1
|
López-Velázquez JG, Barraza-López FJ, Vega-García MO, López-López ME, Gutiérrez-Dorado R, Chaidez-Gastelum DC, Ayón-Reyna LE. Microstructural and physicochemical quality maintenance in green bell pepper infected with Botrytis cinerea and treated with thyme essential oil combined with carnauba wax. J Food Sci 2024; 89:2943-2955. [PMID: 38557930 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Bell pepper presents rapid weight loss and is highly susceptible to gray mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The most employed method to control this disease is the application of synthetic fungicides such as thiabendazole (TBZ); however, its continued use causes resistance in fungi as well as environmental problems. For these reasons, natural alternatives arise as a more striking option. Currently, bell pepper fruits are coated with carnauba wax (CW) to prevent weight loss and improve appearance. Moreover, CW can be used as a carrier to incorporate essential oils, and previous studies have shown that thyme essential oil (TEO) is highly effective against B. cinerea. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of CW combined with TEO on the development of gray mold and maintenance of microestructural and postharvest quality in bell pepper stored at 13°C. The minimal inhibitory concentration of TEO was 0.5%. TEO and TBZ provoked the leakage of intracellular components. TEO and CW + TEO treatments were equally effective to inhibit the development of gray mold. On the quality parameters, firmness and weight loss were ameliorated with CW and CW + TEO treatments; whereas lightness increased in these treatments. The structural analysis showed that CW + TEO treatment maintained the cell structure reducing the apparition of deformities. The results suggest that CW + TEO treatment could be used as a natural and effective antifungal retarding the appearance of gray mold and maintaining the postharvest quality of bell pepper. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: CW and TEO are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This combination can be employed on the bell pepper packaging system to extend shelf life and oppose gray mold developments. Bell pepper fruits are normally coated with lipid-base coatings such as CW before commercialization; therefore, TEO addition would represent a small investment without any changes on the packaging system infrastructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi G López-Velázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Barraza-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Misael O Vega-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto Gutiérrez-Dorado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Diana C Chaidez-Gastelum
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Lidia E Ayón-Reyna
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tavvabi-Kashani N, Hasanpour M, Baradaran Rahimi V, Vahdati-Mashhadian N, Askari VR. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, and recent advances in Eugenol's potential benefits against natural and chemical noxious agents: A mechanistic review. Toxicon 2024; 238:107607. [PMID: 38191032 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The active biological phytochemicals, crucial compounds employed in creating hundreds of medications, are derived from valuable and medicinally significant plants. These phytochemicals offer excellent protection from various illnesses, including inflammatory disorders and chronic conditions caused by oxidative stress. A phenolic monoterpenoid known as eugenol (EUG), it is typically found in the essential oils of many plant species from the Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae, and Lauraceae families. One of the main ingredients of clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.), Myrtaceae), it has several applications in industry, including flavoring food, pharmaceutics, dentistry, agriculture, and cosmeceuticals. Due to its excellent potential for avoiding many chronic illnesses, it has lately attracted attention. EUG has been classified as a nonmutant, generally acknowledged as a safe (GRAS) chemical by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the existing research, EUG possesses notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and apoptosis-promoting properties, which have lately gained attention for its ability to control chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial malfunction and dramatically impact human wellness. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence from the most significant research studies that have been published regarding the protective role and detoxifying effects of EUG against a wide range of toxins, including biological and chemical toxins, as well as different drugs and pesticides that produce a variety of toxicities, throughout view of the possible advantages of EUG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Tavvabi-Kashani
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maede Hasanpour
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naser Vahdati-Mashhadian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zanul Abidin Z, Mohd Salleh N, Himratul-Aznita WH, Ahmad SF, Lim GS, Raja Mohd N, Dziaruddin N. Antifungal effects of eugenol on Candida albicans adherence to denture polymers. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15750. [PMID: 37601266 PMCID: PMC10439715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study's objective is to assess the adherence of C. albicans in different types of denture polymers and the effectiveness of eugenol and commercialized denture cleansers in the removal of C. albicans. Three types of denture base polymers (Lucitone® 199 (High-Impact PMMA), Impact® (conventional PMMA) and Eclipse® (UDMA)) and two hard denture reline materials (Kooliner® and Tokuyama® Rebase II Fast) were used in this study. Methods Three hundred samples were prepared (6 × 2 mm disc shape) and divided into five groups of denture polymers (n = 60) and further subjected into five treatment groups (Polident®, Steradent, distilled water, eugenol 5-minutes, and eugenol 10-min). Three samples were extracted from each treatment group for baseline data (n = 12). Baseline data were used to calculate the initial number of C. albicans adherence. A 0.5 ml immersion solution from each specimen was cultured on YPD agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Visible colonies were counted using a colony counter machine (ROCKER Galaxy 230). Results The result showed that the denture base polymer significantly affected the initial adherence (p = 0.007). The removal of C. albicans was also considerably affected by the denture base polymers and denture cleansers (p < 0.05). Lucitone®, Tokuyama®, and Kooliner® denture base polymers immersed for 3 min in eugenol showed the best results of removal. Discussion This study's overall results showed that all denture polymers used as denture bases had an effect on C. albicans initial adherence and removal from the denture base, and eugenol is comparable to commercialised denture cleansers in reducing the number of attached C. albicans on denture base polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zubaidah Zanul Abidin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nosizana Mohd Salleh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fauzza Ahmad
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ghee Seong Lim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorhayati Raja Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nabihah Dziaruddin
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dutra JAP, Maximino SC, Gonçalves RDCR, Morais PAB, de Lima Silva WC, Rodrigues RP, Neto ÁC, Júnior VL, de Souza Borges W, Kitagawa RR. Anti-Candida, docking studies, and in vitro metabolism-mediated cytotoxicity evaluation of Eugenol derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:350-363. [PMID: 36053023 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality rates of Candida infections, especially among immunocompromised patients, are related to the increased resistance rate of these species and the limited therapeutic arsenal. In this context, we evaluated the anti-Candida potential and the cytotoxic profile of eugenol derivatives. Anti-Candida activity was evaluated on C. albicans and C. parapsilosis strains by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and molecular docking calculations at the site of the enzyme lanosterol-14-α-demethylase active site, responsible for ergosterol formation. The cytotoxic profile was evaluated in HepG2 cells, in the presence and absence of the metabolizing system (S9 system). The results indicated compounds 1b and 1d as the most active ones. The compounds have anti-Candida activity against both strains with MIC ranging from 50 to 100 μg ml-1 . SEM analyses of 1b and 1d indicated changes in the envelope architecture of both C. albicans and C. parapsilosis like the ones of eugenol and fluconazole, respectively. Docking results of the evaluated compounds indicated a similar binding pattern of fluconazole and posaconazole at the lanosterol-14-α-demethylase binding site. In the presence of the S9 system, compound 1b showed the same cytotoxicity profile as fluconazole (1.08 times) and compound 1d had 1.23 times increase in cytotoxicity. Eugenol and other evaluated compounds showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity. Our results suggest compound 1b as a promising starting point candidate to be used in the design of new anti-Candida agent prototypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessyca Aparecida Paes Dutra
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Bonfim, Brazil
