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Liu J, Wang F, Luo F. The Role of JAK/STAT Pathway in Fibrotic Diseases: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010119. [PMID: 36671504 PMCID: PMC9855819 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There are four members of the JAK family and seven of the STAT family in mammals. The JAK/STAT molecular pathway could be activated by broad hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and more. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway extensively mediates various biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and immune regulation. JAK/STAT activation is closely related to growth and development, homeostasis, various solid tumors, inflammatory illness, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, with the deepening understanding of the JAK/STAT pathway, the relationship between JAK/STAT and the pathophysiology of fibrotic diseases was noticed, including the liver, renal, heart, bone marrow, and lung. JAK inhibitor has been approved for myelofibrosis, and subsequently, JAK/STAT may serve as a promising target for fibrosis in other organs. Therefore, this article reviews the roles and mechanisms of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faping Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18980601355
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2
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Abstract
Interferon λ (IFN-λ) is critical for host viral defense at mucosal surfaces and stimulates immunomodulatory signals, acting on epithelial cells and few other cell types due to restricted IFN-λ receptor expression. Epithelial cells of the intestine play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and the related type II interferons (IFN-γ) have been extensively studied in the context of IBD. However, a role for IFN-λ in IBD onset and progression remains unclear. Recent investigations of IFN-λ in IBD are beginning to uncover complex and sometimes opposing actions, including pro-healing roles in colonic epithelial tissues and potentiation of epithelial cell death in the small intestine. Additionally, IFN-λ has been shown to act through non-epithelial cell types, such as neutrophils, to protect against excessive inflammation. In most cases IFN-λ demonstrates an ability to coordinate the host antiviral response without inducing collateral hyperinflammation, suggesting that IFN-λ signaling pathways could be a therapeutic target in IBD. This mini review discusses existing data on the role of IFN-λ in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, current gaps in the research, and therapeutic potential of modulating the IFN-λ-stimulated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Wallace
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David A Constant
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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3
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Kirby D, Parmar B, Fathi S, Marwah S, Nayak CR, Cherepanov V, MacParland S, Feld JJ, Altan-Bonnet G, Zilman A. Determinants of Ligand Specificity and Functional Plasticity in Type I Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748423. [PMID: 34691060 PMCID: PMC8529159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Type I Interferon family of cytokines all act through the same cell surface receptor and induce phosphorylation of the same subset of response regulators of the STAT family. Despite their shared receptor, different Type I Interferons have different functions during immune response to infection. In particular, they differ in the potency of their induced anti-viral and anti-proliferative responses in target cells. It remains not fully understood how these functional differences can arise in a ligand-specific manner both at the level of STAT phosphorylation and the downstream function. We use a minimal computational model of Type I Interferon signaling, focusing on Interferon-α and Interferon-β. We validate the model with quantitative experimental data to identify the key determinants of specificity and functional plasticity in Type I Interferon signaling. We investigate different mechanisms of signal discrimination, and how multiple system components such as binding affinity, receptor expression levels and their variability, receptor internalization, short-term negative feedback by SOCS1 protein, and differential receptor expression play together to ensure ligand specificity on the level of STAT phosphorylation. Based on these results, we propose phenomenological functional mappings from STAT activation to downstream anti-viral and anti-proliferative activity to investigate differential signal processing steps downstream of STAT phosphorylation. We find that the negative feedback by the protein USP18, which enhances differences in signaling between Interferons via ligand-dependent refractoriness, can give rise to functional plasticity in Interferon-α and Interferon-β signaling, and explore other factors that control functional plasticity. Beyond Type I Interferon signaling, our results have a broad applicability to questions of signaling specificity and functional plasticity in signaling systems with multiple ligands acting through a bottleneck of a small number of shared receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Kirby
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Baljyot Parmar
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sepehr Fathi
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sagar Marwah
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chitra R Nayak
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physics, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Vera Cherepanov
- Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto General Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sonya MacParland
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- Immunodynamics Group, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Chhabra Y, Lee CMM, Müller AF, Brooks AJ. GHR signalling: Receptor activation and degradation mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111075. [PMID: 33181235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) actions via initiating cell signalling through the GH receptor (GHR) are important for many physiological processes, in addition to its well-known role in regulating growth. The activation of JAK-STAT signalling by GH is well characterized, however knowledge on GH activation of SRC family kinases (SFKs) is still limited. In this review we summarise the collective knowledge on the activation, regulation, and downstream signalling of GHR. We highlight studies on GH activation of SFKs and the important outcome of this signalling pathway with a focus on the different degradation mechanisms that can regulate GHR availability since this is an area that warrants further study considering its role in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Christine M M Lee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Alexandra Franziska Müller
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with the unique ability to induce cell intrinsic programs that enhance resistance to viral infection. Induction of an antiviral state at the cell, tissue, organ, and organismal level is performed by three distinct IFN families, designated as Type-I, Type-II, and Type-III IFNs. Overall, there are 21 human IFNs, (16 type-I, 12 IFNαs, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, and IFNω; 1 type-II, IFNγ; and 4 type-III, IFNλ1, IFNλ2, IFNλ3, and IFNλ4), that induce pleotropic cellular activities essential for innate and adaptive immune responses against virus and other pathogens. IFN signaling is initiated by binding to distinct heterodimeric receptor complexes. The three-dimensional structures of the type-I (IFNα/IFNAR1/IFNAR2), type-II (IFNγ/IFNGR1/IFNGR2), and type-III (IFNλ3/IFNλR1/IL10R2) signaling complexes have been determined. Here, we highlight similar and unique features of the IFNs, their cell surface complexes and discuss their role in inducing downstream IFN signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Arshad T, Mansur F, Palek R, Manzoor S, Liska V. A Double Edged Sword Role of Interleukin-22 in Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2148. [PMID: 33042126 PMCID: PMC7527413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing and tissue regeneration is an intricate biological process that involves repair of cellular damage and maintenance of tissue integrity. Cascades involved in wound healing and tissue regeneration highly overlap with cancer causing pathways. Usually, subsequent tissue damage events include release of a number of cytokines to accomplish post-trauma restoration. IL-22 is one of the cytokines that are immediately produced to initiate immune response against several tissue impairments. IL-22 is a fundamental mediator in inflammation, mucous production, protective role against pathogens, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. However, accumulating evidence suggests pivotal role of IL-22 in instigation of various cancers due to its pro-inflammatory and tissue repairing activity. In this review, we summarize how healing effects of IL-22, when executed in an uncontrollable fashion can lead to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela Arshad
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fizzah Mansur
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Richard Palek
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Urin V, Shemesh M, Schreiber G. CRISPR/Cas9-based Knockout Strategy Elucidates Components Essential for Type 1 Interferon Signaling in Human HeLa Cells. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3324-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ann W. Silk
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Leonard Y. Lee
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Karine A. Cohen-Solal
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Fischer JC, Lin CC, Heidegger S, Wintges A, Schlapschy M, Beudert M, Combs SE, Bassermann F, Skerra A, Haas T, Poeck H. Regeneration After Radiation- and Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury Is Not Enhanced by Type III Interferon Signaling. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 103:970-6. [PMID: 30503785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Type I interferon (IFN-I) and interleukin (IL)-22 modulate regeneration of the thymus and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) after cytotoxic stress such as irradiation. Radiation-induced damage to thymic tissues and IECs is a crucial aspect during the pathogenesis of inadequate immune reconstitution and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) with myeloablative total body irradiation (TBI), respectively. IL-22 and IFN-I reduce the severity of acute GVHD after allo-HSCT with myeloablative TBI. However, the role of biologically related type III interferon (IFN-III), also known as interferon lambda (IFN-λ) or IL-28, in this context is unclear. We therefore studied the role of the IFN-III pathway in thymic regeneration and GVHD after TBI and allo-HSCT. METHODS AND MATERIALS Cohoused wild-type (WT) and IFN-III receptor-deficient (IL-28 receptor alpha subunit-deficient/IL-28Ra-/-) mice were analyzed in models of TBI-induced thymus damage and a model of GVHD after allo-HSCT with myeloablative TBI. PASylated IFN-III (PASylated IL-28A, XL-protein GmbH) was generated to prolong the plasma half-life of IFN-III. Pharmacologic activity and the effects of PASylated IL-28A on radiation-induced thymus damage and the course of GVHD after allo-HSCT with myeloablative TBI were tested. RESULTS The course and severity of GVHD after myeloablative TBI and allo-HSCT in IL-28Ra-/- mice was comparable to those in WT mice. Activation of the IFN-III pathway by PASylated IL-28A did not significantly modulate GVHD after allo-HSCT with TBI. Furthermore, IL28Ra-/- mice and WT mice showed similar thymus regeneration after radiation, which could also not be significantly modulated by IFN-III receptor engagement using PASylated IL-28A. CONCLUSIONS We analyzed the role of IFN-III signaling during radiation-mediated acute tissue injury. Despite molecular and biologic homologies with IFN-I and IL-22, IFN-III signaling did not improve thymus regeneration after radiation or the course of GVHD after myeloablative TBI and allo-HSCT.
