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Piyathilake U, Lin C, Bolan N, Bundschuh J, Rinklebe J, Herath I. Exploring the hidden environmental pollution of microplastics derived from bioplastics: A review. Chemosphere 2024; 355:141773. [PMID: 38548076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics might be an ecofriendly alternative to traditional plastics. However, recent studies have emphasized that even bioplastics can end up becoming micro- and nano-plastics due to their degradation under ambient environmental conditions. Hence, there is an urgent need to assess the hidden environmental pollution caused by bioplastics. However, little is known about the evolutionary trends of bibliographic data, degradation pathways, formation, and toxicity of micro- and nano-scaled bioplastics originating from biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and starch-based plastics. Therefore, the prime objective of the current review was to investigate evolutionary trends and the latest advancements in the field of micro-bioplastic pollution. Additionally, it aims to confront the limitations of existing research on microplastic pollution derived from the degradation of bioplastic wastes, and to understand what is needed in future research. The literature survey revealed that research focusing on micro- and nano-bioplastics has begun since 2012. This review identifies novel insights into microbioplastics formation through diverse degradation pathways, including photo-oxidation, ozone-induced degradation, mechanochemical degradation, biodegradation, thermal, and catalytic degradation. Critical research gaps are identified, including defining optimal environmental conditions for complete degradation of diverse bioplastics, exploring micro- and nano-bioplastics formation in natural environments, investigating the global occurrence and distribution of these particles in diverse ecosystems, assessing toxic substances released during bioplastics degradation, and bridging the disparity between laboratory studies and real-world applications. By identifying new trends and knowledge gaps, this study lays the groundwork for future investigations and sustainable solutions in the realm of sustainable management of bioplastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udara Piyathilake
- Environmental Science Division, National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Kandy, 2000, Sri Lanka
| | - Chuxia Lin
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, The University of Southern Queensland, West Street, 4350, QLD, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Indika Herath
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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Mahmoud AED, Ali R, Fawzy M. Insights into levofloxacin adsorption with machine learning models using nano-composite hydrochars. Chemosphere 2024; 355:141746. [PMID: 38522673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization was applied to taro peel wastes to produce hydrochars using a facile and environmentally friendly process. Four different entities were prepared: hydrochar (TPh), phosphoric-activated hydrochar (P-TPh), and silver@hydrochars (Ag@TPh, Ag@P-TPh). The elemental compositions of the single and composite hydrochars were confirmed by EDX. Among the produced hydrochars, the morphology of the Ag@hydrochar composites demonstrated more wrinkled structure, and Ag nanoparticles decorated the surface. The optimal experimental conditions for levofloxacin adsorption were determined to be a contact time of 45 min, hydrochar dose of 0.15 g L-1, and pH of 7. The best adsorption performances were assigned to Ag@hydrochars. Two machine learning models were applied to predict the levofloxacin adsorption efficiency of the Ag@hydrochars. A central composite design (CCD) and a 3-10-1 artificial neural network (ANN) model were developed to estimate the removal performance of levofloxacin using Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm based on correlation and error analysis of the adopted training functions. Furthermore, the ANN sensitivity analysis revealed the order of the relative importance variable as initial concentration> hydrochar dose> pH. The predicted values of the CCD and ANN models fitted the experimental results with R2> 0.989. Therefore, the applied models were effective in predicting levofloxacin removal under different operating conditions. This work provides an open option for the sustainable management of food industry wastes and the possibility of waste valorization to effective hydrochar composites to be applied in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa El Din Mahmoud
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt; Green Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
| | - Radwa Ali
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt; Green Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt
| | - Manal Fawzy
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt; Green Technology Group, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt; National Egyptian Biotechnology Experts Network, National Egyptian Academy for Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Mavai S, Bains A, Sridhar K, Rashid S, Elossaily GM, Ali N, Chawla P, Sharma M. Formulation and application of poly lactic acid, gum, and cellulose-based ternary bioplastic for smart food packaging: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131687. [PMID: 38642692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
In future, global demand for low-cost-sustainable materials possessing good strength is going to increase tremendously, to replace synthetic plastic materials, thus motivating scientists towards green composites. The PLA has been the most promising sustainable bio composites, due to its inherent antibacterial property, biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and good thermal and mechanical characteristics. However, PLA has certain demerits such as poor water and gas barrier properties, and low glass transition temperature, which restricts its use in food packaging applications. To overcome this, PLA is blended with polysaccharides such as gum and cellulose to enhance the water barrier, thermal, crystallization, degradability, and mechanical properties. Moreover, the addition of these polysaccharides not only reduces the production cost but also helps in manufacturing packaging material with superior quality. Hence this review focuses on various fabrication techniques, degradation of the ternary composite, and its application in the food sector. Moreover, this review discusses the enhanced barrier and mechanical properties of the ternary blend packaging material. Incorporation of gum enhanced flexibility, while the reinforcement of cellulose improved the structural integrity of the ternary composite. The unique properties of this ternary composite make it suitable for extending the shelf life of food packaging, specifically for fruits, vegetables, and fried products. Future studies must be conducted to investigate the optimization of formulations for specific food types, explore scalability for industrial applications, and integrate these composites with emerging technologies (3D/4D printing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mavai
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Aarti Bains
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Technology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173 Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehan M Elossaily
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India.
