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Huang W, Yu Y, Wang D, Ma H, Wang G. Zn 2SnO 4@Ti ceramic film anode preparation by microarc oxidation for 2e - WOR degradation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). J Environ Manage 2024; 356:120724. [PMID: 38527385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The main challenge facing the anodic electro-Fenton through the 2e- water oxidation reaction (WOR) for toxics degradation lies in the electrode's stability, because the anodic oxygen evolution (OER) generated O2 will inevitably exfoliate the electro-active components loaded on the electrode substrate. To address this point, two aspects need attention: 1) Identifying a catalyst that exhibits both excellent electrocatalytic activity and selectivity can improve the faradaic efficiency of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); 2) Employing novel methods for fabricating highly stable electrodes, where active sites can be firmly coated. Consequently, this study utilized microarc oxidation (MAO) to prepare a ceramic film electrode Zn2SnO4@Ti at 300 V. Zn2SnO4 acts as an WOR electrocatalyst and further improved the generation of H2O2 for treating real wastewater containing Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine (UDMH). From the perspective of characterization of electrode structure, Zn2SnO4@Ti forms a stable active coating, the electrochemical yield of H2O2 is high up to 78.4 μmol h-1 cm-2, and the selectivity of H2O2 is over 80% at 3.3 V vs. RHE, which can be fully applied to scenarios where it is inconvenient to transport H2O2 and need in-situ safe production. Additionally, the prepared electrodes exhibit significant stability, suitable for various applications, providing insightful preparation strategies and experiences for constructing highly stable anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Huang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjinzi District, Dalian, 116034, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjinzi District, Dalian, 116034, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Marine Science-Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, PR China
| | - Hongchao Ma
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjinzi District, Dalian, 116034, PR China.
| | - Guowen Wang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, No. 1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjinzi District, Dalian, 116034, PR China.
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2
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Hu P, Zhu L, Tian C, Xu G, Zhang X, Cai G. Study of Anticorrosion and Antifouling Properties of a Cu-Doped TiO 2 Coating Fabricated via Micro-Arc Oxidation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:217. [PMID: 38204072 PMCID: PMC10780014 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
As a promising material for petroleum industrial applications, titanium (Ti) and its alloys receive wide attention due to their outstanding physicochemical properties. However, the harsh industrial environment requires an antifouling surface with a desired corrosion resistance for Ti and its alloys. In order to achieve the desired antifouling properties, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was used to prepare a Cu-doped TiO2 coating. The microstructure of the Cu-doped TiO2 coating was investigated by TF-XRD, SEM, and other characterization techniques, and its antifouling and anticorrosion properties were also tested. The results show the effects of the incorporation of Cu (~1.73 wt.%) into TiO2 to form a Cu-doped TiO2, namely, a Ti-Cu coating. The porosity (~4.8%) and average pore size (~0.42 μm) of the Ti-Cu coating are smaller than the porosity (~5.6%) and average pore size (~0.66 μm) of Ti-blank coating. In addition, there is a significant reduction in the amount of SRB adhesion on the Ti-Cu coating compared to the Ti-blank coating under the same conditions, while there is little difference in corrosion resistance between the two coatings. There, the addition of copper helps to improve the fouling resistance of TiO2 coatings without compromising their corrosion resistance. Our work provides a practical method to improve the antifouling function of metallic Ti substrates, which could promote the application of Ti in the petroleum industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- East Lake Laboratory, Wuhan 420202, China
| | - Liyang Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chenghuan Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- East Lake Laboratory, Wuhan 420202, China
| | - Gege Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- East Lake Laboratory, Wuhan 420202, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangyi Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Energy, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- East Lake Laboratory, Wuhan 420202, China
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3
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Wen X, Liu Y, Xi F, Zhang X, Kang Y. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and its potential for improving the performance of titanium implants in biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1282590. [PMID: 38026886 PMCID: PMC10662315 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1282590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have good biocompatibility, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, making them attractive for biomedical applications. However, their biological inertness and lack of antimicrobial properties may compromise the success of implants. In this review, the potential of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology to create bioactive coatings on Ti implants is discussed. The review covers the following aspects: 1) different factors, such as electrolyte, voltage and current, affect the properties of MAO coatings; 2) MAO coatings affect biocompatibility, including cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, angiogenic activity, corrosion resistance, osteogenic activity and osseointegration; 3) antibacterial properties can be achieved by adding copper (Cu), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn) and other elements to achieve antimicrobial properties; and 4) MAO can be combined with other physical and chemical techniques to enhance the performance of MAO coatings. It is concluded that MAO coatings offer new opportunities for improving the use of Ti and its alloys in biomedical applications, and some suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangquan Xi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingwan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
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Abbas A, Kung HP, Lin HC. Effects of Electrical Parameters on Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings on Pure Titanium. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1950. [PMID: 37893387 PMCID: PMC10609235 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The micro-arc oxidation process was used to apply a ceramic oxide coating on a pure titanium substrate using calcium acetate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate as an electrolyte. The influence of the current frequency and duty ratio on the surface morphology, phase composition, wear behavior, and corrosion resistance were analyzed by employing a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, ball-on-disk apparatus, and potentiodynamic polarization, respectively. Analyses of the surface and cross-sectional morphologies revealed that the MAO films prepared via a low current frequency (100 Hz) and a high duty ratio (60%) had a lower porosity and were more compact. The medium (500 Hz) and high (1000 Hz) frequencies at the higher duty ratios presented with better wear resistance. The highest film thickness (11.25 µm) was achieved at 100 Hz and a 20% duty ratio. A negligible current density was observed when the frequency was fixed at 500 Hz and 1000 Hz and the duty cycle was 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hsin-Chih Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (A.A.)
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Gong W, Ma R, Du A, Zhao X, Fan Y. The Effects of the Pre-Anodized Film Thickness on Growth Mechanism of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on the 1060 Al Substrate. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5922. [PMID: 37687615 PMCID: PMC10488349 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
To increase the density of the micro-arc oxide coating, AA 1060 samples were pretreated with an anodic oxide film in an oxalic acid solution. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was performed to investigate the effect of the thickness of the pre-anodic oxide film on the soft-sparking mechanism. The experimental results revealed that the PEO coating phases with different thicknesses of the pre-anodized films contained both Al and gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3). The pre-anodized film changes the final morphology of the coating, accelerating the soft sparking transition and retaining the soft sparking. At a pre-anodized film thickness of ≤7.7 μm, the anodized films thickened before being broken through. When the pre-anodized film thickness was ≥13.1 μm, partial dissolution of the anodized films occurred before they were struck through. Two growth mechanisms for PEO coatings with different pre-anodized film thicknesses were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
| | - Ruina Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - An Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yongzhe Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (W.G.); (A.D.); (X.Z.); (Y.F.)