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Abstract
Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) family of proteins have been identified as crucial proteins in signal transduction initiated by a wide range of membrane receptors. Among the proteins in this family JAK2 has been associated with important downstream proteins, including signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), which in turn regulate the expression of a variety of proteins involved in induction or prevention of apoptosis. Therefore, the JAK/STAT signaling axis plays a major role in the proliferation and survival of different cancer cells, and may even be involved in resistance mechanisms against molecularly targeted drugs. Despite extensive research focused on the protein structure and mechanisms of activation of JAKs, and signal transduction through these proteins, their importance in cancer initiation and progression seem to be underestimated. This manuscript is an attempt to highlight the role of JAK proteins in cancer biology, the most recent developments in targeting JAKs, and the central role they play in intracellular cross-talks with other signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Bousoik
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States.,School of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Dèrna, Libya
| | - Hamidreza Montazeri Aliabadi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
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11
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Pierangeli A, Statzu M, Nenna R, Santinelli L, Petrarca L, Frassanito A, Gentile M, Antonelli G, Midulla F, Scagnolari C. Interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNL1R) transcript is highly expressed in rhinovirus bronchiolitis and correlates with disease severity. J Clin Virol 2018; 102:101-9. [PMID: 29549834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the expression of type III IFN receptor is restricted to the mucosal surfaces, its evaluation could be crucial to characterize the role of IFNλs during bronchiolitis. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate airway type III IFN receptor (IFNLR1/IL10RB) expression during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or human rhinovirus (HRV) bronchiolitis. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-one 1-6 month old infants hospitalized with their first episode of acute RSV or HRV bronchiolitis were selected for this study. Expression of IFNLR1, IL10RB and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) MxA and ISG56 in cells of nasopharyngeal washings taken within the first 48 h of admission were determined by a real-time hydrolysis probe RT-PCR assay. The ability of types I and III IFNs to induce the expression of both IFNLR1 and IL10RB in vitro was also evaluated. RESULTS Airway IFNLR1 transcript levels were significantly higher in HRV bronchiolitis infants compared to those with RSV bronchiolitis. No differences were recorded for IL10RB-mRNA between RSV or HRV infection. IFNLR1 mRNA levels increased significantly in infants infected with the C species of HRV and in those with a higher clinical score index and with an eosinophil count >3%. There were no correlations in vivo between type III IFN receptors and those of ISGs and neither IFNLR1 nor IL10RB were induced in vitro by IFNs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IFNLR1 are increased in HRV-infected infants with more severe bronchiolitis and blood eosinophilia and in those infected with the HRVC species.
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12
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Abstract
Interferon lambdas (IFNλs) are recently discovered cytokines acting not only at the first line of defense against viral infections but also at the mucosal barriers. In fact, a peculiar feature of the IFNλ system is the restricted expression of the functional IFNλR, which is known to be limited to epithelial cells and discrete leukocyte subsets, including the plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In the latter case, current data, discussed in this minireview, indicate that IFNλs positively regulate various pDC functions, including pDC expression of interferon-dependent gene (ISG) mRNAs, production of cytokines, survival, and phenotype. Although the knowledge of the effects on pDCs by IFNλs is still incomplete, we speculate that the peculiar pDC responsiveness to IFNλs provide unique advantages for these innate immune cells, not only for viral infections but also during autoimmune disorders and/or tumors, in which pDC involvement and activation variably contribute to their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Finotti
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Tamassia
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco A Cassatella
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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Li H, Sharma N, General IJ, Schreiber G, Bahar I. Dynamic Modulation of Binding Affinity as a Mechanism for Regulating Interferon Signaling. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2571-2589. [PMID: 28648616 PMCID: PMC5545807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How structural dynamics affects cytokine signaling is under debate. Here, we investigated the dynamics of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor, IFNAR1, and its effect on signaling upon binding IFN and IFNAR2 using a combination of structure-based mechanistic studies, in situ binding, and gene induction assays. Our study reveals that IFNAR1 flexibility modulates ligand-binding affinity, which, in turn, regulates biological signaling. We identified the hinge sites and key interactions implicated in IFNAR1 inter-subdomain (SD1-SD4) movements. We showed that the predicted cooperative movements are essential to accommodate intermolecular interactions. Engineered disulfide bridges, computationally predicted to interfere with IFNAR1 dynamics, were experimentally confirmed. Notably, introducing disulfide bonds between subdomains SD2 and SD3 modulated IFN binding and activity in accordance with the relative attenuation of cooperative movements with varying distance from the hinge center, whereas locking the SD3-SD4 interface flexibility in favor of an extended conformer increased activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Li
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ignacio J General
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; School of Science and Technology, and CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martin, San Martin, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) and the more recently identified type III IFNs (IFN-λ) function as the first line of defense against virus infection and regulate the development of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Type III IFNs were originally identified as a novel ligand-receptor system acting in parallel with type I IFNs, but subsequent studies have provided increasing evidence for distinct roles for each IFN family. In addition to their compartmentalized antiviral actions, these two systems appear to have multiple levels of cross-regulation and act coordinately to achieve effective antimicrobial protection with minimal collateral damage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kotenko
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, and
- University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Joan E Durbin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, and
- University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey 07103
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
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15
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Fuchs S, Kaiser-labusch P, Bank J, Ammann S, Kolb-kokocinski A, Edelbusch C, Omran H, Ehl S. Tyrosine kinase 2 is not limiting human antiviral type III interferon responses. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2639-49. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) is a new IFN type, related to IFN-α, that is commonly used in the clinic. However, significant side effects accompanying IFN-α treatment limit enthusiasm for IFN-α. In this review, we discuss the current landscape of IFN-α use in oncology and describe the biologic characteristics of IFN-λ. IFN-λ offers unique advantages, including a more tumor cell selective targeting, lower off-target binding and an ability to generate both innate and adaptive immune responses. IFN-λ has also demonstrated therapeutic benefit in murine cancer models. IFN-λ may be used in clinic as a single agent or in combination with other immunotherapy agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Further clinical trials will be needed to fully elucidate the potential of this novel agent in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA, USA
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
Cytokines represent essential mediators of cell–cell communication with particularly important roles within the immune system. These secreted factors are produced in response to developmental and/or environmental cues and act via cognate cytokine receptors on target cells, stimulating specific intracellular signaling pathways to facilitate appropriate cellular responses. This review describes the evolution of cytokine receptor signaling, focusing on the class I and class II receptor families and the downstream JAK–STAT pathway along with its key negative regulators. Individual components generated over a long evolutionary time frame coalesced to form an archetypal signaling pathway in bilateria that was expanded extensively during early vertebrate evolution to establish a substantial “core” signaling network, which has subsequently undergone limited diversification within discrete lineages. The evolution of cytokine receptor signaling parallels that of the immune system, particularly the emergence of adaptive immunity, which has likely been a major evolutionary driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Robert Sertori