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4
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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Ponnusamy A, Niluswan K, Prodpran T, Kim JT, Rhim JW, Benjakul S. Storage stability of Asian seabass oil-in-water Pickering emulsion packed in pouches made from electrospun and solvent casted bilayer films from poly lactic acid/chitosan-gelatin blend containing epigallocatechin gallate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130760. [PMID: 38462097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Bilayer pouches were fabricated with chitosan (CS)-fish gelatin (FG) mixture containing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) deposited over the poly lactic acid (PLA) film through solvent casting and electrospinning techniques. Pickering emulsions (PE) of Asian seabass depot fat oil stabilized by zein colloidal particles were packed in bilayer pouches and stored at 28 ± 2 °C. The PE packed in pouch containing EGCG had higher emulsion and oxidative stability after 30 days of storage as witnessed by the smaller droplet size and lower values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, peroxide, conjugated diene and volatile compounds in comparison with control (PE packed in monolayer PLA pouch) (P < 0.05). EGCG incorporated pouch retained more linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and linolenic acid (C18:3 n-9) in emulsion than PLA pouch. Therefore, pouch from bilayer PLA/CS-FG films comprising EGCG could serve as active packaging and extended the shelf life of Pickering emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalasivamani Ponnusamy
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Krisana Niluswan
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Thummanoon Prodpran
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Bio-based Materials and Packaging Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Ju Z, Brosse N, Hoppe S, Wang Z, Ziegler-Devin I, Zhang H, Shu B. Thermal and mechanical properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lignin/polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129997. [PMID: 38340934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a method was proposed to prepare biocomposites from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lignin using twin-screw extrusion process. The structure of PEG-modified lignin was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) analysis. The effects of different contents of soda lignin and PEG-modified lignin on PLA composites were studied by tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and degradation analysis. The experimental results showed that the addition of PEG-modified lignin enhanced the heat resistance of PLA composite. PLA could be combined with up to 30 % PEG-modified lignin, with no significant reduction in tensile strength properties. Compared with PLA-L30, the tensile stress and elongation at break of PLA-PL30 were increased by 26.4 % and 78.9 %, respectively. This approach provided a new way to produce high-performance lignin based-PLA composites and had certain industrial application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Ju
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Université de Lorraine - INRAE - LERMAB - GP4W, F 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Université de Lorraine - INRAE - LERMAB - GP4W, F 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Sandrine Hoppe
- Université de Lorraine - CNRS - LRGP, F 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | | | - Haiyang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Biqing Shu
- College of Civil Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
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7
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Xu J, Feng K, Li Y, Xie J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Hu Q. Enhanced Biodegradation Rate of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composites Using Reed Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:411. [PMID: 38337300 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To enhance the degradability of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), reed fiber (RF) was blended with PBAT to create composite materials. In this study, a fifteen day degradation experiment was conducted using four different enzyme solutions containing lipase, cellulase, Proteinase K, and esterase, respectively. The degradation process of the sample films was analyzed using an analytical balance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PBAT/RF composites exhibited an increased surface hydrophilicity, which enhanced their degradation capacity. Among all the enzymes tested, lipase had the most significant impact on the degradation rate. The weight loss of PBAT and PBAT/RF, caused by lipase, was approximately 5.63% and 8.17%, respectively. DSC analysis revealed an increase in the melting temperature and crystallinity over time, especially in the film containing reed fibers. FTIR results indicated a significant weakening of the ester bond peak in the samples. Moreover, this article describes a biodegradation study conducted for three months under controlled composting conditions of PBAT and PBAT/RF samples. The results showed that PBAT/RF degraded more easily in compost as compared to PBAT. The lag phase of PBAT/RF was observed to decrease by 23.8%, while the biodegradation rate exhibited an increase of 11.8% over a period of 91 days. SEM analysis demonstrated the formation of more cracks and pores on the surface of PBAT/RF composites during the degradation process. This leads to an increased contact area between the composites and microorganisms, thereby accelerating the degradation of PBAT/RF. This research is significant for preparing highly degradable PBAT composites and improving the application prospects of biodegradable green materials. PBAT/RF composites are devoted to replacing petroleum-based polymer materials with sustainable, natural materials in advanced applications such as constructional design, biomedical application, and eco-environmental packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Xiong'an Institute of Innovation, Baoding 071700, China
| | - Kunpeng Feng
- Xiong'an Institute of Innovation, Baoding 071700, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jixing Xie
- College of Chemistry and Environment Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yingsai Wang
- Xiong'an Institute of Innovation, Baoding 071700, China
| | | | - Qing Hu
- Xiong'an Institute of Innovation, Baoding 071700, China
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8
