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French JN, Pua VB, Laboulaye R, Leal TP, Olivas MC, Lima-Costa MF, Horta BL, Barreto ML, Tarazona-Santos E, Mata I, O’Connor TD. Comparing the effect of imputation reference panel composition in four distinct Latin American cohorts. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.11.589057. [PMID: 38659746 PMCID: PMC11042191 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have been useful in identifying genetic risk factors for various phenotypes. These studies rely on imputation and many existing panels are largely composed of individuals of European ancestry, resulting in lower levels of imputation quality in underrepresented populations. We aim to analyze how the composition of imputation reference panels affects imputation quality in four target Latin American cohorts. We compared imputation quality for chromosomes 7 and X when altering the imputation reference panel by: 1) increasing the number of Latin American individuals; 2) excluding either Latin American, African, or European individuals, or 3) increasing the Indigenous American (IA) admixture proportions of included Latin Americans. We found that increasing the number of Latin Americans in the reference panel improved imputation quality in the four populations; however, there were differences between chromosomes 7 and X in some cohorts. Excluding Latin Americans from analysis resulted in worse imputation quality in every cohort, while differential effects were seen when excluding Europeans and Africans between and within cohorts and between chromosomes 7 and X. Finally, increasing IA-like admixture proportions in the reference panel increased imputation quality at different levels in different populations. The difference in results between populations and chromosomes suggests that existing and future reference panels containing Latin American individuals are likely to perform differently in different Latin American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N French
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Victor Borda Pua
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, Rockville, MD
| | - Roland Laboulaye
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thiago Peixoto Leal
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mario Cornejo Olivas
- Neurogenetics Working Group, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Bernardo L Horta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L Barreto
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ignacio Mata
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy D. O’Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Program in Health Equity and Population Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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2
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Haider S, Simpson A, Custovic A. Genetics of Asthma and Allergic Diseases. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 268:313-329. [PMID: 34085121 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma genes have been identified through a range of approaches, from candidate gene association studies and family-based genome-wide linkage analyses to genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The first GWAS of asthma, reported in 2007, identified multiple markers on chromosome 17q21 as associates of the childhood-onset asthma. This remains the best replicated asthma locus to date. However, notwithstanding undeniable successes, genetic studies have produced relatively heterogeneous results with limited replication, and despite considerable promise, genetics of asthma and allergy has, so far, had limited impact on patient care, our understanding of disease mechanisms, and development of novel therapeutic targets. The paucity of precise replication in genetic studies of asthma is partly explained by the existence of numerous gene-environment interactions. Another important issue which is often overlooked is that of time of the assessment of the primary outcome(s) and the relevant environmental exposures. Most large GWASs use the broadest possible definition of asthma to increase the sample size, but the unwanted consequence of this is increased phenotypic heterogeneity, which dilutes effect sizes. One way of addressing this is to precisely define disease subtypes (e.g. by applying novel mathematical approaches to rich phenotypic data) and use these latent subtypes in genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Haider
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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3
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Tang HHF, Teo SM, Sly PD, Holt PG, Inouye M. The intersect of genetics, environment, and microbiota in asthma-perspectives and challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:781-93. [PMID: 33678251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In asthma, a significant portion of the interaction between genetics and environment occurs through microbiota. The proposed mechanisms behind this interaction are complex and at times contradictory. This review covers recent developments in our understanding of this interaction: the "microbial hypothesis" and the "farm effect"; the role of endotoxin and genetic variation in pattern recognition systems; the interaction with allergen exposure; the additional involvement of host gut and airway microbiota; the role of viral respiratory infections in interaction with the 17q21 and CDHR3 genetic loci; and the importance of in utero and early-life timing of exposures. We propose a unified framework for understanding how all these phenomena interact to drive asthma pathogenesis. Finally, we point out some future challenges for continued research in this field, in particular the need for multiomic integration, as well as the potential utility of asthma endotyping.
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Gehring U, Wijga AH, Koppelman GH, Vonk JM, Smit HA, Brunekreef B. House dust endotoxin, asthma and allergic sensitization through childhood into adolescence. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:1055-1064. [PMID: 32640057 PMCID: PMC7540017 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background House dust endotoxin may have beneficial effects on allergic sensitization and asthma in children. Evidence is scarce for adolescents and most studies so far have been cross‐sectional and limited to a single exposure measurement. Objective We assessed associations of house dust endotoxin with asthma and allergic sensitization from birth to age 17 years longitudinally taking into account exposure early in life and at primary school age. Methods We used data of 854 participants of the prospective Dutch PIAMA birth cohort study with house dust endotoxin measurements at 3 months and/or 5‐6 years and data on asthma and/or allergic sensitization from at least one of 11 follow‐ups until age 17. We assessed overall and age‐specific associations of the prevalence of asthma and sensitization with mattress and living room floor dust concentrations (per gram of dust) and loads (per m2 of sampling surface). Results Higher living room floor dust endotoxin concentrations at 3 months were associated with lower odds of asthma until age 4 [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) ranging from 0.70 (0.51‐0.97) at age 1 to 0.76 (0.57‐1.00) at age 3 per interquartile range increase], but not thereafter in children of allergic mothers. Higher living room floor dust endotoxin at 5‐6 years was associated with higher odds of sensitization at 8‐16 years [eg odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.70 (1.17‐2.47) per interquartile range increase in endotoxin load]. Conclusions and clinical relevance House dust endotoxin may have beneficial effects on asthma in preschool children of allergic mothers, which do not persist into adolescence. Beneficial associations with allergic sensitization could not be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alet H Wijga
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A Smit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Douglas GM, Bielawski JP, Langille MGI. Re-evaluating the relationship between missing heritability and the microbiome. Microbiome 2020; 8:87. [PMID: 32513310 PMCID: PMC7282175 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have recurrently estimated lower heritability estimates than familial studies. Many explanations have been suggested to explain these lower estimates, including that a substantial proportion of genetic variation and gene-by-environment interactions are unmeasured in typical GWASs. The human microbiome is potentially related to both of these explanations, but it has been more commonly considered as a source of unmeasured genetic variation. In particular, it has recently been argued that the genetic variation within the human microbiome should be included when estimating trait heritability. We outline issues with this argument, which in its strictest form depends on the holobiont model of human-microbiome interactions. Instead, we argue that the microbiome could be leveraged to help control for environmental variation across a population, although that remains to be determined. We discuss potential approaches that could be explored to determine whether integrating microbiome sequencing data into GWASs is useful. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M. Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Joseph P. Bielawski
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Morgan G. I. Langille
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
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6
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Tsuang A, Grishin A, Grishina G, Do AN, Sordillo J, Chew GL, Bunyavanich S. Endotoxin, food allergen sensitization, and food allergy: A complementary epidemiologic and experimental study. Allergy 2020; 75:625-635. [PMID: 31535385 DOI: 10.1111/all.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household endotoxin levels have been variably associated with risk for asthma and atopy. METHODS We studied participants from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, n = 6963), a large cohort representative of the US population (aged 1-84 years). We built logistic regression models to test for associations between house dust endotoxin and sensitization to specific foods (milk, egg, and peanut). To experimentally explore the detected epidemiologic associations, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from 21 children (aged 1-19 years) mono-food allergic (ie, sensitized and clinically reactive) to milk, egg, or peanut and nonallergic controls for stimulation with endotoxin and secreted cytokine measurement. For each food allergy, linear mixed-effects models were built to test the association between endotoxin stimulation and cytokine level. RESULTS Among NHANES subjects, the geometric mean household endotoxin level was 15.5 EU/mg (GSE 0.5). Prevalence of food allergen sensitization (sIgE ≥ 0.35 kUA /L) varied by food: milk 5.7%, egg 4.0%, and peanut 7.9%. In models adjusted for potential confounders (age, race, country of birth, total people per household, US region, and history of wheezing in the past year), household endotoxin level was associated with sensitization to milk (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.1) and egg (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.01-1.9), but not peanut (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.8-1.2). Interferon-γ levels of endotoxin-stimulated PBMCs from children allergic to milk or egg, but not peanut, were significantly lower compared to controls in linear mixed-effects models adjusted for repeated measures, experimental variables, age, and inter-individual variability (P-values .007, .018, and .058, respectively). CONCLUSION Higher household endotoxin is associated with increased odds of milk and egg sensitization. Altered cytokine responsiveness to endotoxin is also observed in PBMCs from individuals with milk and egg allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tsuang