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin 300130, China
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6
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Sovík J, Kajánek D, Pastorek F, Štrbák M, Florková Z, Jambor M, Hadzima B. The Effect of Mechanical Pretreatment on the Electrochemical Characteristics of PEO Coatings Prepared on Magnesium Alloy AZ80. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5650. [PMID: 37629940 PMCID: PMC10456923 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this article is to provide new information on the effects of mechanical pretreatment of AZ80 magnesium alloy ground with SiC emery papers of different grain sizes on the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process and corrosion properties of AZ80 in 0.1 M NaCl solution. Then, the roughness of the coated samples was measured by confocal microscopy. The corrosion properties of the ground and coated surfaces were determined by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) within 1 h of exposure, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed during 168 h of exposure at laboratory temperature. Consequently, the obtained results of the PDP measurements were evaluated by the Tafel analysis and the EIS evaluation was performed by the equivalent circuit analysis through Nyquist diagrams. The morphology and structure of PEO coatings were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) through the secondary imaging technology, and the presence of certain elements in PEO coatings was analyzed by EDS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Sovík
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia;
| | - Daniel Kajánek
- Research Centre, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.P.); (Z.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Filip Pastorek
- Research Centre, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.P.); (Z.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Milan Štrbák
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Florková
- Research Centre, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.P.); (Z.F.); (B.H.)
| | - Michal Jambor
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, Žižkova 513/22, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Branislav Hadzima
- Research Centre, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.P.); (Z.F.); (B.H.)
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Liao Y, Zhou Q, Gao C, Xu C, Jin X, Du J, Xue W, Zhang Y. In situ monitoring of initial plasma electrolytic oxidation process on 60 vol. % SiCp/2009 aluminum matrix composite by sound and vibration measurement techniques. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:063905. [PMID: 37862518 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The initial discharge process of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on the 60 vol. % SiCP/2009 aluminum matrix composite in silicate solution was in situ monitored by sound and vibration measurement techniques. The underwater sound, airborne sound, and sample vibration signals were detected in the initial 120 s of the PEO process, and their generation mechanism was discussed. In terms of waveforms and spectrograms of the sound and vibration signals, the initial PEO process can be divided into five stages: conventional anodizing stage (I), glow discharge stage (Ⅱ), tiny spark discharge stage (Ⅲ), large spark discharge stage (Ⅳ), and strong spark discharge stage (Ⅴ). The sound and vibration signals during the PEO process are attributed to the evolution of bubbles, which are from the plasma discharge, electrochemical reactions, and vaporization of electrolyte under Joule heat. In stage I, these signals completely come from the bubbles produced by the evaporative electrolyte and electrochemical reactions. In stages Ⅱ-Ⅴ, the bubbles from the plasma discharge gradually become the main source of these signals with increasing discharge intensity. In addition, the spike peaks on the waveforms of these signals at stage Ⅴ are related to the strong discharge sparks. These results demonstrate that sound and vibration measurement techniques can effectively monitor the PEO discharge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoyue Jin
- Institute of Radiation Technology, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiancheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenbin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Ali W, Li M, Tillmann L, Mayer T, González C, LLorca J, Kopp A. Bioabsorbable WE43 Mg alloy wires modified by continuous plasma-electrolytic oxidation for implant applications. Part I: Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties. Biomater Adv 2023; 146:213314. [PMID: 36746045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In our work, a novel processing strategy for the continuous fabrication and surface modification of wires from Magnesium alloy WE43 by means of plasma-electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is presented. In the first step, wires with a strong basal texture and small grain size (≈ 1 μm) were manufactured by combined cold drawing and in-line stress-relief heat treatment steps that optimized the mechanical properties (in terms of strength and ductility) by means of annealing. In a second step, and to the best of our knowledge for the first time ever, the wires were continuously surface-modified with a novel plasma electrolytic oxidation process, which was able to create a homogeneous porous oxide layer made of MgO and Mg3(PO4)2 on the wire surface. While the oxide layer slightly diminished the tensile properties, the strength of the surface-modified wires could be maintained close to 300 MPa with a strain-to-failure ≈ 8 %. Furthermore, the thickness of the oxide layer could be controlled by immersion time within the electrolytic bath and was adjusted to realize a thicknesses of ≈ 8 μm, which could be obtained in <20 s. Our experiments showed that the chemical composition, morphology and porosity of the oxide layer could be tailored by changing electrical parameters. The combined cold drawing and heat treatment process with additional continuous plasma electrolytic oxidation processing can be upscaled to produce a novel generation of bioabsorbable Mg wires with optimized mechanical, degradation and biological performance for use in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahaaj Ali
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid 28911, Spain; Meotec GmbH, Philipsstr. 8, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Muzi Li
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tim Mayer
- Meotec GmbH, Philipsstr. 8, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carlos González
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Department of Materials Science, Polytechnic University of Madrid/Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier LLorca
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Department of Materials Science, Polytechnic University of Madrid/Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Gim HG, Kim YT, Choi J. Polydimethylsiloxane-assisted plasma electrolytic oxidation of Ti for synthesizing SiO2-TiO2 composites for application as Li-ion battery anodes. Electrochem commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2023.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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Costa RC, Nagay BE, Dini C, Borges MHR, Miranda LFB, Cordeiro JM, Souza JGS, Sukotjo C, Cruz NC, Barão VAR. The race for the optimal antimicrobial surface: perspectives and challenges related to plasma electrolytic oxidation coating for titanium-based implants. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102805. [PMID: 36434916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a low-cost, structurally reliable, and environmentally friendly surface modification method for orthopedic and dental implants. This technique is successful for the formation of porous, corrosion-resistant, and bioactive coatings, besides introducing antimicrobial compounds easily. Given the increase in implant-related infections, antimicrobial PEO-treated surfaces have been widely proposed to surmount this public health concern. This review comprehensively discusses antimicrobial implant surfaces currently produced by PEO in terms of their in vitro and in vivo microbiological and biological properties. We present a critical [part I] and evidence-based [part II] review about the plethora of antimicrobial PEO-treated surfaces. The mechanism of microbial accumulation on implanted devices and the principles of PEO technology to ensure antimicrobial functionalization by one- or multi-step processes are outlined. Our systematic literature search showed that particular focus has been placed on the metallic and semi-metallic elements incorporated into PEO surfaces to facilitate antimicrobial properties, which are often dose-dependent, without leading to cytotoxicity in vitro. Meanwhile, there are concerns over the biocompatibility of PEO and its long-term antimicrobial effects in animal models. We clearly highlight the importance of using clinically relevant infection models and in vivo long-term assessments to guarantee the rational design of antimicrobial PEO-treated surfaces to identify the 'finish line' in the race for antimicrobial implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael C Costa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sāo Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna E Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sāo Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sāo Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Maria H R Borges
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sāo Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Luís F B Miranda
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sāo Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Jairo M Cordeiro
- Department of Dentistry, Centro Universitário das Faculdades Associadas de Ensino (UNIFAE), Sāo Joāo da Boa Vista, Sāo Paulo 13870-377, Brazil
| | - Joāo G S Souza
- Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Sāo Paulo 07023-070, Brazil; Dentistry Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39401-303, Brazil
| | - Cortino Sukotjo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nilson C Cruz
- Laboratory of Technological Plasmas, Institute of Science and Technology, Sāo Paulo State University (UNESP), Sorocaba, Sāo Paulo 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Valentim A R Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Sāo Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
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Imshinetskiy I, Kashepa V, Nadaraia K, Mashtalyar D, Suchkov S, Zadorozhny P, Ustinov A, Sinebryukhov S, Gnedenkov S. PEO Coatings Modified with Halloysite Nanotubes: Composition, Properties, and Release Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010305. [PMID: 36613748 PMCID: PMC9820610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the properties of the coatings formed on the Mg-Mn-Ce alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in electrolytes containing halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were investigated. The incorporation of halloysite nanotubes into the PEO coatings improved their mechanical characteristics, increased thickness, and corrosion resistance. The studied layers reduced corrosion current density by more than two times in comparison with the base PEO layer without HNTs (from 1.1 × 10-7 A/cm2 to 4.9 × 10-8 A/cm2). The presence of halloysite nanotubes and products of their dihydroxylation that were formed under the PEO conditions had a positive impact on the microhardness of the obtained layers (this parameter increased from 4.5 ± 0.4 GPa to 7.3 ± 0.5 GPa). In comparison with the base PEO layer, coatings containing halloysite nanotubes exhibited sustained release and higher adsorption capacity regarding caffeine.