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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18
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Liang Z, Wu G, Fan C, Xu J, Jiang S, Yan X, Di S, Ma Z, Hu W, Yang Y. The emerging role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kreins AY, Ciancanelli MJ, Okada S, Kong XF, Ramírez-Alejo N, Kilic SS, El Baghdadi J, Nonoyama S, Mahdaviani SA, Ailal F, Bousfiha A, Mansouri D, Nievas E, Ma CS, Rao G, Bernasconi A, Sun Kuehn H, Niemela J, Stoddard J, Deveau P, Cobat A, El Azbaoui S, Sabri A, Lim CK, Sundin M, Avery DT, Halwani R, Grant AV, Boisson B, Bogunovic D, Itan Y, Moncada-Velez M, Martinez-Barricarte R, Migaud M, Deswarte C, Alsina L, Kotlarz D, Klein C, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Fleckenstein B, Cormier-Daire V, Rose-John S, Picard C, Hammarstrom L, Puel A, Al-Muhsen S, Abel L, Chaussabel D, Rosenzweig SD, Minegishi Y, Tangye SG, Bustamante J, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S. Human TYK2 deficiency: Mycobacterial and viral infections without hyper-IgE syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1641-62. [PMID: 26304966 PMCID: PMC4577846 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kreins et al. report the identification and immunological characterization of a group of TYK2-deficient patients. Autosomal recessive, complete TYK2 deficiency was previously described in a patient (P1) with intracellular bacterial and viral infections and features of hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES), including atopic dermatitis, high serum IgE levels, and staphylococcal abscesses. We identified seven other TYK2-deficient patients from five families and four different ethnic groups. These patients were homozygous for one of five null mutations, different from that seen in P1. They displayed mycobacterial and/or viral infections, but no HIES. All eight TYK2-deficient patients displayed impaired but not abolished cellular responses to (a) IL-12 and IFN-α/β, accounting for mycobacterial and viral infections, respectively; (b) IL-23, with normal proportions of circulating IL-17+ T cells, accounting for their apparent lack of mucocutaneous candidiasis; and (c) IL-10, with no overt clinical consequences, including a lack of inflammatory bowel disease. Cellular responses to IL-21, IL-27, IFN-γ, IL-28/29 (IFN-λ), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were normal. The leukocytes and fibroblasts of all seven newly identified TYK2-deficient patients, unlike those of P1, responded normally to IL-6, possibly accounting for the lack of HIES in these patients. The expression of exogenous wild-type TYK2 or the silencing of endogenous TYK2 did not rescue IL-6 hyporesponsiveness, suggesting that this phenotype was not a consequence of the TYK2 genotype. The core clinical phenotype of TYK2 deficiency is mycobacterial and/or viral infections, caused by impaired responses to IL-12 and IFN-α/β. Moreover, impaired IL-6 responses and HIES do not appear to be intrinsic features of TYK2 deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Kreins
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Satoshi Okada
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiao-Fei Kong
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Noé Ramírez-Alejo
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Jamila El Baghdadi
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-0042, Japan
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center; and Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital; National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 141556153 Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatima Ailal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Hassan II University, CHU Ibn Rochd, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Hassan II University, CHU Ibn Rochd, 20000 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center; and Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital; National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 141556153 Tehran, Iran
| | - Elma Nievas
- Immunology Unit, Pediatric Hospital A. Fleming-OSEP, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Immunology and Rheumatology Service, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires 1408, Argentina
| | - Hye Sun Kuehn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julie Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul Deveau
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Safa El Azbaoui
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco Faculty of Science-Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Sabri
- Genetics Unit, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad, 10100 Rabat, Morocco Faculty of Science-Kenitra, Ibn Tofaïl University, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Che Kang Lim
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Pediatric Hematology/Immunology, Astrid Lindgrens Children's Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Audrey V Grant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marcela Moncada-Velez
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Group of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Institute of Biology, University of Antioquia UdeA, 1226 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ruben Martinez-Barricarte
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Melanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laia Alsina
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204 Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204 Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona University, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Muller-Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valerie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Genetics, INSERM U1163, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cite, Imagine Institute, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Capucine Picard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lennart Hammarstrom
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Asthma Research Chair and Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center; and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France Pediatric Immunology and Hematology Unit, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75006 Paris, France
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20
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Lukacikova L, Oveckova I, Betakova T, Laposova K, Polcicova K, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Tomaskova J. Antiviral Effect of Interferon Lambda Against Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:540-53. [PMID: 25830339 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lambda interferons inhibit replication of many viruses, but their role in the inhibition of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection remains unclear. In this study, we examined the antiviral effects of interferon (IFN)-λ2 and IFN-λ3 against LCMV in A549 cells. We found that IFN-λ2 is a more potent inhibitor of LCMV strain MX compared with IFN-λ3, whereas both cytokines have similar antiviral effects against an immunosuppressive variant of LCMV, clone-13. We also demonstrated that the antiviral activity of IFN-λ2 is more effective if it is delivered early rather than after establishment of a long-term infection, suggesting that virus replication is only partially responsive to the cytokine. In agreement with this observation, we showed that LCMV infection significantly reduces IFNLR1 mRNA expression in infected cells. In addition, LCMV infection, to some extent, compromises the signal transduction pathway of IFN-λ2. This implies that IFN receptors as well as their downstream signaling components could be selectively targeted either directly by LCMV proteins or indirectly by cellular factor(s) that are induced or activated by LCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomira Lukacikova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingrid Oveckova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Betakova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Laposova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Polcicova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Tomaskova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are key cytokines with multifaceted antiviral and cell-modulatory properties. Three distinct types of IFN are recognized (I-III) based on structural features, receptor usage, cellular source and biological activities. The action of IFNs is mediated by a complex, partially overlapping, transcriptional program initiated by the interaction with specific receptors. Genetic diversity, with polymorphisms and mutations, can modulate the extent of IFN responses and the susceptibility to infections. Almost all viruses developed mechanisms to subvert the IFN response, involving both IFN induction and effector mechanisms. Interactions between IFN types may occur, for both antiviral and cell-modulatory effects, in a complex interplay, involving both synergistic and antagonistic effects. Interferon-associated diseases, not related to virus infections may occur, some of them frequently observed in IFN-treated patients. On the whole, IFNs are pleiotropic biologic response modifiers, that, upon activation of thousands genes, induce a broad spectrum of activities, regulating cell cycle, differentiation, plasma membrane molecules, release of mediators, etc., that can be relevant for cell proliferation, innate and adaptive immunity, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and other body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Uleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Caglioti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Monte MM, Wang T, Collet B, Zou J, Secombes CJ. Molecular characterisation of four class 2 cytokine receptor family members in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 48:43-54. [PMID: 