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Wang T, Li Y, Luo G, Ren D, Wu X, Xu D. Polylactic acid-based microcapsules for moisture-triggered release of chlorine dioxide and its application in cherry tomatoes preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128662. [PMID: 38065456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA)-based microcapsules, capable of releasing chlorine dioxide (ClO2) upon exposure to moisture, have been developed for fruits and vegetables preservation. The microcapsules were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation, utilizing PLA as the wall material, and NaClO2 as the core material. After optimization, NaClO2 microcapsules exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 55.75% and an average particle size of 498.08 μm. Citric acid microcapsules were prepared using the same process, but with citric acid as the core material. When the two kinds of microcapsules were mixed, gaseous ClO2 was released in a highly humid environment. The release rate could be adjusted by temperature and the ratio between the two microcapsules, and the release period could be as long as 17 days at 20 °C. With a certain amount of microcapsules placed in the package of cherry tomatoes, the decay rate and weight loss rate of the fruits were reduced by 63 % and 34 %, respectively, compared to the control group. The microcapsules also helped to maintain the good appearance, hardness, and the content of total soluble solid content and titratable acid content of cherry tomatoes. Therefore, the PLA-based microcapsules have satisfied convenience and effectiveness for application in fruit and vegetables preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Guorong Luo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Dan Ren
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiyu Wu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Liu J, Han X, Tao F, Xu P. Metabolic engineering of Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius for polymer-grade lactic acid production at high temperature. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130164. [PMID: 38072074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The production and application of biodegradable polylactic acid are still severely hindered by the cost of its polymer-grade lactic acid monomers. High-temperature biomanufacturing has emerged as an increasingly attractive approach to enable low-cost and high-efficiency bulk chemical production. In this study, thermophilic Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius was reprogrammed to obtain optically pure l-lactic acid- and d-lactic acid-producing strains, G. thermoglucosidasius GTD17 and GTD7, by using rational metabolic engineering strategies including pathway construction, by-product elimination, and production enhancing. Moreover, semi-rational adaptive evolution was carried out to further improve their lactic acid synthesis performance. The final strains GTD17-55 and GTD7-144 produce 151.1 g/L of l-lactic acid and 153.1 g/L of d-lactic acid at 60 °C, respectively. In consideration of the high temperature, productive performance of these strains is superior compared to the state-of-the-art industrial strains. This study lays the foundation for the low-cost and efficient production of biodegradable plastic polylactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Li X, Liu Z, Liu Z, Li Y, Tang L, Zhang W, Lu X, Li Y, Niu R, Qu J. High transparency, degradable and UV-protective poly(lactic acid) composites based on elongational rheology and chain extender assisted melt blending. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128469. [PMID: 38040153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional polylactic acid (PLA) melt plasticization and toughening processes are typically achieved at the expense of PLA strength and transparency, which is clearly detrimental to its application in areas such as smart home and food packaging. Herein, an ultraviolet (UV)-protective PLA-based composite (PP6) that simultaneously achieves high strength (63.3 MPa), high plasticity (125.3 %), and enhanced toughness (4.3 kJ/m2) by adding only 6 wt% poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) under the assist of 1 wt% chain extender was prepared using melt blending technique. Benefiting from the cross-linking effect of the chain extender and the elongational flow during processing, the compatibility between P34HB and PLA, as well as the thermomechanical properties, heat resistance, and biodegradable properties of the composite, have been enhanced significantly. The extremely low melt enthalpy (1.9 J/g) and the low crystallinity PLA phase contribute to an appropriate transparency (78.3 % of glass in 400-1100 nm). The prepared composites display mid- and long-wave UV-protective performance, which is superior to conventional industrial glasses. Through the superior elongational rheology technology, PP6 maintains favorable overall properties even after six thermomechanical cycles. Collectively, the composite fabricated in this work is an attractive candidate for future applications such as smart windows, food packaging, agricultural films, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure and Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure and Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- COFCO(Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- COFCO(Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Lei Tang
- COFCO(Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- COFCO(Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, PR China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure and Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- COFCO(Jilin) Bio-Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, PR China.
| | - Ran Niu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure and Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
| | - Jinping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure and Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
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Pang W, Li B, Wu Y, Tian S, Zhang Y, Yang J. Optimization of degradation behavior and conditions for the protease K of polylactic acid films by simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127496. [PMID: 37858641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
With global enforcement of plastic bans and restrictions, the biodegradable plastic, e.g., polylactic acid (PLA), has been extensively employed as a primary substitute for traditional petroleum-based plastics. However, the growing problem associated with PLA waste accumulation is posing grand environmental challenges. In addition, although PLA has the degrading property under natural conditions, the degradation process takes too long and the degradation products cannot be recycled. In this context, enzymatic degradation of PLA arouses great attention in scientific communities. This study aims at selecting the most cost-effective protease from various enzymes and optimizing the enzymolysis conditions towards the degradation of PLA. We will demonstrate that under an optimal temperature of 45 °C, a pH vale of 11, and an enzyme concentration of 0.6 mg mL-1, the protease K would achieve a remarkable degradation efficiency (> 99 %) for PLA films within just 50 min. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and molecular docking studies reveal the mechanism behind the protease-induced PLA degradation, providing a promising direction for waste treatment and resource utilization for future biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Pang
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022, China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022, China; State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022, China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- Institute of Circular Economy, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022, China; Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100022, China.