- Division of Allergy & Immunology Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Alexander Grishin
- Division of Allergy & Immunology Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Galina Grishina
- Division of Allergy & Immunology Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Anh N. Do
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Joanne Sordillo
- Department of Population Medicine Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute Boston MA USA
| | - Ginger L. Chew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Division of Allergy & Immunology Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
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Abstract
Introduction: Despite the significant decline in overall death rates in the U.S. over the past decade, many asthma deaths could have been avoided. Eastern North Carolina (N.C.) is an economically challenged region with significant health disparities and a high prevalence of asthma. Objective: The primary purpose of this project was to examine trends of asthma deaths across N.C. and identify counties in the state with the highest mortality rates over an 18-year period. Methods: CDC WONDER was used to query and evaluate age-adjusted asthma mortality rates from 1999 to 2016 among residents in N.C., greater than 1 year of age. Asthma death data were derived from death certificates using ICD-10 underlying cause-of-death codes J45 (asthma) and J46 (status asthmaticus). The Join point regression program was used to test statistical significance in age-adjusted rates for the U.S. and N.C. over the entire study period. Results: N.C. experienced a total of 2,066 decedents assigned as the underlying cause of deaths for an overall death rate of 12.5 per 1,000,000 persons. Death rates were highest among females (14.6 deaths per 1,000,000) and black or African Americans (24.7 per 1,000,000). Discussion: Overall asthma mortality rates in N.C. decreased. However, several rural and impoverished counties in eastern N.C. with a large percent of blacks or African-Americans, had the highest asthma death rates in the state. Conclusion: Healthcare providers should remain highly cognizant to provide optimal asthma management, education, and follow-up with asthma patients to help avoid unnecessary asthma related deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Kearney
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - William Wooten
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Arjun Mohan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - J Christopher Carter
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Jones
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Theresa Blount
- Pediatric Asthma Program, Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kevin O'Brien
- Department of Biostatistics, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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8
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Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that results from the complex interaction between genetic factors and environmental exposures that occur at critical periods throughout life. It seems plausible to regard childhood-onset and adult-onset asthma as different entities, each with a different pathophysiology, trajectory, and outcome. This review provides an overview about the role of genetics and gene-environment interactions in these two conditions. Looking at the genetic overlap between childhood and adult onset disease gives one window into whether there is a correlation, as well as to mechanism. A second window is offered by the genetics of the relationship between each type of asthma and other phenotypes e.g., obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), atopy, vitamin D levels, and inflammatory and immune status; and third, the genetic-specific responses to the many environmental exposures that influence risk throughout life, and particularly those that occur during early-life development. These represent a large number of possible combinations of genetic and environmental factors, at least 150 known genetic loci vs. tobacco smoke, outdoor air pollutants, indoor exposures, farming environment, and microbial exposures. Considering time of asthma onset extends the two-dimensional problem of gene-environment interactions to a three-dimensional problem, since identified gene-environment interactions seldom replicate for childhood and adult asthma, which suggests that asthma susceptibility to environmental exposures may biologically differ from early life to adulthood as a result of different pathways and mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morales
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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9
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Lau MYZ, Dharmage SC, Burgess JA, Win AK, Lowe AJ, Lodge CJ, Perret J, Hui J, Thomas PS, Giles G, Thompson BR, Abramson MJ, Walters EH, Matheson MC. Early-life exposure to sibling modifies the relationship between CD14 polymorphisms and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:331-340. [PMID: 30288821 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Markers of microbial exposure are thought to be associated with risk of allergic sensitization; however, the associations are inconsistent and may be related to gene-environment interactions. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between polymorphisms in the CD14 gene and allergic sensitization and whether sibling exposure, as a marker of microbial exposure, modified this relationship. METHODS We used data from the Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study and the Melbourne Atopy Cohort Study. Two CD14 polymorphisms were genotyped. Allergic sensitization was defined by a positive response to a skin prick test. Sibling exposure was measured as cumulative exposure to siblings before age 6 months, 2 and 4 years. Logistic regression and multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression were used to examine the associations. Effect estimates across the cohorts were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS CD14 SNPs were not individually associated with allergic sensitization in either cohort. In TAHS, cumulative sibling exposure before age 6 months, 2 and 4 years was each associated with a reduced risk of allergic sensitization at age 45 years. A similar effect was observed in MACS. Meta-analysis across the two cohorts showed consistent evidence of an interaction between cumulative sibling exposure before 6 months and the rs5744455-SNP (P = 0.001) but not with the rs2569190-SNP (P = 0.60). The pooled meta-analysis showed that the odds of sensitization with increasing cumulative exposure to sibling before 6 months of age was 20.9% smaller in those with the rs5744455-C-allele than the T-allele (OR = 0.83 vs 1.05, respectively). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cumulative sibling exposure reduced the risk of sensitization from childhood to middle age in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Y Z Lau
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Burgess
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aung K Win
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Lowe
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline J Lodge
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Perret
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul S Thomas
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce R Thompson
- Allergy Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Abramson
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Haydn Walters
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Background It is generally believed that endotoxin exposure exacerbates risk of developing asthmatic symptoms. However, recent studies have indicated that prior bacterial exposure may prevent future symptoms of asthma. Here, we evaluated the influence of pre-exposure to different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to subsequent ovalbumin (OVA) allergen sensitization and challenge. Material/Methods Four-week-old Balb/c mice were treated intranasally with varying concentrations of LPS (1 ug, 10 ug, and 100 ug) or sterile PBS for 10 days, then 2 weeks later they were exposed to OVA. Both the molecular and functional airway responses to OVA administration were assessed following prior exposure to different doses of LPS or controls. Additionally, the Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 balance was measured. Results Airway responsiveness and immune cell recruitment in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) were decreased in animals exposed to a low dose of LPS (1 ug) treatment compared with the asthma group. Moderate-dose (10 ug) and high-dose (100 ug) LPS administration showed no differences from controls. Further, low-dose LPS (1 ug) exposure was associated with increased Th1 cytokines, T-bet, Treg cytokine (IL-10, TGF-β), and Foxp3 expression, but decreased Th2 cytokines (IL-4,5,13), GATA3, Th17, and ROR-γt expression compared with the asthma group. Finally, higher numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells, and CD4+INF-γ+T cells, and lower CD4+IL-4+T cells and CD4+IL-17+T cells were observed in the low-dose LPS-treated groups compared to controls. Conclusions Our findings suggest that prior exposure to low doses of LPS may protect from OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and histopathologic changes through regulation of the Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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11
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Carnes MU, Hoppin JA, Metwali N, Wyss AB, Hankinson JL, O'Connell EL, Richards M, Long S, Freeman LE, Sandler DP, Henneberger PK, Barker-Cummings C, Umbach DM, Thorne PS, London SJ. House Dust Endotoxin Levels Are Associated with Adult Asthma in a U.S. Farming Population. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14:324-31. [PMID: 27977294 DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201611-861OC] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Endotoxin initiates a proinflammatory response from the innate immune system. Studies in children suggest that endotoxin exposure from house dust may be an important risk factor for asthma, but few studies have been conducted in adult populations. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of house dust endotoxin levels with asthma and related phenotypes (wheeze, atopy, and pulmonary function) in a large U.S. farming population. METHODS Dust was collected from the bedrooms (n = 2,485) of participants enrolled in a case-control study of current asthma (927 cases) nested within the Agricultural Health Study. Dust endotoxin was measured by Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Outcomes were measured by questionnaire, spirometry, and blood draw. We evaluated associations using linear and logistic regression. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Endotoxin was significantly associated with current asthma (odds ratio [OR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.47), and this relationship was modified by early-life farm exposure (born on a farm: OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02-1.37; not born on a farm: OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.26-2.20; Interaction P = 0.05). Significant positive associations were seen with both atopic and nonatopic asthma. Endotoxin was not related to either atopy or wheeze. Higher endotoxin was related to lower FEV1/FVC in asthma cases only (Interaction P = 0.01). For asthma, there was suggestive evidence of a gene-by-environment interaction for the CD14 variant rs2569190 (Interaction P = 0.16) but not for the TLR4 variants rs4986790 and rs4986791. CONCLUSIONS House dust endotoxin was associated with current atopic and nonatopic asthma in a U.S. farming population. The degree of the association with asthma depended on early-life farm exposures. Furthermore, endotoxin was associated with lower pulmonary function in patients with asthma.