25195068 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine family includes IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26 and the lambda/type III interferons. They are highly pleiotropic and mediate a variety of activities, including immune suppression and antibacterial immunity. To exert their functions they signal through a heterodimeric receptor composed of a subunit with a long intracellular domain (R1 type receptors; IL-10R1, IL-20R1 or IL-22R1) and a subunit with a short intracellular domain (R2 type receptors; IL-10R2 or IL-20R2). In this study we report the identification of three R1 type receptors (named IL-10R1/CRFB7, IL-20R1a/CRFB8a and IL-20R1b/CRFB8b) and one R2 type receptor (named IL-10R2/CRFB4) in rainbow trout. The nomenclature of the receptors was supported by homology analysis, conserved motifs and phylogenetic tree analysis, confirming they belong to the piscine class 2 cytokine receptor family. For instance, they all displayed the presence of characteristic features, such as conserved fibronectin type-III domains. Expression analysis in tissues collected from healthy fish revealed different patterns of expression for each receptor, suggesting their potential involvement in different types of immune responses. When studying the modulation of the genes in cell lines and primary cultures, a greater effect was observed in the cell lines, where the expression of most receptors was affected by incubation with microbial mimics (LPS and PolyI:C) or the pro-inflammatory cytokine rIFN-γ. In addition, expression of the four receptors was modulated by viral infection, suggesting a potential involvement of such receptors and their ligands in antiviral defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M Monte
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland Science, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Chris J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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23
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Nan Y, Nan G, Zhang YJ. Interferon induction by RNA viruses and antagonism by viral pathogens. Viruses 2014; 6:4999-5027. [PMID: 25514371 DOI: 10.3390/v6124999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons are a group of small proteins that play key roles in host antiviral innate immunity. Their induction mainly relies on host pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Host PRR for RNA viruses include Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLR). Activation of both TLR and RLR pathways can eventually lead to the secretion of type I IFNs, which can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens. Because of the important roles of interferons, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade host TLR and RLR mediated signaling. This review focuses on the mechanisms of interferon induction and antagonism of the antiviral strategy by RNA viruses.
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Wei H, Wang X, Zhang A, Du L, Zhou H. Identification of grass carp IL-10 receptor subunits: functional evidence for IL-10 signaling in teleost immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 45:259-268. [PMID: 24690565 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the functions of teleost IL-10 have been preliminarily determined, functional evidence for its receptor signaling is lacking. Particularly, the identity of fish IL-10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2) is ambiguous. Cytokine receptor family member b4 (CRFB4) and CRFB5 are likely the ortholog of mammalian IL-10R2. In this study, grass carp CRFB4 (gcCRFB4) and gcCRFB5 cDNAs were isolated and characterized. The relatively high expression levels of grass carp IL10 receptor 1 (gcIL-10R1), gcCRFB4 and gcCRFB5 in immune tissues and cells implied their importance in fish immunity. Accordingly, gcIL-10R1, gcCRFB4 and gcCRFB5 were overexpressed in a grass carp kidney cell line to identify the IL-10 receptor subunits upon grass carp IL-10 (gcIL-10) treatment. Results showed that gcIL-10R1 was essential for gcIL-10 stimulation on STAT3 activation and grass carp suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (gcSOCS3) promoter activity, and also indicated that gcCRFB4 but not gcCRFB5 might be the ortholog of mammalian IL-10R2. Furthermore, mutation of a putative STAT3-binding element in gcSOCS3 promoter attenuated the stimulation of gcIL-10 on gcSOCS3 promoter activity, indicating that gcIL-10 may modulate gcSOCS3 transcription at least partly via STAT3 activation. This notion was further supported by our observation that gcIL-10 was able to induce STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 inhibitor could abolish the upregulation of gcSOCS3 mRNA expression by gcIL-10 in grass carp head kidney leukocytes. Taken together, this study for the first time functionally characterized the teleost IL-10 receptor subunits and clarified the conservation of fish IL-10 signaling during evolution, thus laying the ground for further understanding the critical immune events led by IL-10 in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyong Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Egli A, Santer DM, O'Shea D, Tyrrell DL, Houghton M. The impact of the interferon-lambda family on the innate and adaptive immune response to viral infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e51. [PMID: 26038748 PMCID: PMC4126180 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type-III interferons (IFN-λ, IFNL) are the most recently described family of IFNs. This family of innate cytokines are increasingly being ascribed pivotal roles in host-pathogen interactions. Herein, we will review the accumulating evidence detailing the immune biology of IFNL during viral infection, and the implications of this novel information on means to advance the development of therapies and vaccines against existing and emerging pathogens. IFNLs exert antiviral effects via induction of IFN-stimulated genes. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFNL3, IFNL4 and the IFNL receptor α-subunit genes have been strongly associated with IFN-α-based treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The clinical impact of these SNPs may be dependent on the status of viral infection (acute or chronic) and the potential to develop viral resistance. Another important function of IFNLs is macrophage and dendritic cell polarization, which prime helper T-cell activation and proliferation. It has been demonstrated that IFNL increase Th1- and reduce Th2-cytokines. Therefore, can such SNPs affect the IFNL signaling and thereby modulate the Th1/Th2 balance during infection? In turn, this may influence the subsequent priming of cytotoxic T cells versus antibody-secreting B cells, with implications for the breadth and durability of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Egli
- Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel , 4031 Basel, Switzerland ; Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Basel , 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Deanna M Santer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Daire O'Shea
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada ; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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26
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Kroczynska B, Mehrotra S, Arslan AD, Kaur S, Platanias LC. Regulation of interferon-dependent mRNA translation of target genes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:289-96. [PMID: 24559173 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are released by cells on exposure to various stimuli, including viruses, double-stranded RNA, and other cytokines and various polypeptides. These IFNs play important physiological and pathophysiological roles in humans. Many clinical studies have established activity for these cytokines in the treatment of several malignancies, viral syndromes, and autoimmune disorders. In this review, the regulatory effects of type I and II IFN receptors on the translation-initiation process mediated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and the known mechanisms of control of mRNA translation of IFN-stimulated genes are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kroczynska
- 1 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School , Chicago, Illinois
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Goossens KE, Ward AC, Lowenthal JW, Bean AGD. Chicken interferons, their receptors and interferon-stimulated genes. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 41:370-376. [PMID: 23751330 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of pathogenic viruses is a serious issue as they pose a constant threat to both the poultry industry and to human health. To prevent these viral infections an understanding of the host-virus response is critical, especially for the development of novel therapeutics. One approach in the control of viral infections would be to boost the immune response through administration of cytokines, such as interferons. However, the innate immune response in chickens is poorly characterised, particularly concerning the interferon pathway. This review will provide an overview of our current understanding of the interferon system of chickens, including their cognate receptors and known interferon-stimulated gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Goossens