| | - Shaonan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Kim D, Kim JC, Kim J, Cho YM, Yoon CH, Shin JH, Kwak HW, Choi IG. Enhancement of elongation at break and UV-protective properties of poly(lactic acid) film with cationic ring opening polymerized (CROP)-lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127293. [PMID: 37806424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the intrinsic brittleness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was overcome by chemical modification using ethyl acetate-extracted lignin (EL) via cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP). The CROP was conducted to promote homopolymerization under starvation of the initiator (oxyrane). This method resulted in the formation of lignin-based polyether (LPE). LPE exhibited enhanced interfacial compatibility with nonpolar and hydrophobic PLA owing to the fewer hydrophilic hydroxyl groups and a long polyether chain. In addition, because of the UV-protecting and radical-scavenging abilities of lignin, LPE/PLA exhibited multifunctional properties, resulting in improved chemical properties compared with the neat PLA film. Notably, one of the LPE/PLA films (EL_MCF) exhibited excellent elongation at break of 297.7 % and toughness of 39.92 MJ/m3. Furthermore, the EL_MCF film showed superior UV-protective properties of 99.52 % in UVA and 88.95 % in UVB ranges, both significantly higher than those of the PLA film, without sacrificing significant transparency in 515 nm. In addition, the radical scavenging activity improved after adding LPE to the PLA film. These results suggest that LPEs can be used as plasticizing additives in LPE/PLA composite films, offering improved physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Cho
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Hwi Yoon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Shin
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Sun Q, Yuan T, Yang G, Guo D, Sha L, Yang R. Chitosan-graft-poly(lactic acid)/CD-MOFs degradable composite microspheres for sustained release of curcumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127519. [PMID: 37866573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) in aqueous media making it not suitable as sustained-release drug carrier. Here, curcumin-loaded CD-MOFs (CD-MOFs-Cur) was embedded in chitosan-graft-poly(lactic acid) (CS-LA) via a solid-in-oil-in-oil (s/o/o) emulsifying solvent evaporation method forming the sustained-release composite microspheres. At CS-LA concentration of 20 mg/mL, the composite microspheres showed good sphericity. The average particle size of CS-LA/CD-MOFs-Cur (2:1), CS-LA/CD-MOFs-Cur (4:1) and CS-LA/CD-MOFs-Cur (6:1) composite microspheres was about 9.3, 12.3 and 13.5 μm, respectively. The above composite microspheres exhibited various degradation rates and curcumin release rates. Treating in HCl solution (pH 1.2) for 120 min, the average particle size of above microspheres reduced 28.19 %, 24.34 % and 6.19 %, and curcumin released 86.23 %, 78.37 % and 52.57 %, respectively. Treating in PBS (pH 7.4) for 12 h, the average particle size of above microspheres reduced 30.56 %, 26.56 % and 10.66 %, and curcumin released 68.54 %, 54.32 % and 31.25 %, respectively. Moreover, the composite microspheres had a favorable cytocompatibility, with cell viability of higher than 90 %. These composite microspheres open novel opportunity for sustained drug release of CD-MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Tianzhong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Gang Yang
- Winbon Schoeller New Materials Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324400, China
| | - Daliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Lizheng Sha
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Rendang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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14
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Ong YT, Chen TM, Don TM. Improved miscibility and toughness of biological poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(lactic acid) blends via melt-blending-induced thermal degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127001. [PMID: 37729999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymer blending has been a facile method to resolve the brittle issue of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Yet, miscibility becomes the primary concern that would affect the synergy effect of polymer blending. This study aimed to improve the miscibility of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB) and PLA by lowering their molecular weights via a melt-blending-induced thermal degradation during mechanical mixing to form m-P34HB/PLA blends. The molecular weight of the P34HB was significantly reduced after blending, thereby improving the miscibility of the blends, as evidenced by the shift of glass transition temperatures. Also, simulation based on Flory-Huggins theory demonstrated increased miscibility with decreasing molecular weight of the polymers. Moreover, the thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that the PLA provided a higher shielding effect to the P34HB in the blends prepared by melt-blending than those by solution-blending, that the addition of PLA could retard the chain scission of P34HB and delay its degradation. The addition of m-P34HB at 20 wt% in the blend contributed to a 60-fold enhancement in the elongation at break and an increment of 4.6 folds in the Izod impact strength. The enzymatic degradation using proteinase K revealed the preferential to degrade the PLA in the blends and followed the surface erosion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit Thai Ong
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Ting-Min Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan
| | - Trong-Ming Don
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan.