| | - Sarah Canal Maximino
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Bonfim, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Exact, Natural and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Pereira Rodrigues
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Bonfim, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Cunha Neto
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Goiabeiras, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Goiabeiras, Brazil
| | - Warley de Souza Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Goiabeiras, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Bonfim, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shahina Z, Ndlovu E, Persaud O, Sultana T, Dahms TES. Candida albicans Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Dependent Lethality and ROS-Independent Hyphal and Biofilm Inhibition by Eugenol and Citral. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0318322. [PMID: 36394350 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03183-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is part of the normal human flora but is most frequently isolated as the causative opportunistic pathogen of candidiasis. Plant-based essential oils and their components have been extensively studied as antimicrobials, but their antimicrobial impacts are poorly understood. Phenylpropenoids and monoterpenes, for example, eugenol from clove and citral from lemon grass, are potent antifungals against a wide range of pathogens. We report the cellular response of C. albicans to eugenol and citral, alone and combined, using biochemical and microscopic assays. The MICs of eugenol and citral were 1,000 and 256 μg/mL, respectively, with the two exhibiting additive effects based on a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.83 ± 0.14. High concentrations of eugenol caused membrane damage, oxidative stress, vacuole segregation, microtubule dysfunction and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase, and while citral had similar impacts, they were reactive oxygen species (ROS) independent. At sublethal concentrations (1/2 to 1/4 MIC), both oils disrupted microtubules and hyphal and biofilm formation in an ROS-independent manner. While both compounds disrupt the cell membrane, eugenol had a greater impact on membrane dysfunction. This study shows that eugenol and citral can induce vacuole and microtubule dysfunction, along with the inhibition of hyphal and biofilm formation. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a normal resident on and in the human body that can cause relatively benign infections. However, when our immune system is severely compromised (e.g., cancer chemotherapy patients) or underdeveloped (e.g., newborns), this fungus can become a deadly pathogen, infecting the bloodstream and organs. Since there are only a few effective antifungal agents that can be used to combat fungal infections, these fungi have been exposed to them over and over again, allowing the fungi to develop resistance. Instead of developing antifungal agents that kill the fungi, some of which have undesirable side effects on the human host, researchers have proposed to target the fungal traits that make the fungus more virulent. Here, we show how two components of plant-based essential oils, eugenol and citral, are effective inhibitors of C. albicans virulence traits.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shafaroudi AM, Gorji NE, Nasiri P, Javidnia J, Saravi ME. Antifungal Properties of Zataria multiflora on Candida species: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X221132272. [PMID: 36423242 PMCID: PMC9703571 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x221132272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Candida infections have increased significantly in the antimicrobial resistance era, and synthetic antifungal drugs have limitations. The present work aimed to review the antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) as an herbal remedy. METHOD PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SID, Civilica, and Magiran databases were searched for the antifungal activity on in vitro, in vivo, dental biofilm, and clinical studies of Z. multiflora on Candida species. RESULTS Overall, 33 articles evaluated the effect of Z. multiflora on Candida species and classified them into four groups, as follows in vitro (23), dental biofilm (6), in vivo (2), and clinical studies (3). All studies considered Z. multiflora effective in reducing or even inhibiting the growth of Candida species. NoMFC significant differences were seen in the effect of Z. multiflora on susceptible Candida compared to the resistant groups of Candida in the studies. It was also influential in inhibiting C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. kefyer, and C. zeylanoides. CONCLUSION Considering the side effects and resistance of current antifungal drugs as well as the benefits of using herbal medicines, such as lower cost, less likely to develop drug resistance, the absence of side effects, and toxicity compared with chemical ones, it is possible as a powerful alternative to replace or combine with the current antifungal for Candida infection therapy along with other therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Malekzadeh Shafaroudi
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nadia Elyassi Gorji
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Pegah Nasiri
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimi Saravi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Mohammad Ebrahimi Saravi, Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Didehdar M, Chegini Z, Shariati A. Eugenol: A novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of Candida species infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:872127. [PMID: 36016558 PMCID: PMC9395595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.872127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The high occurrence and mortality rates related to candidiasis emphasize the urgent need to introduce new therapeutic approaches to treat this infection. Eugenol, the main phenolic component of Clove and Cinnamomum essential oil, has been used to inhibit growth and different virulence factors of Candida, including strains with decreased susceptibility to antifungals, particularly fluconazole. The results showed that this compound could bind to Candida membrane and decrease ergosterol biosynthesis, consequently leading to cell wall and membrane damage. Additionally, eugenol not only reduced germ tube formation, which reduces nutrient absorption from host tissues, but it also increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species, which induces oxidative stress and causes high permeability in the fungal cell membrane. Eugenol inhibited Candida cells’ adhesion capacity; additionally, this compound inhibited the formation of biofilms and eliminated established Candida biofilms on a variety of surfaces. Furthermore, by disrupting fungal cell integrity, eugenol could boost the entry of the antifungal drugs into the Candida cell, improving treatment efficacy. Therefore, eugenol could be used in the clinical management of various presentations of candidiasis, especially mucocutaneous presentations such as oral and vulvovaginal infections. However, further investigations, including in vivo and animal studies, toxicology studies and clinical trials, as well as molecular analysis, are needed to improve formulations and develop novel antifungal agents based on eugenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- *Correspondence: Aref Shariati,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Souza IMM, Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV, Fialho FLB, Carvalho DT, de Souza TB, Dias DF, Lavorato SN, Souza RLM, Marques MJ, Castro AP. In vitro and in silico evaluation of the schistosomicidal activity of eugenol derivatives using biochemical, molecular, and morphological tools. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210108. [PMID: 35854812 PMCID: PMC9258719 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eugenol shows both antibacterial and antiparasitic activities, suggesting
that it might be evaluated as an option for the treatment of
praziquantel-resistant schistosome. Methods The in vitro activities of three eugenol derivatives (FB1,
FB4 and FB9) on adult worms from Schistosoma mansoni were
examined by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to analyze effects
on the excretory system and integument damage, respectively. Biochemical
tests with verapamil (a calcium channel antagonist) and ouabain (a
Na+/K+-ATPase pump inhibitor) were used to
characterize eugenol derivative interactions with calcium channels and the
Na+/K+-ATPase, while in silico
analysis identified potential Na+/K+-ATPase binding
sites. Results The compounds showed effective doses (ED50) of 0.324 mM (FB1),
0.167 mM (FB4), and 0.340 mM (FB9). In addition, FB4 (0.322 mM), which
showed the lowest ED50, ED90 and ED100 (p
< 0.05), caused the most damage to the excretory system and integument,
according to both fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analysis.
The death of adult worms was delayed by ouabain treatment plus FB1 (192
versus 72 hours) and FB9 (192 versus
168 hours), but the response to FB4 was the same in the presence or absence
of ouabain. Besides, no changes were noted when all of the eugenol
derivatives were combined with verapamil. Moreover, FB1 and FB9 inhibited
Na+/K+-ATPase activity according to in
silico analysis but FB4 did not show a time-dependent
relationship and may act on targets other than the parasite Na+/K+-ATPase.