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Li ML, Xu WW, Gao YD, Guo Y, Wang WJ, Wang C, Jiang SY, Willden A, Huang JF, Zhang HT. Interferon-lambda3 (IFN-λ3) and its cognate receptor subunits in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri): genomic sequence retrieval, molecular identification and expression analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60048. [PMID: 23555878 PMCID: PMC3610868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III IFNs (IFN-λs) constitute a new subfamily with antiviral activities by signaling through a unique receptor complex composed of IFN-λs receptor 1 (IFNλR1) and interleukin-10 receptor 2 (IL10R2). As tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) have shown susceptiblility to several human viruses, they are a potentially important model for analyzing viral infection. However, little is known about their IFN-λs system. We used the tree shrew genome to retrieve IFN-λs and their receptor contig sequences by BLASTN and BLASTZ algorithms, and GenScan was used to scan transcripts from the putative contig sequences. RT-PCR and bioinformatic methods were then used to clone and characterize the IFN-λs system. Due to its highest identity with human IFN-λ3, we opted to define one intact IFN-λ gene, tsIFN-λ3, as well as its two receptor subunits, tsIFNλR1 and tsIL10R2. Additionally, our results showed that tsIFN-λ3 contained many features conserved in IFN-λ3 genes from other mammals, including conserved signal peptide cleavage and glycosylation sites, and several residues responsible for binding to the type III IFNR. We also found six transcript variants in the receptors: three in tsIFNλR1, wherein different extracellular regions exist in three transmembrane proteins, resulting in different affinities with IFN-λs; and three more variants in tsIL10R2, encoding one transmembrane and two soluble proteins. Based on tissue distribution in the liver, heart, brain, lung, intestine, kidney, spleen, and stomach, we found that IFN-λs receptor complex was expressed in a variety of organs although the expression level differed markedly between them. As the first study to find transcript variants in IL-10R2, our study offers novel insights that may have important implications for the role of IFN-λs in tree shrews’ susceptibility with a variety of human viruses, bolstering the arguments for using tree shrews as an animal model in the study of human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Wen-Ju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-You Jiang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Andrew Willden
- Editorial Department, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua-Tang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- Chongqing Center for Biomedical Research and Equipment Development, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Shen KF, Zhu HQ, Wei XH, Wang J, Li YY, Pang RP, Liu XG. Interleukin-10 down-regulates voltage gated sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:466-75. [PMID: 23357618 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The over-expression of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral nerve injury contributes to neuropathic pain by generation of the ectopic discharges of action potentials. However, mechanisms underlying the change in VGSCs' expression are poorly understood. Our previous work has demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α up-regulates VGSCs. In the present work we tested if anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which had been proven to be effective for treating neuropathic pain, had the opposite effect. Western blot and immunofluorescence results showed that IL-10 receptor was localized in DRG neurons. Recombinant rat IL-10 (200 pg/ml) not only reduced the densities of TTX-sensitive and Nav1.8 currents in control DRG neurons, but also reversed the increase of the sodium currents induced by rat recombinant TNF-α (100 pg/ml), as revealed by patch-clamp recordings. Consistent with the electrophysiological results, real-time PCR and western blot revealed that IL-10 (200 pg/ml) down-regulated VGSCs in both mRNA and protein levels and reversed the up-regulation of VGSCs by TNF-α. Moreover, repetitive intrathecal administration of rrIL-10 for 3 days (4 times per day) attenuated mechanical allodynia in L5 spinal nerve ligation model and profoundly inhibited the excitability of DRG neurons. These results suggested that the down-regulation of the sodium channels in DRG neurons might contribute to the therapeutic effect of IL-10 on neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Shen
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
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Zheng YW, Li H, Yu JP, Zhao H, Wang SE, Ren XB. Interferon-λs: special immunomodulatory agents and potential therapeutic targets. J Innate Immun 2012; 5:209-18. [PMID: 23207147 PMCID: PMC6741515 DOI: 10.1159/000345365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-λs are a new addition to the old IFN family and share many similarities, such as antiviral and antiproliferative characteristics, with type I IFNs. IFN-λs also exhibit unique characteristics in immunomodulation. Accumulating studies have indicated the interactions between IFN-λs and immune cells, which lead to the regulation of the latter. IFN-λs can influence dendritic cells (DCs) and their product, IFN-λs-DCs, can then regulate the function of T cells. On the other hand, IFN-λs can also directly affect T cells through inhibition of the T helper 2 cell (Th2) responses. IFN-λs have varying immunomodulatory functions under different physiological conditions or in different organs and can inhibit tumor growth via regulation of the immune system. Diseases associated with IFN-λs include asthma, allergy, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biology of IFN-λs and their immunomodulatory function in relevant human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-wen Zheng
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin-pu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shizhen Emily Wang
- Division of Tumor Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, Calif., USA
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Piehler J, Thomas C, Garcia KC, Schreiber G. Structural and dynamic determinants of type I interferon receptor assembly and their functional interpretation. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:317-34. [PMID: 23046138 PMCID: PMC3986811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) form a network of homologous cytokines that bind to a shared, heterodimeric cell surface receptor and engage signaling pathways that activate innate and adaptive immune responses. The ability of IFNs to mediate differential responses through the same cell surface receptor has been subject of a controversial debate and has important medical implications. During the past decade, a comprehensive insight into the structure, energetics, and dynamics of IFN recognition by its two-receptor subunits, as well as detailed correlations with their functional properties on the level of signal activation, gene expression, and biological responses were obtained. All type I IFNs bind the two-receptor subunits at the same sites and form structurally very similar ternary complexes. Differential IFN activities were found to be determined by different lifetimes and ligand affinities toward the receptor subunits, which dictate assembly and dynamics of the signaling complex in the plasma membrane. We present a simple model, which explains differential IFN activities based on rapid endocytosis of signaling complexes and negative feedback mechanisms interfering with ternary complex assembly. More insight into signaling pathways as well as endosomal signaling and trafficking will be required for a comprehensive understanding, which will eventually lead to therapeutic applications of IFNs with increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christoph Thomas
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gideon Schreiber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Galimova E, Akhmetova V, Latipov B, Kingo K, Rätsep R, Traks T, Kõks S, Khusnutdinova E. Analysis of genetic variants of class II cytokine and their receptor genes in psoriasis patients of two ethnic groups from the Volga-Ural region of Russia. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 68:9-18. [PMID: 22840887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular basis of pathogenesis of psoriasis remains unclear, but one unifying hypothesis of disease aetiology is the cytokine network model. The class II cytokines (CF2) and their receptors (CRF2) are all involved in the inflammatory processes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in respective genes have been associated with psoriasis in a previous study of the Estonian population. OBJECTIVE We performed a replication study of 47 SNPs in CF2 and CRF2 genes in independent cohorts of psoriasis patients of two ethnic groups (Russians and Bashkirs) from the Volga-Ural region of Russia. METHODS DNA was obtained from 395 psoriasis patients of two ethnic groups from the Volga-Ural region of Russia and 476 ethnically matched controls. 47 SNPs in the loci of the genes encoding Class II cytokines and their receptors were selected by SNPbrowser version 3.5. Genotyping was performed using the SNPlex™ (Applied Biosystems) platform. RESULTS The genetic variant rs30461 previously associated in original case-control study in Estonians, was also associated in Russians (corrected P-value (Pc=0.008, OR=0.44), but did not reach statistical significance in the Bashkir population. Additionally, the haplotype analysis provided that CC haplotype formed by the SNPs rs30461 and rs955155 had a protective effect in Russians (Pc=0.0024, OR=0.44), supporting the involvement of this locus in the protection against psoriasis. Combined meta-analysis of three populations, including 943 psoriasis patients and 812 healthy controls, showed that the IL29 rs30461 C-allele was not associated with decreased risk of psoriasis (P=0.165, OR=0.68). Moreover, stratification of studies by ethnicity revealed a significant association in the European cohort (P=9.506E-006, OR=0.53). CONCLUSION Therefore, there is no overall evidence of association between psoriasis and SNP rs30461 of the IL29 gene, but there is some evidence to suggest that an association exists in Europeans. However, this current concept should be considered as preliminary and the results need to be confirmed in future independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Galimova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia.