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15
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Gupta PK, Ishihara R, Zhao Z, Owji S, Anyama E, Schmitz-Brown M, Chacin AC, Iyer B, Friedman D, Ladki MS. Novel tactile bottle neck adaptor facilitates eye drop adherence in visually impaired patients. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2023; 8:e001462. [PMID: 38154911 PMCID: PMC10759132 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the use of Ring-IT, a novel 3D tactile bottle neck adaptor in topical eye drop adherence in visually impaired patients. METHODS Bottle neck ring adaptors with either one, two or three protrusions with cube or sphere endings were designed. In phase 1, low vision was simulated in healthy subjects (n=20) with a 20/200 vision simulator; while in phase 2, visually impaired patients (n=26; 20/70 or worse) were recruited. Subjects were randomised to six combinations of varying protrusions and shapes on medication bottles and asked to identify these traits at different presentations. Responses and time to identify were recorded. RESULTS Phase 1: 98.3% of subjects correctly identified the number of protrusions. Mean time to identify was 4.5±6.1 s. Identification success for cube and sphere end pieces were 91.7% and 73.3%, with average time for identification of 9.9±7.6 and 10.9±9.0 s. In phase 2, 92.3% of subjects correctly identified the number of protrusions. Mean time to identify was 6.0±3.0 s. Identification success for cube and sphere end pieces were 78.2% and 74.4%; with average time for identification of 7.5±4.8 and 8.5±5.6 s, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ring-IT was identified with accuracy and speed by both low vision simulated subjects, and by patients with true limited visual capabilities. These tactile bottle neck ring adaptors can be used as an assistive low vision aid device and may increase eye drop regimen adherence in visually impaired patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena K Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rhys Ishihara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenyang Zhao
- University of Michigan W K Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shahin Owji
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Easy Anyama
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary Schmitz-Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Aisen C Chacin
- Medical Prototyping Laboratory MakerHealth, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bhavani Iyer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Friedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Malik Said Ladki
- School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Baihetiyaer B, Jiang N, Li X, Song J, Wang J, Fan X, Zuo Y, Yin X. Exploring the toxicity of biodegradable microplastics and imidacloprid to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) from morphological and gut microbial perspectives. Environ Pollut 2023; 337:122547. [PMID: 37709123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) pose serious environmental problems to soil organisms, and their adsorption capacity might make pesticides more dangerous for soil organisms. Therefore, in this study, polylactic acid (PLA) BMPs and imidacloprid (IMI) were used as a representative of BMPs and pesticides, respectively. Eisenia fetida was used as a test animal to investigate the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of single and compound contaminated PLA BMPs and IMI on mortality, growth, number of offspring, tissue damage, and gut microorganisms of E.fetida. Exposure to PLA BMPs treatment and PLA BMPs + IMI treatment resulted in a sustained increase in E.fetida mortality, reaching 16.7% and 26.7%, respectively. The growth inhibition rate of single treatments was significantly increased. The compound contamination had the greatest effect on E.fetida offspring compared to the control. PLA BMPs and IMI cause histological damage to E.fetida, with the compound treatment causing the most severe damage. Based on the results of 16S sequencing, the bacterial communities in E.fetida gut and soil treated to PLA BMPs and IMI were significantly different. PLA BMPs + IMI treatment suppresses the abundance and diversity of E.fetida gut microorganisms, disrupting the homeostasis of bacterial communities and causing immune and metabolic dysfunction. These findings highlight the more severe damage of combined PLA BMPs and IMI pollution to E.fetida, and help to assess the risk of earthworm exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PLA BMPs and IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikerouzi Baihetiyaer
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Xiaoteng Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712000, PR China
| | - Yajie Zuo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Xianqiang Yin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, 712000, PR China.