Conclusion Eugenol derivatives, mainly FB4 when compared to FB1 and FB9, seem to act
more effectively on the integument of adult S. mansoni
worms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Romulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal), Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal), Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Stefânia Neiva Lavorato
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia (Ufob), Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos José Marques
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal), Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Pereira Castro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal), Alfenas, MG, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, University Center of Lavras (Unilavras), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dhandapani K, Sivarajan K, Ravindhiran R, Sekar JN. Fungal Infections as an Uprising Threat to Human Health: Chemosensitization of Fungal Pathogens With AFP From Aspergillus giganteus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887971. [PMID: 35694549 PMCID: PMC9174459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence and intensity of systemic invasive fungal infections have significantly risen in recent decades with large amount of mortality and morbidity rates at global level. Treatment therapy lies on the current antifungal interventions and are often limited due to the emergence of resistance to antifungal agents. Chemosensitization of fungal strains to the conventional antimycotic drugs are of growing concern. Current antifungal drugs often have been reported with poor activity and side effects to the host and have a few number of targets to manifest their efficacy on the pathogens. Indiscriminately, the aforementioned issues have been easily resolved by the development of new intervention strategies. One such approach is to employ combinational therapy that has exhibited a great level of inhibitions than that of a single compound. Chemosensitization of pathogenic mycoses to commercial antifungal drugs could be drastically enhanced by co-application of chemosensitizers along with the conventional drugs. Chemosensitizers could address the resistance mechanisms evolved in the pathogenic fungi and targeting the system to make the organism susceptible to commercially and clinically proven antifungal drugs. However, this strategy has not been overreached to the greater level, but it needs much attention to fight against not only with the pathogen but combat the resistance mechanisms of pathogens to drugs. Natural compounds including plant compounds and microbial proteins act as potential chemosensitizers to break the resistance in mycoses. Aspergillus giganteus, a filamentous fungus, is known to produce a cysteine rich extracellular protein called as antifungal protein (AFP). AFP has shown enhanced efficacy against several filamentous and non-filamentous fungal pathogens. On the basis of the reported studies on its targeted potential against pathogenic mycoses, AFP would be fabricated as a good chemosensitizer to augment the fungicidal efficacy of commercial antimycotic drugs. This paper reviews on breakthrough in the discovery of antifungal drugs along with the resistance patterns of mycoses to commercial drugs followed by the current intervention strategies applied to augment the fungicidal potential of drugs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Vázquez-lópez NA, Cruz-jiménez G, Obregón-herrera A, Ruiz-baca E, Pedraza-reyes M, López-romero E, Cuéllar-cruz M, Gutiérrez-grijalva E. Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Mexican Plants with Antifungal Activity against Pathogenic Candida Species. J CHEM-NY 2022; 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8631284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species have become an important public health problem, because they are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. The diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis are difficult and usually inefficient. Accordingly, a diversity of available drugs, currently employed to attack candidiasis, frequently induce resistance in patients promoting toxicity due to long-term treatments. Therefore, development of accurate diagnoses and novel antifungals is of high priority to improve life’s quality and expectancy of individuals infected with this pathogen. Plants are invaluable sources of new biologically active compounds. Among the plants used in Mexico in traditional herbolary medicine which have empirically been demonstrated to have antifungal activity are Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Thymus vulgaris, and Ocimum basilicum. In the present study, we analyzed whether these plants contain metabolites with antifungal activity against five Candida species. The extracts from the different plant organs were obtained by macerating them in ethyl alcohol or hexane and filtering. The obtained extracts were preserved in amber flasks at 4°C until used. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the active compound were determined by a microdilution assay. In addition, the following secondary metabolites were identified: linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene), and borneol ([(2R)-1,7,7-trimethyl-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl] formate). All these compounds were found in the three plants, traditionally used in everyday life, and proved to be effective against Candida species and therefore a viable alternative to conventional antifungals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Alshaikh NA, Perveen K. Susceptibility of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans to Thyme Essential Oil. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122454. [PMID: 34946056 PMCID: PMC8707020 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. is the most common microbial pathogen in fungal infections. There has been a tremendous increase in cases of candidiasis, especially among critically ill non-neutropenic patients. Candida albicans’ isolates were procured from the Prince Sultan Military Hospital, Riyadh, KSA. The isolates were characterized for their identification using CHROMagar, carbohydrate metabolism, germ tube formation, and RAPD-PCR techniques. The essential oil of Thymus vulgaris was obtained by hydro-distillation and characterized to decipher the major bioactive phytoconstituents. The antifungal activity of the thyme essential oil (TEO) was evaluated against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates. The major phytocomponents identified by GC/MS were thymol (68.1%) followed by γ-terpinene (8.9%), cymol (7.7%), caryophyllene (1.1%), linalool (1.4%). The TEO successfully reduced the growth of C. albicans isolates. At very low doses, the TEO proved to be fungi static and fungicidal. TEO also effectively inhibited the germ tube formation and budging of fungal pathogens. The time kill assays have shown that TEO was more effective against drug resistant clinical isolates than fluconazole. This study provides an array of experimental evidence regarding the therapeutic efficacy of TEO against the drug-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans. The findings may be used in the development of a new antifungal agent accordingly.
Collapse
|
12
|
Candelaria-Dueñas S, Serrano-Parrales R, Ávila-Romero M, Meraz-Martínez S, Orozco-Martínez J, Ávila-Acevedo JG, García-Bores AM, Cespedes-Acuña CL, Peñalosa-Castro I, Hernandez-Delgado T. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Components of the Essential Oils of Plants Used in the Traditional Medicine of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Puebla, México. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:295. [PMID: 33809081 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley (Mexico), studies have been carried out on the essential oils of medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity and it was found that they present compounds in common such as: α-pinene, β-pinene, carvacrol, eugenol, limonene, myrcene, ocimene, cineole, methyl salicylate, farnesene, and thymol. The goal of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of essential oils’ compounds. The qualitative evaluation was carried out by the Kirby Baüer agar diffusion technique in Gram-positive bacteria (11 strains), Gram-negative bacteria (18 strains), and yeasts (8 strains). For the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the agar dilution method was used. All the evaluated compounds presented antimicrobial activity. The compounds eugenol and carvacrol showed the largest inhibition zones. Regarding yeasts, the compounds ocimene, cineole, and farnesene did not show any activity. The compounds eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol presented the lowest MIC; bactericidal effect was observed at MIC level for S. aureus 75MR, E. coli 128 MR, and C albicans CUSI, for different compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol. Finally, this study shows that the essential oils of plants used by the population of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley share compounds and some of them have antibacterial and fungicidal activity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Spisni E, Petrocelli G, Imbesi V, Spigarelli R, Azzinnari D, Donati Sarti M, Campieri M, Valerii MC. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of Essential Oils: Implications in Colonic Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4152. [PMID: 32532055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are a complex mixture of hydrophobic and volatile compounds synthesized from aromatic plants, most of them commonly used in the human diet. In recent years, many studies have analyzed their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties in vitro and on experimentally induced animal models of colitis and colorectal cancer. However, there are still few clinical studies aimed to understand their role in the modulation of the intestinal pathophysiology. Many EOs and some of their molecules have demonstrated their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial, fungi and virus replication and in modulating the inflammatory and oxidative processes that take place in experimental colitis. In addition to this, their antitumor activity against colorectal cancer models makes them extremely interesting compounds for the modulation of the pathophysiology of the large bowel. The characterization of these EOs is made difficult by their complexity and by the different compositions present in the same oil having different geographical origins. This review tries to shift the focus from the EOs to their individual compounds, to expand their possible applications in modulating colon pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharifzadeh A, Shokri H. In vitro synergy of eugenol on the antifungal effects of voriconazole against Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei strains isolated from the genital tract of mares. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:94-101. [PMID: 32298479 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the limited range of antifungals available to treat genital Candida infections and the emergence of resistant isolates, attention has focused on the antifungal potency of natural compounds with promising biological properties. OBJECTIVES To examine whether eugenol synergises the in vitro efficacy of voriconazole against Candida strains isolated from the genital tract of mares. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experiment. METHODS The antifungal activity of eugenol and voriconazole was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay (CLSI- M27-A3). Synergism of eugenol and voriconazole against genital Candida isolates was evaluated by the microdilution checkerboard method. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for eugenol and voriconazole ranged from 400 to 800 µg/mL and 1 to 8 µg/mL, respectively, for C. tropicalis isolates, and from 200 to 400 µg/mL for eugenol and 2 to 16 µg/mL for voriconazole against C. krusei isolates. Eugenol decreased the arithmetic mean MIC for voriconazole against C. tropicalis and C. krusei isolates from 2.66 to 0.46 µg/mL and 7.77 to 0.41 µg/mL respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values for the eugenol-voriconazole combination ranged from 0.25 to 0.88 and 0.19 to 0.63 for C. tropicalis and C. krusei isolates respectively. A synergistic effect of eugenol in combination with voriconazole was observed for 83.3% of C. tropicalis and 77.7% of C. krusei isolates. Antagonistic activity was not seen in any of the isolates tested. MAIN LIMITATIONS Since in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests are not systematic analyses, any selection bias could influence the results. In addition, in vitro susceptibility does not uniformly predict clinical success in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Eugenol showed fungistatic and fungicidal effects against genital Candida isolates and, in combination, synergised the antifungal effects of voriconazole. The eugenol-voriconazole combination can lay the foundation for a therapeutic approach against isolates in which azole resistance has increased over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jacumazo J, de Carvalho MM, Parchen GP, Campos IM, Ballesteros Garcia MJ, Brugnari T, Maciel GM, Marques FA, de Freitas RA. Development, characterization and antimicrobial activity of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polysaccharides capsules containing eugenol. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115562. [PMID: 31887918 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Shaban S, Patel M, Ahmad A. Improved efficacy of antifungal drugs in combination with monoterpene phenols against Candida auris. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1162. [PMID: 31980703 PMCID: PMC6981193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of Candida auris has been described as a global health threat due to its ability to cause invasive infections with high mortality rate and multidrug resistance. Novel drugs and therapies are required to target this organism and its pathogenicity. Anti-virulence approach and combination therapy have been proposed as alternatives in recent years. This study evaluated the virulence factors in C. auris, combination antifungal activity of phenolic compounds with antifungal drugs and determined effect of the most active compound on positive pathogenicity markers of C. auris. Antifungal susceptibility profile of 25 clinical isolates of C. auris against antifungal agents as well as against phenolic compounds was obtained using CLSI guidelines. Combination of the most active phenolic compound with antifungal drugs was determined. Effect of carvacrol on the virulence factors was also studied. Carvacrol was the most active phenol with median MIC of 125 µg/ml and its combination with fluconazole, amphotericin B, nystatin and caspofungin resulted synergistic and additive effects in 68%, 64%, 96% and 28%, respectively. Combination also reduced the MIC values of the drugs. All test strains showed adherence ability to epithelial cells and 96% of strains produced proteinase. None of the strains produced hyphae and phospholipase. At low concentrations, carvacrol significantly inhibited the adherence ability and proteinase production (both p < 0.01). Carvacrol has antifungal and anti-virulence activity against C. auris. It also showed an enhanced antifungal activity in combination with antifungal agents. Therefore it has potential to be developed into a novel antifungal agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siham Shaban
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mrudula Patel
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.,Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa. .,Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Behbahani BA, Noshad M, Falah F. Study of chemical structure, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and mechanism of action of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on foodborne pathogens. Potr S J F Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.5219/1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, chemical composition (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy), chemical structure (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and antioxidant potential (β-carotene bleaching assay and DPPH/ABTS-radical scavenging activity tests) of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil (SAEO) were evaluated. Eugenol (75.11%) was found to be the major compound of SAEO. Eugenol, as the main chemical constituent of SAEO, showed its signature peaks in the wavenumber range of 720 – 1250 cm-1, ascribing to the C=C region. The antimicrobial activity of SAEO on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was then applied to unravel the antibacterial mechanism of SAEO on E. coli as the most resistant strain and L. innocua as the most sensitive strain. The MTT assay was also used to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of SAEO on human colonic cancer cell lines (HT29 cell line) and the highest cytotoxic effect was observed at 200 mg.mL-1 concentration of SAEO. The SEM micrographs revealed that the SAEO treatment was able to manifestly increase the cell permeabilization and membrane integrity disruption. This means that the entirety of the cell membranes was remarkably affected by the essential oil, which could lead to cytoplasm secretion and subsequent cell death. The data strongly suggest that SAEO had a potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira L, Matos APDS, Cardoso VDS, Villanova JCO, Guimarães BDCLR, Dos Santos EP, Beatriz Vermelho A, Santos-Oliveira R, Ricci Junior E. Clove oil nanoemulsion showed potent inhibitory effect against Candida spp. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:425101. [PMID: 31290755 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab30c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing resistance to current fungicides is a clinical problem that leads to the need for new treatment strategies. Clove oil (CO) has already been described as having antifungal action. However, it should not be applied directly to the skin as it may be irritating. One option for CO delivery and suitable topical application would be nanoemulsions (NEs). NEs have advantages such as decreased irritant effects and lower dose use. The purpose of this work was the development of NEs containing CO and in vitro evaluation against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The NEs were produced by an ultrasonic processor with different proportions of CO and Pluronic® F-127. In order to determine the best composition and ultrasound amplitude, an experimental design was performed. For the evaluation, droplet size and polydispersity index (PdI) were used. After the stability study, in vitro activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata was evaluated. NEs selected for the stability study, with diameter <40 nm and PdI <0.2, remained stable for 420 d. Activity against Candida spp. was improved when the CO was nanoemulsified, for it possibly leads to a better interaction between the active and the microorganisms, mainly in C. albicans.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sazhina NN, Antipova AS, Semenova MG, Palmina NP. Initiated Oxidation of Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes with Some Functional Nutraceuticals. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Zhang M, Yang X, Wang D, Yu C, Sun S. Antifungal activity of immunosuppressants used alone or in combination with fluconazole. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:1304-1317. [PMID: 30307675 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections remain a challenge to clinicians due to the limited available antifungals. With the increasing use of antifungals in clinical practice, drug resistance has been emerging continuously, especially to fluconazole (FLC). Thus, a search for new antifungals and approaches to overcome antifungal resistance is needed. However, the development of new antifungals is usually costly and time consuming; discovering the antifungal activity of non-antifungal agents is one way to address these problems. Interestingly, some researchers have demonstrated that several classes of immunosuppressants (calcineurin inhibitors, glucocorticoids, etc) also displayed potent antifungal activity when used alone or in combination with antifungals, especially with FLC. Some of them could increase FLC's susceptibility against resistant Candida albicans significantly reversing fungal resistance to FLC. This article reviews the antifungal activities of immunosuppressants used alone or in combination with antifungals and their potential antifungal mechanisms that have been discovered so far. Although immunosuppressive agents have been identified as risk factors for fungal infection, we believe these findings are very important for overcoming drug resistance and developing new antifungals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - D Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - C Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - S Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ebani VV, Nardoni S, Bertelloni F, Pistelli L, Mancianti F. Antimicrobial Activity of Five Essential Oils against Bacteria and Fungi Responsible for Urinary Tract Infections. Molecules 2018; 23:E1668. [PMID: 29987237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are frequently encountered in small animal practice. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. are the most common agents associated to these infections, even though other bacteria and yeasts, such as Candida albicans and Candida famata, may be involved. In view of the increasing problem of the multi-drug resistance, the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), origanum (Origanum vulgare L.), clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) and thymus (Thymus vulgaris L.) against multidrug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Candida albicans and Candida famata previously isolated from dogs and cats with urinary tract infections. Enterococci were resistant to Illicium verum and Salvia sclarea, such as Candida to Salvia sclarea. Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare essential oils showed the best activity against all the tested pathogens, so they could be proposed for the formulation of external and/or intravesical washes in small animals.
