Application of BiNPs/MWCNTs-PDA/GC sensor to measurement of Tl (1) and Pb (II) using stripping voltammetry

The determination of thallium in the environment: A review of conventional and advanced techniques and applications

Thallium (Tl) is a potential toxicity element that poses significant ecological and environmental risks. Recently, a substantial amount of Tl has been released into the environment through natural and human activities, which attracts increasing attention. The determination of this hazardous and trace element is crucial for controlling its pollution. This article summarizes the advancement and progress in optimizing Tl detection techniques, including atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), voltammetry, inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-based methods, spectrophotometry, and X-ray-based methods. Additionally, it introduces sampling and pretreatment methods such as diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, and cloud point extraction. Among these techniques, ICP-mass spectrometry (MS) is the preferred choice for Tl detection due to its high precision in determining Tl as well as its species and isotopic composition. Meanwhile, some new materials and agents are employed in detection. The application of novel work electrode materials and chromogenic agents is discussed. Emphasis is placed on reducing solvent consumption and utilizing pretreatment techniques such as ultrasound-assisted processes and functionalized magnetic particles. Most detection is performed in aqueous matrices, while X-ray-based methods applied to solid phases are summarized which provide non-destructive analysis. This work improves the understanding of Tl determination technology while serving as a valuable resource for researchers seeking appropriate analytical techniques.

Highly Accurate Determination of the Total Amount of Pb2+ and Pb(OH)+ in a Natural Water Environment Revealed by Dynamic Simulation and DFT Calculation: Benefit from the Electron Inverse Effect of Pt Nanoclusters over Defective g-C3N4

Although utilizing nanomaterial-modified electrodes for lead ion detection has achieved great success, most of them are carried out under acidic conditions and ignore the variation of Pb(II) speciation at different pH conditions, leading to the potential inaccuracy of Pb(II) detection in a neutral natural water environment. Thus, designing a novel catalyst with high accuracy for the detection of various forms of the total amount of Pb(II) (Pb2+ and Pb(OH)+) in neutral waters is significant. Herein, Pt nanoclusters (Pt NCs) were elaborately constructed and stabilized on the Co single-atom-doped g-C3N4 with abundant N vacancies (Pt NCs/VN-C3N4), which achieved the ultrasensitive detection (102.16 μM μA-1) of Pb(II) in neutral conditions. The dynamic simulation and theoretical calculations reveal that the parallel deposition of Pb2+ and Pb(OH)+ occurs on the electrode surface modified by Pt NCs/VN-C3N4, and the current peaks of Pb(II) are cocontributed by Pb2+ and Pb(OH)+ species. An "electron inverse" phenomenon in Pt NCs/VN-C3N4 from the VN-C3N4 substrate to Pt NCs endows Pt NCs in an electron-rich state, serving as active centers to promote rapid and efficient reduction for both Pb2+ and Pb(OH)+, facilitating the accurate detection of the total amount of Pb(II) in all forms in the actual water environment.

The comprehensive review about elements accumulation in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Cannabis sativa L., commonly known as industrial hemp, is a versatile plant with applications ranging from medicinal to agricultural and industrial uses. Despite its benefits, there is a notable gap in regulatory toxicology, in understanding the extent of element accumulation in hemp, which is critical due to its ability to absorb various elements from the soil, including heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As), uptakes potential toxic elements (e.g., Sb, Sn, Sr, Bi, Tl), problematic elements (Ni, Cr, Co), and essential elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn). The paper aims to enrich current understandings by offering a comprehensive analysis of elements absorption in industrial hemp. This study emphasizes the potential health risks linked with hemp consumption including regulatory toxicology aspects: limits, Permitted Daily Exposures (PDE), recommendations in different countries and from different agencies/bodies (like the WHO and the EU) based on route of administration, jurisdiction and actual literature review. This review contributes significantly to the knowledge base on hemp safety, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, regulatory bodies, and industry stakeholders.