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17
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Venkatesan R, Surya S, Suganthi S, Muthuramamoorthy M, Pandiaraj S, Kim SC. Biodegradable composites from poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) with carbon nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and performances. Environ Res 2023; 235:116634. [PMID: 37442258 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of composites for food packaging that have good mechanical and antimicrobial characteristics is still a major challenge. In applications like food packaging, the usage of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which has an adversative effect on the environment and reduces petroleum resources, has grown widespread. The present work reveals PBAT composites reinforced with CNPs at a few percentages up to 5.0 wt %. The PBAT/CNPs composites were produced using the solvent casting method. The results of TGA studies, CNPs significantly enhanced the thermal stability of composites using PBAT. The mechanical strength of the PBAT composites was improved by increasing CNPs concentration. Tensile strength increased from 7.38 to 10.22 MPa, respectively. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) decreased with increasing the CNPs concentrations. The barrier properties (H2O and O2) of PBAT were improved by the presence of CNPs. WVTR was calculated to be 108.6 ± 1.8 g/m2/day for PBAT. WVTR reduced when CNPs concentration in PBAT increased. The PCN-5.0 film sample had the lowest WVTR value, 34.1 ± 3.1 g/m2/day. For PCN-3.0, WVTR dropped by 45.39%, indicating and even with a 3.0 wt% loading of CNPs in PBAT, the rise is noticeable. Contact angle measurements indicate that PBAT/CNPs composites becomes hydrophobic after reinforcing. Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) food-borne pathogenic microorganisms showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against the developed PBAT composites. The carrot pieces preserved their freshness for an extended period of 12 days while packaged in the PBAT/CNPs composite film, indicating that the film is an effective and excellent packaging for food materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Venkatesan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sekar Surya
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeevamuthu Suganthi
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Saravanan Pandiaraj
- Department of Self-Development Skills, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Zhang S, Li Y, Jiang L, Han W, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Li J, Shi W, Zhang X. Organic fertilizer facilitates the soil microplastic surface degradation and enriches the diversity of bacterial biofilm. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132139. [PMID: 37517233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The land-use of organic fertilizers is considered as an important sustainable method for resource utilization, which may have an impact on the microplastic behaviors in the soil. Here, a 240-d dark culture experiment was conducted to reveal the degradation and biofilm characteristics of degradable and refractory granule microplastics in soil and soil-fertilizer systems. The results indicated that microplastics generally exhibited a weak weight loss as well as a specific etiolation on the surface after the culture, especially polyvinyl-chloride and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Increase in carbon-oxygen functional groups and the changes of oxygen/carbon ratios were noticed, which implied that oxidation and degradation occurred on the surface of microplastics during the cultural process. The changes were more intense on the degradable PHA, and the fertilized-soil treatment than those of the refractory microplastics and the pure soil. Moreover, the addition of organic fertilizers enriched the community diversity of bacterial biofilm on multiple microplastic surfaces. In this regard, the animal fertilizers provided a stronger effect than the plant fertilizers. Overall, the soil, fertilizer and microplastic types affected the community structure and diversity of bacterial biofilm. The outcomes of this study would provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of organic matters for agricultural soil applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wei Han
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenzhuo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Beijing Soil and Fertilizer Extension Service Station, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Leonés A, Peponi L, García-Martínez JM, Collar EP. Study on the Tensile Behavior of Woven Non-Woven PLA/OLA/MgO Electrospun Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3973. [PMID: 37836022 PMCID: PMC10574995 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work deeply studied the mechanical behavior of woven non-woven PLA/OLA/MgO electrospun fibers, efibers, by using Box-Wilson surface response methodology. This work follows up a previous one where both the diameters and the thermal response of such efibers were discussed in terms of both the different amounts of magnesium oxide nanoparticles, MgO, as well as of the oligomer (lactic acid), OLA, used as plasticizer. The results of both works, in term of diameters, degree of crystallinity, and mechanical response, can be strongly correlated to each other, as reported here. In particular, the strain mechanism of PLA/OLA/MgO efibers was studied, showing an orientation of efibers parallel to the applied stress and identifying the mechanically weakest points that yielded the start of the breakage of efibers. Moreover, we identified 1.5 wt% as the critical amount of MgO, above which the plasticizing effect of OLA was weaker as the amount of both components increased. Moreover, the minimum elastic modulus value took place at 15 wt% of OLA, in agreement with the previously reported convergence point in the evolution of the degree of crystallinity. Regarding the yield point, a concentration of OLA between 20 and 30 wt% led to a slight improvement in the yielding capability in terms of tensile strength in comparison with neat PLA efibers. Therefore, the approach presented here permits the design of tailor-made electrospun nanocomposites with specific mechanical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Peponi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.); (J.-M.G.-M.); (E.P.C.)