Collapse
|
22
|
Salehi B, Mishra AP, Shukla I, Sharifi-Rad M, Contreras MDM, Segura-Carretero A, Fathi H, Nasrabadi NN, Kobarfard F, Sharifi-Rad J. Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1688-1706. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Student Research Committee; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; H. N. B. Garhwal University; Srinagar Garhwal 246174 India
| | - Ila Shukla
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division; CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute; Lucknow 226001 India
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Zabol 61663-335 Iran
| | - María del Mar Contreras
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Ambiental y de los Materiales; Universidad de Jaén; Jaén Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Avda. Fuentenueva s/n Granada 18071 Spain
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF); Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park; Avenida del Conocimiento s /n Granada Spain
| | - Hannane Fathi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nafiseh Nasri Nasrabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex; The University of Winnipeg; 599 Portage Avenue Winnipeg MB R3B 2G3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Belato KK, de Oliveira JR, de Oliveira FS, de Oliveira LD, Camargo SEA. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of thymol verified in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) after antimicrobial analysis in Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. J Funct Foods 2018; 40:455-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
24
|
Кinash ОV, Lisachenko ОD, Kupriyan КV. FUNGICIDAL AND INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF OF MONARDA FISTULOSA ESSENTIAL OIL AND EUGENOL AGAINST FUNGI OF ASPERGILLUS GENUS. WOMAB 2018; 14:169. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2017-4-62-169-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Zacchino SA, Butassi E, Liberto MD, Raimondi M, Postigo A, Sortino M. Plant phenolics and terpenoids as adjuvants of antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Phytomedicine 2017; 37:27-48. [PMID: 29174958 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intensive use of antibacterial and antifungal drugs has dramatically increased the microbial resistance and has led to a higher number of difficult-to-eradicate infections. Combination therapy with two or more antimicrobial drugs has emerged some years ago to overcome the issue, but it has proven to be not completely effective. Natural secondary metabolites of MW ≤ 500 represent promising adjuvants for antimicrobials and have been the object of several researches that have increased in the last two decades. PURPOSE The purpose of this Review is to do a literature search of the natural compounds that showed high enhancing capacity of antibacterials' and antifungals' effects against planktonic bacteria and fungi and to analyze which are the natural products most used in combination with a focus on polyphenols and terpenoids. RESULTS One hundred of papers were collected for reviewing. Fifty six (56) of them deal with combinations of low MW natural products with antibacterial drugs against planktonic bacteria and forty four (44) on natural products with antifungal drugs against planktonic fungi. Of the antibacterial adjuvants, 41 (73%) were either polyphenols (27; 48%) or terpenes (14; 25%). The remaining 15 papers (27%), deal with different class of natural products. Since most natural potentiators belong to the terpene or phenolic structural types, a more detailed description of the works dealing with these type of compounds is provided here. Bacterial and fungal resistance mechanisms, the modes of action of the main classes of antibacterial and antifungal drugs and the methodologies most used to assess the type of interactions in the combinations were included in the Review too. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Several promising results on the potentiation effects of antifungals' and antibacterials' activities by low MW natural products mainly on polyphenols and terpenes were reported in the literature and, in spite of that most works included only in vitro assays, this knowledge opens a wide range of possibilities for the combination antimicrobial therapy. Further research including in vivo assays and clinical trials are required to determine the relevance of these antimicrobial enhancers in the clinical area and should be the focus of future studies in order to develop new antimicrobial combination agents that overpass the drawbacks of the existing antibiotics and antifungals in clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana A Zacchino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
| | - Estefania Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Melina Di Liberto
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Marcela Raimondi
- Area Microbiología, Facultad de Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Agustina Postigo
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Sortino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina; Área Micología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ksouri S, Djebir S, Bentorki AA, Gouri A, Hadef Y, Benakhla A. Antifungal activity of essential oils extract from Origanum floribundum Munby, Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus ciliatus Desf. against Candida albicans isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:245-249. [PMID: 28454927 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to limit the antibiotic use in mastitis treatment and to find other alternatives. The antifungal activity of the essential oils from Origanum floribundum Munby., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Thymus ciliatus Desf. is studied in the present work against a Candida albicans reference strain and ten C. albicans isolated strains from bovine clinical mastitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation technique using Clevenger apparatus. Their chromatographic analysis was performed with a Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS). Antifungal activities of essential oils were investigated by macrobroth method of dilution in tubes to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC 80%). RESULTS Analysis of the essential oil showed chemical profile dominated by thymol (50.47 and 62.41%) and P-cymene (24.22 and 15.51%) in the oregano and the thyme respectively, 1, 8-cineol (31.50%) and α-pinene (18.33%) in Rosemary. The three essential oils revealed highly effective anticandidal activity, with an MIC of 80% values ranged from 15.02 to 31.08μg/mL. CONCLUSION These results suggest that essential oils studied can be real alternatives in the control of mastitis fungi but deserving studies more in-depth and detailed on their application in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ksouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences and the Universe, University of 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, 24000 Guelma, Algeria.
| | - S Djebir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences and the Universe, University of 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, 24000 Guelma, Algeria
| | - A A Bentorki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Bedji Mukhtar of Annaba, route Zaafrania, B.P. 205, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - A Gouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Bedji Mukhtar of Annaba, route Zaafrania, B.P. 205, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Y Hadef
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Bedji Mukhtar of Annaba, route Zaafrania, B.P. 205, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - A Benakhla
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University Chadli Bendjedid El-Tarf, BP 73, 36000 El-Tarf, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Palma A, Ruiz Montoya M, Díaz MJ, Arteaga JF, Estévez Brito R, Rodríguez Mellado JM. Evaluation of synergistic and antagonistic effects between some selected antioxidants by means of an electrochemical technique. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Palma
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Química Física y Ciencias de los Materiales; Fac. Ciencias Experimentales; Centro de Investigación en Tecnología de Productos y Procesos Químicos (Pro2TecS); Campus El Carmen; Universidad de Huelva; Huelva E-21071 Spain
| | - Mercedes Ruiz Montoya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Química Física y Ciencias de los Materiales; Fac. Ciencias Experimentales; Centro de Investigación en Tecnología de Productos y Procesos Químicos (Pro2TecS); Campus El Carmen; Universidad de Huelva; Huelva E-21071 Spain
| | - Manuel Jesús Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Química Física y Ciencias de los Materiales; Fac. Ciencias Experimentales; Centro de Investigación en Tecnología de Productos y Procesos Químicos (Pro2TecS); Campus El Carmen; Universidad de Huelva; Huelva E-21071 Spain
| | - Jesús F. Arteaga
- Departamento de Química; CIQSO-Centro para la Investigación en Química Sostenible y; Campus “El Carmen”; Universidad de Huelva; Huelva E-21071 Spain
| | - Rafael Estévez Brito
- Departamento de Química Física y Termodinámica Aplicada; Fac. Ciencias. CeiA3; Campus Rabanales; Universidad de Córdoba; Córdoba E-14014 Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez Mellado
- Departamento de Química Física y Termodinámica Aplicada; Fac. Ciencias. CeiA3; Campus Rabanales; Universidad de Córdoba; Córdoba E-14014 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marchese A, Barbieri R, Coppo E, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Nabavi SF, Izadi M, Abdollahi M, Nabavi SM, Ajami M. Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:668-689. [PMID: 28346030 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1295225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is a hydroxyphenyl propene, naturally occurring in the essential oils of several plants belonging to the Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae families. It is one of the major constituents of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Myrtaceae) oil and is largely used in both foods and cosmetics as a flavoring agent. A large body of recent scientific evidence supports claims from traditional medicine that eugenol exerts beneficial effects on human health. These effects are mainly associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Eugenol has also shown excellent antimicrobial activity in studies, being active against fungi and a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this review is to analyze scientific data from the main published studies describing the antibacterial and antifungal activities of eugenol targeting different kind of microorganisms, such as those responsible for human infectious diseases, diseases of the oral cavity, and food-borne pathogens. This article also reports the effects of eugenol on multi-drug resistant microorganisms. On the basis of this collected data, eugenol represents a very interesting bioactive compound with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against both planktonic and sessile cells belonging to food-decaying microorganisms and human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchese
