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Starr MC, Barreto E, Charlton J, Vega M, Brophy PD, Ray Bignall ON, Sutherland SM, Menon S, Devarajan P, Akcan Arikan A, Basu R, Goldstein S, Soranno DE. Advances in pediatric acute kidney injury pathobiology: a report from the 26th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) conference. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:941-953. [PMID: 37792076 PMCID: PMC10817846 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade, there have been substantial advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI). In particular, animal models and studies focused on the relationship between kidney development, nephron number, and kidney health have identified a number of heterogeneous pathophysiologies underlying AKI. Despite this progress, gaps remain in our understanding of the pathobiology of pediatric AKI. METHODS During the 26th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Consensus conference, a multidisciplinary group of experts discussed the evidence and used a modified Delphi process to achieve consensus on recommendations for opportunities to advance translational research in pediatric AKI. The current state of research understanding as well as gaps and opportunities for advancement in research was discussed, and recommendations were summarized. RESULTS Consensus was reached that to improve translational pediatric AKI advancements, diverse teams spanning pre-clinical to epidemiological scientists must work in concert together and that results must be shared with the community we serve with patient involvement. Public and private research support and meaningful partnerships with adult research efforts are required. Particular focus is warranted to investigate the pediatric nuances of AKI, including the effect of development as a biological variable on AKI incidence, severity, and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although AKI is common and associated with significant morbidity, the biologic basis of the disease spectrum throughout varying nephron developmental stages remains poorly understood. An incomplete understanding of factors contributing to kidney health, the diverse pathobiologies underlying AKI in children, and the historically siloed approach to research limit advances in the field. The recommendations outlined herein identify gaps and outline a strategic approach to advance the field of pediatric AKI via multidisciplinary translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Starr
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Pediatric and Adolescent Comparative Effectiveness Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Erin Barreto
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer Charlton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Molly Vega
- Renal and Apheresis Services, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick D Brophy
- Department of Pediatrics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - O N Ray Bignall
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott M Sutherland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shina Menon
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ayse Akcan Arikan
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Critical Care and Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajit Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stuart Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Danielle E Soranno
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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2
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Tsujimoto H, Hoshina A, Mae SI, Araoka T, Changting W, Ijiri Y, Nakajima-Koyama M, Sakurai S, Okita K, Mizuta K, Niwa A, Saito MK, Saitou M, Yamamoto T, Graneli C, Woollard KJ, Osafune K. Selective induction of human renal interstitial progenitor-like cell lineages from iPSCs reveals development of mesangial and EPO-producing cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113602. [PMID: 38237600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent regenerative studies using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have developed multiple kidney-lineage cells and organoids. However, to further form functional segments of the kidney, interactions of epithelial and interstitial cells are required. Here we describe a selective differentiation of renal interstitial progenitor-like cells (IPLCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by modifying our previous induction method for nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and analyzing mouse embryonic interstitial progenitor cell (IPC) development. Our IPLCs combined with hiPSC-derived NPCs and nephric duct cells form nephrogenic niche- and mesangium-like structures in vitro. Furthermore, we successfully induce hiPSC-derived IPLCs to differentiate into mesangial and erythropoietin-producing cell lineages in vitro by screening differentiation-inducing factors and confirm that p38 MAPK, hypoxia, and VEGF signaling pathways are involved in the differentiation of mesangial-lineage cells. These findings indicate that our IPC-lineage induction method contributes to kidney regeneration and developmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Tsujimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Rege Nephro Co., Ltd., Med-Pharm Collaboration Building, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Azusa Hoshina
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Mae
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Wang Changting
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ijiri
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - May Nakajima-Koyama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoko Sakurai
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazusa Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Mizuta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Niwa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Cecilia Graneli
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D Cell Therapy, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin J Woollard
- Bioscience Renal, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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3
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Long HY, Qian ZP, Lan Q, Xu YJ, Da JJ, Yu FX, Zha Y. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: Current progress and challenges. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:114-125. [PMID: 38455108 PMCID: PMC10915962 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived kidney organoids share similarities with the fetal kidney. However, the current hPSC-derived kidney organoids have some limitations, including the inability to perform nephrogenesis and lack of a corticomedullary definition, uniform vascular system, and coordinated exit pathway for urinary filtrate. Therefore, further studies are required to produce hPSC-derived kidney organoids that accurately mimic human kidneys to facilitate research on kidney development, regeneration, disease modeling, and drug screening. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation of hPSC-derived kidney organoids, how these organoids contribute to the understanding of human kidney development and research in disease modeling. Additionally, the limitations, future research focus, and applications of hPSC-derived kidney organoids were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Long
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zu-Ping Qian
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qin Lan
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yong-Jie Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Da
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Fu-Xun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Immune Diseases, National Health Commission, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yan Zha
- Graduate School, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou Province, China.
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Nakajima T, Imai A, Ishii C, Tsuruyama K, Yamanaka R, Tomooka Y, Saito S, Adachi N, Kohno S, Sato T. SMAD2/3 signaling regulates initiation of mouse Wolffian ducts and proximal differentiation in Müllerian ducts. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:37-50. [PMID: 37953493 PMCID: PMC10761927 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Male and female reproductive tracts develop from anterior intermediate mesoderm with similar differentiation processes. The anterior intermediate mesoderm develops into the mesonephros, and the Wolffian duct initiates by epithelialization in the mesonephros. The Müllerian duct invaginates from the coelomic epithelium of the cranial mesonephros for ductal formation and is then regionalized into proximal to caudal female reproductive tracts. In this study, we focused on the epithelialization of the Wolffian duct, initiation of the Müllerian duct, and the regionalization step of the Müllerian ducts as a continuous process. By using intermediate mesodermal cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells, we identified that inhibition of SMAD2/3 signaling might be involved in the differentiation into mesenchymal cells, after which mesonephric cells might be then epithelialized during differentiation of the Wolffian duct. Aggregation of coelomic epithelial cells might be related to initiation of the Müllerian duct. Transcriptomic analysis predicted that consensus sequences of SMAD3/4 were enriched among highly expressed genes in the proximal Müllerian duct. SMAD2/3 signaling to regulate differentiation of the Wolffian duct was continuously activated in the proximal Müllerian duct and was involved in proximal and oviductal regionalization. Therefore, SMAD2/3 signaling may be finely tuned to regulate differentiation from initiation to regionalization steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakajima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
| | - Akihiro Imai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Chihiro Ishii
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Kota Tsuruyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Risa Yamanaka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Tomooka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Shinta Saito
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Department of Biological SciencesSt. Cloud State UniversityMNUSA
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
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5
