Cushman reaction: Synthesis of novel 6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 68:152943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Luo J, Wu X, Liu H, Cui W, Guo W, Guo K, Guo H, Tao K, Li F, Shi Y, Feng D, Yan H, Gao G, Qu Y. Antagonism of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury by Suppressing Neuroinflammation via Inhibition of Tab2/NF-κB Signaling. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:242-54. [PMID: 33111257 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers the activation of the endogenous coagulation mechanism, and a large amount of thrombin is released to curb uncontrollable bleeding through thrombin receptors, also known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). However, thrombin is one of the most critical factors in secondary brain injury. Thus, the PARs may be effective targets against hemorrhagic brain injury. Since the PAR1 antagonist has an increased bleeding risk in clinical practice, PAR4 blockade has been suggested as a more promising treatment. Here, we explored the expression pattern of PAR4 in the brain of mice after TBI, and explored the effect and possible mechanism of BMS-986120 (BMS), a novel selective and reversible PAR4 antagonist on secondary brain injury. Treatment with BMS protected against TBI in mice. mRNA-seq analysis, Western blot, and qRT-PCR verification in vitro showed that BMS significantly inhibited thrombin-induced inflammation in astrocytes, and suggested that the Tab2/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway plays a key role in this process. Our findings provide reliable evidence that blocking PAR4 is a safe and effective intervention for TBI, and suggest that BMS has a potential clinical application in the management of TBI.
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12
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Liu S, Li S, Yuan D, Wang E, Xie R, Zhang W, Kong Y, Zhu X. Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonists: Research progress on small molecules in the field of antiplatelet agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112893. [PMID: 33049608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a key target in antiplatelet medication to reduce the risk of heart attack and thrombotic complications in stroke. PAR4 antagonists can prevent harmful and stable thrombus growth while retaining initial thrombus formation by acting on the late diffusion stage of platelet activation, which may provide a safer alternative than other antiplatelet agents. Currently, research on PAR4 antagonists is of increasing interest in the field of antiplatelet agents. This article provides an overview of the discovery and development of small-molecule antagonists of PAR4 as novel antiplatelet agents, including structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, progress of structure and bioassay optimization, and the latest structural and/or clinical information of representative small-molecule antagonists of PAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangde Liu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Duo Yuan
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Enmao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Roujie Xie
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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13
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Pradhananga S, Tashtush AA, Allen-Vercoe E, Petrof EO, Lomax AE. Protease-dependent excitation of nodose ganglion neurons by commensal gut bacteria. J Physiol 2020; 598:2137-2151. [PMID: 32134496 DOI: 10.1113/jp279075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The vagus nerve has been implicated in mediating behavioural effects of the gut microbiota on the central nervous system. This study examined whether the secretory products of commensal gut bacteria can modulate the excitability of vagal afferent neurons with cell bodies in nodose ganglia. Cysteine proteases from commensal bacteria increased the excitability of vagal afferent neurons via activation of protease-activated receptor 2 and modulation of the voltage dependence of Na+ conductance activation. Lipopolysaccharide, a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, increased the excitability of nodose ganglia neurons via TLR4-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappa B. Our study identified potential mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences the activity of vagal afferent pathways, which may in turn impact on autonomic reflexes and behaviour. ABSTRACT Behavioural studies have implicated vagal afferent neurons as an important component of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the mechanisms underlying the ability of the gut microbiota to affect vagal afferent pathways are unclear. We examined the effect of supernatant from a community of 33 commensal gastrointestinal bacterial derived from a healthy human donor (microbial ecosystem therapeutics; MET-1) on the excitability of mouse vagal afferent neurons. Perforated patch clamp electrophysiology was used to measure the excitability of dissociated nodose ganglion (NG) neurons. NG neuronal excitability was assayed by measuring the amount of current required to elicit an action potential, the rheobase. MET-1 supernatant increased the excitability of NG neurons by hyperpolarizing the voltage dependence of activation of Na+ conductance. The increase in excitability elicited by MET-1 supernatant was blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 (30 nm). The protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2 ) antagonist (GB 83, 10 μm) also blocked the effect of MET-1 supernatant on NG neurons. Supernatant from Lactobacillus paracasei 6MRS, a component of MET-1, recapitulated the effect of MET-1 supernatant on NG neurons. Lastly, we compared the effects of MET-1 supernatant and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 05:B5 on NG neuron excitability. LPS increased the excitability of NG neurons in a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4 )-dependent and PAR2 -independent manner, whereas the excitatory effects of MET-1 supernatant were independent of TLR4 activation. Together, our findings suggest that cysteine proteases from commensal bacteria increase the excitability of vagal afferent neurons by the activation of PAR2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabindra Pradhananga