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20
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Siddiqui SA, Sundarsingh A, Bahmid NA, Nirmal N, Denayer JFM, Karimi K. A critical review on biodegradable food packaging for meat: Materials, sustainability, regulations, and perspectives in the EU. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4147-4185. [PMID: 37350102 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of biodegradable packaging is a challenge, as conventional plastics have many advantages in terms of high flexibility, transparency, low cost, strong mechanical characteristics, and high resistance to heat compared with most biodegradable plastics. The quality of biodegradable materials and the research needed for their improvement for meat packaging were critically evaluated in this study. In terms of sustainability, biodegradable packagings are more sustainable than conventional plastics; however, most of them contain unsustainable chemical additives. Cellulose showed a high potential for meat preservation due to high moisture control. Polyhydroxyalkanoates and polylactic acid (PLA) are renewable materials that have been recently introduced to the market, but their application in meat products is still limited. To be classified as an edible film, the mechanical properties and acceptable control over gas and moisture exchange need to be improved. PLA and cellulose-based films possess the advantage of protection against oxygen and water permeation; however, the addition of functional substances plays an important role in their effects on the foods. Furthermore, the use of packaging materials is increasing due to consumer demand for natural high-quality food packaging that serves functions such as extended shelf-life and contamination protection. To support the importance moving toward biodegradable packaging for meat, this review presented novel perspectives regarding ecological impacts, commercial status, and consumer perspectives. Those aspects are then evaluated with the specific consideration of regulations and perspective in the European Union (EU) for employing renewable and ecological meat packaging materials. This review also helps to highlight the situation regarding biodegradable food packaging for meat in the EU specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Department for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | | | - Nur Alim Bahmid
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nilesh Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Joeri F M Denayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Jurado-Contreras S, Navas-Martos FJ, Rodríguez-Liébana JA, La Rubia MD. Effect of Olive Pit Reinforcement in Polylactic Acid Biocomposites on Environmental Degradation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5816. [PMID: 37687509 PMCID: PMC10488360 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biomaterial widely used as an alternative to petroleum-based polymeric matrices in plastic components. PLA-based biocomposites reinforced with lignocellulosic waste are currently receiving special attention owing to their mechanical properties, low toxicity, recyclability, and biodegradability. The influence of the percentage of waste on their properties and resistance to degradation are some of the points of great relevance. Therefore, a series of PLA-based biocomposites containing different percentages of olive pits (5, 15, 25 and 40% wt.) were manufactured and characterized both (a) immediately after manufacture and (b) after one year of storage under environmental conditions. The results obtained were analyzed to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of olive pits on the resistance to degradation (measured through Carbonyl Indices, CI), mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strength), structure (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FT-IR; and, X-ray Diffraction, XRD), morphology (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM) and water absorption capacity of the manufactured materials. PLA degradation, corroborated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR, and XRD, resulted in a decrease in tensile and flexural strengths and an increase in the tensile and flexural moduli. This trend was maintained for the biocomposites, confirming that reinforcement promoted the PLA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Jurado-Contreras
- Andaltec Technological Centre, Ampliación Polígono Industrial Cañada de la Fuente, C/Vilches 34, 23600 Martos, Spain; (S.J.-C.); (F.J.N.-M.); (J.A.R.-L.)
| | - Francisco J. Navas-Martos
- Andaltec Technological Centre, Ampliación Polígono Industrial Cañada de la Fuente, C/Vilches 34, 23600 Martos, Spain; (S.J.-C.); (F.J.N.-M.); (J.A.R.-L.)
| | - José A. Rodríguez-Liébana
- Andaltec Technological Centre, Ampliación Polígono Industrial Cañada de la Fuente, C/Vilches 34, 23600 Martos, Spain; (S.J.-C.); (F.J.N.-M.); (J.A.R.-L.)
| | - M. Dolores La Rubia
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- University Institute of Research on Olive and Olive Oils (INUO), Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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Kervran M, Shabanian M, Vagner C, Ponçot M, Meier-Haack J, Laoutid F, Gaan S, Vahabi H. Flame retardancy of sustainable polylactic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126208. [PMID: 37567537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, development of new biobased/biodegradable polymers from biological resources is of great interest from a sustainability standpoint. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) are two biopolymers obtained from renewable resources. In this study, the flame-retardant effect of a newly developed flame retardant (FR) based on melamine in a PLA/PHB blend was studied. Several combinations containing this new FR combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and sepiolite were introduced in a PLA/PHB blend. 20 wt% of FR were introduced into a matrix containing 75 wt% PLA and 25 wt% PHB blended with a microcompounder. According to pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) analyses, all the FR formulations exhibited reduced flammability. The results revealed a considerable decrease in the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) by 33 % in the presence of the new FR while a reduction of about 60 % for combinations with APP and sepiolite. The new FR system significantly enhanced the fire behaviour of PLA/PHB blend. The work presents the first cone calorimeter analyses of PLA/PHB composites. The fire behaviour evolved from thin sample to a thick charring behaviour highlighted by an increase of the residue after cone calorimeter from 0 to 14.7 % with this FR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kervran
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - M Shabanian
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Vagner
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - M Ponçot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - J Meier-Haack
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Laoutid
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, University of Mons UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - S Gaan
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - H Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
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23