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12
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Shen Y, Fang K, Xiang Y, Xu K, Yu L, Chen J, Ma P, Cai K, Shen X, Liu J. Improvement in osteogenesis, vascularization, and corrosion resistance of titanium with silicon-nitride doped micro-arc oxidation coatings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1023032. [PMID: 36324887 PMCID: PMC9621325 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1023032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) implants have been widely used for the treatment of tooth loss due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, modifying the biological properties of these implants to increase osteointegration remains a research challenge. Additionally, the continuous release of various metal ions in the oral microenvironment due to fluid corrosion can also lead to implant failure. Therefore, simultaneously improving the bioactivity and corrosion resistance of Ti-based materials is an urgent need. In recent decades, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) has been proposed as a surface modification technology to form a surface protective oxide layer and improve the comprehensive properties of Ti. The present study doped nano silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles into the Ti surface by MAO treatment to improve its corrosion resistance and provide excellent osteoinduction by enhancing alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic-related gene expression. In addition, due to the presence of silicon, the Si3N4-doped materials showed excellent angiogenesis properties, including the promotion of cell migration and tubule formation, which play essential roles in early recovery after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Shen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kai Fang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Keyuan Xu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Yu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pingping Ma
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Kaiyong Cai, ; Xinkun Shen, ; Jinsong Liu,
| | - Xinkun Shen
- Science and Education Division, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Ruian People’s Hospital), Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kaiyong Cai, ; Xinkun Shen, ; Jinsong Liu,
| | - Jinsong Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kaiyong Cai, ; Xinkun Shen, ; Jinsong Liu,
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Florczak Ł, Nawrat G, Darowicki K, Ryl J, Sieniawski J, Wierzbińska M, Raga K, Sobkowiak A. The Effect of Sodium Tetrafluoroborate on the Properties of Conversion Coatings Formed on the AZ91D Magnesium Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation. Processes (Basel) 2022; 10:2089. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are widely used in many areas because of their light weight, excellent dimensional stability, and high strength-to-weight ratio. However, the material exhibits poor wear and corrosion resistance, which limits its use. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is an effective surface modification method for producing ceramic oxide layers on Mg and their alloys. The influence of the additions of sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF4) and sodium fluoride (NaF) into alkaline-silicate electrolyte on the properties of the conversion layers formed in the magnesium AZ91D alloy has been investigated. Surface morphology and chemical composition were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The anticorrosive properties of the layers were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) methods in simulated body fluid (SBF). The presence of NaBF4 or NaF in the electrolyte increases the corrosion resistance of the protective layer. However, the best anticorrosive properties show the layers obtained in the presence of NaBF4. This is probably caused by the incorporation of boron and fluorine in the form of Mg (BF4)2 mainly in the barrier layer.
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Santos PB, de Castro VV, Baldin EK, Aguzzoli C, Longhitano GA, Jardini AL, Lopes ÉSN, de Andrade AMH, de Fraga Malfatti C. Wear Resistance of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Eli Alloy Processed by Additive Manufacturing. Metals 2022; 12:1070. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The additive manufacturing (AM) technique can produce Ti-6Al-4V ELI (extra low interstitial) alloy for personalized biomedical devices. However, the Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy presents poor tribological behavior. Regarding this, coatings are a feasible approach to improve the wear resistance of this alloy. In the literature, the tribological behavior of TiO2 coatings incorporated with Ca and P formed by one-step plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy processed by AM has not been investigated. Thus, in the present work, it was studied the influence of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy processed by AM on the wear resistance and morphologic of the coating obtained by PEO (plasma electrolytic oxidation). In this way, three different voltages (200, 250, and 300 V) were employed for the PEO process and the voltage effect on the properties of the coatings. The coatings were characterized by contact profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, the sessile drop method, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, and wear tests, on a ball-on-plate tribometer. The increase in applied voltage promoted an increase in roughness, pore area, and a decrease in the pore population of the coatings. In addition, the coatings, mainly composed of anatase and rutile, showed good adhesion to the metallic substrate, and the presence of bioactive elements Ca and P were detected. The thickness of the coatings obtained by PEO increases drastically for voltages higher than 250 V (from 4.50 ± 0.33 to 23.83 ± 1.5 µm). However, coatings obtained with lower voltages presented thin and dense layers, which promoted a superior wear resistance (increase in wear rate from 1.99 × 10−6 to 2.60 × 10−5 mm3/s). Finally, compared to the uncoated substrate, the PEO coatings increased the wear resistance of the titanium alloy obtained by AM, also showing a superior wear resistance compared to the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy previously evaluated, being such a positive and promising behavior for application in the area of metallic implants.