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Kang MJ, Ioannou S, Lougheide Q, Dittmar M, Hsu Y, Pastor-Soler NM. The study of intercalated cells using ex vivo techniques: primary cell culture, cell lines, kidney slices, and organoids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C229-C251. [PMID: 37899748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00479.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes methods to study kidney intercalated cell (IC) function ex vivo. While important for acid-base homeostasis, IC dysfunction is often not recognized clinically until it becomes severe. The advantage of using ex vivo techniques is that they allow for the differential evaluation of IC function in controlled environments. Although in vitro kidney tubular perfusion is a classical ex vivo technique to study IC, here we concentrate on primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines, and ex vivo kidney slices. Ex vivo techniques are useful in evaluating IC signaling pathways that allow rapid responses to extracellular changes in pH, CO2, and bicarbonate (HCO3-). However, these methods for IC work can also be challenging, as cell lines that recapitulate IC do not proliferate easily in culture. Moreover, a "pure" IC population in culture does not necessarily replicate its collecting duct (CD) environment, where ICs are surrounded by the more abundant principal cells (PCs). It is reassuring that many findings obtained in ex vivo IC systems signaling have been largely confirmed in vivo. Some of these newly identified signaling pathways reveal that ICs are important for regulating NaCl reabsorption, thus suggesting new frontiers to target antihypertensive treatments. Moreover, recent single-cell characterization studies of kidney epithelial cells revealed a dual developmental origin of IC, as well as the presence of novel CD cell types with certain IC characteristics. These exciting findings present new opportunities for the study of IC ex vivo and will likely rediscover the importance of available tools in this field.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study of kidney intercalated cells has been limited by current cell culture and kidney tissue isolation techniques. This review is to be used as a reference to select ex vivo techniques to study intercalated cells. We focused on the use of cell lines and kidney slices as potential useful models to study membrane transport proteins. We also review how novel collecting duct organoids may help better elucidate the role of these intriguing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Kang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Silvia Ioannou
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Quinn Lougheide
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael Dittmar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Young Hsu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Nuria M Pastor-Soler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
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6
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Tabibzadeh N, Satlin LM, Jain S, Morizane R. Navigating the kidney organoid: insights into assessment and enhancement of nephron function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F695-F706. [PMID: 37767571 PMCID: PMC10878724 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids are three-dimensional structures generated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that are capable of recapitulating the major structures of mammalian kidneys. As this technology is expected to be a promising tool for studying renal biology, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine, the functional capacity of kidney organoids has emerged as a critical question in the field. Kidney organoids produced using several protocols harbor key structures of native kidneys. Here, we review the current state, recent advances, and future challenges in the functional characterization of kidney organoids, strategies to accelerate and enhance kidney organoid functions, and access to PSC resources to advance organoid research. The strategies to construct physiologically relevant kidney organoids include the use of organ-on-a-chip technologies that integrate fluid circulation and improve organoid maturation. These approaches result in increased expression of the major tubular transporters and elements of mechanosensory signaling pathways suggestive of improved functionality. Nevertheless, continuous efforts remain crucial to create kidney tissue that more faithfully replicates physiological conditions for future applications in kidney regeneration medicine and their ethical use in patient care.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Kidney organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells, mimicking the major components of mammalian kidneys. Although they show great promise, their functional capacity has become a critical question. This review explores the advancements and challenges in evaluating and enhancing kidney organoid function, including the use of organ-on-chip technologies, multiomics data, and in vivo transplantation. Integrating these approaches to further enhance their physiological relevance will continue to advance disease modeling and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tabibzadeh
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Hirayama R, Toyohara K, Watanabe K, Otsuki T, Araoka T, Mae SI, Horinouchi T, Yamamura T, Okita K, Hotta A, Iijima K, Nozu K, Osafune K. iPSC-derived type IV collagen α5-expressing kidney organoids model Alport syndrome. Commun Biol 2023; 6:854. [PMID: 37770589 PMCID: PMC10539496 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary glomerulonephritis caused by COL4A3, COL4A4 or COL4A5 gene mutations and characterized by abnormalities of glomerular basement membranes (GBMs). Due to a lack of curative treatments, the condition proceeds to end-stage renal disease even in adolescents. Hampering drug discovery is the absence of effective in vitro methods for testing the restoration of normal GBMs. Here, we aimed to develop kidney organoid models from AS patient iPSCs for this purpose. We established iPSC-derived collagen α5(IV)-expressing kidney organoids and confirmed that kidney organoids from COL4A5 mutation-corrected iPSCs restore collagen α5(IV) protein expression. Importantly, our model recapitulates the differences in collagen composition between iPSC-derived kidney organoids from mild and severe AS cases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a chemical chaperone, 4-phenyl butyric acid, has the potential to correct GBM abnormalities in kidney organoids showing mild AS phenotypes. This iPSC-derived kidney organoid model will contribute to drug discovery for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Hirayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Toyohara
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeya Otsuki
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Mae
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoko Horinouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
- Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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8
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Ishiguro N, Takahashi E, Arakawa H, Saito A, Kitagawa F, Kondo M, Morinaga G, Takatani M, Takahashi R, Kudo T, Mae SI, Kadoguchi M, Higuchi D, Nakazono Y, Tamai I, Osafune K, Jimbo Y. Improvement of Protein Expression Profile in Three-Dimensional Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell Spheroids Selected Based on OAT1 Gene Expression: A Potential In Vitro Tool for Evaluating Human Renal Proximal Tubular Toxicity and Drug Disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1177-1187. [PMID: 37385755 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The proximal tubule plays an important role in the kidney and is a major site of drug interaction and toxicity. Analysis of kidney toxicity via in vitro assays is challenging, because only a few assays that reflect functions of drug transporters in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) are available. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple and reproducible method for culturing RPTECs by monitoring organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) as a selection marker. Culturing RPTECs in spherical cellular aggregates increased OAT1 protein expression, which was low in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture, to a level similar to that in human renal cortices. By proteome analysis, it was revealed that the expression of representative two proximal tubule markers was maintained and 3D spheroid culture improved the protein expression of approximately 7% of the 139 transporter proteins detected, and the expression of 2.3% of the 4,800 proteins detected increased by approximately fivefold that in human renal cortices. Furthermore, the expression levels of approximately 4,800 proteins in three-dimensional (3D) RPTEC spheroids (for 12 days) were maintained for over 20 days. Cisplatin and adefovir exhibited transporter-dependent ATP decreases in 3D RPTEC spheroids. These results indicate that the 3D RPTEC spheroids developed by monitoring OAT1 gene expression are a simple and reproducible in vitro experimental system with improved gene and protein expressions compared with 2D RPTECs and were more similar to that in human kidney cortices. Therefore, it can potentially be used for evaluating human renal proximal tubular toxicity and drug disposition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study developed a simple and reproducible spheroidal culture method with acceptable throughput using commercially available RPTECs by monitoring OAT1 gene expression. RPTECs cultured using this new method showed improved mRNA/protein expression profiles to those in 2D RPTECs and were more similar to those of human kidney cortices. This study provides a potential in vitro proximal tubule system for pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluations during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Etsushi Takahashi
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Asami Saito
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Masayuki Kondo
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Gaku Morinaga
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Masahito Takatani
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Shin-Ichi Mae
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Moeno Kadoguchi
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Daichi Higuchi
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Yuya Nakazono
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
| | - Yoichi Jimbo
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Ltd., Kobe, Japan (N.I., A.S., G.M., M.T., R.T., T.K.); R&D Department, Industrial Division, Nikkiso Company, Ltd., Kanazawa, Japan (E.T., F.K., Ma.K., Y.J.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (H.A., Mo.K., D.H., Y.N., I.T.); and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., K.O.)