Nanoparticles and nanofiltration for wastewater treatment: From polluted to fresh water

Water pollution poses significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. Mitigating this issue requires effective treatment of domestic wastewater to convert waste into bio-fertilizers and gas. Neglecting liquid waste treatment carries severe consequences for health and the environment. This review focuses on intelligent technologies for water and wastewater treatment, targeting waterborne diseases. It covers pollution prevention and purification methods, including hydrotherapy, membrane filtration, mechanical filters, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and copper-zinc cleaning. The article also highlights domestic purification, field techniques, heavy metal removal, and emerging technologies like nanochips, graphene, nanofiltration, atmospheric water generation, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-based cleaning. Emphasizing water cleaning's significance for ecosystem protection and human health, the review discusses pollution challenges and explores the integration of wastewater treatment, coagulant processes, and nanoparticle utilization in management. It advocates collaborative efforts and innovative research for freshwater preservation and pollution mitigation. Innovative biological systems, combined with filtration, disinfection, and membranes, can elevate recovery rates by up to 90%, surpassing individual primary (<10%) or biological methods (≤50%). Advanced treatment methods can achieve up to 95% water recovery, exceeding UN goals for clean water and sanitation (Goal 6). This progress aligns with climate action objectives and safeguards vital water-rich habitats (Goal 13). The future holds promise with advanced purification techniques enhancing water quality and availability, underscoring the need for responsible water conservation and management for a sustainable future.

Evaluation of thallium ion as an effective ion in human health using an electrochemical sensor

Exposure to thallium (Tl), a noxious heavy metal, poses significant health risks to both humans and animals upon ingestion. Therefore, monitoring Tl levels in the environment is crucial to prevent human exposure and reduce the risk of developing severe health problems. This paper presents the development of a highly sensitive Tl ions sensor through surface modification of a glassy carbon electrode with a nanocomposite comprising MnO2 magnetic sepiolite and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MnO2@Fe3O4/Sep/MWCNT/GCE). Multiple methodologies were employed to assess the performance of the newly developed sensor. By employing square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) to optimize the measurement conditions, notable enhancements were observed in the stripping peak currents of Tl (I) on the MnO2@Fe3O4/Sep/MWCNT/GCE surface. The effectiveness of the nanocomposite in facilitating electron transfer between the Tl (I) ions (guest) and the electrode (host) was demonstrated from the enhanced signals observed at the different modified electrode surfaces under optimal conditions. The developed sensor displayed a wide linear range of 0.1-1500 ppb for Tl (I) and a low detection limit of 0.03 ppb for Tl (I). It was found to be selective for Tl (I) ions while remaining unaffected by interfering non-target ions in the presence of the target ions. Despite its simple preparation procedure, the modified electrode exhibited high stability and excellent reproducibility for measuring Tl (I). The outstanding electroanalytical performances of the MnO2@Fe3O4/Sep/MWCNT/GCE electrode enabled its successful use as an ultrasensitive sensor for determining trace amounts of Tl in environmental samples.

Hydrochar-nanoparticle integration for arsenic removal from wastewater: Challenges, possible solutions, and future horizon

Arsenic (As) contamination poses a significant threat to human health, ecosystems, and agriculture, with levels ranging from 12 to 75% attributed to mine waste and stream sediments. This naturally element is abundant in Earth's crust and gets released into the environment through mining and rock processing, causing ≈363 million people to depend on As-contaminated groundwater. To combat this issue, introducing a sustainable hydrochar system has achieved a remarkable removal efficiency of over 92% for arsenic through adsorption. This comprehensive review presents an overview of As contamination in the environment, with a specific focus on its impact on drinking water and wastewater. It delves into the far-reaching effects of As on human health, ecosystems, aquatic systems, and agriculture, while also exploring the effectiveness of existing As treatment systems. Additionally, the study examines the potential of hydrochar as an efficient adsorbent for As removal from water/wastewater, along with other relevant adsorbents and biomass-based preparations of hydrochar. Notably, the fusion of hydrochar with nanoparticle-centric approaches presents a highly promising and environmentally friendly solution for achieving the removal of As from wastewater, exceeding >99% efficiency. This innovative approach holds immense potential for advancing the realms of green chemistry and environmental restoration. Various challenges associated with As contamination and treatment are highlighted, and proposed solutions are discussed. The review emphasizes the urgent need to advance treatment technologies, improve monitoring methods, and enhance regulatory frameworks. Looking outlook, the article underscores the importance of fostering research efforts, raising public awareness, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to address this critical environmental issue. Such efforts are vital for UN Sustainable Development Goals, especially clean water and sanitation (Goal 6) and climate action (Goal 13), crucial for global sustainability.

