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Bi J, Liu P, Gao R, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Zhao T, Gao L, Wang Y. Silencing gram-negative bacteria binding protein 1 decreases the immunity of Tribolium castaneum against bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130631. [PMID: 38453114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria binding proteins (GNBPs) have the ability to recognize molecular patterns associated with microbial pathogens (PAMPs), leading to the activation of immune responses downstream. In the genome of Tribolium castaneum, three GNBP genes have been identified; however, their immunological roles remain unexplored. In our study, a GNBP1, designated as TcGNBP1, were identified from the cDNA library of T. castaneum. The coding sequence of TcGNBP1 consisted of 1137 bps and resulted in the synthesis of a protein comprising 378 amino acids. This protein encompasses a signal peptide, a low-complexity region, and a glycoside hydrolase 16 domain. TcGNBP1 was strongly expressed in early adult stages, and mainly distributed in hemolymph and gut. Upon being challenged with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, the transcript levels of TcGNBP1 were significantly changed at different time points. Through molecular docking and ELISA analysis, it was observed that TcGNBP1 has the ability to interact with lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, and β-1, 3-glucan. Based on these findings, it was further discovered that recombinant TcGNBP1 can directly bind to five different bacteria in a Ca2+-dependent manner. After knockdown of TcGNBP1 with RNA interference, expression of antimicrobial peptide genes and prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity were suppressed, the susceptibility of T. castaneum to E. coli or S. aureus infection was enhanced, leading to low survival rate. These results suggest a regulatory mechanism of TcGNBP1 in innate immunity of T. castaneum and provide a potential molecular target for dsRNA-based insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Bi
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Pingxiang Liu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; Cooperative of Vegetable and Grain Cultivation, Liaocheng Yifeng Bloc, Liaocheng, Shandong, China.
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Wang X, Ding X, Yuan Z, Jia Z, Fu K, Zhan F, Guo W, Zhou L, Li H, Dai J, Wang Z, Xie Y, Yang X. Analysis of the virulence, infection process, and extracellular enzyme activities of Aspergillus nomius against the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Virulence 2023; 14:2265108. [PMID: 37941402 PMCID: PMC10653701 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of Ostrinia furnacalis, a major pest of maize in Xinjiang, is challenging owing to the occurrence of resistant individuals. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are natural insect regulators used as substitutes for synthetic chemical insecticides. The fungus Aspergillus nomius is highly pathogenic to O. furnacalis; however, its virulence characteristics have not been identified. This study aimed to analyse the lethal efficacy, mode of infection on the cuticle, and extracellular enzyme activity of A. nomius against O. furnacalis. We found that the mortality and mycosis of O. furnacalis were dose-dependent when exposed to A. nomius and varied at different life stages. The egg-hatching and adult emergence rates decreased with an increase in conidial suspension. The highest mortality (83.33%, 7 d post-infection [DPI]) and mycosis (74.33%, 7 DPI) and the lowest mortality response (8.52 × 103 conidia mL-1) and median lethal time (4.91 d) occurred in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that numerous conidia germination and infection structure formation may have contributed to the high pathogenicity of A. nomius against O. furnacalis. There were significant correlations between O. furnacalis mortality and the activities of extracellular protease, lipase, and chitinase of A. nomius. This study revealed the infection process of the highly pathogenic A. nomius against O. furnacalis, providing a theoretical basis and reference for strain improvement and field application of EPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Ürümqi, PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Zihan Yuan
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Zunzun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Ürümqi, PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Kaiyun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Ürümqi, PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Faqiang Zhan
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Wenchao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Ürümqi, PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Liuyan Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Haiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture, Ürümqi, PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Jinping Dai
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
| | - Xinping Yang
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, PR China
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Guluarte C, Pereyra A, Ramírez-Hernández E, Zenteno E, Luis Sánchez-Salgado J. The immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of β-glucans in invertebrates. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108022. [PMID: 37984608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans (βGs) are carbohydrate polymers linked by β-1,3, 1,4 or 1,6 bonds, they have been used to protect against potential pathogens and prevent lethal diseases. The immune system possesses several receptors that identify a wide range of structures and trigger cellular and humoral mechanisms. However, the mechanisms by which βGs activate the immune system of invertebrate organisms have not been fully clarified. This review is focused on evaluating the effect of βGs on innate immune system in invertebrates. βGs stimulate different cellular and humoral mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, oxygen species production, extracellular trap formation, proPO system, and antimicrobial peptide synthesis, moreover, βGs increase survival rate and decrease pathogen load in several species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Guluarte
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Alí Pereyra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Eleazar Ramírez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 México City, Mexico.