- a Sezione di Microbiologia DISC-IRCCS San Martino-IST University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- b Sezione di Microbiologia DISC University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Erika Coppo
- b Sezione di Microbiologia DISC University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- c Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- d Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- e Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Morteza Izadi
- f Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- g Toxicology and Diseases Group , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- e Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Marjan Ajami
- h Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology , National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Palmer-Young EC, Sadd BM, Irwin RE, Adler LS. Synergistic effects of floral phytochemicals against a bumble bee parasite. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1836-1849. [PMID: 28331591 PMCID: PMC5355193 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral landscapes comprise diverse phytochemical combinations. Individual phytochemicals in floral nectar and pollen can reduce infection in bees and directly inhibit trypanosome parasites. However, gut parasites of generalist pollinators, which consume nectar and pollen from many plant species, are exposed to phytochemical combinations. Interactions between phytochemicals could augment or decrease effects of single compounds on parasites. Using a matrix of 36 phytochemical treatment combinations, we assessed the combined effects of two floral phytochemicals, eugenol and thymol, against four strains of the bumblebee gut trypanosome Crithidia bombi. Eugenol and thymol had synergistic effects against C. bombi growth across seven independent experiments, showing that the phytochemical combination can disproportionately inhibit parasites. The strength of synergistic effects varied across strains and experiments. Thus, the antiparasitic effects of individual compounds will depend on both the presence of other phytochemicals and parasite strain identity. The presence of synergistic phytochemical combinations could augment the antiparasitic activity of individual compounds for pollinators in diverse floral landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben M Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal IL USA
| | - Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Applied Ecology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts at Amherst Amherst MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Mandras N, Nostro A, Roana J, Scalas D, Banche G, Ghisetti V, Del Re S, Fucale G, Cuffini AM, Tullio V. Liquid and vapour-phase antifungal activities of essential oils against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida. BMC Complement Altern Med 2016; 16:330. [PMID: 27576581 PMCID: PMC5006570 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of Candida infections faces many problems, such as a limited number of antifungal drugs, toxicity, resistance of Candida to commonly antifungal drugs, relapse of Candida infections, and the high cost of antifungal drugs. Though azole antifungal agents and derivatives continue to dominate as drugs of choice against Candida infections, there are many available data referring to the anticandidal activity of essential oils. Since we have previous observed a good antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against filamentous fungi, the aim of this study was to extend the research to evaluate the activity of the same oils on Candida albicans, C.glabrata and C.tropicalis clinical strains, as well as the effects of related components. Essential oils selection was based both on ethnomedicinal use and on proved antibacterial and/or antifungal activity of some of these oils. Fluconazole and voriconazole were used as reference drugs. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of essential oils (thyme red, fennel, clove, pine, sage, lemon balm, and lavender) and their major components were investigated by the broth microdilution method (BM) and the vapour contact assay (VC). RESULTS Using BM, pine oil showed the best activity against all strains tested, though C.albicans was more susceptible than C.glabrata and C.tropicalis (MIC50-MIC90 = 0.06 %, v/v). On the contrary, sage oil displayed a weak activity (MIC50-MIC90 = 1 %, v/v). Thyme red oil (MIC50-MIC90 ≤ 0.0038 %, v/v for C.albicans and C.tropicalis, and 0.0078- < 0.015 %, v/v for C.glabrata), followed by lemon balm, lavender and sage were the most effective by VC. Carvacrol and thymol showed the highest activity, whereas linalyl acetate showed the lowest activity both by two methods. α-pinene displayed a better activity by BM than VC. CONCLUSION Results show a good activity of essential oils, mainly thymus red and pine oils, and their components carvacrol, thymol and α-pinene against Candida spp., including fluconazole/voriconazole resistant strains. These data encourage adequately controlled and randomized clinical investigations. The use in vapour phase could have additional advantages without requiring direct contact, resulting in easy of environmental application such as in hospital, and/or in school.
Collapse
|
32
|
Drewes CC, Fiel LA, Bexiga CG, Asbahr ACC, Uchiyama MK, Cogliati B, Araki K, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Farsky SP. Novel therapeutic mechanisms determine the effectiveness of lipid-core nanocapsules on melanoma models. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1261-79. [PMID: 27099491 PMCID: PMC4821388 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a severe metastatic skin cancer with poor prognosis and no effective treatment. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches using nanotechnology have been proposed to improve therapeutic effectiveness. Lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs), prepared with poly(ε-caprolactone), capric/caprylic triglyceride, and sorbitan monostearate and stabilized by polysorbate 80, are efficient as drug delivery systems. Here, we investigated the effects of acetyleugenol-loaded LNC (AcE-LNC) on human SK-Mel-28 melanoma cells and its therapeutic efficacies on melanoma induced by B16F10 in C57B6 mice. LNC and AcE-LNC had z-average diameters and zeta potential close to 210 nm and -10.0 mV, respectively. CytoViva(®) microscopy images showed that LNC and AcE-LNC penetrated into SK-Mel-28 cells, and remained in the cytoplasm. AcE-LNC in vitro treatment (18-90×10(9) particles/mL; 1 hour) induced late apoptosis and necrosis; LNC and AcE-LNC (3-18×10(9) particles/mL; 48 hours) treatments reduced cell proliferation and delayed the cell cycle. Elevated levels of nitric oxide were found in supernatant of LNC and AcE-LNC, which were not dependent on nitric oxide synthase expressions. Daily intraperitoneal or oral treatment (days 3-10 after tumor injection) with LNC or AcE-LNC (1×10(12) particles/day), but not with AcE (50 mg/kg/day, same dose as AcE-LNC), reduced the volume of the tumor; nevertheless, intraperitoneal treatment caused toxicity. Oral LNC treatment was more efficient than AcE-LNC treatment. Moreover, oral treatment with nonencapsulated capric/caprylic triglyceride did not inhibit tumor development, implying that nanocapsule supramolecular structure is important to the therapeutic effects. Together, data herein presented highlight the relevance of the supramolecular structure of LNCs to toxicity on SK-Mel-28 cells and to the therapeutic efficacy on melanoma development in mice, conferring novel therapeutic mechanisms to LNC further than a drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine C Drewes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana A Fiel
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Celina G Bexiga
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina C Asbahr
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mayara K Uchiyama
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvia S Guterres
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana R Pohlmann
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kouame NM, Kamagate M, Koffi C, Die-Kakou HM, Yao NAR, Kakou A. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf : ethnopharmacologie, phytochimie, activités pharmacologiques et toxicologie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-015-1014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
Chaftar N, Girardot M, Quellard N, Labanowski J, Ghrairi T, Hani K, Frère J, Imbert C. Activity of Six Essential Oils Extracted from Tunisian Plants againstLegionella pneumophila. Chem Biodivers 2015; 12:1565-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Chaftar
- Université de Poitiers, EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, FR‐86073 Poitiers (phone: +33‐2‐35146454)
- Faculté de Médecine, UR08 – 45, Département de Biochimie, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
- Université de Rouen, LMSM ‐ EA 4312, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, FR‐76821 Mont‐Saint‐Aignan (current address)
| | - Marion Girardot
- Université de Poitiers, EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, FR‐86073 Poitiers (phone: +33‐2‐35146454)
| | - Nathalie Quellard
- CHU de Poitiers, Service de Microscopie, 2 rue de la Milétrie, FR‐86021 Poitiers
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- Université de Poitiers, IC2 MP, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, FR‐86022 Poitiers
| | - Tawfik Ghrairi
- Faculté de Médecine, UR08 – 45, Département de Biochimie, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - Khaled Hani
- Faculté de Médecine, UR08 – 45, Département de Biochimie, Avenue Mohamed Karoui, 4002 Sousse, Tunisie
| | - Jacques Frère
- Université de Poitiers, EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, FR‐86073 Poitiers (phone: +33‐2‐35146454)
| | - Christine Imbert