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Štrbák M, Kajánek D, Knap V, Florková Z, Pastorková J, Hadzima B, Goraus M. Effect of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation on the Short-Term Corrosion Behaviour of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy in Aggressive Chloride Environment. Coatings 2022; 12:566. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy AZ91 in corrosion environments containing chlorides, the alloy surface has been modified by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The chemical composition of electrolyte in the PEO process consisted of 12 g/L Na3PO4·12 H2O and 1 g/L KOH, and a direct current was applied to the sample. The corrosion resistance of PEO coating and as-cast AZ91 (sample without PEO coating) was assessed using two different electrochemical methods: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP) in 0.1 M NaCl at laboratory temperature. In addition to the electrochemical methods, the morphology of the oxidic coating was observed in the cross-sectional and top surface view by using the SEM technique. For better determination of the microstructure and PEO coating, chemical composition EDX analysis was used. The results of the experiments show that the formation of the PEO coating on AZ91 alloy has a more positive effect on the corrosion resistance in 0.1 M NaCl based on electrochemical methods than in the case of the formed coating on AZ31 alloy from the previous study. Based on electrochemical measurements in the selected environment, the formation of PEO coating on AZ91 was accompanied by a significant increase in polarisation resistance after short-term exposure compared to the as-cast surface. The EIS results showed a 73 times higher Rp value for PEO coated AZ91 when compared to the as-cast AZ91. Correspondingly, a 27 times lower icorr value was observed for PEO coated AZ91 than in the case of substrate AZ91 in 0.1 M NaCl. At the same time, the typically porous and inhomogeneous structure of the formed PEO coating on the magnesium alloy AZ91 was demonstrated.
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Shi S, Sun W, Zhang X, Zhu X, Liu J. Compressive Property and Energy Absorption Capacity of Mg-Ceramic-Ni Foamsat Various Temperatures. Metals 2022; 12:689. [DOI: 10.3390/met12040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mg–Ceramic–Ni hybrid foams were fabricated via continuousdepositing micro-arc oxidation (MAO) ceramic coating and electroless Ni coating on the surface of the AZ91D foam struts. Mechanical tests from room temperature (RT) to 300 °C were carried out to evaluate the compressive properties and energy absorption capacities of two types of foams, i.e., AZ91D alloy foams and corresponding hybrid foams. The effect of composite coatings and test temperature on the compressive property of the foams was studied. The experimental results show that the MAOand Ni coatings enhance the Mg foam struts, resulting in high compressive strength and energy absorption capacity at each testing temperature. In addition, the compressive properties are also depending on testing temperature. The different mechanical responses of the composite foams under various temperature conditions are mainly attributed to the different deformation behaviors and failure modes of the foam struts, which are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation.
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Kaseem M, Dikici B, Liu H. Improving the Chemical Stability of Al Alloy through the Densification of the Alumina Layer Assisted by SiF 62- Anion Hydrolysis. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1354. [PMID: 35458060 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a high-density alumina layer with high chemical stability was successfully developed by controlling the hydrolysis of hexafluorosilicate (SiF62-) anions through the addition of various concentrations of sodium citrate (SCi) into the electrolyte of plasma electrolysis (PE). To achieve this aim, the substrate samples were anodized in alkaline aluminate-SiF62--based electrolytes with 0, 5, and 10 g/L of SCi. The presence of SCi anions in the electrolyte led to the formation of a thick adsorbed electrochemical double layer (EDL) on the substrate surface. The EDL not only affected the movement of SiF62- anions towards the anode but also influenced their hydrolysis reaction, which in turn led to a controllable sealing of structural defects with the hydrolysis products, namely SiO2 and AlF3. Among three different oxide layers, the oxide layer obtained from the electrolyte with 5 g/L SCi showed the highest chemical stability in a corrosive solution, which was linked to the fact that a considerable increase in the compactness of the oxide layers was obtained by the incorporation of SiO2 and AlF3. The mechanism underlying the effects of SCi on triggering the hydrolysis of SiF62- anions and factors affecting chemical stability are discussed based on the experimental data and computational analysis.
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Qiu L, Zhu Z, Peng F, Zhang C, Xie J, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Li M. Li-Doped Ti Surface for the Improvement of Osteointegration. ACS Omega 2022; 7:12030-12038. [PMID: 35449902 PMCID: PMC9016885 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening is the main factor that leads to the failure of orthopedic implants. Enhancing the early osteointegration of a bone implant can lower the risk of aseptic loosening. Here, a Li-doped surface was constructed on a Ti surface via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to improve osteointegration. The prepared Li-doped PEO coating showed a porous morphology and the sustained release of Li ions. In vitro results of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (rBMSC) culture studies suggested that the Li-doped Ti surface significantly favored cell adhesion. Moreover, it was found that the Li-doped surface enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and extracellular matrix mineralization of rBMSCs. In addition, the surface improved the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Furthermore, a bone implantation model indicated that the Li-doped Ti surface showed improved osteointegration. The incorporation of Li into a Ti surface is a promising method for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Qiu
- The
Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department
of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Orthopaedics, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong 516001, China
| | - Zhanbei Zhu
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juning Xie
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruixiang Zhou
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The
Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mei Li
- Medical
Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy
of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Zhu M, Song Y, Dong K, Shan D, Han EH. Correlation between the transient variation in positive/negative pulse voltages and the growth of PEO coating on 7075 aluminum alloy. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Aghili S, Panjepour M, Meratian M. The kinetics and mechanism of B2O3 formation from the chemically-synthesized HBO2 under non-isothermal conditions. Reac Kinet Mech Cat 2022; 135:349-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-02120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Casanova L, Ceriani F, Pedeferri M, Ormellese M. Addition of Organic Acids during PEO of Titanium in Alkaline Solution. Coatings 2022; 12:143. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research study describes recent advances in understanding the effects of the addition of organic acids, such as acetic, lactic, citric and phytic acids, on the process of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on Ti using an alkaline bath. As the plasma developed over the workpiece is central to determine the particular morphological and structural features of the growing oxide, the focus is then on the inter-relationships between the electrolyte and the resultant plasma regime established. In situ optical emission spectroscopy (OES) allowed us to verify a marked plasma suppression when adding low-molecular-weight anions such as acetates, resulting in short-lived and well-distributed discharges. Conversely, when more bulky anions, such as lactates, citrates and phytates, were considered, a less efficient shielding of the electrode caused the build-up of long-lasting and destructive sparks responsible for the formation of thicker coatings, even >30 µm, at the expense of a higher roughness and loss of compactness. Corrosion resistance was tested electrochemically, according to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and weight losses evidenced the coatings produced in the solution containing acetates to be more suitable for service in H2SO4.