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

This review paper summarizes the research published in the last five years on using different compounds and/or materials as modifiers for electrodes employed in trace heavy metal analysis. The main groups of modifiers are identified, and their single or combined application on the surface of the electrodes is discussed. Nanomaterials, film-forming substances, and polymers are among the most used compounds employed mainly in the modification of glassy carbon, screen-printed, and carbon paste electrodes. Composites composed of several compounds and/or materials have also found growing interest in the development of modified electrodes. Environmentally friendly substances and natural products (mainly biopolymers and plant extracts) have continued to be included in the modification of electrodes for trace heavy metal analysis. The main analytical performance parameters of the modified electrodes as well as possible interferences affecting the determination of the target analytes, are discussed. Finally, a critical evaluation of the main findings from these studies and an outlook discussing possible improvements in this area of research are presented.

Black Phosphorus-based Photocatalysts: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Photocatalysis is considered as an eco-friendly and sustainable strategy, since it uses abundant light for the advancement of the reaction, which is freely accessible and is devoid of environmental pollution. During the last decades, (nano)photocatalysts have gained broad industrial applications in terms of purification and detoxification of water as well as production of green fuels and hydrogen gas due to their special attributes. The degradation or remediation of toxic and hazardous compounds from the environment or changing them into non-toxic entities is a significant endeavor and necessary for the safety of humans, animals, and the environment. Black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional single-element material, has a marvelous structure, tunable bandgap, changeable morphology from bulk to nanosheet/quantum dot, and unique physicochemical properties, which makes it attractive material for photocatalytic applications, especially for sustainable development purposes. Since it can serve as a photocatalyst with or without coupling with other semiconductors, various aspects for multidimensional exploitation of BP are deliberated including their preparation via solvothermal, ball milling, calcination, and sonication methods to obtain BP from red phosphorus. The techniques for improving the photocatalytic and stability of BP-based composites are discussed along with their multifaceted applications for environmental remediation, pollution degradation, water splitting, N2 fixation, CO2 reduction, bacterial disinfection, H2 generation, and photodynamic therapy. Herein, most recent advancements pertaining to the photocatalytic applications of BP-based photocatalyst are cogitated, with a focus on their synthesis and properties as well as crucial challenges and future perspectives.

Wastewater reuse in agriculture: Prospects and challenges

Sustainable water recycling and wastewater reuse are urgent nowadays considering water scarcity and increased water consumption through human activities. In 2015, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UN SDG6) highlighted the necessity of recycling wastewater to guarantee water availability for individuals. Currently, wastewater irrigation (WWI) of crops and agricultural land appears essential. The present work overviews the quality of treated wastewater in terms of soil microbial activities, and discusses challenges and benefits of WWI in line with wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture irrigation. Combined conventional-advanced wastewater treatment processes are specifically deliberated, considering the harmful impacts on human health arising from WWI originating from reuse of contaminated water (salts, organic pollutants, toxic metals, and microbial pathogens i.e., viruses and bacteria). The comprehensive literature survey revealed that, in addition to the increased levels of pathogen and microbial threats to human wellbeing, poorly-treated wastewater results in plant and soil contamination with toxic organic/inorganic chemicals, and microbial pathogens. The impact of long-term emerging pollutants like plastic nanoparticles should also be established in further studies, with the development of standardized analytical techniques for such hazardous chemicals. Likewise, the reliable, long-term and extensive judgment on heavy metals threat to human beings's health should be explored in future investigations.

Comparison of the microalgae Phormidium tenue and Chlorella vulgaris as biosorbents of Cd and Zn from aqueous environments

Heavy metals are accumulating into sediments and enriching in aquatic food chains. The efficiency of two microalgae, Phormidium tenue and Chlorella vulgaris, to remove zinc and cadmium from aqueous solutions was studied. The microalgae were incubated in different heavy metal concentrations for 18 days. Morphological and anatomical changes in microalgae were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Both algae removed both Zn2+ and Cd2+in vitro. C. vulgaris removed Zn2+ almost totally (99%) and Cd2+ slightly less (87%). The concentration factors were 2210 and 1117, respectively. SEM and TEM figures showed some alterations in the form and cellular components of both algae. C. vulgaris appeared to be more tolerant to both Cd and Zn than P. tenue. C. vulgaris is a promising microalgal species used to remove heavy metals from aqueous environments.