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12
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Zhang R, Deng R, Li H, Chen H. No Association Between -159C/T Polymorphism of the CD14 Gene and Asthma Risk: a Meta-Analysis of 36 Case-Control Studies. Inflammation 2016; 39:457-66. [PMID: 26463530 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have evaluated the association between -159C/T polymorphism of the CD14 gene and asthma risk; however, these studies have yielded inconsistent results. We performed meta-analyses to investigate the association between CD14-159C/T polymorphism and asthma risk. Studies were identified from PubMed, Embase, and two Chinese databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of association. Thirty-six studies were collected for meta-analysis, which involved 6954 cases and 7525 controls. In the overall populations, no significant association between the CD14-159C/T polymorphism and asthma risk was found for the dominant (OR = 0.90, 95 % CI = 0.81-1.01, P = 0.08) or other models; stratified analyses indicated that the CD14-159C/T polymorphism was not associated with asthma risk in Caucasians or Asians or adults or children. Among the atopic asthma populations, no significant results were observed in the all-combined or subgroup analyses. This meta-analysis demonstrates that the CD14-159C/T polymorphism may not be a risk factor for asthma.
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) gene -159C/T variant may be associated with asthma risk. However, some studies yielded conflicting results. Therefore, a comprehensive meta-analysis was designed to assess the precise association. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Embase (Ovid), China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and Wan fang databases was conducted up to August 15, 2015. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to pool the effect size. We used I to assess heterogeneity, and a funnel plot and Egger test to assess publication bias. RESULTS In total, 34 studies involving 15,641 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. There was a statistically significant association between CD14 -159C/T polymorphism and asthma risk observed in dominant model (TT+TC vs CC: OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.77-0.97, P = 0.012) and codominant model (TC vs CC: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78-0.99, P = 0.035) in adults. However, there may be no significant association between CD14 159C/T and atopic and nonatopic asthma risk. CONCLUSION In summary, the overall results suggested that the CD14 -159C/T variant may decrease the risk of asthma susceptibility in adults. However, no significant association between CD14 159C/T and atopic and nonatopic asthma susceptibility was identified. More studies with larger sample size are needed to validate the findings from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Wang
- West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Jin Xu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin
| | - Zong-Ke Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Correspondence: Zong-Ke Zhou, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (e-mail: ), Hai-Yang Yu, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China (e-mail: )
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu
- Correspondence: Zong-Ke Zhou, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China (e-mail: ), Hai-Yang Yu, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China (e-mail: )
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14
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Bønnelykke K, Ober C. Leveraging gene-environment interactions and endotypes for asthma gene discovery. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:667-79. [PMID: 26947980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome that includes subtypes of disease with different underlying causes and disease mechanisms. Asthma is caused by a complex interaction between genes and environmental exposures; early-life exposures in particular play an important role. Asthma is also heritable, and a number of susceptibility variants have been discovered in genome-wide association studies, although the known risk alleles explain only a small proportion of the heritability. In this review, we present evidence supporting the hypothesis that focusing on more specific asthma phenotypes, such as childhood asthma with severe exacerbations, and on relevant exposures that are involved in gene-environment interactions (GEIs), such as rhinovirus infections, will improve detection of asthma genes and our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. We will discuss the challenges of considering GEIs and the advantages of studying responses to asthma-associated exposures in clinical birth cohorts, as well as in cell models of GEIs, to dissect the context-specific nature of genotypic risks, to prioritize variants in genome-wide association studies, and to identify pathways involved in pathogenesis in subgroups of patients. We propose that such approaches, in spite of their many challenges, present great opportunities for better understanding of asthma pathogenesis and heterogeneity and, ultimately, for improving prevention and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
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15
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Makamure MT, Reddy P, Chuturgoon A, Naidoo RN, Mentz G, Batterman S, Robins TG. Interaction between ambient pollutant exposure, CD14 (-159) polymorphism and respiratory outcomes among children in Kwazulu-Natal, Durban. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:238-246. [PMID: 27142357 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116646620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if the association between exposure to ambient air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxde (NO2), nitrous oxide (NO), and PM10, and variation in lung function measures was modified by genotype. A validated questionnaire was administered to 71 African children to evaluate prevalence of respiratory symptoms. Atopy was evaluated by skin-prick testing and bihourly measures of lung function (spirometry) were collected. Gaseous air pollutant concentrations were monitored continuously. CD14 polymorphism was genotyped and plasma CD14 levels were measured. There was no statistically significant association between the CD14 (159) CT+TT polymorphism with any asthma-related phenotype. There was a significant association between lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second intraday variability) and NO2 and NO among participants carrying the CD14 CT/TT genotype for lags 1, 2, and the 5-day average. Similarly, statistically significant gene-pollutant interactions ( p < 0.05) were found with NO and CD14 CT/TT at lag 2 and for the 5-day average. While there was no association with any respiratory phenotype (as determined by symptoms), the CD14 CT/TT genotype appeared to be protective to increased exposure to NO2 and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Makamure
- 1 Department of Community Health Studies, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - P Reddy
- 1 Department of Community Health Studies, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - A Chuturgoon
- 2 Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - R N Naidoo
- 3 Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - G Mentz
- 4 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Batterman
- 4 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T G Robins
- 4 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Macchiaverni P, Ynoue LH, Arslanian C, Verhasselt V, Condino-Neto A. Early Exposure to Respiratory Allergens by Placental Transfer and Breastfeeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139064. [PMID: 26398234 PMCID: PMC4580413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between allergen exposure and the onset of or protection from allergic diseases remains unclear. Many factors could be related to immunological responses, such as the age when the exposure occurs, type of allergen, timing, dose, and allergen route. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to respiratory allergens could occur in pregnancy or early life. In particular, we assessed whether Der p 1 and Blo t 5, as well as specific antibodies against these allergens, could be detected in 90 paired cord blood and colostrum samples. Der p 1 was detected in 58.6% of colostrum and 29% of cord blood samples, whereas Blot 5 was positive in 41.3% and 9.6% of the samples, respectively. Similar to specific IgA, which could be detected in all samples for both mites, specific IgG was found in a high number of colostrum samples, 93.5% and 94.8% for Dp and Bt, respectively. Although allergens were not detected in all cord blood samples, a high percentage of them (≥95%) were positive for specific IgM to both mites in cord blood samples, suggesting that neonates can be exposed and sensitized to airborne allergens during pregnancy. Many studies have attempted to correlate allergen exposure or its prevention in early infancy with the onset of or protection from allergic diseases. However, conflicting and inconsistent data do not show a clear correlation with or suggest a way to prevent allergen sensitization. Nevertheless, these unconvincing results could be better understood if the relationship with many aspects of allergen exposure after pregnancy could be clarified. Thus, it is necessary to address basic issues related to allergen exposure, including the development of reproducible, standardized and reliable methods, and to determine how and where the exposure occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Macchiaverni
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro H. Ynoue
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina Arslanian
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valérie Verhasselt
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U924 Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rajasuriar R, Kong YY, Nadarajah R, Abdullah NK, Spelman T, Yuhana MY, Ponampalavanar S, Kamarulzaman A, Lewin SR. The CD14 C-260T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) modulates monocyte/macrophage activation in treated HIV-infected individuals. J Transl Med 2015; 13:30. [PMID: 25622527 PMCID: PMC4311493 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). T-allele carriers of the CD14 C-260T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) have reported increased expression of the LPS-binding receptor, CD14 and inflammation in the general population. Our aim was to explore the relationship of this SNP with monocyte/macrophage activation and inflammation and its association with sub-clinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals. Methods Patients with no pre-existing CVD risk factors on suppressive antiretroviral therapy were recruited from University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia (n = 84). The CD14 C-260T and TLR4 SNPs, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile were genotyped and soluble(s) CD14 and sCD163 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hsCRP were measured in plasma. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). The association between CD14 C-260T SNP carriage and cIMT was assessed in a multivariable quantile regression model where a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results We found the CD14 C-260T T-allele in 56% of the cohort and evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis in 27%. TT genotype was associated with higher sCD163 (p = 0.009) but only marginally higher sCD14 (p = 0.209) and no difference in hsCRP (p = 0.296) compared to CC/CT. In multivariable analysis, only Framingham risk score was independently associated with higher cIMT while lower sCD163 was trending towards significance. No association was found in TT-genotype carriers and cIMT measurements. Conclusion The CD14 C-260T SNP was associated with increased monocyte activation but not systemic inflammation or cIMT in this HIV-infected cohort with low CVD risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, 3004, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Yong Yean Kong
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Reshika Nadarajah
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Kamila Abdullah
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tim Spelman