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Zhao L, Niu J, Feng D, Wang X, Zhang R. Immune functions of pattern recognition receptors in Lepidoptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203061. [PMID: 37398667 PMCID: PMC10312389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as the "sensors" in the immune response, play a prominent role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating an effective defense response to pathogens in Lepidoptera. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) normally play a physiological role within cells; however, when exposed to extracellular, they may become "part-time" critical signals of the immune response. Based on research in recent years, we review herein typical PRRs of Lepidoptera, including peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), gram-negative binding protein (GNBP), β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP), C-type lectin (CTL), and scavenger receptor (SR). We also outline the ways in which DAMPs participate in the immune response and the correlation between PRRs and immune escape. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of PRRs in insect innate immunity may be much greater than expected and that it is possible to recognize a broader range of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinlan Niu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Disong Feng
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Marieshwari BN, Bhuvaragavan S, Sruthi K, Mullainadhan P, Janarthanan S. Insect phenoloxidase and its diverse roles: melanogenesis and beyond. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:1-23. [PMID: 36472653 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insect life on earth is greatly diversified despite being exposed to several infectious agents due to their diverse habitats and ecological niche. One of the major factors responsible for their successful establishment is having a powerful innate immune system. The most common and effective method used by insects in recognizing pathogen and non-self-substances is the melanization process among others. The key enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis is the copper containing humoral defense enzyme, phenoloxidase (PO). This review focused on understanding about PO and that had been in research for nearly a century. The review elaborates about evolutionary significance of PO in arthropods, its relationship with mammalian tyrosinases, various substrates, activators and inhibitors involved in the activation of phenoloxidase cascade, as it requires an integrated system of activation that vary among insect species. The enzyme also plays a vital role in insect immunity by involving in several other immune functions like sclerotization, wound healing, opsonization, encapsulation and nodule formation. Further, gene knock down or knock out of PO genes and inhibition of PO-melanization cascade by several mechanisms can also be considered as promising future alternative to control serious pests by making them highly susceptible to any targeted attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kannan Sruthi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | - Sundaram Janarthanan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
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Feng K, Jiang D, Luo J, Tang F. OfGNBP silencing enhances the toxicity of Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) to Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105306. [PMID: 36549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The immunity of insects plays a vital role in their survival. Our experiments found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) could influence the virulence of Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) to Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) by affecting the immunity. Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs) are an important pattern recognition proteins that play a crucial role in the innate immune system. Therefore, two OfGNBPs were cloned in O. formosanus. The expression of OfGNBPs was significantly changed by LPS,SM1 and GDL, not prick. In addition, the immune-related gene expression, the phenoloxidase activity and antibacterial activity of donor termites and recipient termites were significantly induced by SM1. Furthermore, the knockdown of OfGNBP by RNA interference reduced not only individual immunity but also social immunity in O. formosanus, which increased the virulence of SM1 to O. formosanus. Importantly, dsOfGNBP alone also had good control effect on O. formosanus. In summary, we concluded that dsOfGNBPs are important termite immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabao Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Ding X, Fu K, Guo W, Zhan F, Yuan Z, Jia Z, Zhou L, Jiang X, Ghenijan O, Li Z, Dai J, Xie Y, Wang Z, Xinping Y. Molecular Identification and Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi Isolates Against Larvae of the Asian Corn Borer
Ostrinia furnacalis
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Xinjiang, China. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2979-2992. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Kaiyun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Wenchao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Faqiang Zhan
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Zihan Yuan
- College of Agriculture Xinjiang Agricultural University Ürümqi PR China
| | - Zunzun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis Ministry of Agriculture Ürümqi PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Liuyan Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Xudong Jiang
- College of Agriculture Xinjiang Agricultural University Ürümqi PR China
| | - Osman Ghenijan
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Technology Information, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ürümqi PR China
| | - Jinping Dai
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
| | - Yang Xinping
- Institute of Microbiology Applications, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences PR China