Tumor microenvironment remodeling in oral cancer: Application of plant derived-natural products and nanomaterials

Oral cancers consist of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and other malignancies in the mouth with varying degrees of invasion and differentiation. For many years, different modalities such as surgery, radiation therapy, and classical chemotherapy drugs have been used to control the growth of oral tumors. Nowadays, studies have confirmed the remarkable effects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on the development, invasion, and therapeutic resistance of tumors like oral cancers. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to modulate the TME in various types of tumors in favor of cancer suppression. Natural products are intriguing agents for targeting cancers and TME. Flavonoids, non-flavonoid herbal-derived molecules, and other natural products have shown promising effects on cancers and TME. These agents, such as curcumin, resveratrol, melatonin, quercetin and naringinin have demonstrated potency in suppressing oral cancers. In this paper, we will review and discuss about the potential efficacy of natural adjuvants on oral cancer cells. Furthermore, we will review the possible therapeutic effects of these agents on the TME and oral cancer cells. Moreover, the potential of nanoparticles-loaded natural products for targeting oral cancers and TME will be reviewed. The potentials, gaps, and future perspectives for targeting TME by nanoparticles-loaded natural products will also be discussed.

Voltammetric sensing of Cd(II) at ZIF-8/GO modified electrode: Optimization and field measurements

In this work, a metal-organic framework/graphene oxide (MOF(ZIF-8)/GO) nanocomposite was utilized for the electroanalysis of trace level of Cd(II) after modification of a cheap graphite rod electrode (GRE). After closed circuit process on the modified electrode, the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique was used for measuring of Cd(II). In optimal conditions, the sensor showed a linear dependence of current with concentration range 0.1-30 ppb for Cd(II). Moreover, limit of detection 0.03 ppb were obtained. Besides good selectivity, the sensor also indicated good reproducibility (below 5%). Moreover, the sensor showed satisfactory sensing performance in river, dam and wastewater samples with recovery ranging from 97.2% to 102.4%. Additionally, possible interfering cations were examined, but no significant interference was found. For the detection of trace Cd(II) in real matrices, this sensor illustrated other good merits like high stability, rapidity and simplicity.

Application of Co3O4 nanocrystal/rGO for simultaneous electrochemical detection of cadmium and lead in environmental waters

Sensing of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in environmental samples is crucial for identifying potential health risks associated with exposure to these heavy metals as well as understanding the extent of heavy metal contamination in different environments and its impact on the ecosystem. The present study elucidates the development of a novel electrochemical sensor that can detect Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions simultaneously. This sensor is fabricated using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and cobalt oxide nanocrystals (Co₃O₄ nanocrystals/rGO). The characterization of Co₃O₄ nanocrystals/rGO was done by using various analytical techniques. The incorporation of cobalt oxide nanocrystals with intense absorption properties results in an amplification of the electrochemical current generated on the surface of the sensor by heavy metals. This, when coupled with the unique properties of the GO layer, enables the identification of trace levels of Cd (II) and Pb (II) in the surrounding environment. The electrochemical testing parameters were meticulously optimized to obtain high sensitivity and selectivity. The Co₃O₄ nanocrystals/rGO sensor exhibited exceptional performance in detecting Cd (II) and Pb (II) within a concentration range of 0.1-450 ppb. Notably, the limits of detection (LOD) for Pb (II) and Cd (II) were found to be highly impressive at 0.034 ppb and 0.062 ppb, respectively. The Co₃O₄ nanocrystals/rGO sensor integrated with the SWASV method displayed notable resistance to interference and exhibited consistent reproducibility and stability. Therefore, the suggested sensor has the potential to serve as a technique for detecting both ions in aqueous samples using SWASV analysis.