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, 3004, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Muhamad Yazli Yuhana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sasheela Ponampalavanar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, 3004, Melbourne, Australia. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, 3004, Melbourne, Australia. .,Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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18
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Jung YH, Seo JH, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, Kim HB, Lee SY, Jang GC, Song DJ, Kim WK, Shim JY, Hong SJ. The relationship between asthma and bronchiolitis is modified by TLR4, CD14, and IL-13 polymorphisms. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50:8-16. [PMID: 24376096 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex genetic disorder that is associated with both genetic and environmental factors. The aim of study was to investigate the combined effect of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) polymorphisms and bronchiolitis in the development of childhood asthma. METHODS A modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used to survey 1,341 elementary school children and 919 nursery children in Seoul, Korea. TLR4 (rs1927911), CD14 (rs2569190), and IL-13 (rs20541) polymorphisms were genotyped by the TaqMan assay. RESULTS In elementary school and nursery children, parental history of asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.56 [95% CI 1.16-5.63], aOR 3.60 [95% CI 1.66-7.76], respectively), and past history of bronchiolitis (aOR 3.11 [95% CI 1.84-5.24], aOR 3.94 [95% CI 2.27-6.84], respectively) were independent risk factors for asthma diagnosis. When compared to children with each CC of TLR4 polymorphism or TT of CD14 polymorphism or GG of IL13 polymorphism and no past history of bronchiolitis, children with CT or TT of TLR4 polymorphism and past history of bronchiolitis had 4.23 and 5.34 times higher risk to develop asthma, respectively; children with TT of CD14 polymorphism and past history of bronchiolitis had 3.57 and 7.22 times higher risk for asthma, respectively; children with GA or AA of IL-13 polymorphism and past history of bronchiolitis had 3.21 and 4.13 times higher risk for asthma, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Family history of asthma or allergic rhinitis and past history of bronchiolitis could be independent risk factors for the development of childhood asthma. The relationship between asthma and bronchiolitis is modified by the TLR4, CD14, and IL-13 polymorphisms in Korean children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea; Research Center for Standardization of Allergic Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Baatjies R, Meijster T, Heederik D, Jeebhay MF. Exposure-response relationships for inhalant wheat allergen exposure and asthma. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:200-7. [PMID: 25535033 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few studies have investigated exposure-response relationships for sensitisation to wheat, work-related symptoms and wheat allergen exposure. IgG4 is suggested to protect against the development of allergic sensitisation. The main aim of this current study was to explore the nature of exposure-response relationships for a range of clinically relevant endpoints among bakery workers, and to investigate the role of IgG4 in these relationships. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 517 supermarket bakery workers in 31 bakeries used a questionnaire, serum-specific IgE and IgG4 to wheat, and methacholine challenge testing. Exposure models were developed previously using job, bakery size, tasks and specific ingredients used. These models were used to predict average personal exposure to wheat allergens. RESULTS The exposure-response relationships for average exposure followed a linear relationship for sensitisation, but a bell-shaped curve for allergic symptoms and probable occupational asthma, increasing up to 10-15 µg/m(3) wheat allergen concentration after which they plateau off and decrease at higher exposure concentrations. This relationship was modified by atopic status. IgG4 levels were strongly exposure related: a clear increase in prevalence of higher IgG4 with increase in wheat allergen exposure was observed among those sensitised and non-sensitised to wheat, with IgG4 even more strongly associated with exposure than IgE to wheat. CONCLUSIONS The bell-shaped exposure-response relationship in the current study is consistent with the findings of previous studies. IgG4 showed no protective effect for sensitisation, confirming the findings of previous studies, suggesting that the pattern is probably related to a healthy worker effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baatjies
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - T Meijster
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Heederik
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M F Jeebhay
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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20
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Sahiner UM, Semic-Jusufagic A, Curtin JA, Birben E, Belgrave D, Sackesen C, Simpson A, Yavuz TS, Akdis CA, Custovic A, Kalayci O. Polymorphisms of endotoxin pathway and endotoxin exposure: in vitro IgE synthesis and replication in a birth cohort. Allergy 2014; 69:1648-58. [PMID: 25102764 DOI: 10.1111/all.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants in endotoxin signaling pathway are important in modulating the effect of environmental endotoxin on asthma and atopic phenotypes. Our objective was to determine the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the endotoxin signaling pathway that may influence in vitro IgE synthesis and to investigate the relationship between these variants and endotoxin exposure in relation to the development of asthma and atopy in a birth cohort. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 45 children with asthma were stimulated with 2 and 200 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide in vitro and IgE was measured in the culture supernatants. Children were genotyped for 121 SNPs from 30 genes in the endotoxin signaling pathway. Variants with a dose-response IgE production in relation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were selected for replication in a population-based birth cohort, in which we investigated the interaction between these SNPs and endotoxin exposure in relation to airway hyper-responsiveness, wheeze, and atopic sensitization. RESULTS Twenty-one SNPs in nine genes (CD14, TLR4, IRF3, TRAF-6, TIRAP, TRIF, IKK-1, ST-2, SOCS1) were found to modulate the effect of endotoxin on in vitro IgE synthesis, with six displaying high linkage disequilibrium. Of the remaining 15 SNPs, for seven we found significant relationships between genotype and endotoxin exposure in the genetic association study in relation to symptomatic airway hyper-responsiveness (CD14-rs2915863 and rs2569191, TRIF-rs4807000), current wheeze (ST-2-rs17639215, IKK-1-rs2230804, and TRIF-rs4807000), and atopy (CD14-rs2915863 and rs2569192, TRAF-6-rs5030411, and IKK-1-rs2230804). CONCLUSIONS Variants in the endotoxin signaling pathway are important determinants of asthma and atopy. The genotype effect is a function of the environmental endotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. M. Sahiner
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Hacettepe University School of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - A. Semic-Jusufagic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester & University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - J. A. Curtin
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester & University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - E. Birben
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Hacettepe University School of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - D. Belgrave
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester & University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
- Centre for Health Informatics; Institute of Population Health; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - C. Sackesen
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Hacettepe University School of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - A. Simpson
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester & University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - T. S. Yavuz
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Hacettepe University School of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - C. A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
| | - A. Custovic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester & University Hospital of South Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - O. Kalayci
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Hacettepe University School of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been employed in the field of allergic disease, and significant associations have been published for nearly 100 asthma genes/loci. An outcome of GWAS in allergic disease has been the formation of national and international collaborations leading to consortia meta-analyses, and an appreciation for the specificity of genetic associations to sub-phenotypes of allergic disease. Molecular genetics has undergone a technological revolution, leading to next-generation sequencing strategies that are increasingly employed to hone in on the causal variants associated with allergic diseases. Unmet needs include the inclusion of diverse cohorts and strategies for managing big data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina A Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 3A.62, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 3A.62, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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22
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Lau MYZ, Dharmage SC, Burgess JA, Lowe AJ, Lodge CJ, Campbell B, Matheson MC. CD14 polymorphisms, microbial exposure and allergic diseases: a systematic review of gene-environment interactions. Allergy 2014; 69:1440-53. [PMID: 24889096 DOI: 10.1111/all.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and allergy may develop as a result of interactions between environmental factors and the genetic characteristics of an individual. This review aims to summarize the available evidence for, and potential effects of, an interaction between polymorphisms of the CD14 gene and exposure to microbes on the risk of asthma and allergic diseases. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE and Global Health databases, finding 12 articles which met inclusion criteria. Most studies reported a significant interaction between CD14 polymorphisms and microbial exposure. When stratified by age at microbial exposure (early life vs adult life), there was evidence of a protective effect of gene-environment interaction against atopy in children, but not adults. We also found different effects of interaction depending on the type of microbial exposures. There was no strong evidence for asthma and eczema. Future studies should consider a three-way interaction between CD14 gene polymorphisms, microbial exposures and the age of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Y. Z. Lau
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - S. C. Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - J. A. Burgess
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - A. J. Lowe
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - C. J. Lodge
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - B. Campbell
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - M. C. Matheson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
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23
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Abstract
While asthma is a heterogeneous disease, a strong genetic basis has been firmly established. Rather than being a single disease entity, asthma consists of related, overlapping syndromes [Barnes (Proc Am Thor Soc 8:143-148, 2011)] including three general domains: variable airway obstruction, airway hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation with a considerable proportion, but not all, of asthma being IgE-mediated further adding to its heterogeneity. This chapter reviews the approaches to the elucidation of genetics of asthma from the early evidence of familial clustering to the current state of knowledge with genome-wide approaches. The conclusion is that research efforts have led to a tremendous repository of genetic determinants of asthma, most of which fall into the above phenotypic domains of the syndrome. We now look to future integrative approaches of genetics, genomics (Chap. 10), and epigenetics (Chap. 11) to better understand the causal mechanism through which, these genetic loci act in manifesting asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Ann Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, 3B.79, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA,