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9
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Ibi Y, Nishinakamura R. Kidney Bioengineering for Transplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:1883-1894. [PMID: 36717963 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is an important organ for maintenance of homeostasis in the human body. As renal failure progresses, renal replacement therapy becomes necessary. However, there is a chronic shortage of kidney donors, creating a major problem for transplantation. To solve this problem, many strategies for the generation of transplantable kidneys are under investigation. Since the first reports describing that nephron progenitors could be induced from human induced pluripotent stem cells, kidney organoids have been attracting attention as tools for studying human kidney development and diseases. Because the kidney is formed through the interactions of multiple renal progenitors, current studies are investigating ways to combine these progenitors derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells for the generation of transplantable kidney organoids. Other bioengineering strategies, such as decellularization and recellularization of scaffolds, 3-dimensional bioprinting, interspecies blastocyst complementation and progenitor replacement, and xenotransplantation, also have the potential to generate whole kidneys, although each of these strategies has its own challenges. Combinations of these approaches will lead to the generation of bioengineered kidneys that are transplantable into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Ibi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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10
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Nishinakamura R. Advances and challenges toward developing kidney organoids for clinical applications. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1017-1027. [PMID: 37541208 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney organoids have enabled modeling of human development and disease. While methods of generating the nephron lineage are well established, new protocols to induce another lineage, the ureteric bud/collecting duct, have been reported in the past 5 years. Many reports have described modeling of various hereditary kidney diseases, with polycystic kidney disease serving as the archetypal disease, by using patient-derived or genome-edited kidney organoids. The generation of more organotypic kidneys is also becoming feasible. In this review, I also discuss the significant challenges for more sophisticated disease modeling and for realizing the ambitious goal of generating transplantable synthetic kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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11
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Shi M, Fu P, Bonventre JV, McCracken KW. Directed differentiation of ureteric bud and collecting duct organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:2485-2508. [PMID: 37460630 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing models of human kidney tissue in vitro is an important challenge in regenerative nephrology research, given the paucity of novel and effective therapies in kidney disease. However, the de novo generation of kidney tissues from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is challenging owing to the structural and functional complexity of the organ, as well its developmental origin from two distinct embryologic populations: the metanephric mesenchyme and the ureteric bud (UB). Directed differentiation strategies have been developed to generate kidney organoids containing nephron-like structures; we recently reported an efficient and practical method to generate UB tissues. Here, we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol for differentiation of hPSCs into three-dimensonal UB organoids that exhibit complex morphological development and the capacity to differentiate into functional collecting duct tissues. Over 3 d, hPSCs are induced into PAX2+GATA3+ pronephric (anterior) intermediate mesoderm fates in monolayer cultures at high efficiency. The cells are aggregated into three-dimensional spheroids, which then assemble and organize into nephric duct-like tissue over 4 d. When embedded into an extracellular matrix, the spheroids grow into UB organoids that recapitulate fetal branching morphogenesis for 1 week of culture. When switched to permissive conditions, the UB organoids spontaneously differentiate to form collecting duct principal cells. This approach provides robust and reproducible methods that can be readily adopted by users with basic experience in hPSC and organoid differentiation to generate UB tissues, which may be used to investigate human kidney development, model disease processes and catalyze further efforts in engineering functional kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge and Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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12
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Ogi DA, Jin S. Transcriptome-Powered Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation for Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2023; 12:1442. [PMID: 37408278 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are endless sources for in vitro engineering human tissues for regenerative medicine. Extensive studies have demonstrated that transcription factors are the key to stem cell lineage commitment and differentiation efficacy. As the transcription factor profile varies depending on the cell type, global transcriptome analysis through RNA sequencing (RNAseq) has been a powerful tool for measuring and characterizing the success of stem cell differentiation. RNAseq has been utilized to comprehend how gene expression changes as cells differentiate and provide a guide to inducing cellular differentiation based on promoting the expression of specific genes. It has also been utilized to determine the specific cell type. This review highlights RNAseq techniques, tools for RNAseq data interpretation, RNAseq data analytic methods and their utilities, and transcriptomics-enabled human stem cell differentiation. In addition, the review outlines the potential benefits of the transcriptomics-aided discovery of intrinsic factors influencing stem cell lineage commitment, transcriptomics applied to disease physiology studies using patients' induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells for regenerative medicine, and the future outlook on the technology and its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Ogi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
- Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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13
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Uchimura K. Single-cell RNA sequencing and kidney organoid differentiation. Clin Exp Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s10157-023-02359-5. [PMID: 37209321 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since 2015, Japanese researchers have made great progress in developing a method to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into kidney organoids. Protocols have been established to produce increasingly complex three-dimensional (3D) structures, which are used as a human kidney disease model and adapted for high-throughput screening. During this period, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology was developed to perform a comprehensive analysis at the single-cell level. We have performed a comprehensive analysis using scRNA-seq to define how kidney organoids can be applied to understand kidney development and pathology. The structure of kidney organoids is complex and contains many cell types of varying maturity. Since only a few proteins and mRNAs can be identified by immunostaining and other techniques, we performed scRNA-seq, which is an unbiased technology that can comprehensively categorize all cell types present in organoids. The aim of this study is to review the problems of kidney organoids based on scRNA-seq and the efforts to address the problems and predict future applications with this powerful technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Uchimura
- Division of Nephrology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, 409-3898, Japan.
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14
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Banan Sadeghian R, Ueno R, Takata Y, Kawakami A, Ma C, Araoka T, Takasato M, Yokokawa R. Cells sorted off hiPSC-derived kidney organoids coupled with immortalized cells reliably model the proximal tubule. Commun Biol 2023; 6:483. [PMID: 37142732 PMCID: PMC10160057 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of late, numerous microphysiological systems have been employed to model the renal proximal tubule. Yet there is lack of research on refining the functions of the proximal tubule epithelial layer-selective filtration and reabsorption. In this report, pseudo proximal tubule cells extracted from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are combined and cultured with immortalized proximal tubule cells. It is shown that the cocultured tissue is an impervious epithelium that offers improved levels of certain transporters, extracellular matrix proteins collagen and laminin, and superior glucose transport and P-glycoprotein activity. mRNA expression levels higher than those obtained from each cell type were detected, suggesting an anomalous synergistic crosstalk between the two. Alongside, the improvements in morphological characteristics and performance of the immortalized proximal tubule tissue layer exposed, upon maturation, to human umbilical vein endothelial cells are thoroughly quantified and compared. Glucose and albumin reabsorption, as well as xenobiotic efflux rates through P-glycoprotein were all improved. The data presented abreast highlight the advantages of the cocultured epithelial layer and the non-iPSC-based bilayer. The in vitro models presented herein can be helpful in personalized nephrotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryohei Ueno
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Yuji Takata
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawakami
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
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15
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Chambers BE, Weaver NE, Wingert RA. The "3Ds" of Growing Kidney Organoids: Advances in Nephron Development, Disease Modeling, and Drug Screening. Cells 2023; 12. [PMID: 36831216 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A kidney organoid is a three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregate grown from stem cells in vitro that undergoes self-organization, recapitulating aspects of normal renal development to produce nephron structures that resemble the native kidney organ. These miniature kidney-like structures can also be derived from primary patient cells and thus provide simplified context to observe how mutations in kidney-disease-associated genes affect organogenesis and physiological function. In the past several years, advances in kidney organoid technologies have achieved the formation of renal organoids with enhanced numbers of specialized cell types, less heterogeneity, and more architectural complexity. Microfluidic bioreactor culture devices, single-cell transcriptomics, and bioinformatic analyses have accelerated the development of more sophisticated renal organoids and tailored them to become increasingly amenable to high-throughput experimentation. However, many significant challenges remain in realizing the use of kidney organoids for renal replacement therapies. This review presents an overview of the renal organoid field and selected highlights of recent cutting-edge kidney organoid research with a focus on embryonic development, modeling renal disease, and personalized drug screening.