- Université de Poitiers, EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, FR‐86073 Poitiers (phone: +33‐2‐35146454)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yu D, Wang J, Shao X, Xu F, Wang H. Antifungal modes of action of tea tree oil and its two characteristic components against Botrytis cinerea. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1253-62. [PMID: 26294100 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) has been evaluated as a potential eco-friendly antifungal agent against Botrytis cinerea. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of tea tree oil (TTO) and its components against B. cinerea. METHODS AND RESULTS Of the components we tested in contact phase, terpinen-4-ol had the highest antifungal activity, followed by TTO, α-terpineol, terpinolene, then 1,8-cineole. As one of characteristic components of TTO, terpinen-4-ol treatment led to pronounced alterations in mycelial morphology, cellular ultrastructure, membrane permeability under scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and fluorescent microscope, and also reduced the ergosterol content of fungi. As another characteristic component, 1,8-cineole caused serious intracellular damage but only slightly affected B. cinerea otherwise. When terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole were used together, the synergistic antifungal activity was significantly higher than either component by itself. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study confirmed that terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole act mainly on the cell membranes and organelles of B. cinerea, respectively, and when combined are similar to TTO in antifungal activity due to their differences. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Understanding the mechanism of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole antifungal action to B. cinerea is helpful for investigation on their synergistic effect and explaining antifungal action modes of TTO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - X Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - F Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abd-Elsalam KA, Khokhlov AR. Eugenol oil nanoemulsion: antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and phytotoxicity on cottonseeds. Appl Nanosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-014-0398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
37
|
Chaftar N, Girardot M, Labanowski J, Ghrairi T, Hani K, Frère J, Imbert C. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of 19 essential oils. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2015; 901:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
38
|
Martínez A, Rojas N, García L, González F, Domínguez M, Catalán A. In vitro activity of terpenes against Candida albicans and ultrastructural alterations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:553-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
Rassu G, Nieddu M, Bosi P, Trevisi P, Colombo M, Priori D, Manconi P, Giunchedi P, Gavini E, Boatto G. Encapsulation and modified-release of thymol from oral microparticles as adjuvant or substitute to current medications. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:1627-1632. [PMID: 25442269 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to encapsulate, thymol, in natural polymers in order to obtain (i) taste masking effect and, then, enhancing its palatability and (ii) two formulations for systemic and local delivery of herbal drug as adjuvants or substitutes to current medications to prevent and treat several human and animal diseases. Microspheres based on methylcellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) were prepared by spray drying technique. Microparticles were in vitro characterized in terms of yield of production, drug content and encapsulation efficiency, particle size, morphology and drug release. Both formulations were in vivo orally administered and pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out. The polymers used affect the release and, then, the pharmacokinetic profile of thymol. Encapsulation into methylcellulose microspheres leads to short half/life but bioavailability remarkably increases compared to the free thymol. In contrast, enteric formulation based on HPMCP shows very limited systemic absorption. These formulations could be proposed as alternative or adjuvants for controlling pathogen infections in human or animal. In particular, methylcellulose microspheres can be used for thymol systemic administration at low doses and HPMCP particles for local treatment of intestinal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - M Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - P Bosi
- Department of Agri-Food Science and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - P Trevisi
- Department of Agri-Food Science and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Colombo
- Department of Agri-Food Science and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - D Priori
- Department of Agri-Food Science and Technologies (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - P Manconi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - P Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - E Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Khan MSA, Ahmad I, Cameotra SS, Botha F. Sub-MICs of Carum copticum and Thymus vulgaris influence virulence factors and biofilm formation in Candida spp. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014; 14:337. [PMID: 25220750 PMCID: PMC4177179 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of drug-resistant strains of Candida and inefficiency of conventional antifungal therapy has necessitated the search for alternative and new antifungal agents. Inhibition of virulence and biofilm are the potential drug targets. In this study, the oils of Carum copticum, Thymus vulgaris and their major active compound thymol as revealed by Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-GC/MS) analysis were tested for their inhibitory activity against growth to determine sub-MIC values against 27 drug-resistant strains of Candida spp. METHODS Brothmacrodilution method was used for determination of MIC of test oils against Candida strains. The spectrophotometric methods were used for detection and inhibition assays for virulence factors in Candida spp. Light and electron microscopy was performed to observe morphological effects of oils on biofilms. GC-GC/MS were used to evaluate the major active compounds of test oils. RESULTS Virulence factors like proteinase and haemolysin were detected in 18 strains, both in solid and liquid media. A 70% of the test strains exhibited hydrophobicity and formed moderate to strong biofilms (OD280 0.5- > 1.0). Test oils exhibited MICs in the range of 45-360 μg.mL(-1) against the majority of test strains. All the oils at 0.25× and 0.5× MICs induced >70% reduction in the cell surface hydrophobicity, proteinase and haemolysin production. At 0.5× MIC, thymol and T. vulgaris were most inhibitory against biofilm formation. At sub-MICs electron microscopic studies revealed the deformity of complex structures of biofilms formed and cell membranes appeared to be the target site of these agents. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our findings have highlighted the concentration dependent activity of oils of C. copticum and T. vulgaris against virulence factors and biofilms in proteinase and haemolysin producing drug-resistant strains of Candida spp. The above activities of test oils are supposed to be mainly contributed due to their major active compound thymol. Further mechanism involving anti-proteinase, anti-haemolysin and anti-biofilm activities of these oils and compounds are to be explored for possible exploitation in combating Candida infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd SA Khan
- />Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
- />Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- />Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Swaranjit S Cameotra
- />Environmental Biotechnology and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036 India
| | - Francien Botha
- />Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Liu S, Hou Y, Chen X, Gao Y, Li H, Sun S. Combination of fluconazole with non-antifungal agents: A promising approach to cope with resistant Candida albicans infections and insight into new antifungal agent discovery. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
43
|
Wang C, Fan Y. Eugenol enhances the resistance of tomato against tomato yellow leaf curl virus. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:677-82. [PMID: 23852671 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of eugenol on controlling TYLCVD. The potential of eugenol to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato (Jiangsu 14) plants against TYLCV was also investigated. RESULTS In greenhouse experiments, eugenol significantly reduced disease severity when applied as a foliar spray, thus demonstrating a systemic effect. The disease spread rapidly in control plants and by the end of the experiment almost all control plants showed severe symptoms. Eugenol also induced H₂O₂ accumulation in tomato plants. Activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly induced compared with those of control plants. As further consequences, increase of salicylic acid (SA) levels and expression of PR-1 proteins, a molecular marker of SAR in tomato, could also be observed. CONCLUSION This is the first report of eugenol as an elicitor and its ability to suppress plant virus diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that eugenol has the potential to be an effective biocontrol agent against TYLCV in tomato plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Univesity of Nanjing Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
de Castro PA, Bom VL, Brown NA, de Almeida RS, Ramalho LN, Savoldi M, Goldman MH, Berretta AA, Goldman GH. Identification of the cell targets important for propolis-induced cell death in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 60:74-86. [PMID: 23856128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, forming both commensal and opportunistic pathogenic interactions, causing a variety of skin and soft tissue infections in healthy people. In immunocompromised patients C. albicans can result in invasive, systemic infections that are associated with a high incidence of mortality. Propolis is a complex mixture of several resinous substances which are collected from plants by bees. Here, we demonstrated the fungicidal activity of propolis against all three morphogenetic types of C. albicans and that propolis-induced cell death was mediated via metacaspase and Ras signaling. To identify genes that were involved in propolis tolerance, we screened ~800 C. albicans homozygous deletion mutants for decreased tolerance to propolis. Fifty-one mutant strains were identified as being hypersensitive to propolis including seventeen genes involved in cell adhesion, biofilm formation, filamentous growth, phenotypic switching and pathogenesis (HST7, GIN4, VPS34, HOG1, ISW2, SUV3, MDS3, HDA2, KAR3, YHB1, NUP85, CDC10, MNN9, ACE2, FKH2, and SNF5). We validated these results by showing that propolis inhibited the transition from yeast-like to hyphal growth. Propolis was shown to contain compounds that conferred fluorescent properties to C. albicans cells. Moreover, we have shown that a topical pharmaceutical preparation, based upon propolis, was able to control C. albicans infections in a mouse model for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Our results strongly indicate that propolis could be used as a strategy for controlling candidiasis.