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit (GIDRU), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Ayssar A Tashtush
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit (GIDRU), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Elaine O Petrof
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit (GIDRU), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit (GIDRU), Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L2V7, Canada
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14
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Xie Z, Tian Y, Ma L, Lv X, Cheng K, Li S, Huang X, Kong H, Huang L, Wu B, Liao C. Developments in inhibiting platelet aggregation based on different design strategies. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1757-75. [PMID: 31288579 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet aggregation is the central event in hemostasis and thrombosis. Up to now, many agents inhibiting platelet aggregation have been approved for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. In this review, we mainly summarized the progress in the research of platelet aggregation inhibitors based on different design strategies. The advantage and challenge of corresponding targets are also discussed in this article. We hope more platelet aggregation inhibitors with efficacy and safety will be discovered in the future.
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15
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Miller MM, Banville J, Friends TJ, Gagnon M, Hangeland JJ, Lavallée JF, Martel A, O’Grady H, Rémillard R, Ruediger E, Tremblay F, Posy SL, Allegretto NJ, Guarino VR, Harden DG, Harper TW, Hartl K, Josephs J, Malmstrom S, Watson C, Yang Y, Zhang G, Wong P, Yang J, Bouvier M, Seiffert DA, Wexler RR, Lawrence RM, Priestley ES, Marinier A. Discovery of Potent Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Antagonists with in Vivo Antithrombotic Efficacy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7400-7416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jacques Banville
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Todd J. Friends
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Mark Gagnon
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jon J. Hangeland
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jean-François Lavallée
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alain Martel
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Harold O’Grady
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Roger Rémillard
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Edward Ruediger
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Shana L. Posy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Nick J. Allegretto
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Victor R. Guarino
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - David G. Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Timothy W. Harper
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Karen Hartl
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jonathan Josephs
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Sarah Malmstrom
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Carol Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Yanou Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ge Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Pancras Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dietmar A. Seiffert
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - R. Michael Lawrence
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - E. Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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16
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Lu N, Meng F, Yuan J, Liu L, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao T, Xu W, Tang L, Xu Y. Characterizing the interaction modes of PAR4 receptor with agonist and antagonist by molecular simulation approach. J Theor Comput Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633619500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a promising target for antiplatelet therapy. In this study, homology modeling and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the binding modes of PAR4 agonists and antagonists. The outcomes show that agonists have good docking scores, and they also form more hydrogen bonds with PAR4 than antagonists. To reveal the different conformational changes caused by agonist and antagonist, molecular dynamic simulations were carried out on three selected PAR4 systems. Simulation results show that PAR4 activation involves breaking interactions of 3–7 lock switch (Try157 and Tyr322) and ionic lock switch (Arg188 and Asp173), and formation of transmission switch among Tyr161, Asn300 and Phe296. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the major change for agonist bound system takes place in the intracellular region while that for antagonist bound system is in the extracellular region. The binding free energy of BMS-986120 is much lower than AYPGKF, suggesting high affinity of antagonist. Moreover, the electronegative aspartic residues Asp230 and Asp235 at ECL2 are important for PAR4 binding to agonist. Clarifying the PAR4 structural characteristics may be helpful to understand the activation mechanism, giving insights into the molecular design and discovery of novel potential PAR4 antagonists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Yanshi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lida Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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17