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16
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Shi M, McCracken KW, Patel AB, Zhang W, Ester L, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV. Human ureteric bud organoids recapitulate branching morphogenesis and differentiate into functional collecting duct cell types. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:252-261. [PMID: 36038632 PMCID: PMC9957856 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into functional ureteric and collecting duct (CD) epithelia is essential to kidney regenerative medicine. Here we describe highly efficient, serum-free differentiation of hPSCs into ureteric bud (UB) organoids and functional CD cells. The hPSCs are first induced into pronephric progenitor cells at 90% efficiency and then aggregated into spheres with a molecular signature similar to the nephric duct. In a three-dimensional matrix, the spheres form UB organoids that exhibit branching morphogenesis similar to the fetal UB and correct distal tip localization of RET expression. Organoid-derived cells incorporate into the UB tips of the progenitor niche in chimeric fetal kidney explant culture. At later stages, the UB organoids differentiate into CD organoids, which contain >95% CD cell types as estimated by single-cell RNA sequencing. The CD epithelia demonstrate renal electrophysiologic functions, with ENaC-mediated vectorial sodium transport by principal cells and V-type ATPase proton pump activity by FOXI1-induced intercalated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Nephrology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA.
| | - Ankit B Patel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weitao Zhang
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lioba Ester
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge and Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge and Boston, Boston, MA, USA. .,Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Lee JJ, Lin CY, Chen HC, Hsieh PCH, Chiu YW, Chang JM. Opportunities and Challenges of Human IPSC Technology in Kidney Disease Research. Biomedicines 2022; 10. [PMID: 36551987 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), since their discovery in 2007, open a broad array of opportunities for research and potential therapeutic uses. The substantial progress in iPSC reprogramming, maintenance, differentiation, and characterization technologies since then has supported their applications from disease modeling and preclinical experimental platforms to the initiation of cell therapies. In this review, we started with a background introduction about stem cells and the discovery of iPSCs, examined the developing technologies in reprogramming and characterization, and provided the updated list of stem cell biobanks. We highlighted several important iPSC-based research including that on autosomal dominant kidney disease and SARS-CoV-2 kidney involvement and discussed challenges and future perspectives.
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18
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Tsujimoto H, Osafune K. Current status and future directions of clinical applications using iPS cells-focus on Japan. FEBS J 2022; 289:7274-7291. [PMID: 34407307 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using iPS cell technologies has progressed remarkably in recent years. In this review, we summarize these technologies and their clinical application. First, we discuss progress in the establishment of iPS cells, including the HLA-homo iPS cell stock project in Japan and the advancement of low antigenic iPS cells using genome-editing technology. Then, we describe iPS cell-based therapies in or approaching clinical application, including those for ophthalmological, neurological, cardiac, hematological, cartilage, and metabolic diseases. Next, we introduce disease models generated from patient iPS cells and successfully used to identify therapeutic agents for intractable diseases. Clinical medicine using iPS cells has advanced safely and effectively by making full use of current scientific standards, but tests on cell safety need to be further developed and validated. The next decades will see the further spread of iPS cell technology-based regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Tsujimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,RegeNephro Co., Ltd., MIC bldg. Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Salehin N, Knowles H, Masamsetti VP, Tam PP. Mammalian gastrulation: signalling activity and transcriptional regulation of cell lineage differentiation and germ layer formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of signalling input and downstream transcriptional activity is the key molecular attribute driving the differentiation of germ layer tissue and the specification of cell lineages within each germ layer during gastrulation. This review delves into the current understanding of signalling and transcriptional control of lineage development in the germ layers of mouse embryo and non-human primate embryos during gastrulation and highlights the inter-species conservation and divergence of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of germ layer development in the human embryo.
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20
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Tsujimoto H, Katagiri N, Ijiri Y, Sasaki B, Kobayashi Y, Mima A, Ryosaka M, Furuyama K, Kawaguchi Y, Osafune K. In vitro methods to ensure absence of residual undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells intermingled in induced nephron progenitor cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275600. [PMID: 36378656 PMCID: PMC9665373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) are expected to ameliorate acute kidney injury (AKI). However, using hiPSC-derived NPCs clinically is a challenge because hiPSCs themselves are tumorigenic. LIN28A, ESRG, CNMD and SFRP2 transcripts have been used as a marker of residual hiPSCs for a variety of cell types undergoing clinical trials. In this study, by reanalyzing public databases, we found a baseline expression of LIN28A, ESRG, CNMD and SFRP2 in hiPSC-derived NPCs and several other cell types, suggesting LIN28A, ESRG, CNMD and SFRP2 are not always reliable markers for iPSC detection. As an alternative, we discovered a lncRNA marker gene, MIR302CHG, among many known and unknown iPSC markers, as highly differentially expressed between hiPSCs and NPCs, by RNA sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses. Using MIR302CHG as an hiPSC marker, we constructed two assay methods, a combination of magnetic bead-based enrichment and qRT-PCR and digital droplet PCR alone, to detect a small number of residual hiPSCs in NPC populations. The use of these in vitro assays could contribute to patient safety in treatments using hiPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Tsujimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Rege Nephro Co., Ltd., Med-Pharm Collaboration Building, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (KO); (HT)
| | - Naoko Katagiri
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Rege Nephro Co., Ltd., Med-Pharm Collaboration Building, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ijiri
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Rege Nephro Co., Ltd., Med-Pharm Collaboration Building, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ben Sasaki
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kobayashi
- Rege Nephro Co., Ltd., Med-Pharm Collaboration Building, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Mima
- Rege Nephro Co., Ltd., Med-Pharm Collaboration Building, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ryosaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Rege Nephro Co., Ltd., Med-Pharm Collaboration Building, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Furuyama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (KO); (HT)
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Abstract
The ability to generate 3-dimensional models of the developing human kidney via the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells-termed kidney organoids-has been hailed as a major advance in experimental nephrology. Although these provide an opportunity to interrogate human development, model-specific kidney diseases facilitate drug screening and even deliver bioengineered tissue; most of these prophetic end points remain to be realized. Indeed, at present we are still finding out what we can learn and what we cannot learn from this approach. In this review, we will summarize the approaches available to generate models of the human kidney from stem cells, the existing successful applications of kidney organoids, their limitations, and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Sugiura R, Hamano S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, Yoshida S, Sugii H, Fujino S, Adachi O, Kadowaki M, Yamashita D, Maeda H. PAX9 Is Involved in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-like Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Regulating Extracellular Matrix. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2366. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) play central roles in periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue homeostasis, repair, and regeneration. Previously, we established a protocol to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest-like cells (iNCs) into PDLSC-like cells (iPDLSCs) using human PDL cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM). However, it remained unclear what factors principally regulate the differentiation of iNCs into iPDLSCs. In this study, we aimed to identify the transcription factor regulating production of human PDL cell-derived ECM, which is responsible for the generation of iPDLSCs. We cultured iNCs on ECMs of two human PDL cell lines (HPDLC-3S and HPDLC-3U) and of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). iNCs cultured on HPDLC-3U demonstrated higher iPDLSC-associated gene expression and mesenchymal differentiation capacity than cells cultured on HDF or HPDLC-3S. The transcription factor PAX9 was highly expressed in HPDLC-3U compared with HDF and HPDLC-3S. iNCs cultured on siPAX9-transfected HPDLC-3U displayed downregulation of iPDLSC-associated marker expression and adipocytic differentiation capacity relative to controls. Our findings suggest that PAX9 is one of the transcription factors regulating ECM production in human PDL cells, which is responsible for the differentiation of iNCs into iPDLSCs.