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Matsui F, Meldrum KK. The role of the Janus kinase family/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in fibrotic renal disease. J Surg Res 2012; 178:339-45. [PMID: 22883438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, a number of cytokines and growth factors including transforming growth factor β1, tumor necrosis factor α, and angiotensin II have been shown to play a crucial role in renal fibrosis. The Janus kinase family (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) constitute one of the primary signaling pathways that regulate cytokine expression, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway has increasingly been implicated in the pathophysiology of renal disease. This review examines the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in fibrotic renal disease. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is activated in a variety of renal diseases and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of renal fibrosis. Experimental evidence suggests that inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, in particular JAK2 and STAT3, may suppress renal fibrosis and protect renal function. However, it is incompletely understood which cells activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and which JAK/STAT signaling pathway is activated in each renal disease. Research regarding JAK/STAT signaling and its contribution to renal disease is still ongoing in humans. Future studies are required to elucidate the potential role of JAK/STAT signaling inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in the attenuation of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Matsui
- Department of Urology, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current research indicates that chronic peripheral neuropathic pain includes a role for glia and the actions of proinflammatory factors. This review briefly discusses the glial and cytokine responses that occur following peripheral nerve damage in support of utilizing anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) therapy to suppress chronic peripheral neuropathic pain. SPINAL NONVIRAL INTERLEUKIN-10 GENE THERAPY: IL-10 is one of the most powerful endogenous counter-regulators of proinflammatory cytokine function that acts in the nervous system. Subarachnoid (intrathecal) spinal injection of the gene encoding IL-10 delivered by nonviral vectors has several advantages over virally mediated gene transfer methods and leads to profound pain relief in several animal models. NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY: Lastly, data are reviewed that nonviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encapsulated by a biologically safe copolymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), thought to protect DNA, leads to significantly improved therapeutic gene transfer in animal models, which additionally and significantly extends pain relief. CONCLUSIONS The impact of these early studies exploring anti-inflammatory genes emphasizes the exceptional therapeutic potential of new biocompatible intrathecal nonviral gene delivery approaches such as PLGA microparticles. Ultimately, ongoing expression of therapeutic genes is a viable option to treat chronic neuropathic pain in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, NM, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine of IL-10 family with significant proliferative effect on different cell lines. Immunopathological role of IL-22 has been studied in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis. Here we are reporting the functional role of IL-22 in the inflammatory and proliferative cascades of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHOD From peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) of PsA (n = 15), RA (n = 15) and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 15) patients, mononuclear cells were obtained and magnetically sorted for CD3+ T cells. Fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from the synovial tissue of PsA (n = 5), RA (n = 5) and OA (n = 5) patients. IL-22 levels in SF and serum were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proliferative effect of human recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22) on FLS was assessed by MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole) and CFSE dilution (Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester) assays. Expression of IL-22Rα1 in FLS was determined by western blot. RESULTS IL-22 levels were significantly elevated in SF of PsA patients (17.75 ± 3.46 pg/ml) compared to SF of OA (5.03 ± 0.39 pg/ml), p < 0.001. In MTT and CFSE dilution assays, rIL-22 (MTT, OD: 1.27 ± 0.06) induced significant proliferation of FLS derived from PsA patients compared to media (OD: 0.53 ± 0.02), p < 0.001. In addition, rIL-22 induced significantly more proliferation of FLS in presence of TNF-α. IL-22Rα1 was expressed in FLS of PsA, RA and OA patients. Anti IL-22R antibody significantly inhibited the proliferative effect of rIL-22. Further we demonstrated that activated synovial T cells of PsA and RA patients produced significantly more IL-22 than those of OA patients. CONCLUSION SF of PsA patients have higher concentration of IL-22 and rIL-22 induced marked proliferation of PsA derived FLS. Moreover combination of rIL-22 and TNF-α showed significantly more proliferative effect on FLS. IL-22Rα1 was expressed in FLS. Successful inhibition of IL-22 induced FLS proliferation by anti IL-22R antibody suggests that blocking of IL-22/IL-22R interaction may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Mitra
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Dermatology, Davis & VA Medical Center Sacramento, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Smriti K Raychaudhuri
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Medicine/Rheumatology, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Davis & VA Medical Center Sacramento, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Siba P Raychaudhuri
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Medicine/Rheumatology, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Davis & VA Medical Center Sacramento, Mather, CA, USA
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Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) were originally described over 50 years ago, identified by their ability to confer viral resistance to cells. We now know that they are much more than just anti‐viral cytokines collectively having roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses, in tumor surveillance and defense, and modulation of immune cell function. Three types of IFN have now been described, simply referred to as type I, II and III. Distinguishable by the unique receptors that they rely on for signal transduction, the three types of IFN have specific and varied roles in the maintenance of human health and defense against pathogens. In mounting an IFN‐mediated immune response, the human body has developed the ability to regulate IFN‐mediated signal transduction. Like all cytokines, the ability of a cell to respond to IFN is completely dependent on the presence of its cognate receptor on the surface of the target cell. Thus, one of the major mechanisms used by the human body to regulate the strength and duration of the IFN response is through regulation of receptor levels, thereby altering the cytokine‐specific responsiveness of the target cell. This review will discuss the receptor system utilized by the type I IFNs and compare it with that of the type II and III IFNs, which also regulate immune responses through controlling receptor level on the cell surface. The innate immune response recognises pathogens and sterile danger signals to generate effector cytokines, such as type I interferons (IFNs), with a high degree of sophistication. The May/June 2012 issue provides a series of reviews of the role of type I IFNs in regulating immune responses. Topics to be covered include the reason for the induction of IFNs, type I IFNs interactions with and regulation of target cells (e.g. T cells, B cells and Th10 cells) in the immune system, and the roles and mechanisms of IFNs in specific organs or diseases. The accompanying web focus presents links to related articles from across Nature Publishing Group to provide more background information about these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Yao Q, Fischer KP, Tyrrell DL, Gutfreund KS. cDNA cloning, genomic structure, molecular characterization and mRNA expression analysis of the Pekin duck interleukin-10 receptor 1. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 39:55-67. [PMID: 22098679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) mediates its broad anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects through two cell surface receptors by which binding to the IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) is the initial step that leads to recruitment of IL-10R2 and initiation of the ternary complex signal transduction cascade. The duck IL-10R1 (duIL-10R1) cDNA was obtained by using RT-PCR and 5'RACE. The deduced 574 amino acid protein has an amino acid identity of 62%, 27% and 28% with chicken, mouse and human IL-10R1, respectively. Comparison of the duIL-10R1 cDNA with duck genomic sequences revealed a seven exon-six intron structure of the duck IL-10R1 gene that shares a similar size with the respective exons 1-7 of the chicken and human IL-10R1 genes, but the avian genes are more compact. Promoter analysis identified putative binding sites for regulatory elements such as CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α, specificity protein 1 (Sp1), nuclear factor 1 (NF1), transcriptional regulatory protein Oct-1, nuclear factor (NF) κB and interferon-stimulated gene factor-3 (ISGF-3). A canonical TATA box was absent in proximity of the transcription initiation site, but a CpG island was present. Sequence analysis of the predicted duIL-10R1 protein revealed characteristic features of class-II cytokine receptors (CFR2) family members and a considerable degree of conservation of residues implicated in ligand binding across higher vertebrates. The predicted secondary structure of the duIL-10R1 extracellular domain is compatible with the two-subdomain structure of the human IL-10R1 protein established by its crystal structure. The 3D model structure shows conservation of the positions of conserved contact residues within four of the five ligand-binding loops. Within the cytoplasmic domain, residues implicated in signal transduction were conserved including two redundant peptide motifs GYXXQ essential for recruitment and activation of STAT3. DuIL-10R1 mRNA expression was most abundant in spleen, thymus, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lung. Mitogen stimulation of PBMCs transiently increased duIL-10R1 mRNA expression. Our observations suggest significant evolutionary conservation of the IL-10R1 genomic organization, protein structure and receptor function through the JAK/STAT signalling pathway across higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yao
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
For decades, type I IFNs have been considered indispensable and unique antiviral mediators for the activation of rapid innate antiviral protection. However, the recent discovery of type III IFNs is challenging this paradigm. Since their identification in 2002/2003 by two independent groups, type III IFNs or IFN-λs, also known as IL-28/29, have been the subject of increased study with consequent recognition of their importance in virology and immunology. Initial reports suggested that IFN-λs functionally resemble type I IFNs. Although IFN-λs and classical type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) utilize distinct receptor complexes for signaling, both types of IFNs activate similar intracellular signaling pathways and biological activities, including the ability to induce antiviral state in cells, and both type I and type III IFNs are induced by viral infection. However, different antiviral potency, pattern of their induction and differential tissue expression of their corresponding receptor subunits suggest that the type I and type III IFN antiviral systems do not merely duplicate each other. Recent studies have started to reveal unique biological activities of IFN-λs in and beyond innate antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kotenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital Cancer Center, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, USA.