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22
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Zhu X, Fu J, Ma D, Ma C, Fu Y, Zhang Z. Effect of nano h-BN particles on growth regularity and tribological behavior of PEO composite ceramic coating of ZL109 alloy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:995. [PMID: 35046445 PMCID: PMC8770488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A composite ceramic coating containing h-BN particles was prepared on the ZL109 alloy via plasma electrolytic oxidation. The h-BN particles were modified by Polyethylene glycol to improve the dispersibility. The results revealed that the h-BN particles in the electrolyte were inertly incorporated into the coating. Meanwhile, the incorporation of h-BN particles can reduce the porosity and slightly increase the roughness of the composite ceramic coating. Furthermore, the growth rate of the coating and the conversion of γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 were promoted by the incorporation of h-BN particles via the change of the current. In addition, due to the presence of h-BN particles, the composite ceramic coating had a lower friction coefficient and a lower wear rate under dry sliding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Zhu
- Dalian Maritime University, Marine Engineering College, Liaoning Dalian, China
| | - Jingguo Fu
- Dalian Maritime University, Marine Engineering College, Liaoning Dalian, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute of Dalian Maritime University, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dengqing Ma
- Dalian Maritime University, Marine Engineering College, Liaoning Dalian, China
| | - Chunsheng Ma
- Dalian Maritime University, Marine Engineering College, Liaoning Dalian, China
| | - Yunyang Fu
- Dalian Maritime University, Marine Engineering College, Liaoning Dalian, China
| | - Zhuokai Zhang
- Dalian Maritime University, Marine Engineering College, Liaoning Dalian, China
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Hashemzadeh M, Raeissi K, Ashrafizadeh F, Hakimizad A, Santamaria M, Lampke T. Silicate and Hydroxide Concentration Influencing the Properties of Composite Al2O3-TiO2 PEO Coatings on AA7075 Alloy. Coatings 2022; 12:33. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the effect of sodium meta-silicate pentahydrate (SMS) and potassium hydroxide concentrations on properties of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings produced through plasma electrolytic oxidation in a solution containing 3 g L−1 potassium titanyl oxalate, (PTO), using a unipolar waveform with constant current density. The surface and cross-section characteristics of PEO coatings including morphology, elemental distribution, and phase composition were evaluated using FESEM, EDS, and XRD techniques. Voltage-time response indicated the concentration of SMS and KOH had a significant effect on the duration of each stage of the PEO process. More cracks and pores were formed at the higher concentrated solutions that resulted in the incorporation of solution components especially Si into the coating inner parts. Ti is distributed throughout the coatings, but it had a dominant distribution in the Si-rich areas. The coating prepared in the electrolyte containing no silicate consisted of non-stoichiometric γ-Al2O3 and/or amorphous Al2O3 phase. Adding silicate into the coating electrolyte resulted in the appearance of α-Al2O3 besides the dominant phase of γ-Al2O3. The corrosion behaviour of the coatings was investigated using the EIS technique. It was found that the coating prepared in the presence of 3 g L−1 SMS and 2 g L−1 KOH, possessed the highest barrier resistance (~10 MΩ cm2), owing to a more compact outer layer, thicker inner layer along with appropriate dielectric property because this layer lacks the Si element. It was discovered that the incorporation of Ti4+ and especially Si4+ in the coating makes the dielectric loss in the coating.
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Wang CC, Wang LC, Yang KC, Chen MJ, Lin HC, Han YY. Enhancement of the anticoagulant capacity of polyvinyl chloride tubing for cardiopulmonary bypass circuit using aluminum oxide nanoscale coating applied through atomic layer deposition. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:527-534. [PMID: 34492134 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For cardiopulmonary bypass, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) circuit which can initiate the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade after blood cell contacting is the possible detrimental effect. Surface coating of the PVC tubing system can be an effective approach to enhance circuit's hemocompatibility. In this study, aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) thin films were deposited through thermal atomic layer deposition (T-ALD) or plasma-enhanced ALD (PE-ALD) on PVC samples, and the anticoagulation of the Al2 O3 -coated PVC samples was demonstrated. The results revealed that Al2 O3 deposition through ALD increased surface roughness, whereas T-ALD had a relative hydrophilicity compared with blank PVC and PE-ALD. Whole blood immersion tests showed that blood clots formed on blank PVC and that a large amount of red blood cells was found on PE-ALD substrates, whereas less blood cells were noted in T-ALD samples. Both T-ALD and PE-ALD Al2 O3 films did not cause activation of blood cells, as evidenced in CD3+ /CD4+ /CD8+ , CD61+ /CD62P+ , and CD45+ /CD42b+ populations. Analysis of serum coagulation factors showed that a lower amount of prothrombin was absorbed on T-ALD Al2 O3 samples than that on blank PVC. For albumin and fibrinogen immersion tests, immunostaining and scanning electron microscopy further revealed that a thin albumin layer was absorbed on T-ALD Al2 O3 substrates but not on PVC samples. This study revealed that deposition of Al2 O3 films by T-ALD can improve anticoagulation of the PVC tubing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miin-Jang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Yi Han
- Department of Traumatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Alateyah AI, Aljohani TA, Alawad MO, Elkatatny S, El-garaihy WH. Improving the Corrosion Behavior of Biodegradable AM60 Alloy through Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation. Metals 2021; 11:953. [DOI: 10.3390/met11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloys have unique properties. However, their applications are limited in working environments due to their poor corrosion resistance. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is one of the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective ways that has been promoted to treat Mg alloys. In this study, we investigated the effect of electrical parameters on the microstructure, as well as the mechanical and corrosion resistance of AM60 alloy coated with PEO. The electrical parameters studied were current mode (unipolar and bipolar), frequency and duty ratio. The microstructure evolution of the coated AM60 substrates was studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, the mechanical properties were determined using compression tests and microhardness measurements. The potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that the PEO-coated samples experienced a significant decrease of 99.9% in the corrosion rate compared to the base metal. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy findings showed that PEO coating increased the corrosion resistance of the AM60 magnesium alloy by 1071870% compared to the base metal. On the other hand, the PEO coated samples showed superior adhesion to the substrate. Moreover, the PEO coating led to an improvement in the hardness value by 114% compared to base metal, coupled with insignificant change in the compressive properties.
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Attarzadeh N, Ramana CV. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Ceramic Coatings on Zirconium (Zr) and ZrAlloys: Part I—Growth Mechanisms, Microstructure, and Chemical Composition. Coatings 2021; 11:634. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a significant number of research projects have been directed towards designing and developing ceramic coatings for zirconium-based substrates due to their outstanding surface properties and utilization in modern technologies. The plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating is an environmentally friendly wet coating method that can be performed in a wide range of electrolytes. The surface characteristics of PEO coatings can be tailored by changing electrochemical parameters, electrolyte composition, and substrate alloying elements to adopt a conformal and adhesive PEO ceramic coating for the final demanding applications in chemical, electronics, and energy technologies. This review focuses on deriving a deeper fundamental understanding of the PEO growth mechanisms and the effect of process parameters on transient discharge behavior at breakdown, initiation, and growth of the oxide layer and incorporating species from the electrolyte. It highlights the fundamental microstructural properties associated with structural defects, phase transformation, and the role of additives.