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Karp S, Pollak MR, Subramanian B. Disease Modeling with Kidney Organoids. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1384. [PMID: 36144007 PMCID: PMC9506184 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Kidney diseases often lack optimal treatments, causing millions of deaths each year. Thus, developing appropriate model systems to study human kidney disease is of utmost importance. Some of the most promising human kidney models are organoids or small organ-resembling tissue collectives, derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, they are more akin to a first-trimester fetal kidney than an adult kidney. Therefore, new strategies are needed to advance their maturity. They have great potential for disease modeling and eventually auxiliary therapy if they can reach the maturity of an adult kidney. In this review, we will discuss the current state of kidney organoids in terms of their similarity to the human kidney and use as a disease modeling system thus far. We will then discuss potential pathways to advance the maturity of kidney organoids to match an adult kidney for more accurate human disease modeling.
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Huang B, Zeng Z, Zhang CC, Schreiber ME, Li Z. Approaches to kidney replacement therapies—opportunities and challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:953408. [PMID: 35982852 PMCID: PMC9380013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.953408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One out of seven people develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). When kidney function continues to decline, CKD patients may develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD, or kidney failure). More than 2 out of 1,000 adults develop ESRD and these patients must live on dialysis or get a kidney transplant to survive. Each year, more than $51 billion is spent to treat patients with ESRD in the United States. In addition, ESRD greatly reduces longevity and quality of life for patients. Compared to dialysis, kidney transplant offers the best chance of survival, but few donor organs are available. Thus, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions that address the shortage of kidneys available for transplantation. Here we summarize the status of current approaches that are being developed to solve the shortage of donor kidneys. These include the bioartificial kidney approach which aims to make a portable dialysis device, the recellularization approach which utilizes native kidney scaffold to make an engineered kidney, the stem cell-based approach which aims to generate a kidney de novo by recapitulating normal kidney organogenesis, the xenotransplantation approach which has the goal to make immunocompatible pig kidneys for transplantation, and the interspecies chimera approach which has potential to generate a human kidney in a host animal. We also discuss the interconnections among the different approaches, and the remaining challenges of translating these approaches into novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Huang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zipeng Zeng
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chennan C. Zhang
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Megan E. Schreiber
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhongwei Li
- USC/UKRO Kidney Research Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Deptartment of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhongwei Li,
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25
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Trush O, Takasato M. Kidney organoid research: current status and applications. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 75:101944. [PMID: 35785592 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are being widely introduced as novel research models in multiple research fields. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived kidney organoids became an indispensable tool to study human kidney development, model various diseases and infections leading to kidney damage, and offer a new route towards better drug development and validation, personalized drug screening, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we provide an update of the most recent developments in kidney organoid induction: their main goals, advantages, and shortcomings. We further discuss their current applications in providing modeling and treatment avenues to various kidney injuries, their use in genome-wide screening of kidney diseases, and the cell interactions occurring in these kidney structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Trush
- Laboratory for Human Organogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- Laboratory for Human Organogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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26
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Saito Y, Yamanaka S, Matsumoto N, Takamura T, Fujimoto T, Matsui K, Tajiri S, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi E, Yokoo T. Generation of functional chimeric kidney containing exogenous progenitor-derived stroma and nephron via a conditional empty niche. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110933. [PMID: 35705028 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of new kidneys can be useful in various research fields, including organ transplantation. However, generating renal stroma, an important component tissue for structural support, endocrine function, and kidney development, remains difficult. Organ generation using an animal developmental niche can provide an appropriate in vivo environment for renal stroma differentiation. Here, we generate rat renal stroma with endocrine capacity by removing mouse stromal progenitor cells (SPCs) from the host developmental niche and transplanting rat SPCs. Furthermore, we develop a method to replace both nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and SPCs, called the interspecies dual replacement of the progenitor (i-DROP) system, and successfully generate functional chimeric kidneys containing rat nephrons and stroma. This method can generate renal tissue from progenitors and reduce xenotransplant rejection. Moreover, it is a safe method, as donor cells do not stray into nontarget organs, thus accelerating research on stem cells, chimeras, and xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatsumu Saito
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yamanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsumoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takamura
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinari Fujimoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Tajiri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Matsumoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pistollato F, Bal-Price A, Coecke S, Parvatam S, Pamies D, Czysz K, Hao J, Kee K, Teo AKK, Niu S, Wilmes A, Smirnova L, Freund C, Mummery C, Stacey G. Quality criteria for in vitro human pluripotent stem cell-derived models of tissue-based cells. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:36-50. [PMID: 35697279 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of the technology to isolate or generate human pluripotent stem cells provided the potential to develop a wide range of human models that could enhance understanding of mechanisms underlying human development and disease. These systems are now beginning to mature and provide the basis for the development of in vitro assays suitable to understand the biological processes involved in the multi-organ systems of the human body, and will improve strategies for diagnosis, prevention, therapies and precision medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines are prone to phenotypic and genotypic changes and donor/clone dependent variability, which means that it is important to identify the most appropriate characterization markers and quality control measures when sourcing new cell lines and assessing differentiated cell and tissue culture preparations for experimental work. This paper considers those core quality control measures for human pluripotent stem cell lines and evaluates the state of play in the development of key functional markers for their differentiated cell derivatives to promote assurance of reproducibility of scientific data derived from pluripotent stem cell-based systems.
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Abstract
The field of single-cell genomics and spatial technologies is rapidly evolving and has already provided unprecedented insights into complex tissues. Major advances have been made in dissecting the cellular composition and spatiotemporal interactions that mediate developmental processes in the fetal kidney. Single-cell technologies have also provided detailed insights into the heterogeneity of cell types within the healthy adult and shed light on the complex cellular mechanisms that contribute to kidney disease. The in-depth characterization of specific cell types associated with acute kidney injury and glomerular diseases has potential for the development of prognostic biomarkers and new therapeutics. Analyses of pathway activity in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma can predict the sensitivity of tumour cells to specific inhibitors. The identification of the cell of origin of renal cell carcinoma and of new cell types within the tumour microenvironment also has implications for the development of targeted therapeutics. Similarly, single-cell sequencing has provided new insights into the mechanisms underlying kidney fibrosis, specifically our understanding of myofibroblast origins and the contribution of cell crosstalk within the fibrotic niche to disease progression. These and future studies will enable the creation of a map to aid our understanding of the cellular processes and interactions in the developing, healthy and diseased kidney.
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Doi K, Kimura H, Matsunaga YT, Fujii T, Nangaku M. Glomerulus-on-a-Chip: Current Insights and Future Potential Towards Recapitulating Selectively Permeable Filtration Systems. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2022; 15:85-101. [PMID: 35299832 PMCID: PMC8922329 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s344725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Doi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: Masaomi Nangaku, Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan, Tel/Fax +81358009736, Email
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Hukriede NA, Soranno DE, Sander V, Perreau T, Starr MC, Yuen PST, Siskind LJ, Hutchens MP, Davidson AJ, Burmeister DM, Faubel S, de Caestecker MP. Experimental models of acute kidney injury for translational research. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022. [PMID: 35173348 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of human disease provide powerful tools for therapeutic discovery but have limitations. This problem is especially apparent in the field of acute kidney injury (AKI), in which clinical trial failures have been attributed to inaccurate modelling performed largely in rodents. Multidisciplinary efforts such as the Kidney Precision Medicine Project are now starting to identify molecular subtypes of human AKI. In addition, over the past decade, there have been developments in human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids as well as zebrafish, rodent and large animal models of AKI. These organoid and AKI models are being deployed at different stages of preclinical therapeutic development. However, the traditionally siloed, preclinical investigator-driven approaches that have been used to evaluate AKI therapeutics to date rarely account for the limitations of the model systems used and have given rise to false expectations of clinical efficacy in patients with different AKI pathophysiologies. To address this problem, there is a need to develop more flexible and integrated approaches, involving teams of investigators with expertise in a range of different model systems, working closely with clinical investigators, to develop robust preclinical evidence to support more focused interventions in patients with AKI.