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Buzas K, Oppenheim JJ, Zack Howard OM. Myeloid cells migrate in response to IL-24. Cytokine 2011; 55:429-34. [PMID: 21703864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IL-24 (melanoma differentiation associated gene 7 product) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that has been reported to possess anti-tumor activity. IL-24 is produced by immune tissues and its expression can be induced in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by pathogen-associated molecules. While immune cells are known to produce IL-24, the response of immune cells to IL-24 is unclear. Using recombinant human IL-24, we demonstrated that IL-24 induces human monocyte and neutrophil migration, in vitro. An in vivo chemotaxis model showed that IL-24 attracted CD11b positive myeloid cells. To further characterize the chemotactic IL-24 response and type(s) of receptor(s) utilized by IL-24, we treated monocytes with signaling pathway inhibitors. IL-24-induced migration was reduced by pertussis toxin treatment, thus implicating G-protein coupled receptors in this process. Additionally, MEK and JAK inhibitors markedly decreased monocyte migration toward IL-24. These results suggest that IL-24 activates several signaling cascades in immune cells eliciting migration of myeloid cells, which may contribute to the known anti-cancer effects of IL-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Buzas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Blomberg J, Höglund A, Eriksson D, Ruuth K, Jacobsson M, Lundgren E, Nilsson JA. Inhibition of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein abolishes insensitivity to interferon-α and death receptor stimulation in resistant variants of the human U937 cell line. Apoptosis 2011; 16:783-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has been a long lasting question that although a similar peripheral allergen-specific immune response has been observed, why some patients show only atopic dermatitis, rhinitis and asthma alone or their combinations. The answer resides in the propensity of resident tissue cells and local antigen-presenting cells and T cells for developing an allergic inflammatory immune response. Antigen-presenting cells introduce processed allergens to T helper lymphocytes, where a decision of developing different types of T cell immunity is given under the influence of several cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory signals and regulatory T cells. RECENT FINDINGS We focused in this review article on effector T cell subsets, which have been recently described such as Th9, Th17 cells and Th22 cells, which are characterized by their IL-9 and IL-10, IL-17 (or IL-17A) and IL-22 expression, respectively together with other proinflammatory cytokines, which coordinate local tissue inflammation. Both naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and inducible populations of allergen-specific, IL-10-secreting Treg type 1 cells inhibit allergen-specific effector cells and have been shown to play a central role in the maintenance of peripheral homeostasis and the establishment of controlled immune responses in allergic inflammatory tissues. SUMMARY Better understanding and characterization of newly described effector cell subsets and their interaction between antigen presenting cells and resident tissue cells will enlighten our knowledge on the mechanisms of allergic diseases.
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Abstract
The discovery and initial description of the interferon-lambda (IFN-lambda) family in early 2003 opened an exciting new chapter in the field of IFN research. There are 3 IFN-lambda genes that encode 3 distinct but highly related proteins denoted IFN-lambda1, -lambda2, and -lambda3. These proteins are also known as interleukin-29 (IL-29), IL-28A, and IL-28B, respectively. Collectively, these 3 cytokines comprise the type III subset of IFNs. They are distinct from both type I and type II IFNs for a number of reasons, including the fact that they signal through a heterodimeric receptor complex that is different from the receptors used by type I or type II IFNs. Although type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta) and type III IFNs (IFN-lambda) signal via distinct receptor complexes, they activate the same intracellular signaling pathway and many of the same biological activities, including antiviral activity, in a wide variety of target cells. Consistent with their antiviral activity, expression of the IFN-lambda genes and their corresponding proteins is inducible by infection with many types of viruses. Therefore, expression of the type III IFNs (IFN-lambdas) and their primary biological activity are very similar to the type I IFNs. However, unlike IFN-alpha receptors which are broadly expressed on most cell types, including leukocytes, IFN-lambda receptors are largely restricted to cells of epithelial origin. The potential clinical importance of IFN-lambda as a novel antiviral therapeutic agent is already apparent. In addition, preclinical studies by several groups indicate that IFN-lambda may also be useful as a potential therapeutic agent for other clinical indications, including certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Kroczynska B, Joshi S, Eklund EA, Verma A, Kotenko SV, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Regulatory effects of ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) in IFNλ signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:1147-56. [PMID: 21075852 PMCID: PMC3020721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.183566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanisms of generation of signals that control transcriptional activation of Type III IFN (IFNλ)-regulated genes have been identified, very little is known about the mechanisms by which the IFNλ receptor generates signals for mRNA translation of IFNλ-activated genes. We provide evidence that IFNλ activates the p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) and its downstream effector, initiation factor eIF4B. Prior to its engagement by the IFNλ receptor, the non-active form of RSK1 is present in a complex with the translational repressor 4E-BP1 in IFNλ-sensitive cells. IFNλ-inducible phosphorylation/activation of RSK1 results in its dissociation from 4E-BP1 at the same time that 4E-BP1 dissociates from eIF4E to allow formation of eIF4F and initiation of cap-dependent translation. Our studies demonstrate that such IFNλ-dependent engagement of RSK1 is essential for up-regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression, suggesting a mechanism for generation of growth-inhibitory responses. Altogether, our data provide evidence for a critical role for the activated RSK1 in IFNλ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kroczynska
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sonali Joshi
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Elizabeth A. Eklund
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Amit Verma
- the Division of Hematology-Oncology, the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Sergei V. Kotenko
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Eleanor N. Fish
- the Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 2M1, Ontario, Canada, and
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- From the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is one of the most upregulated genes upon Type I interferon treatment or pathogen infection. Its 17 kDa protein product, ISG15, was the first ubiquitin-like modifier identified, and is similar to a ubiquitin linear dimer. As ISG15 modifies proteins in a similar manner to ubiquitylation, protein conjugation by ISG15 is termed ISGylation. Some of the primary enzymes that promote ISGylation are also involved in ubiquitin conjugation. The process to remove ISG15 from its conjugated proteins, termed de-ISGylation, is performed by a cellular ISG15-specific protease, ubiquitin-specific proteases with molecular mass 43 kDa (UBP43)/ubiquitin-specific proteases 18. Relative to ubiquitin, the biological function of ISG15 is still poorly understood, but ISG15 appears to play important roles in various biological and cellular functions. Therefore, there is growing interest in ISG15, as the study of free ISG15 and functional consequences of ISGylation/de-ISGylation may identify useful therapeutic targets. This review highlights recent discoveries and remaining questions important to understanding the biological functions of ISG15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Zhang
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Miknis ZJ, Magracheva E, Li W, Zdanov A, Kotenko SV, Wlodawer A. Crystal structure of human interferon-λ1 in complex with its high-affinity receptor interferon-λR1. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:650-64. [PMID: 20934432 PMCID: PMC2991516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-λ1 [also known as interleukin (IL)-29] belongs to the recently discovered group of type III IFNs. All type III IFNs initiate signaling processes through formation of specific heterodimeric receptor complexes consisting of IFN-λR1 and IL-10R2. We have determined the structure of human IFN-λ1 complexed with human IFN-λR1, a receptor unique to type III IFNs. The overall structure of IFN-λ1 is topologically similar to the structure of IL-10 and other members of the IL-10 family of cytokines. IFN-λR1 consists of two distinct domains having fibronectin type III topology. The ligand-receptor interface includes helix A, loop AB, and helix F on the IFN site, as well as loops primarily from the N-terminal domain and inter-domain hinge region of IFN-λR1. Composition and architecture of the interface that includes only a few direct hydrogen bonds support an idea that long-range ionic interactions between ligand and receptor govern the process of initial recognition of the molecules while hydrophobic interactions finalize it.