Developing a novel computer numerical control-fabricated laminar-flow microfluidic microbial fuel cells as the bioelectrochemical sensor and power source: Enrichment, operation, and Cr(VI) detection

By introducing the computer numerical control (CNC) engraving technology, this study fabricated the reusable CNC-fabricated membrane-less laminar flow microfluidic MFC (LMMFC) to develop the bioelectrochemical sensor and power source simultaneously. To verify its applicability, optimization of electroactive bacteria (EAB) cultivation and laminar-flow formation, performance of power density and long-term operation, and detection of Cr(VI) were evaluated. Results of EAB optimization showed under lower external resistance, shorter start-up time of current production, larger oxidation current, denser microbial distribution, and a higher percentage of Geobacter spp. were observed. Results of the laminar-flow operation indicated that increasing the density difference between two solutions and raising the anode flow velocity can minimize the interference of the diffusion zone. The power output of LMMFC could reach 2085 mW m^-2 and achieve long-term stability for current production (∼150 h). Regarding the detection of Cr(VI), low-concentration (0.1∼1 ppm) and high-concentration (1-10 ppm) ranges reached the linear coefficient of determination of 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. Overall, these results suggest that an LMMFC which can both act as the power source and biosensor was successfully developed, showing potential for future self-power application.

MOFs-based Fe@YAU-101/GCE electrochemical sensor platform for highly selective detecting trace multiplex heavy metal ions

The construction of sensors with specific recognition functions can easily, sensitively and efficiently detect heavy metal ions, which is a demand in the field of electrochemical sensing and an important topic in the detection of environmental pollutants. An electrochemical sensor based on MOFs composites was developed for sensing of multiplex metal ions. The large surface area, adjustable porosities and channels in MOFs facilitate successful loading of sufficient quantities highly active units. The active units and pore structures of MOFs are regulated and synergetic with each other to enhance the electrochemical activity of MOFs composites. Thus, the selectivity, sensitivity and reproducibility of MOFs composites have been improved. Fortunately, after characterization, Fe@YAU-101/GCE sensor with strong signal was successfully constructed. In the presence of target metal ions in solution, the Fe@YAU-101/GCE can efficiently and synchronously identify Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺. The detection limits (LOD) are 6.67 × 10^-10 M(Cd²⁺), 3.33 × 10^-10 M(Pb²⁺) and 1.33 × 10^-8 M (Hg²⁺), and are superior to the permissible limits set by the National Environmental Protection Agency. The electrochemical sensor is simple without sophisticated instrumentation and testing processes, hence promising for practical applications.

Novel biomimetic Prussian blue nanocubes-based biosensor for Tau-441 protein detection

Tau protein is a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a simple and effective method for its detection. To this end, an innovative sensing device was developed using a carbon screen-printed electrode (C-SPE) decorated with graphene oxide/Prussian Blue nanocubes (GO/PBNCs) for the selective and sensitive determination of Tau-441 protein. The molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) was built on the GO/PBNCs/C-SPE by electropolymerizing 3-aminophenol (3-AMP) in the presence of the target protein using chronoamperometry, and the template was subsequently removed from the polymer matrix with oxalic acid. In parallel, a non-imprinted material (NIP) was also prepared in the absence of the target for comparison purposes. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, were used to study the morphology of the modified electrode and electrochemical techniques were used to monitor the stepwise assembly of the sensor. Under optimized conditions, the sensing platform exhibited a linear range within 1.09 and 2.18 nmol/L and a detection limit of 0.01 pmol/L in spiked phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The MIP sensor showed minimal interference with uric acid and bovine albumin. The simplicity of production, affordable cost and promising performance make this sensor a potential strategic sensing platform for the detection of chemical and biological molecules.

One-step electrochemical elaboration of SnO2 modified electrode for lead ion trace detection in drinking water using SWASV

A facile method was proposed for the elaboration of an electrochemical sensor for heavy metal's trace detection by using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV); this method is based on a simple anodic conversion of tin electrode into Sn/SnO₂ modified electrode. Both electrochemical and physico-chemical techniques were used to confirm the modification process and better understand the electrode's behavior. Then, depending on the operating conditions, the response signal was studied and adjusted in order to obtain optimal sensor performance. When optimized, the proposed method reached a lowest detection limit (LOD) of 2.15 μg L^-1 (0.0104 μM), and quantification limit (LOQ) of 5.36 μg L^-1 (0.0259 μM), in linearity range between from 6.2 and 20.7 μg L^-1. Additionally, after having used the elaborated electrode for ten successive measurements, the repeatability remains very high with an RSD of approximately 5.3%; furthermore, ten other species appear to have very slight effect on Pb(II) detection. Finally, for the method validation, the proposed electrode was able to sense different lead concentration integrated in a local bottled spring water by showing recovery levels ranging from 103.8 to 108.4%.