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Casanova L, La Padula M, Pedeferri M, Diamanti MV, Ormellese M. An insight into the evolution of corrosion resistant coatings on titanium during bipolar plasma electrolytic oxidation in sulfuric acid. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Kaseem M, Dikici B. Optimization of Surface Properties of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating by Organic Additives: A Review. Coatings 2021; 11:374. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is an effective surface modification method for producing ceramic oxide layers on metals and their alloys. Although inorganic electrolytes are widely used in PEO, the organic additives have received considerable interest in the last decade due to their roles in improving the final voltage and controlling spark discharging, which lead to significant improvements in the performance of the obtained coatings. Therefore, this review summarized recent progress in the impacts of organic additives on the electrical response and the plasma discharges behavior during the PEO process. The detailed influence of organic additives, namely alcohols, organic acids, organic amines, organic acid salts, carbohydrate compounds, and surfactants on the corrosion behavior of PEO coatings is outlined. Finally, the future aspects and challenges that limit the industrial applications of PEO coating made in organic electrolytes are also highlighted.
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Zhang X, Lu X, Lv Y, Yang L, Zhang E, Dong Z. Enhancement of Corrosion Resistance and Biological Performances of Cu-Incorporated Hydroxyapatite/TiO 2 Coating by Adjusting Cu Chemical Configuration and Hydroxyapatite Contents. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - You Lv
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Erlin Zhang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zehua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Zhang X, Lv Y, Fu S, Wu Y, Lu X, Yang L, Liu H, Dong Z. Synthesis, microstructure, anti-corrosion property and biological performances of Mn-incorporated Ca-P/TiO2 composite coating fabricated via micro-arc oxidation. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2020; 117:111321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hadzima B, Kajánek D, Jambor M, Drábiková J, Březina M, Buhagiar J, Pastorková J, Jacková M. PEO of AZ31 Mg Alloy: Effect of Electrolyte Phosphate Content and Current Density. Metals 2020; 10:1521. [DOI: 10.3390/met10111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the quality of coatings prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on an AZ31 magnesium alloy were evaluated. This was done by studying the effects of the chemical composition of phosphate-based process electrolytes in combination with different applied current densities on coating thickness, porosity, micro-cracking and corrosion resistance in 0.1 M NaCl. Both processing parameters were studied in four different levels. Mid-term corrosion resistance in 0.1 M NaCl was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and based on this, corrosion mechanisms were hypothesized. Results of performed experiments showed that the chosen processing parameters and electrolyte composition significantly influenced the morphology and corrosion performance of the prepared PEO coatings. The PEO coating prepared in an electrolyte with 12 g/L Na3PO4·12H2O and using an applied current density 0.05 A/cm2 reached the highest value of polarization resistance. This was more than 11 times higher when compared to the uncoated counterpart.
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Ma C, Liu J, Zhu X, Xue W, Yan Z, Cheng D, Fu J, Ma S. Anticorrosive non-crystalline coating prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation for ship low carbon steel pipes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15675. [PMID: 32973281 PMCID: PMC7515860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A corrosion-resistant non-crystalline coating was fabricated by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on Q235 low carbon steel for ship pipes. The distribution and composition of chemical elements and phases of PEO coatings were analyzed by an orthogonal experiment, and the formation mechanism of PEO coatings was discussed. The corrosion current densities and corrosion potentials were measured. The results indicated that the formation of a transition layer mainly containing Fe3O4 was crucial for achieving an excellent coating quality. Furthermore, the corrosion current density of coated steel was reduced by 78% compared with the bare steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Ma
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xinhe Zhu
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Wenbin Xue
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China. .,College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Zhijun Yan
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jingguo Fu
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Shenglin Ma
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
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Pezzato L, Settimi AG, Cerchier P, Gennari C, Dabalà M, Brunelli K. Microstructural and Corrosion Properties of PEO Coated Zinc-Aluminized (ZA) Steel. Coatings 2020; 10:448. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10050448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is a surface treatment, similar to anodizing, that produces thick oxide films on the surface of metals. In the present work, PEO coatings were obtained on zinc-aluminized (ZA) carbon steel using a solution containing sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide as electrolyte, and working with high current densities and short treatment times in Direct Current (DC) mode. The thickness of the coating, as well as the surface morphology, were strongly influenced by the process parameters, with different dissolution grades of the ZA layer depending on the current density and treatment time. A compromise between thickness and porosity of the coating was found with low current density/long treatment time or high current density/short treatment time. The PEO layer was mainly composed of aluminum oxides and silicon compounds. The corrosion resistance increased remarkably in the samples with the PEO coating. These PEO coated samples are suitable for sealing treatments that further increase their corrosion properties or will be also an ideal substrate for commercial painting, assuring improved mechanical adhesion and protection even in the presence of damages.
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Chen Y, Dou J, Pang Z, Yu H, Chen C, Feng J. Improving the corrosion resistance of micro-arc oxidation coated Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8244-8254. [PMID: 35497822 PMCID: PMC9049900 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10741j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Four additives (Na2WO4, nano-hydroxyapatite, K2TiF6 and NaF) were added into the Na5P3O10 + NaOH + C3H8O3 base electrolyte according to the orthogonal design of four factors three levels (L9 (34)). Nine different micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were fabricated on Mg–2Zn–0.5Ca alloys through orthogonal experiments. The effects of four additives on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of MAO coatings were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electrochemical corrosion test and in vitro degradation test. The addition of nano-hydroxyapatite and K2TiF6 showed self-sealing effects and contributed to the corrosion resistance of the samples significantly. The addition of 0.5 g L−1 Na2WO4 markedly elevated the bonding strength of the coatings with the substrate. The optimal combination of factors and levels considering both mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was: 0.5 g L−1 Na2WO4, 0 g L−1 NaF, 5 g L−1 n-HAp, 5 g L−1 K2TiF6. The growth mechanism of MAO coatings combining with the visual phenomenon was discussed as well. Large amount of micro-pores formed in MAO coatings were interconnected and sealed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Ji'nan 250061 China .,Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Superhard Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University Ji'nan 250061 Shandong China
| | - Jinhe Dou
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Superhard Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University Ji'nan 250061 Shandong China
| | - Zengfen Pang
- Shandong Tumor Hospital and Institute Ji'nan 250117 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University Ji'nan 250061 China
| | - Chuanzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Superhard Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University Ji'nan 250061 Shandong China
| | - Jinkui Feng
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Superhard Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University Ji'nan 250061 Shandong China
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Li X, Dong C, Zhao Q, Cheng F. Characteristics of the Molten Pool Temperature Field and Its Influence on the Preparation of a Composite Coating on a Ti6Al4V Alloy in the Micro-Arc Oxidation Process. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13020464. [PMID: 31963694 PMCID: PMC7014415 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the phase transition of secondary phase particles in a composite coating is used to estimate the temperature field of the molten pool on a Ti6Al4V alloy in the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. The behavior of the sparks and the molten pool during the MAO process was observed in real-time by a long-distance microscope. The microstructures and compositions of the composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results revealed that, for the temperature field distribution range of the molten pool in the active period, the lower limit is 2123 K and the upper limit is not lower than 3683 K. The reason for the multiphase coexistence is that the high-temperature phase is retained by the rapid cooling effect of the electrolyte, and the low-temperature phase is formed due to secondary phase transformation during the long active time of the molten pool temperature field. The strengthening mechanism of the composite coating prepared by adding the secondary phase particles is elemental doping rather than particle enhancement. The secondary phase particles are able to enter the composite coating by adhering to the surface during the cooling process. The secondary phase particles will then be wrapped into the coating in the next active period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Chaofang Dong
- Corrosion and Protection Center, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qing Zhao
- National Defense Key Discipline Laboratory of Light Alloy Processing Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Fasong Cheng
- AECC Guizhou Liyang Aviation Power Co. Ltd., Guizhou 550007, China;
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Pillai AM, Rajendra A, Sharma AK, Sampath S. Development of a solar reflector coating on AA6061 alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2019; 49:1239-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu C, Yuan J, Li H, Jiang B. Role of Substrates in the Corrosion Behaviors of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings on Magnesium Alloys. Metals 2019; 9:1100. [DOI: 10.3390/met9101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was performed on AZ31 and AZ91 Mg alloys to explore the relationship between Mg substrates and corrosion behaviors of resultant coatings. The microstructure and long-term corrosion performance of the two coatings were investigated. Results showed that MAO coating on AZ91 alloy provided a longer-term corrosion protection to substrate than that on AZ31 alloy, despite having similar microstructure and phase composition. However, once corrosion occurred, the corrosion area of MAO coating on AZ91 alloy enlarged at a faster rate compared to that on AZ31 alloy during immersion tests, and their corrosion morphologies were different. Based on the corrosion features of Mg substrates and MAO coatings, roles of substrates on the corrosion processes of coatings were analyzed.