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Key Words
- cytokine
- crystallography
- antiviral
- immunity
- signaling
- ifn, interferon
- il, interleukin
- hcv, hepatitis c virus
- cmv, cytomegalovirus
- ebv, epstein–barr virus
- peg, polyethylene glycol
- pdb, protein data bank
- nag, n-acetylglucosamine
- sc, shape complementarity
- snp, single nucleotide polymorphism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Miknis
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Eugenia Magracheva
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital Cancer Center, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Alexander Zdanov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sergei V. Kotenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital Cancer Center, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Joshi S, Kaur S, Kroczynska B, Platanias LC. Mechanisms of mRNA translation of interferon stimulated genes. Cytokine 2010; 52:123-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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47
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) family of cytokines includes a number of its viral homologs and eight cellular cytokines (IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The latter three proteins are also known as IFN-λ2, IFN-λ3, and IFN-λ1, and are recognized as type III (or λ) interferons. Most of the cellular homologs of IL-10 are monomeric in solution, whereas IL-10 and its viral homologs are intercalated dimers consisting of two helical bundle domains topologically similar to the monomeric members of the family. A classical four-helix bundle, a signature element of all helical cytokines, is always found as part of the domain of each member of the IL-10 family. The only crystal structures of these cytokine receptors that have been determined to date are for their extracellular domains (ECDs). Each ECD consists of two β-sandwich domains connected in the middle by a linkage. Signal transduction occurs when a cytokine binds to its two appropriate receptor chains. IL-10 and its viral homologs use the same IL-10 receptor system, whereas the cellular homologs of IL-10 use their own receptors, which in some cases may overlap and be used in different pairwise combinations. The known structures of binary complexes allowed for marking of the receptor binding site, which always includes helix A, loop AB and helix F (IL-10 notations) on the side of a ligand, loops of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains directed toward the ligand, and the interdomain linkage of the ECD. An analysis of the published structures of both the binary and ternary complexes of all helical cytokines allowed for the generation of a model of the signaling complex of IL-10. The receptor binding site I of the high affinity receptor IL-10R1 is exactly the same as in the crystal structure of the binary IL-10/sIL-10R1 complex, whereas the receptor binding site II is located on the surface of the first and the third helices of the four-helix bundle. The receptor/receptor interface, or site III, is formed between the C-terminal domains of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zdanov
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, United States.
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Trivella DBB, Ferreira-Júnior JR, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Structure and function of interleukin-22 and other members of the interleukin-10 family. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2909-35. [PMID: 20454917 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The IL-10 family of cytokines is comprised of IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and IFN-lambdas (IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The IL-10 family members bind to shared class II cytokine receptor chains that associate in various combinations in heterodimeric complexes. Upon interleukin/receptor complex formation, these proteins switch on the Jak/STAT pathway and elicit pleiotropic biological responses whose variety sharply contrasts with their structural similarities. IL-10 family members are involved in several human diseases and health conditions and hence their structural analyses may provide valuable information to design specific therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe the human interleukin-10 family of cytokines, focusing on their structures and functions, with particular attention given to IL-22 and IL-10. We report on the recently published structures of IL-10 cytokine family members and their complexes with cognate transmembrane and soluble receptors as well as on interleukin physiology and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barretto Barbosa Trivella
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil
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Jewell NA, Cline T, Mertz SE, Smirnov SV, Flaño E, Schindler C, Grieves JL, Durbin RK, Kotenko SV, Durbin JE. Lambda interferon is the predominant interferon induced by influenza A virus infection in vivo. J Virol 2010; 84:11515-22. [PMID: 20739515 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01703-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I alpha/beta interferons (IFN-α/β) are known to play an important role in host defense against influenza A virus infection, but we have now discovered that the recently identified type III IFNs (IFN-λ) constitute the major response to intranasal infection with this virus. Type III IFNs were present at much higher levels than type I IFNs in the lungs of infected mice, and the enhanced susceptibility of STAT2-/- animals demonstrated that only signaling through the IFN-α/β or IFN-λ pathways was sufficient to mediate protection. This finding offers a possible explanation for the similar levels of antiviral protection found in wild-type (WT) mice and in animals lacking a functional type I IFN receptor (IFNAR-/-) but also argues that our current understanding of type III IFN induction is incomplete. While murine IFN-λ production is thought to depend on signaling through the type I IFN receptor, we demonstrate that intranasal influenza A virus infection leads to the robust type III IFN induction in the lungs of both WT and IFNAR-/- mice. This is consistent with previous studies showing that IFNAR-mediated protection is redundant for mucosal influenza virus infection and with data showing that the type III IFN receptor is expressed primarily by epithelial cells. However, the overlapping effects of these two cytokine families are limited by their differential receptor expression, with a requirement for IFN-α/β signaling in combating systemic disease.
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Gallagher G, Megjugorac NJ, Yu RY, Eskdale J, Gallagher GE, Siegel R, Tollar E. The lambda interferons: guardians of the immune-epithelial interface and the T-helper 2 response. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:603-15. [PMID: 20712455 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type-III interferons (IFNs) are the most recently discovered IFNs in the human immune system and have important, but as yet poorly characterized, functions in innate and adaptive immunity that complement their antiviral functions. It is now becoming clear that these type-III IFNs have a functional niche where epithelial surfaces interact with the adaptive immune system, that their antiviral capability is not as highly developed as that of the type-I IFNs, and that they have their own profile of immunomodulatory functions; specifically, they are key modulators of the T-helper (Th)2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Gallagher
- Genetic Immunology Laboratory, HUMIGEN LLC, The Institute for Genetic Immunology, Hamilton, New Jersey 08690, USA.
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