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Simons P, Bondu V, Wandinger-Ness A, Buranda T. Small-Volume Flow Cytometry-Based Multiplex Analysis of the Activity of Small GTPases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1821:177-95. [PMID: 30062413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8612-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small, monomeric guanine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) are ubiquitous cellular integrators of signaling. A signal activates the GTPase, which then binds to an effector molecule to relay a signal inside the cell. The GTPase effector trap flow cytometry assay (G-Trap) utilizes bead-based protein immobilization and dual-color flow cytometry to rapidly and quantitatively measure GTPase activity status in cell or tissue lysates. Beginning with commercial cytoplex bead sets that are color-coded with graded fluorescence intensities of a red (700 nm) wavelength, the bead sets are derivatized to display glutathione on the surface through a detailed protocol described here. A different glutathione-S-transferase-effector protein (GST-effector protein) can then be attached to the surface of each set. For the assay, users can incubate bead sets individually or in a multiplex format with lysates for rapid, selective capture of active, GTP-bound GTPases from a single sample. After that, flow cytometry is used to identify the bead-borne GTPase based on red bead intensity, and the amount of active GTPase per bead is detected using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to a green fluorophore or via labeled secondary antibodies. Three examples are provided to illustrate the efficacy of the effector-functionalized beads for measuring the activation of at least five GTPases in a single lysate from fewer than 50,000 cells.
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19
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Sébert M, Denadai-Souza A, Quaranta M, Racaud-Sultan C, Chabot S, Lluel P, Monjotin N, Alric L, Portier G, Kirzin S, Bonnet D, Ferrand A, Vergnolle N. Thrombin modifies growth, proliferation and apoptosis of human colon organoids: a protease-activated receptor 1- and protease-activated receptor 4-dependent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3656-3668. [PMID: 29959891 PMCID: PMC6109216 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thrombin is massively released upon tissue damage associated with bleeding or chronic inflammation. The effects of this thrombin on tissue regrowth and repair has been scarcely addressed and only in cancer cell lines. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to determine thrombin's pharmacological effects on human intestinal epithelium growth, proliferation and apoptosis, using three-dimensional cultures of human colon organoids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Crypts were isolated from human colonic resections and cultured for 6 days, forming human colon organoids. Cultured organoids were exposed to 10 and 50 mU·mL-1 of thrombin, in the presence or not of protease-activated receptor (PAR) antagonists. Organoid morphology, metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis were followed. KEY RESULTS Thrombin favoured organoid maturation leading to a decreased number of immature cystic structures and a concomitant increased number of larger structures releasing cell debris and apoptotic cells. The size of budding structures, metabolic activity and proliferation were significantly reduced in organoid cultures exposed to thrombin, while apoptosis was dramatically increased. Both PAR1 and PAR4 antagonists inhibited apoptosis regardless of thrombin doses. Thrombin-induced inhibition of proliferation and metabolic activity were reversed by PAR4 antagonist for thrombin's lowest dose and by PAR1 antagonist for thrombin's highest dose. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, our data suggest that the presence of thrombin in the vicinity of human colon epithelial cells favours their maturation at the expense of their regenerative capacities. Our data point to thrombin and its two receptors PAR1 and PAR4 as potential molecular targets for epithelial repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sébert
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Muriel Quaranta
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Portier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvain Kirzin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Rwibasira Rudinga G, Khan GJ, Kong Y. Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4): A Promising Target for Antiplatelet Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E573. [PMID: 29443899 PMCID: PMC5855795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are currently among the leading causes of death worldwide. Platelet aggregation is a key cellular component of arterial thrombi and major cause of CVDs. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), including PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4, fall within a subfamily of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Human platelets express PAR1 and PAR4, which contribute to the signaling transduction processes. In association with CVDs, PAR4 not only contributes to platelet activation but also is a modulator of cellular responses that serve as hallmarks of inflammation. Although several antiplatelet drugs are available on the market, they have many side effects that limit their use. Emerging evidence shows that PAR4 targeting is a safer strategy for preventing thrombosis and consequently may improve the overall cardiac safety profile. Our present review summarizes the PAR4 structural characteristics, activation mechanism, role in the pathophysiology of diseases and understanding the association of PAR4 targeting for improved cardiac protection. Conclusively, this review highlights the importance of PAR4 antagonists and its potential utility in different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamariel Rwibasira Rudinga
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ghulam Jilany Khan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research, Evaluation and Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Street, Nanjing 210009, China.