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Tanigawa S, Tanaka E, Miike K, Ohmori T, Inoue D, Cai CL, Taguchi A, Kobayashi A, Nishinakamura R. Generation of the organotypic kidney structure by integrating pluripotent stem cell-derived renal stroma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:611. [PMID: 35105870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Organs consist of the parenchyma and stroma, the latter of which coordinates the generation of organotypic structures. Despite recent advances in organoid technology, induction of organ-specific stroma and recapitulation of complex organ configurations from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have remained challenging. By elucidating the in vivo molecular features of the renal stromal lineage at a single-cell resolution level, we herein establish an in vitro induction protocol for stromal progenitors (SPs) from mouse PSCs. When the induced SPs are assembled with two differentially induced parenchymal progenitors (nephron progenitors and ureteric buds), the completely PSC-derived organoids reproduce the complex kidney structure, with multiple types of stromal cells distributed along differentiating nephrons and branching ureteric buds. Thus, integration of PSC-derived lineage-specific stroma into parenchymal organoids will pave the way toward recapitulation of the organotypic architecture and functions.
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33
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Kameda Y, Chuaychob S, Tanaka M, Liu Y, Okada R, Fujimoto K, Nakamura T, Yokokawa R. Three-dimensional tissue model in direct contact with an on-chip vascular bed enabled by removable membranes. Lab Chip 2022; 22:641-651. [PMID: 35018934 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture is a powerful tool for understanding physiological events. However, 3D tissues still have limitations in their size, culture period, and maturity, which are caused by the lack of nutrients and oxygen supply through the vasculature. Here, we propose a new method for culturing a 3D tissue-a spheroid-directly on an 'on-chip vascular bed'. The method can be applied to any 3D tissue because the vascular bed is preformed, so that angiogenic factors from the tissue are not necessary to induce vasculature. The essential component of the assay system is the removable membrane that initially separates the 3D tissue culture well and the microchannel in which a uniform vascular bed is formed, and then allows the tissue to be settled directly onto the vascular bed following its removal. This in vitro system offers a new technique for evaluating the effects of vasculature on 3D tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kameda
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Surachada Chuaychob
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Miwa Tanaka
- Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Ryu Okada
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Fujimoto
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
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Yamada Y, Fujiki H, Mizuguchi H, Takeshita Y, Hattori K, Ohmoto K, Aihara M, Nagano K, Isakari Y, Yamamoto M, Yamamura Y. [Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V 2 receptor antagonist, is the world's first approved drug for treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2022; 157:254-260. [PMID: 35781456 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic kidney disease. Fluid-filled cysts develop and enlarge in both kidneys, eventually leading to kidney failure. Tolvaptan is a selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist and the first and only drug approved for treatment of ADPKD. It blocks binding of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to V2 receptors in the collecting duct of kidney, thereby inducing water diuresis (aquaresis) without losing electrolytes. Therefore, tolvaptan was originally developed and approved as the first oral aquaretic agent for treatment of hyponatremia and fluid volume overload in heart failure and cirrhosis. During the development of tolvaptan as aquaretics, efficacy of V2 antagonist in polycystic kidney animal model was reported and then the development of tolvaptan for ADPKD was also initiated. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays an important role in cyst growth by promoting cell proliferation and fluid secretion. Tolvaptan showed suppression of cyst growth through inhibiting AVP-induced cAMP production and delayed the onset of end-stage renal disease in an animal model. In the phase 3 clinical trial in ADPKD patients (TEMPO 3:4 trial), 3-year treatment with tolvaptan slowed the disease progression including increase of kidney volume and decline in renal function. Efficacy of tolvaptan in patients with late-stage ADPKD was confirmed in another 1-year phase 3 REPRISE trial. Tolvaptan is approved for treatment of ADPKD in more than 40 countries and we expect it can contribute to more ADPKD patients worldwide. We also expect that drugs with new mechanisms will be available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Yamada
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroyuki Fujiki
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yukinobu Takeshita
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Katsuji Hattori
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Koji Ohmoto
- Department of Medical Innovation, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Miki Aihara
- Medical Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Miho Yamamoto
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures that self-organize from human pluripotent stem cells or primary tissue, potentially serving as a traceable and manipulatable platform to facilitate our understanding of organogenesis. Despite the ongoing advancement in generating organoids of diverse systems, biological applications of in vitro generated organoids remain as a major challenge in part due to a substantial lack of intricate complexity. The studies of development and regeneration enumerate the essential roles of highly diversified nonepithelial populations such as mesenchyme and endothelium in directing fate specification, morphogenesis, and maturation. Furthermore, organoids with physiological and homeostatic functions require direct and indirect inter-organ crosstalk recapitulating what is seen in organogenesis. We herein review the evolving organoid technology at the cell, tissue, organ, and system level with a main emphasis on endoderm derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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36
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Simeon M, Dangwal S, Sachinidis A, Doss MX. Application of the Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genomics in Cardiovascular Research-What We Have Learnt and Not Learnt until Now. Cells 2021; 10:3112. [PMID: 34831333 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized regenerative medicine and biomedical research have been galvanized and revolutionized by human pluripotent stem cells in combination with recent advances in genomics, artificial intelligence, and genome engineering. More recently, we have witnessed the unprecedented breakthrough life-saving translation of mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 to contain the global pandemic and the investment in billions of US dollars in space exploration projects and the blooming space-tourism industry fueled by the latest reusable space vessels. Now, it is time to examine where the translation of pluripotent stem cell research stands currently, which has been touted for more than the last two decades to cure and treat millions of patients with severe debilitating degenerative diseases and tissue injuries. This review attempts to highlight the accomplishments of pluripotent stem cell research together with cutting-edge genomics and genome editing tools and, also, the promises that have still not been transformed into clinical applications, with cardiovascular research as a case example. This review also brings to our attention the scientific and socioeconomic challenges that need to be effectively addressed to see the full potential of pluripotent stem cells at the clinical bedside.
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Gupta N, Morizane R. Kidney development to kidney organoids and back again. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021:S1084-9521(21)00252-4. [PMID: 34627669 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoid technology has led to a renaissance in kidney developmental biology. The complex underpinnings of mammalian kidney development have provided a framework for the generation of kidney cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Termed kidney organoids, these 3-dimensional structures contain kidney-specific cell types distributed similarly to in vivo architecture. The adult human kidney forms from the reciprocal induction of two disparate tissues, the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and ureteric bud (UB), to form nephrons and collecting ducts, respectively. Although nephrons and collecting ducts are derived from the intermediate mesoderm (IM), their development deviates in time and space to impart distinctive inductive signaling for which separate differentiation protocols are required. Here we summarize the directed differentiation protocols which generate nephron kidney organoids and collecting duct kidney organoids, making note of similarities as much as differences. We discuss limitations of these present approaches and discuss future directions to improve kidney organoid technology, including a greater understanding of anterior IM and its derivatives to enable an improved differentiation protocol to collecting duct organoids for which historic and future developmental biology studies will be instrumental.