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Yang K, Zeng J, Huang H, Chen J, Cao B. A Novel Self-Adaptive Control Method for Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Processing of Aluminum Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E2744. [PMID: 31461869 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation processing is a novel promising surface modification approach for various materials. However, its large-scale application is still restricted, mainly due to the problem of high energy consumption of the plasma electrolytic oxidation processing. In order to solve this problem, a novel intelligent self-adaptive control technology based on real-time active diagnostics and on the precision adjustment of the process parameters was developed. Both the electrical characteristics of the plasma electrolytic oxidation process and the microstructure of the coating were investigated. During the plasma electrolytic oxidation process, the discharges are maintained in the soft-sparking regime and the coating exhibits a good uniformity and compactness. A total specific energy consumption of 1.8 kW h m-2 μm-1 was achieved by using such self-adaptive plasma electrolytic oxidation processing on pre-anodized 6061 aluminum alloy samples.
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Kaseem M, Ko YG. Effect of starch on the corrosion behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloy processed by micro arc oxidation from an ecofriendly electrolyte system. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 128:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang K, Huang H, Chen J, Cao B. Discharge Behavior and Dielectric Breakdown of Oxide Films during Single Pulse Anodizing of Aluminum Micro-Electrodes. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E2286. [PMID: 31319473 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micro-arc discharge events and dielectric breakdown of oxide films play an important role in the formation process of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating. Single pulse anodization of micro-electrodes was employed to study the discharge behavior and dielectric breakdown of oxide films deposited on aluminum in an alkaline silicate electrolyte. Voltage and current waveforms of applied pulses were measured and surface morphology of micro-electrodes was characterized from images obtained using scanning electron microscope (SEM). A feasible identification method for the critical breakdown voltage of oxide film was introduced. Different current transients of voltage pulses were obtained, depending on applied pulse voltage and duration. In addition, the active capacitive effect and complex non-linear nature of plasma electrolytic oxidation process is confirmed using dynamic electrical characteristic curves. A good correlation between the pulse parameters and shape of discharge channels was observed. Circular opened pores were found to close with increasing potential and pulse width. Finally, the characteristic parameters of a single discharge event were estimated.
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Jian S, Ho M, Shih B, Wang Y, Weng L, Wang M, Tseng C. Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance and Cytocompatibility of a Bioactive Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating on AZ31 Mg Alloy. Coatings 2019; 9:396. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9060396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys have recently been attracting attention as a degradable biomaterial. They have advantages including non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. To develop magnesium alloys into biodegradable medical materials, previous research has quantitatively analyzed magnesium alloy corrosion by focusing on the overall changes in the alloy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a bioactive material by applying a ceramic oxide coating (magnesia) on AZ31 magnesium alloy through micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. This MAO process is conducted under pulsed bipolar constant current conditions in a Si- and P-containing electrolyte and the optimal processing parameters in corrosion protection are obtained by the Taguchi method to design a coating with good anti-corrosion performance. The negative duty cycle and treatment time are two deciding factors of the coating’s capability in corrosion protection. Microstructure characterizations are investigated by means of SEM and XRD. The simulation body-fluid solution is utilized for testing the corrosion resistance with the potentiodynamic polarization and the electrochemical impedance test data. Finally, an in vivo testing shows that the MAO-coated AZ31 has good cytocompatibility and anticorrosive properties.
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Mingo B, Guo Y, Němcová A, Gholinia A, Mohedano M, Sun M, Matthews A, Yerokhin A. Incorporation of halloysite nanotubes into forsterite surface layer during plasma electrolytic oxidation of AM50 Mg alloy. Electrochim Acta 2019; 299:772-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen Q, Li W, Ling K, Yang R. Investigation of Growth Mechanism of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating on Al-Ti Double-Layer Composite Plate. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12020272. [PMID: 30650647 PMCID: PMC6357152 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aluminum–titanium (Al-Ti) double-layer composite plate is a promising composite material, but necessary surface protection was required before its application. In this paper, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was employed to fabricate a ceramic coating on the surface of a Al-Ti double-layer composite plate. To investigate the coating growth mechanism on the Al-Ti double-layer composite plate, a single-Al plate and a single-Ti plate were introduced for comparison experiments. Results showed that, the composite of Al and Ti accelerated the coating growth rate on the part-Ti portion of the composite plate, and that of the part-Al portion was decreased. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis indicated that the equivalent circuit of the Al-Ti coating was formed by connecting two different circuits in parallel. The reaction behavior revealed that the electric energy during the PEO would leak from the circuit with the weaker blocking effect, and confirmed that the electric energy distribution followed the law of low-resistance distribution. Finally, the mechanism was extended to the PEO treatment on general metal matrix composites to broaden the application theory of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Weizhou Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Kui Ling
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Ruixia Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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Wang S, Xie F, Wu X, An J. Effect of Duty Cycle on Properties of Al₂O₃ Ceramic Coatings Fabricated on TiAl Alloy via Cathodic Plasma Electrolytic Deposition. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1962. [PMID: 30322065 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of duty cycle during the cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition (CPED) process, Al₂O₃ ceramic coatings were fabricated via the CPED technique on prepared TiAl alloy in an Al(NO₃)₃ electrolyte with different duty cycles. Microstructure, morphology, and chemical compositions of coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties, such as thickness, hardness, and binding strength, were also characterized, and heat-resistance and wear-resistance tested. The results indicated that duty cycle mainly affected the relative crystallinity of CPED coatings. As the duty cycle increased, the crystallinity of CPED coatings increased, the content of Al(OH)₃ and γ-Al₂O₃ decreased, and the content of α-Al₂O₃ increased. The thickness and bonding strength both increased firstly and then decreased, while hardness increased as duty cycle increased. Heat-resistance and wear-resistance of TiAl alloy with CPED coating was highly improved compared to that of TiAl alloy substrate without CPED coating.