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21
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Wong PC, Seiffert D, Bird JE, Watson CA, Bostwick JS, Giancarli M, Allegretto N, Hua J, Harden D, Guay J, Callejo M, Miller MM, Lawrence RM, Banville J, Guy J, Maxwell BD, Priestley ES, Marinier A, Wexler RR, Bouvier M, Gordon DA, Schumacher WA, Yang J. Blockade of protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) provides robust antithrombotic activity with low bleeding. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/371/eaaf5294. [PMID: 28053157 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf5294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet agents are proven efficacious treatments for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the existing drugs are compromised by unwanted and sometimes life-threatening bleeding that limits drug usage or dosage. There is a substantial unmet medical need for an antiplatelet drug with strong efficacy and low bleeding risk. Thrombin is a potent platelet agonist that directly induces platelet activation via the G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled protease-activated receptors PAR1 and PAR4. A PAR1 antagonist is approved for clinical use, but its use is limited by a substantial bleeding risk. Conversely, the potential of PAR4 as an antiplatelet target has not been well characterized. Using anti-PAR4 antibodies, we demonstrated a low bleeding risk and an effective antithrombotic profile with PAR4 inhibition in guinea pigs. Subsequently, high-throughput screening and an extensive medicinal chemistry effort resulted in the discovery of BMS-986120, an orally active, selective, and reversible PAR4 antagonist. In a cynomolgus monkey arterial thrombosis model, BMS-986120 demonstrated potent and highly efficacious antithrombotic activity. BMS-986120 also exhibited a low bleeding liability and a markedly wider therapeutic window compared to the standard antiplatelet agent clopidogrel tested in the same nonhuman primate model. These preclinical findings define the biological role of PAR4 in mediating platelet aggregation. In addition, they indicate that targeting PAR4 is an attractive antiplatelet strategy with the potential to treat patients at a high risk of atherothrombosis with superior safety compared with the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancras C Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
| | - Dietmar Seiffert
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - J Eileen Bird
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Carol A Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Mary Giancarli
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Nick Allegretto
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Ji Hua
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - David Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jocelyne Guay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mario Callejo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michael M Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Jacques Banville
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julia Guy
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Brad D Maxwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - William A Schumacher
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
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Wilson SJ, Ismat FA, Wang Z, Cerra M, Narayan H, Raftis J, Gray TJ, Connell S, Garonzik S, Ma X, Yang J, Newby DE. PAR4 (Protease-Activated Receptor 4) Antagonism With BMS-986120 Inhibits Human Ex Vivo Thrombus Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:448-456. [PMID: 29269513 PMCID: PMC5779320 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— BMS-986120 is a novel first-in-class oral PAR4 (protease-activated receptor 4) antagonist with potent and selective antiplatelet effects. We sought to determine for the first time, the effect of BMS-986120 on human ex vivo thrombus formation. Approach and Results— Forty healthy volunteers completed a phase 1 parallel-group PROBE trial (Prospective Randomized Open-Label Blinded End Point). Ex vivo platelet activation, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation were measured at 0, 2, and 24 hours after (1) oral BMS-986120 (60 mg) or (2) oral aspirin (600 mg) followed at 18 hours with oral aspirin (600 mg) and oral clopidogrel (600 mg). BMS-986120 demonstrated highly selective