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24
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Sahin F, Yıldız P, Kuskucu A, Kuskucu MA, Karaca N, Midilli K. The effect of CD14 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms on asthma phenotypes in adult Turkish asthma patients: a genetic study. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:20. [PMID: 24524443 PMCID: PMC3928321 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxins stimulate T helper 1 cell maturation and send a negative signal to T helper 2 polarisation. This causes a decrease IgE levels and prevents atopy (Hygiene hypothesis). It is shown that this response is under genetic control by polymorphisms in CD14 and TLR4 genes in some researchs. We aimed to investigate the effects of genetic variants of CD14 (-) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile) genes on asthma phenotypes in adults with asthma. METHODS Asthma patients (n = 131) and healthy control cases (n = 75) were included in the study. Relations between CD14 C-159 T, TLR4 299 and TLR4 399 genotypes and duration of asthma history of allergic rhinitis-dermatitis, total IgE, eosinophil, skin prick test, forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) and severity of disease were evaluated. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) was used for genotyping. RESULTS For CD14-159, presence of the C allele (CC + CT) was more frequent among those with low median log (logarithm) IgE levels, but no statistically significant difference in all asthma group (p = 0.09). C allele was significantly correlated with low total IgE levels and T allele with high total IgE levels in atopics (p = 0.04). CC + CT genotype was more frequent in moderate and severe asthma group in atopics (p = 0.049). TLR4 299 and TLR4 399 genotypes and asthma phenotypes were not found to be significantly correlated (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Total IgE levels were found to be low among patients with the CC + CT genotype, and high among patients with the TT genotype contrary to the results of many other studies, which is therefore an important finding. Another important finding was that the C allele is a risk factor for moderate and severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Füsun Sahin
- Department of Chest Diseases, Yedikule Chest Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Zeytinburnu/İstanbul, 34760, Turkey.
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Poole A, Urbanek C, Eng C, Schageman J, Jacobson S, O'Connor BP, Galanter JM, Gignoux CR, Roth LA, Kumar R, Lutz S, Liu AH, Fingerlin TE, Setterquist RA, Burchard EG, Rodriguez-Santana J, Seibold MA. Dissecting childhood asthma with nasal transcriptomics distinguishes subphenotypes of disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:670-8.e12. [PMID: 24495433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial airway expression profiling has identified inflammatory subphenotypes of asthma, but the invasiveness of this technique has limited its application to childhood asthma. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether the nasal transcriptome can proxy expression changes in the lung airway transcriptome in asthmatic patients. We also sought to determine whether the nasal transcriptome can distinguish subphenotypes of asthma. METHODS Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on nasal airway brushings from 10 control subjects and 10 asthmatic subjects, which were compared with established bronchial and small-airway transcriptomes. Targeted RNA sequencing nasal expression analysis was used to profile 105 genes in 50 asthmatic subjects and 50 control subjects for differential expression and clustering analyses. RESULTS We found 90.2% overlap in expressed genes and strong correlation in gene expression (ρ = .87) between the nasal and bronchial transcriptomes. Previously observed asthmatic bronchial differential expression was strongly correlated with asthmatic nasal differential expression (ρ = 0.77, P = 5.6 × 10(-9)). Clustering analysis identified TH2-high and TH2-low subjects differentiated by expression of 70 genes, including IL13, IL5, periostin (POSTN), calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1 (CLCA1), and serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (SERPINB2). TH2-high subjects were more likely to have atopy (odds ratio, 10.3; P = 3.5 × 10(-6)), atopic asthma (odds ratio, 32.6; P = 6.9 × 10(-7)), high blood eosinophil counts (odds ratio, 9.1; P = 2.6 × 10(-6)), and rhinitis (odds ratio, 8.3; P = 4.1 × 10(-6)) compared with TH2-low subjects. Nasal IL13 expression levels were 3.9-fold higher in asthmatic participants who experienced an asthma exacerbation in the past year (P = .01). Several differentially expressed nasal genes were specific to asthma and independent of atopic status. CONCLUSION Nasal airway gene expression profiles largely recapitulate expression profiles in the lung airways. Nasal expression profiling can be used to identify subjects with IL13-driven asthma and a TH2-skewed systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Poole
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Cydney Urbanek
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Sean Jacobson
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colo
| | - Brian P O'Connor
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, Colo
| | - Joshua M Galanter
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Christopher R Gignoux
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Lindsey A Roth
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sharon Lutz
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colo
| | - Andrew H Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colo
| | | | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Max A Seibold
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, Colo.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the association between allergic disease and pediatric rhinosinusitis. For this purpose, allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were the areas chosen for further discussion. RECENT FINDINGS The role of allergy as a major immunopathologic mechanism causing inflammation in pediatric rhinosinusitis is becoming better defined. However, despite the fact that allergic rhinitis and CRS are characterized by inflammation, there appears to be a distinct difference in the inflammatory response of children and adults with CRS, which may attest to a difference in the pathophysiologic pathways. Local allergic rhinitis, a recently described pathological entity, appears to affect a significant number of patients with a previous diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis, making this a prevalent entity in patients evaluated with rhinitis. With regard to the relationships between allergy and infectious diseases, it has been reported that basophils are activated in the presence of suboptimal doses of allergens and bacteria and may explain the clinical behavior of allergy exacerbation. SUMMARY Allergic rhinitis is frequently associated with CRS. The management of CRS should include evaluation of the pediatric patient for allergic disease and the management should be targeted at decreasing the inflammatory response, which will most likely result in better control of the CRS patient.
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Wang Z, Sundy JS, Foss CM, Barnhart HX, Palmer SM, Allgood SD, Trudeau E, Alexander KM, Levesque MC. Racial differences in the association of CD14 polymorphisms with serum total IgE levels and allergen skin test reactivity. J Asthma Allergy 2013; 6:81-92. [PMID: 23836995 PMCID: PMC3699133 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s42695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CD14 C-159T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been investigated widely as a candidate genetic locus in patients with allergic disease. There are conflicting results for the association of the CD14 C-159T SNP with total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and atopy. There are limited data regarding the association of the CD14 C-159T SNP in subjects of African ancestry. The aim of the study was to determine whether the C-159T SNP and other CD14 SNPs (C1188G, C1341T) were associated with total serum IgE levels and with allergy skin test results in nonatopic and atopic subjects; as well as in Caucasian and African American subjects. Methods A total of 291 participants, 18–40 years old, were screened to determine whether they were atopic and/or asthmatic. Analyses were performed to determine the association between CD14 C-159T, C1188G, or C1341T genotypes with serum IgE levels and with the number of positive skin tests among Caucasian or African American subjects. Results We found no significant association of serum total IgE level with CD14 C-159T, C1188G, or C1341T genotypes within nonatopic or atopic subjects. Subjects with CD14-159 T alleles had significantly more positive allergen skin tests than subjects without CD14-159 T alleles (P = 0.0388). There was a significant association between the CD14 1188 G allele, but not the CD14 1341 T allele, with the number of positive skin-test results in Caucasians, but not in African Americans. Conclusion These results support a possible association between CD14 polymorphisms and atopy. CD14-159 T or CD14 1188 G alleles were associated with atopic disease. For subjects with CD14 1188 G alleles, the association with atopic disease was stronger in Caucasians compared to African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
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28
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Abstract
As complex common diseases, asthma and allergic diseases are caused by the interaction of multiple genetic variants with a variety of environmental factors. Candidate-gene studies have examined the involvement of a very large list of genes in asthma and allergy, demonstrating a role for more than 100 loci. These studies have elucidated several themes in the biology and pathogenesis of these diseases. A small number of genes have been associated with asthma or allergy through traditional linkage analyses. The publication of the first asthma-focused genome-wide association (GWA) study in 2007 has been followed by nearly 30 reports of GWA studies targeting asthma, allergy, or associated phenotypes and quantitative traits. GWA studies have confirmed several candidate genes and have identified new, unsuspected, and occasionally uncharacterized genes as asthma susceptibility loci. Issues of results replication persist, complicating interpretation and making conclusions difficult to draw, and much of the heritability of these diseases remains undiscovered. In the coming years studies of complex diseases like asthma and allergy will probably involve the use of high-throughput next-generation sequencing, which will bring a tremendous influx of new information as well as new problems in dealing with vast datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center of the Joseph Stokes Jr Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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29
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Abstract
Asthma is a complex multifactorial disorder involving a variety of different mechanisms. Little has changed in asthma treatment over the past five decades. There is evidence for a strong genetic component of asthma, but genetic studies have produced heterogeneous results with little replication, with most of the heritability remaining unexplained. The rapid increase in asthma prevalence over a short time period suggests that environmental exposures play an important role, but there is a considerable heterogeneity in the results describing the effect of different environmental exposures. There are many reasons for the lack of replication in genetic association studies and those of environmental exposures. These include the failure to consider that asthma may arise as a consequence of environmental factors, modulating the risk in genetically susceptible individuals via gene-environment interactions. In addition, many studies rely on oversimplified phenotypes often derived through aggregation of several heterogeneous conditions (e.g., 'physician-diagnosed asthma').