Facile bio-fabrication of ZnO@AC nanoparticles from chitosan: Characterization, hydrogen generation, and photocatalytic properties

In this work, activated carbon-supported zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO@AC NPs) were studied using the thermal synthesis method. The activated carbon-supported zinc oxide catalyst was characterized by UV-Vis spectrometry techniques, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Transmissive electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. XRD characterization measurements showed that the average size of the crystal NPs was 6.89 nm. According to the TEM analysis results, the nanoparticles' average size was 11.411 nm, and the particles had a spherical structure. The catalytic properties of the synthesized material were determined using the sodium borohydride methanolysis reaction. A kinetic study was performed regarding the effects of temperature, catalyst, and substrate concentration on the methanolysis reaction. Reusability experiments showed that the catalyst had excellent catalytic activity (85%), stability, and selectivity. As a result of the kinetic study, activation energy, enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), and hydrogen production rate activation parameters were found to be 42.52 kJ/mol, 39.98 kJ/mol, -181.42 J/mol.K, 1257.69 mL/min. g, respectively. Also, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO@AC NPs was analyzed against Rhodamine B (RhB) dye, and the maximum degradation percentage was observed to be 76% at 120 min. This study aimed to develop the ZnO@AC NPs into an efficient photocatalyst to prevent industrial wastewater pollution and as a catalyst for hydrogen synthesis as an alternative energy source.

A signal-on electrochemical DNA biosensor based on exonuclease III-assisted recycling amplification

DNA electrochemical detection technology has attracted tremendous interest in recent years. However, a facile and sensitive method for the detection of the disease indicators or genes is still waiting. Herein, we constructed a signal-on electrochemical platform for detecting the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene by incorporating a redox electrochemical signal probe (methylene blue) and exonuclease III-assisted target recycling signal amplification strategy. The sensor was prepared by self-assembly of a capture DNA probe of thiol-modified on GCE with gold electrodeposition. In the presence of target DNA, the exonuclease III can cleave the duplexes formed by the target DNA and the redox-labeled hairpin probes, release the target DNA and produce a residual sequence. The target DNA can continue to hybridize with the hairpin probe for the next cycle of amplification. The residual sequence hybridized with the surface-immobilized capture probes on AuNPs-modified GCE to generate a significantly amplified redox current. In particular, the redox current value of the resultant sensor showed a linear relationship with MnSOD gene concentration in the range of 1-10⁴ pM with the detection limit as low as 0.3 pM. Furthermore, the sensor has excellent specificity and can distinguish single-base mismatch from perfectly matched target DNA. The sensor is fast in operation, and simple in design for detecting different DNA sequences or DNA identification by selecting the appropriate probe sequence, thus shedding light on a good promising application when encountering disease outbreaks or for the early clinical diagnosis of gene-related diseases.

Chemically modified covalent organic frameworks for a healthy and sustainable environment: First-principles study

Pure water is a key element for a sustainable and healthy environment of human inhabitation. Since major sources of water contamination are industrially generated heavy metal cations there is great demand for efficient methods of their treatment. Here, using density functional theory, we investigate the covalent organic framework's electronic and optical properties and their interaction with the most dangerous heavy metal pollutants, namely Hg⁺², Pb^+2, and Cd⁺². We consider biphenyl boroxine covalent organic frameworks before and after chemical modification with CN, COOH, NH₂, and NO₂ groups. In addition to the molecular geometries, such parameters as the dipole moment, chemical potential, electronegativity, chemical hardness, and binding energy are calculated. It is found that CN, COOH, and NO₂ functional groups are favorable for intermolecular bonding with harmful transition metals. The functionalization with the mentioned groups reduces the band gap of the pristine covalent organic frameworks and increases their reactivity. As a result, strong complexes with Cd⁺², Hg⁺², and Pb⁺² can form, which, as follows from our calculations, can be detected by the red shift in their optical absorption spectra.