and reversible inhibition of PAR4 agonist peptide (100 μM)-stimulated P-selectin expression, platelet-monocyte aggregates, and platelet aggregation (P<0.001 for all). Compared with pretreatment, total thrombus area (μm2/mm) at high shear was reduced by 29.2% (95% confidence interval, 18.3%–38.7%; P<0.001) at 2 hours and by 21.4% (9.3%–32.0%; P=0.002) at 24 hours. Reductions in thrombus formation were driven by a decrease in platelet-rich thrombus deposition: 34.8% (19.3%–47.3%; P<0.001) at 2 hours and 23.3% (5.1%–38.0%; P=0.016) at 24 hours. In contrast to aspirin alone, or in combination with clopidogrel, BMS-986120 had no effect on thrombus formation at low shear (P=nonsignificant). BMS-986120 administration was not associated with an increase in coagulation times or serious adverse events. Conclusions— BMS-986120 is a highly selective and reversible oral PAR4 antagonist that substantially reduces platelet-rich thrombus formation under conditions of high shear stress. Our results suggest PAR4 antagonism has major potential as a therapeutic antiplatelet strategy. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02439190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Wilson
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.).
| | - Fraz A Ismat
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Michael Cerra
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Hafid Narayan
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Jennifer Raftis
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Timothy J Gray
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Shea Connell
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Samira Garonzik
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Xuewen Ma
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - Jing Yang
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
| | - David E Newby
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (S.J.W., D.E.N.), Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research (J.R., S.C.), and Edinburgh College of Medicine (T.J.G.), University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (F.A.I., Z.W., M.C., S.G., X.M., J.Y.); and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (H.N.)
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23
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French SL, Hamilton JR. Drugs targeting protease-activated receptor-4 improve the anti-thrombotic therapeutic window. Ann Transl Med 2017; 5:464. [PMID: 29285497 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shauna L French
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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24
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Ranjan S, Goihl A, Kohli S, Gadi I, Pierau M, Shahzad K, Gupta D, Bock F, Wang H, Shaikh H, Kähne T, Reinhold D, Bank U, Zenclussen AC, Niemz J, Schnöder TM, Brunner-Weinzierl M, Fischer T, Kalinski T, Schraven B, Luft T, Huehn J, Naumann M, Heidel FH, Isermann B. Activated protein C protects from GvHD via PAR2/PAR3 signalling in regulatory T-cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:311. [PMID: 28827518 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) is a major complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem-cell(HSC) transplantation. GvHD is associated with loss of endothelial thrombomodulin, but the relevance of this for the adaptive immune response to transplanted HSCs remains unknown. Here we show that the protease-activated protein C (aPC), which is generated by thrombomodulin, ameliorates GvHD aPC restricts allogenic T-cell activation via the protease activated receptor (PAR)2/PAR3 heterodimer on regulatory T-cells (Tregs, CD4+FOXP3+). Preincubation of pan T-cells with aPC prior to transplantation increases the frequency of Tregs and protects from GvHD. Preincubation of human T-cells (HLA-DR4-CD4+) with aPC prior to transplantation into humanized (NSG-AB°DR4) mice ameliorates graft-vs.-host disease. The protective effect of aPC on GvHD does not compromise the graft vs. leukaemia effect in two independent tumor cell models. Ex vivo preincubation of T-cells with aPC, aPC-based therapies, or targeting PAR2/PAR3 on T-cells may provide a safe and effective approach to mitigate GvHD.Graft-vs.-host disease is a complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Here the authors show that activated protein C signals via PAR2/PAR3 to expand Treg cells, mitigating the disease in mice.