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Li S, Hao Z, Xu H, Gao Y, Zhang M, Liang J, Dang X. Silencing β-1,3-glucan binding protein enhances the susceptibility of Plutella xylostella to entomopathogenic fungus Isaria cicadae. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3117-3127. [PMID: 35442542 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is a notorious pest of brassicaceae crops globally and has developed serious resistance to insecticide. Insects primarily rely on their innate immunity to defense against various pathogens. In this study, we investigated the immunological functions of a β-1,3-glucan binding protein from P. xylostella (PxβGBP) and evaluated its potential for biocontrolling P. xylostella. RESULTS The open reading frame of PxβGBP is 1422 bp encoding 473 amino acids residues. PxβGBP contained a CBM39 domain, a PAC domain and a GH16 domain and shared evolutionary conservation with other lepidoptera βGRPs. PxβGBP was strongly expressed in the third instar larvae and fat body. PxβGBP transcript levels increased significantly after the challenge with microbes, including Isaria cicadae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. PxβGBP was identified in P. xylostella larvae challenged by I cicadae, but not in the naïve insects. Recombinant PxβGBP can directly bind fungal and bacterial cells, and also agglutinate the cells of I cicadae, S. aureus and E coli in a zinc-dependent manner. Knockdown of PxβGBP via RNA interference significantly down-regulated the expression of antimicrobial peptide gene gloverin, and enhanced the susceptibility of P. xylostella to I. cicadae infection, leading to high mortality. CONCLUSION These results indicated that PxβGBP plays an important role in the immune response of P. xylostella against I. cicadae infection, and could serve as a potential novel target for pest control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongping Hao
- Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangli Dang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Wang Z, Zhou W, Huang B, Gao M, Li Q, Tao Y, Wang Z. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050417. [PMID: 35621753 PMCID: PMC9146462 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), is the most destructive lepidopteran insect pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in China. Pathogenic microorganisms play an important role in the population control of the Asian corn borer. Although microorganisms can cause the death of O. furnacalis, an immune response also occurs as an attempt to fight off and eliminate invading pathogens. If the molecular mechanism of interaction between O. furnacalis and pathogenic bacteria is clarified, the lethal effect of pathogenic microorganisms can be better exerted by inhibiting the natural immune response of O. furnacalis. As an important member of the pattern-recognition receptor family, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) plays a key role in the insect innate immune response. In this study, we cloned two PGRP genes from O. furnacalis and analyzed their spatiotemporal expression. In combination with bacterial induction experiments, we revealed the immune signal recognition pathway involved in the two proteins. The results of this study deepen the understanding of the natural immune response of O. furnacalis and provide new ideas for better utilization of pathogenic microorganisms in biological control of the Asian corn borer. Abstract Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are important components of insect immune systems, in which they play key roles. We cloned and sequenced two full-length PGRP, named OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B, from the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. These two genes comprise open reading frames of 658 and 759 bp, encoding proteins of 192 and 218 amino acids, respectively. qPCR showed that OfPGRP-A and OfPGRP-B are prominently expressed in the midgut of O. furnacalis fourth instar larvae. After inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus thuringiensis, the expression of OfPGRP-A was significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of OfPGRP-B was enhanced after inoculation with Escherichia coli. This suggests that OfPGRP-A mainly recognizes Gram-positive bacteria and may participate in the Toll signaling pathways, while OfPGRP-B identifies Gram-negative bacteria and may participate in Imd signaling pathways. Our results provide insights into the roles of PGRPs in O. furnacalis immune function and a foundation for using pathogens for the biological control of O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxia Wang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA—CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wan Zhou
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China;
| | - Baohong Huang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yidong Tao
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (B.H.); (M.G.); (Q.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, MOA—CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
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10
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Chen K, Chen J, Tang T, Jiang H, Han Z, Wang L, Alradi MF, Lu S, Wei X, Liu X, Wei Y, Feng C. Characterization and functional analysis of a Relish gene from the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21841. [PMID: 34468040 PMCID: PMC8453101 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-induced host immune responses reduce the efficacy of pathogens used to control pests. However, compared to the well-deciphered immunity system of Drosophila melanogaster, the immunity system of agricultural pests is largely unconfirmed through functional analysis. Beginning to unveil mechanisms of transcription regulation of immune genes in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, we cloned the complementary DNA (cDNA) of a transcription factor Relish by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The 3164 bp cDNA, designated Of-Relish, encodes a 956-residue protein. Bioinformatic analysis showed that Of-Relish had a Rel homology domain, a predicted cleavage site between Q409 and L410 , six ankyrin repeats, and a death domain. The response of Of-Relish expression to the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sooner and stronger than to the Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus. The antimicrobial peptide genes Attacin and Gloverin had similar expression patterns in response to the infections. Knockdown of Of-Relish led to a decrease in Attacin and Gloverin messenger RNA levels, suggesting that Attacin and Gloverin were regulated by Of-Relish. Together, the results suggested that Of-Relish is a key component of the IMD pathway in O. furnacalis, involved in defense against P. aeruginosa through activation of Attacin and Gloverin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiaqian Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tai Tang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Han