Simple high-temperature annealing affords commercial carbon cloth with enhanced electrochemical performance for highly sensitive detection of imidacloprid

Imidacloprid (IDP) residue in modern agricultural production seriously endangers human health and environmental safety. The establishment of a rapid and efficient method for the detection of IDP residue can effectively prevent its harm to human health. Herein, we demonstrate the carbon cloth (CC) prepared by a high-temperature annealing strategy possesses enhanced electrochemical performance, which could be directly used in electrochemical IDP sensing. Annealed carbon cloth (ACC) is endowed with higher defects, rougher surfaces, more functional groups, more hydrophilic surface, and increased ion-accessible surface area. Furthermore, the ACC electrode shows superior electrocatalytic reduction activity towards IDP, possessing a wide linear range of 5-100 μM, a low detection limit of 0.04 μM, and high sensitivity of 35.58 μA mM^-1 cm^-2. Meanwhile, this sensor can be applied for sensing IDP in grapes and apples with a good recovery of 96.8-104.1%. Compared with other modified electrodes, the ACC electrode has the advantages of no binder, no complicated modification, excellent detection effect, low cost, and easy large-scale production. Consequently, this work designs a self-supporting metal-free electrode with high electrochemical performance, providing a new idea for the development of environmentally friendly IDP sensors.

PbS/graphene hybrid nanostructures coated glassy carbon electrode for the electrochemical sensing of copper ions in aqueous solution

In this research, we have studied the electrochemical sensing of Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution using PbS/Graphene composite nanostructure coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The SEM-EDAX analysis revealed that the lead sulphide nanocrystals are homogeneously embedded on the graphene nanosheets with an uniform particle size of 100 nm, and the elements presents 92.32% and Lead content of 5.45% and Sulfur content of 0.91%. Raman spectra exhibits G with respect to the E2g sp² hybridized C-C and D band with respect to the A1g mode in the disordered edge region of the GNS. The composite nanostructure coated GCE (PbS/Graphene/GCE) was prepared and its performance in the existence of metal ions such us Cd(II),Pb(II), Mg(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) was studied using the current voltage curves in double distilled water within the scan rates of 25 to 300mVs-¹. The PbS/Graphene coated carbon electrode exhibited the higher anodic and cathodic peak current for copper solution than the other metal ions studied, which various linearly proportional to concentration. The electrochemical sensing characteristics PbS/GNS/GCE was found to be significant towards detecting Cu²⁺ ion within the concentration range of 1 × 10^-4 to 1 × 10^-8 M, with a lowest sensing detection limit of 1 × 10^-8 M.

Synthesis and application of AuNi@AC nano adsorbents for the removal of Maxilon Blue 5G azo dye from aquatic mediums

In this research, gold-nicel supported on activated carbon (AC) nanoadsorbent (AuNi@AC) synthesized by following a series of physicochemical procedures was prepared for the removal of Maxilon Blue 5G (MB) which is a cationic textile dye. Experimental studies based on parameters specifically pH, contact time, nano catalytic adsorbent particle, initial MB dye concentration and temperature effect were conducted in aqueous solutions in a batch system. AuNi@AC nanoadsorbents (NAs) reached the equilibrium in 30 min under optimum conditions in adsorption of the dye. The pseudo-first, second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models were tested to evaluate a the experimental results. Adsorption kinetics were found to be represented by the pseudo-second-order model, and the maximum adsorption capacity (q_max.) was calculated to be 542.90 mg/g (or 2.041 mmol/g). The synthesized magnetic AuNi@AC nanoadsorbent showed a high-efficiency reusability effect of about 64% after five reuse runs. Also, thermodynamic function parameters such as activation energy (Ea), Gibbs free energy (ΔG *), and entropy (ΔS *) were investigated in the sorption study. After all evaluation of data, it was concluded that the novel AuNi@AC nanoadsorbent could be considered as an effective support material for the removal of various organic pollutants in aquation solution especially for the removal of MB.