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Custovic
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.
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Lawson JA, Dosman JA, Rennie DC, Beach JR, Newman SC, Crowe T, Senthilselvan A. Endotoxin as a determinant of asthma and wheeze among rural dwelling children and adolescents: a case-control study. BMC Pulm Med 2012; 12:56. [PMID: 22966977 PMCID: PMC3545854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-12-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between endotoxin exposure and asthma is complex and has been associated with rural living. We examined the relationship between domestic endotoxin and asthma or wheeze among rural school-aged children (6-18 years) and assessed the interaction between endotoxin and other characteristics with these outcomes. METHODS Between 2005 and 2007 we conducted a case-control study of children 6-18 years in the rural region of Humboldt, Canada. Cases (n = 102) reported doctor-diagnosed asthma or wheeze in the past year. Controls (n = 208) were randomly selected from children without asthma or wheeze. Data were collected to ascertain symptoms, asthma history and indoor environmental exposures (questionnaire), endotoxin (dust collection from the play area floor and child's mattress), and tobacco smoke exposure (saliva collection). Statistical testing was completed using multiple logistic regression to account for potential confounders and to assess interaction between risk factors. A stratified analysis was also completed to examine the effect of personal history of allergy. RESULTS Among children aged 6-12 years, mattress endotoxin concentration (EU/mg) and load (EU/m2) were inversely associated with being a case [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20-0.98; and OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.20-0.75, respectively]. These associations were not observed in older children or with play area endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that endotoxin exposure might be protective for asthma or wheeze. The protective effect is found in younger school-aged, non-allergic children. These results may help explain the inconsistencies in previous studies and suggest that the protective effects of endotoxin in the prevention of atopy and asthma or wheeze are most effective earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lawson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture & Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture Royal University Hospital University of Saskatchewan, 3641-103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0 W8, Canada
| | - James A Dosman
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Donna C Rennie
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, and the College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jeremy R Beach
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen C Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Trever Crowe
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE Cockroach (CR) is an important inhalant allergen and can induce allergic asthma. However, the mechanism by which CR induces airway allergic inflammation and the role of endotoxin in CR extract are not clearly understood in regards to the development of airway inflammation. In this study, we evaluated whether endotoxin is essential to the development of CR induced airway allergic inflammation in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Airway allergic inflammation was induced by intranasal administration of either CR extract, CR with additional endotoxin, or endotoxin depleted CR extract, respectively, in BALB/c wild type mice. CR induced inflammation was also evaluated with toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mutant (C3H/HeJ) and wild type (C3H/HeN) mice. RESULTS Intranasal administration of CR extracts significantly induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of endotoxin along with CR allergen attenuated eosinophilic inflammation, interleukin (IL)-13 level, and goblet cell hyperplasia of respiratory epithelium; however, it did not affect the development of AHR. Endotoxin depletion in CR extract did not attenuate eosinophilic inflammation and lymphocytosis in BAL fluid, AHR and IL-13 expression in the lungs compared to CR alone. The attenuation of AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia induced by CR extract alone was not different between TLR-4 mutant and the wild type mice. In addition, heat inactivated CR extract administration induced attenuated AHR and eosinophilic inflammation. CONCLUSION Endotoxin in CR extracts may not be essential to the development of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Shil Lee
- Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Chein-Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
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Sordillo JE, Sharma S, Poon A, Lasky-Su J, Belanger K, Milton DK, Bracken MB, Triche EW, Leaderer BP, Gold DR, Litonjua AA. Effects of endotoxin exposure on childhood asthma risk are modified by a genetic polymorphism in ACAA1. BMC Med Genet 2011; 12:158. [PMID: 22151743 PMCID: PMC3252252 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Polymorphisms in the endotoxin-mediated TLR4 pathway genes have been associated with asthma and atopy. We aimed to examine how genetic polymorphisms in innate immunity pathways interact with endotoxin to influence asthma risk in children. Methods In a previous analysis of 372 children from the Boston Home Allergens and the Connecticut Childhood Asthma studies, 7 SNPs in 6 genes (CARD15, TGFB1, LY96, ACAA1, DEFB1 and IFNG) involved in innate immune pathways were associated with asthma, and 5 SNPs in 3 genes (CD80, STAT4, IRAK2) were associated with eczema. We tested these SNPs for interaction with early life endotoxin exposure (n = 291), in models for asthma and eczema by age 6. Results We found a significant interaction between endotoxin and a SNP (rs156265) in ACAA1 (p = 0.0013 for interaction). Increased endotoxin exposure (by quartile) showed protective effects for asthma in individuals with at least one copy of the minor allele (OR = 0.39 per quartile increase in endotoxin, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.01). Endotoxin exposure did not reduce the risk of asthma in children homozygous for the major allele. Conclusion Our findings suggest that protective effects of endotoxin exposure on asthma may vary depending upon the presence or absence of a polymorphism in ACAA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Sordillo
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects all children early in life, is the most common cause of infant lower respiratory tract infections, and causes disease exacerbations in children with asthma. Episodes of lower respiratory tract infection in early life are associated with asthma development. Whether RSV infection early in life directly causes asthma or simply identifies infants who are genetically predisposed to develop subsequent wheezing is debatable. Recent studies suggest that these two explanations are not mutually exclusive, and are likely both important in asthma development. An open-label study of RSV immunoprophylaxis administered to preterm infants reduced recurrent wheezing by 50%. Clinical trials of infant RSV prevention, delay or severity reduction on the outcome of childhood asthma would confirm the causal relationship between RSV infection and asthma, and offer a primary prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsheng Wu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, 6107 MCE, Nashville, TN 37232-8300, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medicinal Center, S2406 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2158, USA
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Center for Health Services Research, 6107 MCE, Nashville, TN 37232-8300, USA
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Wegmann D, Kessner DE, Veeramah KR, Mathias RA, Nicolae DL, Yanek LR, Sun YV, Torgerson DG, Rafaels N, Mosley T, Becker LC, Ruczinski I, Beaty TH, Kardia SLR, Meyers DA, Barnes KC, Becker DM, Freimer NB, Novembre J. Recombination rates in admixed individuals identified by ancestry-based inference. Nat Genet 2011; 43:847-53. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Common lung diseases such as asthma, COPD, and pulmonary fibrosis cause significant morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and worldwide. Research investigating the mechanisms of disease etiology has clearly indicated that genetic attributes and environmental exposures each play important roles in the development of these diseases. Emerging evidence underscores the importance of the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in fully understanding the development of lung disease. Herein we discuss recent advances in knowledge and technology surrounding the role of genetics, the environment, and gene-environment interactions in these common lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Mendy A, Gasana J, Vieira ER, Forno E, Patel J, Kadam P, Ramirez G. Endotoxin exposure and childhood wheeze and asthma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Asthma 2011; 48:685-93. [PMID: 21732750 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2011.594140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to endotoxin has been widely investigated as a potential factor for asthma and associated symptoms in children with different results. To clarify a potential relationship, we performed the present meta-analysis to integrate the results of studies examining the association of endotoxin exposure with wheeze and asthma in children. METHODS A search for relevant studies and reviews was conducted in MEDLINE, Highwire, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library databases. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for endotoxin exposure and wheeze or asthma were retrieved and pooled to generate summary effect estimates in STATA 11.1. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The summary estimates suggested that endotoxin was positively associated with wheeze in infants and toddlers (meta-OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.10-1.98), but negatively related to asthma in school-aged children (meta-OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.97 for endotoxin concentration and 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.93 for endotoxin load). CONCLUSIONS Based on the studies evaluated, endotoxin is a risk factor for wheeze in younger children, but a protective factor for asthma in older children. Thus, this study supports the "hygiene hypothesis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- Robert Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Ober C, Vercelli D. Gene-environment interactions in human disease: nuisance or opportunity? Trends Genet 2011; 27:107-15. [PMID: 21216485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental risk factors for common, complex human diseases have been revealed by epidemiologic studies, but how genotypes at specific loci modulate individual responses to environmental risk factors is largely unknown. Gene-environment interactions will be missed in genome-wide association studies and could account for some of the 'missing heritability' for these diseases. In this review, we focus on asthma as a model disease for studying gene-environment interactions because of relatively large numbers of candidate gene-environment interactions with asthma risk in the literature. Identifying these interactions using genome-wide approaches poses formidable methodological problems, and elucidating molecular mechanisms for these interactions has been challenging. We suggest that studying gene-environment interactions in animal models, although more tractable, might not be sufficient to shed light on the genetic architecture of human diseases. Lastly, we propose avenues for future studies to find gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, 920 E. 58th Street, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Dreskin SC, Ayars A, Jin Y, Atkins D, Leo HL, Song B. Association of genetic variants of CD14 with peanut allergy and elevated IgE levels in peanut allergic individuals. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 106:170-2. [PMID: 21277522 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Zhang Y, Tian C, Zhang J, Li X, Wan H, He C, Guo L, Meilang Q, Peng C, Duo L, Huang J, Fan H. The -159C/T polymorphism in the CD14 gene and the risk of asthma: a meta-analysis. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:23-32. [PMID: 21079949 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The -159C/T polymorphism in the CD14 gene has been implicated in susceptibility to asthma, but a large number of studies have reported inconclusive results. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between the -159C/T polymorphism in the CD14 gene and the risk of asthma by meta-analysis. We searched Pubmed, Embase, CNKI database, Wanfang database, Weipu database, and Chinese Biomedical database, covering all publications (last search been performed on April 20, 2010). Statistical analysis was performed by using the softwares Revman 4.2 and STATA 10.0. A total of 17 case-control studies in 17 articles (4,246 cases and 3,631 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. There was no association between this polymorphism and asthma risk in combined analyses (odds ratio (OR) = 0.86 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.72-1.02, P = 0.09 for TC + TT vs. CC). In the subgroup analysis by age, ethnicity, and atopic status, no significant associations of asthma risks were obtained from age groups, ethnic groups, and atopic groups for TC + TT vs. CC comparison. For atopic population, significant decreased atopic asthma risks were found among Asian population (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.52-0.92, P = 0.01) and children population (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.54-0.89, P = 0.0004) for TC + TT vs. CC comparison. This meta-analysis suggests that CD14 is a candidate gene for atopic asthma susceptibility. The -159C/T polymorphism may be a protective factor for atopic asthma in Asian and children. More studies are needed to validate these associations.
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Abstract
Asthma is a common inflammatory disease triggered by both allergic and non-allergic stimuli. The most common risk factor in the development of asthma is induction of IgE against indoor allergens and imbalance in the T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 with skewing towards Th2 response. Interplay of genetic and environmental factors is involved in induction and propagation of asthma. Endotoxin is a common environmental pollutant and elicits a Th1 response. The amount of endotoxin varies with several factors but of significant interest has been the role of pets. Endotoxin not only protects against the development of asthma but also enhances an already established inflammation. The difference of outcomes is likely not only due to the time and dose of exposure but also as we discuss the variable interaction of genes with environment. We focus on studies since 2001 that have explored the role of endotoxin in asthma and the gene-environment interactions of the endotoxin effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Doreswamy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of asthma and allergy typically involves not only distinct genetic and environmental factors, but also interactions between the two. Innate-immunity genes [particularly CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR2, the critical mediators of responses to bacteria in the extracellular space] play a prominent role in gene-environment interactions relevant to asthma-related phenotypes because the interaction between microbial load and the innate-immune system is a critical determinant of both immune function and allergy/asthma susceptibility. This review presents recent findings illustrating the role of gene-environment interactions in asthma/allergy susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS Population studies have extended our understanding of the role of CD14 and innate-immune genes in the interplay between genetic variants and the environment, highlighting the complexity of these interactions and their significant influence on susceptibility to asthma and allergy. SUMMARY Gene-environment interactions have become a leitmotiv in asthma and allergy genetics, especially over the last 3 years. The next challenge awaiting asthma and allergy geneticists will be to define the extent to which the search for gene-environment interactions can be successfully integrated with hypothesis-generating, genome-wide approaches aimed at the identification of genetic variants involved in the pathogenesis of complex-lung diseases.
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Abstract
Prevalence of allergy and allergic asthma are increasing worldwide. More than half of the US population has a positive skin prick test and approximately 10% are asthmatics. Many studies have been conducted to define immunological pathways underlying allergy and asthma development and to identify the main genetic determinants. In the effort to find missing pieces of the puzzle, new genomic approaches and more standardized ones, such as the candidate gene approach, have been used collectively. This article proposes an overview of the actual knowledge about immunological and genetic aspects of allergy and asthma. Special attention has been drawn to the challenges linked to genetic research in complex traits such as asthma and to the contribution of new genomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Madore
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Département des sciences fondamentales, Saguenay, Canada
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Gao P, Grigoryev DN, Rafaels NM, Mu D, Wright JM, Cheadle C, Togias A, Beaty TH, Mathias RA, Schroeder JT, Barnes KC. CD14, a key candidate gene associated with a specific immune response to cockroach. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:1353-64. [PMID: 20618347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitization to cockroach allergen is one of the strongest predictors of asthma morbidity, especially among African Americans. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to determine the genomic basis of cockroach sensitization and the specific response to cockroach antigen. METHODS We investigated the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile of co-cultured plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and CD4+ T cells and the 'transcript signature' of the immune response to cockroach antigen using high-throughput expression profiling of co-cultured cells. RESULTS We observed significantly elevated levels of IL-13, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, but undetectable levels of IL-12p70 and IFN-alpha, when cultures were exposed to crude cockroach antigen. A significant difference was observed for IL-13 between cockroach-allergic and non-allergic individuals (P=0.039). Microarray analyses demonstrated a greater response at 48 h compared with 4 h, with 50 genes being uniquely expressed in cockroach antigen-treated cells, including CD14, S100A8, CCL8, and IFI44L. The increased CD14 expression was further observed in purified pDCs, human monocytic THP-1 cells, and the supernatant of co-cultured pDCs and CD4+ T cells on exposure to cockroach extract. Furthermore, the most differential expression of CD14 between cockroach allergy and non-cockroach allergy was only observed among individuals with the CC 'high-risk' genotype of the CD14-260C/T. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis analyses suggested the IFN signalling as the most significant canonical pathway. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that these differentially expressed genes, particularly CD14, and genes in the IFN signalling pathway may be important candidates for further investigation of their role in the immune response to cockroach allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pacheco KA, Rose CS, Silveira LJ, Van Dyke MV, Goelz K, MacPhail K, Maier LA. Gene-environment interactions influence airways function in laboratory animal workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:232-40. [PMID: 20579716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most diseases, including asthma, result from the interaction between environmental exposures and genetic variants. Functional variants of CD14 negatively affect lung function in farm workers and children exposed to animal allergens and endotoxin. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that CD14 polymorphisms interact with inhaled endotoxin, mouse allergen, or both to decrease airways function in laboratory animal workers. METHODS Three hundred sixty-nine Caucasian workers completed a symptom and work exposure questionnaire, skin prick testing, and spirometry. Individual exposure estimates for endotoxin and murine allergen were calculated by weighting task-based breathing zone concentrations by time reported for each task and length of time in the current job. Real-time PCR was used to assess CD14/-1619, -550, and -159 alleles. Multiple linear regression predicting airways function included an interaction term between genotype and exposure. RESULTS Workers at the highest quartile of the natural log-transformed cumulative endotoxin exposure and with the endotoxin-responsive CD14/-1619 G allele had significantly lower FEV(1) and forced expiratory flow, midexpiratory phase (FEF(25-75)) percent predicted compared with workers with an AA genotype, with no significant differences noted at lower endotoxin levels for either genotype. The gene-environment effect was marked for atopic workers. Laboratory animal allergy, murine allergen exposure, CD14/-159 or -550 genotype, and a gene-exposure interaction term for these genotypes and exposures did not predict changes in lung function. CONCLUSIONS A significant gene-environment interaction affects airways function in laboratory animal workers. More highly endotoxin-exposed workers with CD14/-1619G alleles have significantly lower FEV(1) and FEF(25-75) percent predicted than those with CD14/-1619AA alleles. Atopic workers are particularly affected by cumulative endotoxin exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Pacheco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a complex heterogeneous and mutifactorial disease occurring at the interface of multiple genes that interact with various environmental stimuli insulting the immune system at different levels and different times of disease susceptibility. OBJECTIVE The present paper is a review of the current status of the genetics of asthma. RESULTS Sequence variants in hundreds of genes have been associated with asthma using both family-based and case control screening methods. CONCLUSION As the number of genes known to be associated with asthma risk is rapidly growing, it is essential to begin integrating epidemiologic, genetic and genomic strategies to unravel the relationships between genotype and phenotype, and elucidate the pathogenesis of asthma with the goal to make clinical use of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Halapi
- deCODE Genetics Inc., Sturlugata, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Julius P, Grosse-Thie C, Kuepper M, Bratke K, Virchow JC. sCD14 in bronchoalveolar lavage 18, 42 and 162 hours after segmental allergen provocation. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:304-11. [PMID: 20384875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been associated with a protective role in the development of asthma while higher levels of endotoxin have been linked with more severe asthma. LPS recruit neutrophils and eosinophils and activate macrophages via the CD14 receptor. The soluble CD 14 receptor (sCD14) has been found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in different diseases including allergic asthma. To elucidate the kinetics and the regulation of sCD14 concentrations in BAL in asthma, 18 patients with allergic asthma underwent segmental allergen challenge at different time points (10 min, 18, 42 and 162 h). In addition, CD14(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC-CD14(+)) cultures from seven allergic and seven non-allergic subjects were stimulated with LPS, leukotrien D(4) (LTD(4)), a combination of LPS and LTD(4), IL-17 and LTD(4) in presence of the leukotriene-receptor antagonist (LTRA) Montelukast for 6, 12 and 24 h. sCD14 concentrations in BAL and the supernatants were measured by ELISA. sCD14 concentrations in BAL were significantly increased 18 h after allergen challenge and peaked at 42 h. At 162 h, concentrations had returned to baseline levels. In PBMC-CD14(+) cultures, sCD14 levels increased significantly 24 h after stimulation with LTD(4) and Montelukast was able to block LTD(4)-induced stimulation. Allergen challenge leads to a significant increase in sCD14 concentrations in BAL and might modulate the allergen-induced inflammation. In addition, LTD(4) might play a role in the release of sCD14, and it could be speculated that sCD14 reduction by LTRA might contribute to the mechanisms of LTRA in the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Julius
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Clinic, Rostock, Germany.
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Candelaria PV, Backer V, Khoo SK, Bizzintino JA, Hayden CM, Baynam G, Laing IA, Zhang G, Porsbjerg C, Goldblatt J, Le Souëf PN. The importance of environment on respiratory genotype/phenotype relationships in the Inuit. Allergy 2010; 65:229-37. [PMID: 19796192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental influences and their interactions are central to asthma pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different macro-environments on asthma genotype-phenotype associations in two geographically separated populations with common ancestry. METHODS To accomplish this, two unselected populations of Inuit were recruited, one living in Greenland (n = 618) and the other in Denmark (n = 739). Subjects were genotyped for CD14 C-159T, SCGB1A1 A38G, ADRB2 Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu. The resulting genetic data were analysed for relationships with asthma-related parameters including lung function, ever asthma, atopy, rhinitis and dermatitis. RESULTS The results showed contrasting magnitude and direction of genetic associations between the two geographically separate Inuit populations. In Greenland, the ADRB2 16Arg allele was associated with male-specific lower lung function, but in Denmark the same allele was associated with male-specific higher lung function. This allele was also associated with higher incidence of ever asthma in Denmark but not in Greenland. The SCGB1A1 38A allele was associated with lower rhinitis prevalence in Greenland but not in Denmark. CONCLUSIONS These associations suggest that environment interacts with candidate asthma genes to modulate asthma pathogenesis in the Inuit.
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Abstract
Atopy is a highly prevalent condition and remains the single biggest risk factor for asthma. Although atopy has a heritable component, the time frame of the increase in the prevalence indicates that it is not due to genetic factors alone. The relationship between allergen exposure and sensitization is complex. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its bioactive moiety endotoxin are common to all gram-negative bacteria, and have been used as a surrogate of microbial load. Endotoxin can be readily measured in dust collected from homes. Some studies have demonstrated a clear inverse dose-response relationship between exposure to endotoxin and the risk of atopy but this finding has not been reproduced in all studies. Our innate immune system recognizes LPS readily via the LPS signal transduction pathway, which has the trimolecular complex of CD14/TLR4/MD2 at the core. A common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of CD14 rs2569190 C to T (CD14/-260 or CD14/-159) has been associated with elevated sCD14. Although early studies suggested that this variant was associated with more severe atopy, this finding was not uniformly replicated. It has now been demonstrated in four independent populations that high exposure to endotoxin in the domestic environment is protective against the development of atopy, but only among carriers of the C allele, that is, the environmental exposure is only relevant when taken in the context of the genotype. Furthermore, this interaction is biologically plausible. We propose that neither the environmental exposure nor the genotype in isolation is sufficient to cause complex diseases like asthma and atopy, but disease results from the one acting in the context of the other, of which CD14 and endotoxin is one example contributing to the risk for atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simpson
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Translational Research Facility in Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Mathias RA, Grant AV, Rafaels N, Hand T, Gao L, Vergara C, Tsai YJ, Yang M, Campbell M, Foster C. A genome-wide association study on African-ancestry populations for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:336-346.e4. [PMID: 19910028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex disease characterized by striking ethnic disparities not explained entirely by environmental, social, cultural, or economic factors. Of the limited genetic studies performed on populations of African descent, notable differences in susceptibility allele frequencies have been observed. OBJECTIVES We sought to test the hypothesis that some genes might contribute to the profound disparities in asthma. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study in 2 independent populations of African ancestry (935 African American asthmatic cases and control subjects from the Baltimore-Washington, DC, area and 929 African Caribbean asthmatic subjects and their family members from Barbados) to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with asthma. RESULTS A meta-analysis combining these 2 African-ancestry populations yielded 3 SNPs with a combined P value of less than 10(-5) in genes of potential biologic relevance to asthma and allergic disease: rs10515807, mapping to the alpha-1B-adrenergic receptor (ADRA1B) gene on chromosome 5q33 (3.57 x 10(-6)); rs6052761, mapping to the prion-related protein (PRNP) gene on chromosome 20pter-p12 (2.27 x 10(-6)); and rs1435879, mapping to the dipeptidyl peptidase 10 (DPP10) gene on chromosome 2q12.3-q14.2. The generalizability of these findings was tested in family and case-control panels of United Kingdom and German origin, respectively, but none of the associations observed in the African groups were replicated in these European studies. Evidence for association was also examined in 4 additional case-control studies of African Americans; however, none of the SNPs implicated in the discovery population were replicated. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the complexity of identifying true associations for a complex and heterogeneous disease, such as asthma, in admixed populations, especially populations of African descent.
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