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mohamed F. Alradi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shiqi Lu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiangyi Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Youheng Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Corresponding author Congjing Feng,
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Bombyx mori β-1,3-Glucan Recognition Protein 4 ( BmβGRP4) Could Inhibit the Proliferation of B. mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus through Promoting Apoptosis. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080743. [PMID: 34442307 PMCID: PMC8396850 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in recognizing various pathogens and trigger complicated signaling pathways in insects. In this study, we identified a Bombyx mori β-1,3-glucan recognition protein gene named BmβGRP4, which showed differential expression, from a previous transcriptome database. The full-length cDNA sequence was 1244 bp, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1128 bp encoding 375 amino acids. BmβGRP4 was strongly expressed in the larval stages and highly expressed in the midgut of B. mori larvae in particular. After BmNPV infection, the expression of BmβGRP4 was reduced significantly in the midgut. Furthermore, a significant increase in the copy number of BmNPV was observed after the knockdown of BmβGRP4 in 5th instar larvae, while the overexpression of BmβGRP4 suppressed the proliferation of BmNPV in BmN cells. Subsequently, the expression analysis of several apoptosis-related genes and observation of the apoptosis morphology demonstrated that overexpression of BmβGRP4 facilitated apoptosis induced by BmNPV in BmN cells. Moreover, BmβGRP4 positively regulated the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (BmPTEN), while expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis gene (BmIAP) was negatively regulated by BmβGRP4. Hence, we hypothesize that BmNPV infection might suppress BmPTEN and facilitate BmIAP to inhibit cell apoptosis by downregulating the expression of BmβGRP4 to escape host antiviral defense. Taken together, these results show that BmβGRP4 may play a role in B. mori response to BmNPV infection and lay a foundation for studying its functions.
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Wang YJ, Li SY, Zhao JY, Li K, Xu J, Xu XY, Wu WM, Yang R, Xiao Y, Ye MQ, Liu JP, Zhong YJ, Cao Y, Yi HY, Tian L. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis predominantly mediates protein absorption by fat body from the hemolymph in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:675-686. [PMID: 30912872 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During insect larval-pupal metamorphosis, proteins in the hemolymph are absorbed by the fat body for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis; however, the type of proteins and how these proteins are internalized into the fat body are unclear. In Bombyx mori, the developmental profiles of total proteins in the hemolymph and fat body showed that hemolymph-decreased protein bands (55-100 kDa) were in accordance with those protein bands that increased in the fat body. Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis predominantly blocked the transportation of 55-100 kDa proteins from the hemolymph into the fat body, which was further verified by RNA interference treatment of Bmclathrin. Six hexamerins were shown to comprise ∼90% of the total identified proteins in both the hemolymph and fat body by mass spectrum (MS) analysis. In addition, hemolymph-specific proteins were mainly involved in material transportation, while fat body-specific proteins particularly participated in metabolism. In this paper, four hexamerins were found for the first time, and potential proteins absorbed by the fat body from the hemolymph through clathrin-dependent endocytosis were identified. This study sheds light on the protein absorption mechanism during insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ye Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Ying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Mei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Ye
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Ping Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Jin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Lin Z, Wang JL, Cheng Y, Wang JX, Zou Z. Pattern recognition receptors from lepidopteran insects and their biological functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103688. [PMID: 32222357 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects have potent innate immunity to fight against the invading pathogens. As the initiation step, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and bind microbial surface configurations known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Aftermath, they initiate both cellular and humoral immune responses, including phagocytosis, agglutination, nodulation, encapsulation, prophenoloxidase activation, and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. In this review, we summarize the recent findings concerning PRRs in lepidoptaeran insects, mostly agriculture pests including Helicoverpa armigera, Plutella xylostella, and Spodoptera exigua. We mainly focus on the function and phylogeny of C-type lectins (CTLs), peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs), and galectins (GALEs). It enriches our understanding of the immune system of lepidopteran insects and provides directions in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 311300, China.