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Abstract
Antiplatelet therapy displays a critical role in the treatment and prevention of antithrombotic disorders. Many new antiplatelet agents have been developed following the emergence of various clinical limitations of classical antiplatelet drugs. This review covers mainly the recent advances in the development of P2Y12 antagonists and GPIIb/IIIa antagonists. Meanwhile, it summarizes promising approaches to new platelet surface receptors such as prostanoid EP3 receptor, thromboxane A2 prostanoid receptor, protease-activated receptors, GPIb-IX-V receptor and P-selectin. In addition, PI3Kβ, a critical protein at the inside signaling pathway of platelet activation is also mentioned as an important antiplatelet target. Moreover, the development of respective drug candidates is discussed in detail.
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26
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Moschonas IC, Kellici TF, Mavromoustakos T, Stathopoulos P, Tsikaris V, Magafa V, Tzakos AG, Tselepis AD. Molecular requirements involving the human platelet protease-activated receptor-4 mechanism of activation by peptide analogues of its tethered-ligand. Platelets 2017; 28:812-821. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1282607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. C. Moschonas
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - T. F. Kellici
- Sector of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - T. Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, York College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - P. Stathopoulos
- Sector of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - V. Tsikaris
- Sector of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - V. Magafa
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - A. G. Tzakos
- Sector of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - A. D. Tselepis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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27
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Ramachandran R, Mihara K, Thibeault P, Vanderboor CM, Petri B, Saifeddine M, Bouvier M, Hollenberg MD. Targeting a Proteinase-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Carboxyl Terminal Motif to Regulate Platelet Function. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:287-295. [PMID: 28126849 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin initiates human platelet aggregation by coordinately activating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 4. However, targeting PAR1 with an orthosteric-tethered ligand binding-site antagonist results in bleeding, possibly owing to the important role of PAR1 activation on cells other than platelets. Because of its more restricted tissue expression profile, we have therefore turned to PAR4 as an antiplatelet target. We have identified an intracellular PAR4 C-terminal motif that regulates calcium signaling and β-arrestin interactions. By disrupting this PAR4 calcium/β-arrestin signaling process with a novel cell-penetrating peptide, we were able to inhibit both thrombin-triggered platelet aggregation in vitro and clot consolidation in vivo. We suggest that targeting PAR4 represents an attractive alternative to blocking PAR1 for antiplatelet therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
| | - Pierre Thibeault
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
| | - Christina M Vanderboor
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
| | - Björn Petri
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.R., K.M., M.S., M.D.H.), Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases (B.P.), and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R., P.T., C.M.V.); and IRIC-Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (M.B.)
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28
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Temple KJ, Duvernay MT, Maeng JG, Blobaum AL, Stauffer SR, Hamm HE, Lindsley CW. Identification of the minimum PAR4 inhibitor pharmacophore and optimization of a series of 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5481-5486. [PMID: 27777004 PMCID: PMC5340293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This letter describes the further deconstruction of the known PAR4 inhibitor chemotypes (MWs 490-525 and with high plasma protein binding) to identify a minimum PAR4 pharmacophore devoid of metabolic liabilities and improved properties. This exercise identified a greatly simplified 2-methoxy-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold that afforded nanomolar inhibition of both activating peptide and γ-thrombin mediated PAR4 stimulation, while reducing both molecular weight and the number of hydrogen bond donors/acceptors by ∼50%. This minimum PAR4 pharmacophore, with competitive inhibition, versus non-competitive of the larger chemotypes, allows an ideal starting point to incorporate desired functional groups to engender optimal DMPK properties towards a preclinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Temple
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jae G. Maeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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29