Collapse
|
45
|
de Farias EMFG, Ximenes RM, Magalhães LPM, Chiappeta ADA, de Sena KXDFR, de Albuquerque JFC. Antifungal activity of Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) against clinical isolates of Candida species. J Herb Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
46
|
Kamatou GP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM. Eugenol--from the remote Maluku Islands to the international market place: a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule. Molecules 2012; 17:6953-81. [PMID: 22728369 PMCID: PMC6268661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol is a major volatile constituent of clove essential oil obtained through hydrodistillation of mainly Eugenia caryophyllata (=Syzygium aromaticum) buds and leaves. It is a remarkably versatile molecule incorporated as a functional ingredient in numerous products and has found application in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, fragrance, flavour, cosmetic and various other industries. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well-researched and includes antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant and anticancer activities, amongst others. In addition, it is widely used in agricultural applications to protect foods from micro-organisms during storage, which might have an effect on human health, and as a pesticide and fumigant. As a functional ingredient, it is included in many dental preparations and it has also been shown to enhance skin permeation of various drugs. Eugenol is considered safe as a food additive but due to the wide range of different applications, extensive use and availability of clove oil, it is pertinent to discuss the general toxicity with special reference to contact dermatitis. This review summarises the pharmacological, agricultural and other applications of eugenol with specific emphasis on mechanism of action as well as toxicity data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alvaro M. Viljoen
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +27-12-382-6360; Fax: +27-12-382-6243
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Antimycotic chemosensitization and its mode of action are of growing interest. Currently, use of antifungal agents in agriculture and medicine has a number of obstacles. Foremost of these is development of resistance or cross-resistance to one or more antifungal agents. The generally high expense and negative impact, or side effects, associated with antifungal agents are two further issues of concern. Collectively, these problems are exacerbated by efforts to control resistant strains, which can evolve into a treadmill of higher dosages for longer periods. This cycle in turn, inflates cost of treatment, dramatically. A further problem is stagnation in development of new and effective antifungal agents, especially for treatment of human mycoses. Efforts to overcome some of these issues have involved using combinations of available antimycotics (e.g., combination therapy for invasive mycoses). However, this approach has had inconsistent success and is often associated with a marked increase in negative side effects. Chemosensitization by natural compounds to increase effectiveness of commercial antimycotics is a somewhat new approach to dealing with the aforementioned problems. The potential for safe natural products to improve antifungal activity has been observed for over three decades. Chemosensitizing agents possess antifungal activity, but at insufficient levels to serve as antimycotics, alone. Their main function is to disrupt fungal stress response, destabilize the structural integrity of cellular and vacuolar membranes or stimulate production of reactive oxygen species, augmenting oxidative stress and apoptosis. Use of safe chemosensitizing agents has potential benefit to both agriculture and medicine. When co-applied with a commercial antifungal agent, an additive or synergistic interaction may occur, augmenting antifungal efficacy. This augmentation, in turn, lowers effective dosages, costs, negative side effects and, in some cases, countermands resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C. Campbell
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Chan
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, USA
| | - Jong H. Kim
- Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Herrmann F, Wink M. Synergistic interactions of saponins and monoterpenes in HeLa cells, Cos7 cells and in erythrocytes. Phytomedicine 2011; 18:1191-1196. [PMID: 21968386 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In phytomedicine complex extracts consisting of phenolics, monoterpenes or saponins are traditionally used. It is often impossible to attribute the biological activity of an extract to one or few compounds. As an explanation of the superior activity of extracts, a synergistic effect of combinations of active compounds has been suggested. Since lipophilic monoterpenes or saponins targeting the biomembrane usually accompany polar polyphenols in phytomedical preparations, we decided to investigate their effect as single substances and in combination to gain further insight into potential synergistic effects of herbal medicine. Combinations of the monoterpenes α-pinene, thymol and menthol with the monodesmosidic saponins digitonin, aescin, glycyrrhizic acid and Quillaja saponin demonstrated strong synergistic activity. The IC(50) of haemolysis was lowered by a factor of 10-100 from 316μg/ml to 2μg/ml for aescin, 157μg/ml to 11μg/ml for Quillaja saponins and 20μg/ml to 3μg/ml for digitonin when combined with thymol. A similar significant synergistic cytotoxicity occurred both in HeLa and Cos7 cells by combining the α-pinene, thymol and menthol with the saponins. The IC(50) of glycyrrhizic acid was lowered by a factor 100 from around 300μg/ml to around 1-10μg/ml and the IC(50) of aescin, digitonin and Quillaja saponins about the factor 10. Monoterpenes and monodesmosidic saponins have a common target, the biomembrane, which is present in all animal, fungal and bacterial cells. Disturbance of membrane fluidity and permeability is the mode of action. This activity is non-specific which makes it extremely difficult for bacteria and fungi to develop resistance. This explains the overall success of these molecules as defence chemicals in the plant kingdom. The synergistic effect of combinations of saponins with monoterpenes opens a complete new field of possible applications in medicine to overcome resistance in multidrug resistant microbial and human cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Phytotherapeutic pharmaceuticals and herbal medicinal products with its roots in classical phytotherapeutic medicine have a well-established role in otolaryngological therapy, especially for diseases of the upper airways and acute and chronic infections. A thorough selection and application could mean huge benefit for the patient, in particular in cases with contraindications, chemo- and antibiotic resistance or patient request. Besides, it might spare other medications. Phytotherapeutic pharmaceuticals must fulfil the same criteria of quality, effectiveness and harmlessness of evidence-based medicine like chemical pharmaceuticals, although they are often prescribed due to its well established or traditional based use. This review focuses on phytotherapeutic therapies well established within the European Community for otolaryngologic disease patterns by referring to clinical studies or meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Richard Ciuman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bochum, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Bleichstr. 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hemaiswarya S, Soudaminikkutty R, Narasumani ML, Doble M. Phenylpropanoids inhibit protofilament formation of Escherichia coli cell division protein FtsZ. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1317-1325. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.030536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Hemaiswarya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Rohini Soudaminikkutty
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | | | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| |
Collapse
|