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38
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Chen WY, Evangelista EA, Yang J, Kelly EJ, Yeung CK. Kidney Organoid and Microphysiological Kidney Chip Models to Accelerate Drug Development and Reduce Animal Testing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:695920. [PMID: 34381363 PMCID: PMC8350564 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.695920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are critical for the elimination of many drugs and metabolites via the urine, filtering waste and maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance. Emerging technologies incorporating engineered three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture models, such as organoids and microphysiological systems (MPS) culture platforms, have been developed to replicate nephron function, leading to enhanced efficacy, safety, and toxicity evaluation of new drugs and environmental exposures. Organoids are tiny, self-organized three-dimensional tissue cultures derived from stem cells that can include dozens of cell types to replicate the complexity of an organ. In contrast, MPS are highly controlled fluidic culture systems consisting of isolated cell type(s) that can be used to deconvolute mechanism and pathophysiology. Both systems, having their own unique benefits and disadvantages, have exciting applications in the field of kidney disease modeling and therapeutic discovery and toxicology. In this review, we discuss current uses of both hPSC-derived organoids and MPS as pre-clinical models for studying kidney diseases and drug induced nephrotoxicity. Examples such as the use of organoids to model autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and the use of MPS to predict renal clearance and nephrotoxic concentrations of novel drugs are briefly discussed. Taken together, these novel platforms allow investigators to elaborate critical scientific questions. While much work needs to be done, utility of these 3D cell culture technologies has an optimistic outlook and the potential to accelerate drug development while reducing the use of animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eric A Evangelista
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jade Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA, United States
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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39
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Lv T, Meng F, Yu M, Huang H, Lin X, Zhao B. Defense of COVID-19 by Human Organoids. Phenomics 2021; 1:113-128. [PMID: 35233559 PMCID: PMC8277987 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an immense menace to public health worldwide, exerting huge effects on global economic and political conditions. Understanding the biology and pathogenesis mechanisms of this novel virus, in large parts, relies on optimal physiological models that allow replication and propagation of SARS-CoV-2. Human organoids, derived from stem cells, are three-dimensional cell cultures that recapitulate the cellular organization, transcriptional and epigenetic signatures of their counterpart organs. Recent studies have indicated their great values as experimental virology platforms, making human organoid an ideal tool for investigating host-pathogen interactions. Here, we summarize research developments for SARS-CoV-2 infection of various human organoids involved in multiple systems, including lung, liver, brain, intestine, kidney and blood vessel organoids. These studies help us reveal the pathogenesis mechanism of COVID-19, and facilitate the development of effective vaccines and drugs as well as other therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Fanlu Meng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023 China
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Haihui Huang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
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40
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Doi K, Kimura H, Wada T, Tanaka T, Hiromura K, Saleem MA, Inagi R, Nangaku M, Fujii T. A novel method for successful induction of interdigitating process formation in conditionally immortalized podocytes from mice, rats, and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 570:47-52. [PMID: 34271436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formation of processes in podocytes is regarded as the hallmark of maturity and normal physical condition for the cell. There are many accumulated findings about molecular mechanisms that cause retraction of podocyte processes; however, there is little knowledge of the positive mechanisms that promote process formation in vitro, and most previous reports about this topic have been limited to low-density cultures. Here, we found that process formation can be induced in 100% confluent cultures of conditionally immortalized podocytes in mouse, rat, and human species by combining serum depletion and Y-27632 ROCK inhibitor supplementation on the scaffold of laminin-521(L521). We noted the cytoskeletal reorganization of the radial extension pattern of vimentin filaments and downregulation of actin stress fiber formation under that condition. We also found that additional standard amount of serum, depletion of ROCK inhibitor, or slight mismatch of the scaffold as laminin-511(L511) hinder process formation. These findings suggest that the combination of reduced serum, podocyte-specific scaffold, and intracellular signaling to reduce the overexpression of ROCK are required factors for process formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Doi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 153-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Japan
| | - Takehiko Wada
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiju Hiromura
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Moin A Saleem
- University of Bristol, And Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, UK
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 153-8503, Japan.
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41
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Trivedi N, Kumar D. Fibroblast growth factor and kidney disease: Updates for emerging novel therapeutics. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7909-7925. [PMID: 34196395 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) provided a profound new insight into physiological and metabolic functions. FGF has a large family by having divergent structural elements and enable functional divergence and specification. FGF and FGFRs are highly expressed during kidney development. Signals from the ureteric bud regulate morphogenesis, nephrogenesis, and nephron progenitor survival. Thus, FGF signaling plays an important role in kidney progenitor cell aggregation at the sites of new nephron formation. This review will summarize the current knowledge about functions of FGF signaling in kidney development and their ability to promote regeneration in injured kidneys and its use as a biomarker and therapeutic target in kidney diseases. Further studies are essential to determine the predictive significance of the various FGF/FGFR deviations and to integrate them into clinical algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerja Trivedi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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42
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Zeng Z, Huang B, Parvez RK, Li Y, Chen J, Vonk AC, Thornton ME, Patel T, Rutledge EA, Kim AD, Yu J, Grubbs BH, McMahon JA, Pastor-Soler NM, Hallows KR, McMahon AP, Li Z. Generation of patterned kidney organoids that recapitulate the adult kidney collecting duct system from expandable ureteric bud progenitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3641. [PMID: 34131121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current kidney organoids model development and diseases of the nephron but not the contiguous epithelial network of the kidney’s collecting duct (CD) system. Here, we report the generation of an expandable, 3D branching ureteric bud (UB) organoid culture model that can be derived from primary UB progenitors from mouse and human fetal kidneys, or generated de novo from human pluripotent stem cells. In chemically-defined culture conditions, UB organoids generate CD organoids, with differentiated principal and intercalated cells adopting spatial assemblies reflective of the adult kidney’s collecting system. Aggregating 3D-cultured nephron progenitor cells with UB organoids in vitro results in a reiterative process of branching morphogenesis and nephron induction, similar to kidney development. Applying an efficient gene editing strategy to remove RET activity, we demonstrate genetically modified UB organoids can model congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract. Taken together, these platforms will facilitate an enhanced understanding of development, regeneration and diseases of the mammalian collecting duct system. Here, the authors model the collecting duct system in kidneys by taking ureteric bud (UB) progenitor cells from both mouse and human primary tissues, as well as from hESC and hiPSC to generate organoids, which can model congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.
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43
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Abstract
With few curative treatments for kidney diseases, increasing attention has been paid to regenerative medicine as a new therapeutic option. Recent progress in kidney regeneration using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is noteworthy. Based on the knowledge of kidney development, the directed differentiation of hiPSCs into two embryonic kidney progenitors, nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) and ureteric bud (UB), has been established, enabling the generation of nephron and collecting duct organoids. Furthermore, human kidney tissues can be generated from these hiPSC-derived progenitors, in which NPC-derived glomeruli and renal tubules and UB-derived collecting ducts are interconnected. The induced kidney tissues are further vascularized when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. In addition to the kidney reconstruction for use in transplantation, it has been demonstrated that cell therapy using hiPSC-derived NPCs ameliorates acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. Disease modeling and drug discovery research using disease-specific hiPSCs has also been vigorously conducted for intractable kidney disorders, such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In an attempt to address the complications associated with kidney diseases, hiPSC-derived erythropoietin (EPO)-producing cells were successfully generated to discover drugs and develop cell therapy for renal anemia. This review summarizes the current status and future perspectives of developmental biology of kidney and iPSC technology-based regenerative medicine for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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44
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Chen C, Ji W, Niu Y. Primate Organoids and Gene-Editing Technologies toward Next-Generation Biomedical Research. Trends Biotechnol 2021:S0167-7799(21)00085-8. [PMID: 33941418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The improved ability to organize pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into 3D structures in vitro has shed light on organoid technology to recapitulate organs and tumors in vivo. Advances in gene-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-mediated techniques, offer tremendous potential in facilitating organoid research, including the study of development, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. This review discusses how the combination of two novel technologies - organoids and gene editing - not only contributes to revealing molecular events taking place during development and tumorigenesis but also has implications for biobanking, precision medicine, and other diverse biomedical applications.