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Xu R, Fang Y, Zhang Z, Cao Y, Yan Y, Gan L, Xu J, Zhou G. Recent Advances in Biodegradable and Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers Used in Skin Wound Healing. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5459. [PMID: 37570163 PMCID: PMC10419642 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of skin wounds caused by trauma and pathophysiological disorders has been a growing healthcare challenge, posing a great economic burden worldwide. The use of appropriate wound dressings can help to facilitate the repair and healing rate of defective skin. Natural polymer biomaterials such as collagen and hyaluronic acid with excellent biocompatibility have been shown to promote wound healing and the restoration of skin. However, the low mechanical properties and fast degradation rate have limited their applications. Skin wound dressings based on biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers can not only overcome the shortcomings of natural polymer biomaterials but also possess favorable properties for applications in the treatment of skin wounds. Herein, we listed several biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers used as wound dressing materials, such as PVA, PCL, PLA, PLGA, PU, and PEO/PEG, focusing on their composition, fabrication techniques, and functions promoting wound healing. Additionally, the future development prospects of synthetic biodegradable polymer-based wound dressings are put forward. Our review aims to provide new insights for the further development of wound dressings using synthetic biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojiao Xu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Yifeng Fang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Yujia Yan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Li Gan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Jinbao Xu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
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Pană AM, Ordodi V, Gherman V, Sfîrloagă P, Dumitrel GA. Study on the Biodegradation Process of D-Mannose Glycopolymers in Liquid Media and Soil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3194. [PMID: 37571088 PMCID: PMC10421425 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers derived from natural raw materials have become of great interest due to their increased biodegradable features and possible biocompatibility. Our group has successfully synthesized and characterized polymers derived from D-mannose oligomer (M), 2-hydroxy propyl acrylate (HPA), and methacrylate (HPMA) in different weight ratios. Their biodegradation was studied in liquid media with pure Proteus mirabilis inoculum for the samples with the most sugar residue, and the results show that the methacrylate derivative M_HPMA1 lost about 50% of its weight during incubation. SEM/EDX techniques were employed to display the modifications of the samples during the biodegradation process. The glycopolymers were buried in garden soil, and the experiment proved that more than 40% of the weight of the M_HPA1 sample was lost during biodegradation, while the other samples encountered an average of about 32% weight loss. The biodegradation profile was fitted against linear and polynomial mathematical models, which enabled an estimate of about a year for the total degradation of the D-mannose glycopolymers sample in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Pană
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, 2 Victoriei Square, 300006 Timişoara, Romania; (A.-M.P.); (V.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Valentin Ordodi
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, 2 Victoriei Square, 300006 Timişoara, Romania; (A.-M.P.); (V.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Vasile Gherman
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, 2 Victoriei Square, 300006 Timişoara, Romania; (A.-M.P.); (V.O.); (V.G.)
| | - Paula Sfîrloagă
- The Institute of Research for Condensed Matter, 1 P. Andronescu Street, 300224 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Gabriela-Alina Dumitrel
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, 2 Victoriei Square, 300006 Timişoara, Romania; (A.-M.P.); (V.O.); (V.G.)
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Senila L, Cadar O, Kovacs E, Gal E, Dan M, Stupar Z, Simedru D, Senila M, Roman C. L-Poly(lactic acid) Production by Microwave Irradiation of Lactic Acid Obtained from Lignocellulosic Wastes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9817. [PMID: 37372965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
L-polylactic acid (PLA), a semi-crystalline aliphatic polyester, is one of the most manufactured biodegradable plastics worldwide. The objective of the study was to obtain L-polylactic acid (PLA) from lignocellulosic plum biomass. Initially, the biomass was processed via pressurized hot water pretreatment at a temperature of 180 °C for 30 min at 10 MPa for carbohydrate separation. Cellulase and the beta-glucosidase enzymes were then added, and the mixture was fermented with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469. The resulting lactic acid was concentrated and purified after ammonium sulphate and n-butanol extraction. The productivity of L-lactic acid was 2.04 ± 0.18 g/L/h. Then, the PLA was synthesized in two stages. Firstly, lactic acid was subjected to azeotropic dehydration at 140 °C for 24 h in the presence of xylene, using SnCl2 (0.4 wt.%) as a catalyst, resulting in lactide (CPLA). Secondly, microwave-assisted polymerization was carried out at 140 °C for 30 min with 0.4 wt.% SnCl2. The resulting powder was purified with methanol to produce PLA with 92.1% yield. The obtained PLA was confirmed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Overall, the resulting PLA can successfully replace the traditional synthetic polymers used in the packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacrimioara Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Cadar
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eniko Kovacs
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emese Gal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Dan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zamfira Stupar
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dorina Simedru
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marin Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cecilia Roman
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Leong MY, Kong YL, Burgess K, Wong WF, Sethi G, Looi CY. Recent Development of Nanomaterials for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041124. [PMID: 37189742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-engineered medical products first appeared in the last decade. The current research in this area focuses on developing safe drugs with minimal adverse effects associated with the pharmacologically active cargo. Transdermal drug delivery, an alternative to oral administration, offers patient convenience, avoids first-pass hepatic metabolism, provides local targeting, and reduces effective drug toxicities. Nanomaterials provide alternatives to conventional transdermal drug delivery including patches, gels, sprays, and lotions, but it is crucial to understand the transport mechanisms involved. This article reviews the recent research trends in transdermal drug delivery and emphasizes the mechanisms and nano-formulations currently in vogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moong Yan Leong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yeo Lee Kong
- Department of Engineering and Applied Science, America Degree Program, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
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