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Prabu S, Jing D, Shabbir MZ, Yuan W, Wang Z, He K. Contribution of phenoloxidase activation mechanism to Bt insecticidal protein resistance in Asian corn borer. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Chen K, Tang T, Song Q, Wang Z, He K, Liu X, Song J, Wang L, Yang Y, Feng C. Transcription Analysis of the Stress and Immune Response Genes to Temperature Stress in Ostrinia furnacalis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1289. [PMID: 31681003 PMCID: PMC6803539 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrinia furnacalis is one of the most important pests on maize. O. furnacalis larvae are frequently exposed to the temperature challenges such as high temperature in summer and cold temperature in winter in the natural environment. High and low temperature stress, like any abiotic stress, impairs the physiology and development of insects. Up to now, there is limited information about gene regulation and signaling pathways related to the high and cold stress response in O. furnacalis. High-throughput sequencing of transcriptome provides a new approach for detecting stress and immune response genes under high and low temperature stresses in O. furnacalis. In the present study, O. furnacalis larvae were treated with the temperature at 8 and 40°C, and the responses of O. furnacalis larvae to the temperature stress were investigated through RNA-sequencing and further confirmation. The results showed that immune responses were up-regulated in larvae by the cold stress at 8°C while some stress response genes, such as HSP family, GST-2, Bax inhibitor and P450, were significantly increased at 40°C. Furthermore, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction were performed to quantify the expression levels of immune related genes, such as PGRP-LB, antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, serine protease and stress response genes such as small HSPs and HSP90, and the expression levels of these genes were similar to the RNA-seq results. In addition, the iron storage protein Ferritin was found to be involved in the response to temperature stress, and the changes of total iron concentration in the hemolymph were, in general, consistent with the expression levels of Ferritin. Taken together, our results suggested that the stress response genes were involved in the defense against the heat stress at 40°C, and the immune responses triggered by cold stress might provide protection for larvae from cold stress at 8°C. More interestingly, our results showed that during the responses to temperature stress, the total iron concentration in hemolymph regulated by Ferritin increased, which might help O. furnacalis in surviving the low and high temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tai Tang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Song
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yizhong Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Bai J, Ren Y, Li Y, Fan M, Qian H, Wang L, Wu G, Zhang H, Qi X, Xu M, Rao Z. Physiological functionalities and mechanisms of β-glucans. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Zhang J. The diversity of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved with insect defense against pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 33:105-110. [PMID: 31358188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Through evolution, selection pressures cause both insects and the pathogens attacking them to adapt so that they will both survive and this has been called the co-evolutionary 'arms race'. Insects expand their repertoire of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), a fundamental and core component of their immune systems, to adapt to the constantly changing and unpredictable diversity of pathogens. In this review, we discuss the diversity of PRRs based on studies conducted in recent years. The strategies associated with PRR diversity summarized here are genetic evolution, isoform diversity based on alternative splicing, 'part-time' PRRs, PRRs with opsonin function, and regulation of complex signaling pathways. Taken together, these data indicate that the function of PRRs in insect immunity is far more complex and possesses more features than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China.
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China.
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18
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Feng C, Zhao Y, Chen K, Zhai H, Wang Z, Jiang H, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Tang T. Clip domain prophenoloxidase activating protease is required for Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée to defend against bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:204-215. [PMID: 30017863 PMCID: PMC6093219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (PPO) activating system in insects plays an important role in defense against microbial invasion. In this paper, we identified a PPO activating protease (designated OfPAP) containing a 1203 bp open reading frame encoding a 400-residue protein composed of two clip domains and a C-terminal serine protease domain from Ostrinia furnacalis. SignalP analysis revealed a putative signal peptide of 18 residues. The mature OfPAP was predicted to be 382 residues long with a calculated Mr of 44.8 kDa and pI of 6.66. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that OfPAP was orthologous to the PAPs in the other lepidopterans. A large increase of the transcript levels was observed in hemocytes at 4 h post injection (hpi) of killed Bacillus subtilis, whereas its level in integument increased continuously from 4 to 12 hpi in the challenged larvae and began to decline at 24 hpi. After OfPAP expression had been silenced, the median lethal time (LT50) of Escherichia coli-infected larvae (1.0 day) became significantly lower than that of E. coli-infected wild-type (3.0 days, p < 0.01). A 3.5-fold increase in E. coli colony forming units occurred in larval hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae, as compared with that of the control larvae not injected with dsRNA. There were notable decreases in PO and IEARase activities in hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae. In summary, we have demonstrated that OfPAP is a component of the PPO activation system, likely by functioning as a PPO activating protease in O. furnacalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Huifeng Zhai
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tai Tang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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