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45
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Osafune K. Regenerative treatments for kidney diseases: The closest and fastest strategies to solving related medical and economic problems. Artif Organs 2021; 45:447-453. [PMID: 33590913 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in developmental biology and stem cell biology have led to the increased availability of extrarenal stem cells, including mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSCs), renal stem or progenitor cells isolated from embryonic and adult kidneys, and kidney lineage cells or tissues generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as human embryonic stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Regenerative medicine strategies for kidney diseases are largely categorized into the transplantation of reconstructed kidney organs and cell therapies. Reconstruction is being attempted by hPSC-derived kidney lineage cells with various strategies, such as self-organization, interspecies blastocyst complementation, utilization of a xenogeneic organ niche, decellularization and repopulation, and 3D bioprinting. However, cell therapies using extrarenal stem cells, such as MSCs, and renal stem or progenitor cells derived from embryonic and adult kidneys or differentiated from hPSCs have been investigated in animal models of both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Indeed, multiple clinical trials using MSCs, bone marrow stem cells, and kidney-derived cells have already been carried out. This review summarizes the current status and future perspective of kidney regenerative medicine strategies and discusses the closest and fastest strategies to solving the medical and economic problems associated with kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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46
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Shimizu T, Yamagata K, Osafune K. Kidney organoids: Research in developmental biology and emerging applications. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:166-177. [PMID: 33569792 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have drastically changed the field of stem cell research on human kidneys within a few years. They are self-organizing multicellular structures that contain nephron components such as glomeruli and renal tubules in most cases, but hPSC-derived ureteric buds, the progenitors of collecting ducts and ureters, can also form three-dimensional organoids. Today's challenges facing human kidney organoids are further maturation and anatomical integrity in order to achieve a complete model of the developing kidneys and ultimately a complete adult organ. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) and impaired kidney function are an increasing burden on public health worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatments for various renal conditions. In this regard, hPSC-derived kidney organoids may impact medicine by providing new translational approaches. The unique ability of kidney organoids derived from disease-specific hPSCs to reproduce human diseases caused by genetic alterations may help provide the next generation of kidney disease models. Recent advances in the field of kidney organoid research have been generally accompanied by progress in developmental biology and other technological breakthroughs. In this review, we consider the current trends in kidney organoid technology, especially focusing on the relationship to the study of human kidney development, and discuss the remaining hurdles and prospects in regenerating human kidney structures beyond organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Shimizu
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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47
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Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a potentially unlimited source to generate endothelial cells (ECs) for numerous applications. Here, we describe a 7-day protocol to differentiate up to 55 million vascular endothelial cells (viECs) from 3.5 million human iPSCs using small molecules to regulate specific transcription factors. We also describe a parallel-plate flow chamber system to study EC behavior under physiological shear stress. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Atchison et al. (2020). A protocol for differentiating vascular endothelial cells (viECs) from human iPSCs Generation of up to 55 million viECs from 3.5 million iPSCs within 7 days Design and use of parallel-plate flow chamber to study EC behavior under flow viECs express EC markers, upregulate flow-sensitive genes, and align to flow direction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia O Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27713, USA
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48
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Su X, Wang T, Guo S. Applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in the stem cell field. Regen Ther 2021; 16:63-72. [PMID: 33598507 PMCID: PMC7868584 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to traffic accidents, injuries, burns, congenital malformations and other reasons, a large number of patients with tissue or organ defects need urgent treatment every year. The shortage of donors, graft rejection and other problems cause a deficient supply for organ and tissue replacement, repair and regeneration of patients, so regenerative medicine came into being. Stem cell therapy plays an important role in the field of regenerative medicine, but it is difficult to fill large tissue defects by injection alone. The scientists combine three-dimensional (3D) printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells to achieve the desired effect. These scaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), bone and cartilage, and eventually form functional tissues or organs by providing structural support and promoting attachment, proliferation and differentiation. This paper mainly discussed the applications of 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds in stem cell regenerative medicine. The application examples of different 3D printing technologies and different raw materials are introduced and compared. Then we discuss the superiority of 3D printing technology over traditional methods, put forward some problems and limitations, and look forward to the future.
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Key Words
- 3D printing
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ABS, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene plastic
- AM, additive manufacturing
- ASCs, adult stem cells
- Alg, alginate
- BCP, biphasic calcium phosphate
- BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- Bone tissue engineering
- CAD, computer-aided design
- CAP, cold atmospheric plasma
- CHMA, chitosan methacrylate
- CT, computed tomography
- DCM, dichloromethane
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- FDM, fused deposition molding
- GO, graphene oxide
- HA, hydroxyapatite
- HAp, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
- HTy, 4-hydroxyphenethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate
- LDM, Low Temperature Deposition Modeling
- LIPUS, low intensity pulsed ultrasound
- MBG/SA–SA, mesoporous bioactive glass/sodium alginate-sodium alginate
- MSCs, Marrow stem cells
- PC, Polycarbonate
- PCL, polycraprolactone
- PDA, polydopamine
- PED, Precision Extrusion Deposition
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PEGDA, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate
- PLGA, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)
- PLLA, poly l-lactide
- PPSU, Polyphenylene sulfone resins
- PRF, platelet-rich fibrin
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- RAD16-I, a soft nanofibrous self-assembling peptide
- SCAPs, human stem cells from the apical papilla
- SF-BG, silk fibroin and silk fibroin-bioactive glass
- SLA, Stereolithography
- SLM, Selective Laser Melting
- STL, standard tessellation language
- Scaffold materials
- Stem cells
- TCP, β-tricalcium phosphate
- dECM, decellularized bovine cartilage extracellular matrix
- hADSC, human adipose derived stem cells
- hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- pcHμPs, novel self-healable pre-cross- linked hydrogel microparticles
- rBMSCs, rat bone marrow stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Kennedy CC, Brown EE, Abutaleb NO, Truskey GA. Development and Application of Endothelial Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells in Microphysiological Systems Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:625016. [PMID: 33659279 PMCID: PMC7917070 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.625016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present in all organs and blood vessels, facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste throughout different organ systems in the body, and sets the tone for healthy vessel function. Mechanosensitive in nature, the endothelium responds to the magnitude and temporal waveform of shear stress in the vessels. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases. Modeling endothelial function and dysfunction in organ systems in vitro, such as the blood–brain barrier and tissue-engineered blood vessels, requires sourcing endothelial cells (ECs) for these biomedical engineering applications. It can be difficult to source primary, easily renewable ECs that possess the function or dysfunction in question. In contrast, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be sourced from donors of interest and renewed almost indefinitely. In this review, we highlight how knowledge of vascular EC development in vivo is used to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into ECs. We then describe how iPSC-derived ECs are being used currently in in vitro models of organ function and disease and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal C Kennedy
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Erin E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nadia O Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Development Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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