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Ramachandran R, Altier C, Oikonomopoulou K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, Their Extracellular Targets, and Inflammatory Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1110-1142. [PMID: 27677721 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that over 2% of the human genome codes for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, it is not surprising that proteinases serve many physiologic-pathophysiological roles. In this context, we provide an overview of proteolytic mechanisms regulating inflammation, with a focus on cell signaling stimulated by the generation of inflammatory peptides; activation of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), with a mechanism in common with adhesion-triggered GPCRs (ADGRs); and by proteolytic ion channel regulation. These mechanisms are considered in the much wider context that proteolytic mechanisms serve, including the processing of growth factors and their receptors, the regulation of matrix-integrin signaling, and the generation and release of membrane-tethered receptor ligands. These signaling mechanisms are relevant for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for cancer. We propose that the inflammation-triggering proteinases and their proteolytically generated substrates represent attractive therapeutic targets and we discuss appropriate targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Christophe Altier
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
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Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that transduce cellular responses to extracellular proteases. PARs have important functions in the vasculature, inflammation, and cancer and are important drug targets. A unique feature of PARs is their irreversible proteolytic mechanism of activation that results in the generation of a tethered ligand that cannot diffuse away. Despite the fact that GPCRs have proved to be the most successful class of druggable targets, the development of agents that target PARs specifically has been challenging. As a consequence, researchers have taken a remarkable diversity of approaches to develop pharmacological entities that modulate PAR function. Here, we present an overview of the diversity of therapeutic agents that have been developed against PARs. We further discuss PAR biased signaling and the influence of receptor compartmentalization, posttranslational modifications, and dimerization, which are important considerations for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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Temple KJ, Duvernay MT, Young SE, Wen W, Wu W, Maeng JG, Blobaum AL, Stauffer SR, Hamm HE, Lindsley CW. Development of a Series of (1-Benzyl-3-(6-methoxypyrimidin-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)methanols as Selective Protease Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Antagonists with in Vivo Utility and Activity Against γ-Thrombin. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7690-5. [PMID: 27482618 PMCID: PMC5775816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the development of a series of highly selective PAR4 antagonists with nanomolar potency and selectivity versus PAR1, derived from the indole-based 3. Of these, 9j (PAR4 IC50 = 445 nM, PAR1 response IC50 > 30 μM) and 10h (PAR4 IC50 = 179 nM, PAR1 response IC50 > 30 μM) maintained an overall favorable in vitro DMPK profile, encouraging rat/mouse in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) and activity against γ-thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Temple
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T. Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Summer E. Young
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Wandong Wen
- College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jae G. Maeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Heidi E. Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9281 Wardley Park Lane, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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32
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French SL, Hamilton JR. Protease-activated receptor 4: from structure to function and back again. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2952-65. [PMID: 26844674 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors are a family of four GPCRs (PAR1-PAR4) with a number of unique attributes. Nearly two and a half decades after the discovery of the first PAR, an antagonist targeting this receptor has been approved for human use. The first-in-class PAR1 antagonist, vorapaxar, was approved for use in the USA in 2014 for the prevention of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction or with peripheral arterial disease. These recent developments indicate the clinical potential of manipulating PAR function. While much work has been aimed at uncovering the function of PAR1 and, to a lesser extent, PAR2, comparatively little is known regarding the pharmacology and physiology of PAR3 and PAR4. Recent studies have begun to develop the pharmacological and genetic tools required to study PAR4 function in detail, and there is now emerging evidence for the function of PAR4 in disease settings. In this review, we detail the discovery, structure, pharmacology, physiological significance and therapeutic potential of PAR4. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna L French
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Holinstat M, Bray PF. Protease receptor antagonism to target blood platelet therapies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 99:72-81. [PMID: 26501993 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation and thrombus formation play a central role in ischemic vascular disease. Thrombin, an especially potent physiologic agonist mediating in vivo activation of platelets, acts via a unique family of G-protein-coupled receptors called protease-activated receptors (PARs) with a broad tissue expression. This review focuses on current antiplatelet therapies as well as innovative approaches to targeting PARs in patients with atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holinstat
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - P F Bray
- Thomas Jefferson University, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research and the Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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