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Dou J, Zhao Y, Lu L, Gu G, Yu H, Chen C. Effect of the second-step voltages on the structural and corrosion properties of silicon-calcium-phosphate (Si-CaP) coatings on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:172410. [PMID: 30473800 PMCID: PMC6227930 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The applications of magnesium (Mg) alloys as biodegradable orthopedic implants are mainly restricted due to their rapid degradation rate in the physiological environment. In this study, Si-CaP micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were prepared on a Mg-Zn-Ca alloy by a second-step MAO process at different voltages in order to decrease the degradation rate and increase the bioactivity of the alloy. The microstructure and morphology of the samples were characterized using XRD, FT-IR SEM and EDS. The degradation behaviours of samples were evaluated using electrochemical techniques, and immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results indicate that the morphology of the Si-CaP coatings changed significantly with the increase in Ca/P ratio as the second-step voltage increased. The Si-CaP containing coating produced at 450 V could significantly decrease the degradation rate of Mg and caused a slow increase in pH of the SBF solution. The haemolysis test concluded that the coating C3 did not cause a haemolytic reaction. The corrosion resistance of Mg alloy was greatly improved with the Si-CaP coatings, and the Mg alloy with Si-CaP coating prepared at 450 V had the best corrosion resistance, which indicates that the Si-CaP coatings are promising for improving the biodegradation properties of Mg-based orthopedic implants. Haemolysis tests indicated that the Si-CaP coating prepared at 450 V conforms to the given standard (YY/T0127.1-93).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Dou
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Zhao
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Guochao Gu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education (Shandong University), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chuanzhong Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250061, Shandong, P. R. China
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Yang J, Di S, Blawert C, Lamaka SV, Wang L, Fu B, Jiang P, Wang L, Zheludkevich ML. Enhanced Wear Performance of Hybrid Epoxy-Ceramic Coatings on Magnesium Substrates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:30741-30751. [PMID: 30114361 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy-based polymer was deposited as sealing agent on porous anodized coatings prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to construct multilayered "soft-hard" coatings on Mg substrates. Different thicknesses and microstructures of the top epoxy layer were achieved by employing different dip-coating strategies. Atomic force microscopy, pull-off tests, and nanoindentation tests were conducted to study the surface roughness, the adhesion strength of the epoxy layer, and the mechanical properties of each component in the hybrid coating system. The micropores and other defects on the anodized layers were sealed by the epoxy polymer, which decreased the surface roughness. The dominant abrasive wear behavior of blank PEO coatings was significantly reduced by the epoxy layers, and the wear mechanism of the hybrid coatings was proposed considering both the microstructure of the hybrid coatings and the mechanical properties of the different components in the hybrid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , West Dazhi Road 92 , 150001 Harbin , P. R. China
| | - Shichun Di
- School of Mechatronics Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , West Dazhi Road 92 , 150001 Harbin , P. R. China
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Rokosz K, Hryniewicz T, Gaiaschi S, Chapon P, Raaen S, Matýsek D, Dudek Ł, Pietrzak K. Novel Porous Phosphorus⁻Calcium⁻Magnesium Coatings on Titanium with Copper or Zinc Obtained by DC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation: Fabrication and Characterization. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1680. [PMID: 30208598 PMCID: PMC6164096 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the characteristics of new porous coatings fabricated at three voltages in electrolytes based on H₃PO₄ with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, and copper(II) nitrate trihydrate are presented. The SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and XRD techniques for coating identification were used. It was found that the higher the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) (micro arc oxidation (MAO)) voltage, the thicker the porous coating with higher amounts of built-in elements coming from the electrolyte and more amorphous phase with signals from crystalline Ca(H₂PO₄)₂∙H₂O and/or Ti(HPO₄)₂∙H₂O. Additionally, the external parts of the obtained porous coatings formed on titanium consisted mainly of Ti4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO₄3-, HPO₄2-, H₂PO₄-, P₂O₇4- as well as Zn2+ or copper Cu⁺/Cu2+. The surface should be characterized by high biocompatibility, due to the presence of structures based on calcium and phosphates, and have bactericidal properties, due to the presence of zinc and copper ions. Furthermore, the addition of magnesium ions should accelerate the healing of postoperative wounds, which could lead to faster patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rokosz
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Hryniewicz
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Sofia Gaiaschi
- HORIBA FRANCE S.A.S., Avenue de la Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Patrick Chapon
- HORIBA FRANCE S.A.S., Avenue de la Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Steinar Raaen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget E3-124 Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 NO Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dalibor Matýsek
- Institute of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Łukasz Dudek
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Kornel Pietrzak
- Division of BioEngineering and Surface Electrochemistry, Department of Engineering and Informatics Systems, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka 15-17, PL 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
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Lu X, Chen Y, Blawert C, Li Y, Zhang T, Wang F, Kainer K, Zheludkevich M. Influence of SiO2 Particles on the Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation-Coated AM50 Mg Alloy. Coatings 2018; 8:306. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8090306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The influence of SiO2 particles on the microstructure, phase composition, corrosion and wear performance of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings on AM50 Mg was investigated. Different treatment durations were applied to fabricate coatings in an alkaline, phosphate-based electrolyte (1 g/L KOH + 20 g/L Na3PO4 + 5 g/L SiO2), aiming to control the incorporated amount of SiO2 particles in the layer. It was found that the uptake of particles was accompanied by the coating growth at the initial stage, while the particle content remained unchanged at the final stage, which is dissimilar to the evolution of the coating thickness. The incorporation mode of the particles and phase composition of the layer was not affected by the treatment duration under the voltage-control regime. The corrosion performance of the coating mainly depends on the barrier property of the inner layer, while wear resistance primarily relies on the coating thickness.
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Li Y, Wang W, Liu H, Lei J, Zhang J, Zhou H, Qi M. Formation and in vitro/in vivo performance of “cortex-like” micro/nano-structured TiO 2 coatings on titanium by micro-arc oxidation. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2018; 87:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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