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Fernandes DA, Gomes BA, Mendonça SC, Pinheiro CDC, Sanchez EOF, Leitão SG, Fuly AL, Leitão GG. Alkaloids from Siparuna (Siparunaceae) are predicted as the inhibitors of proteolysis and plasma coagulation caused by snake venom and potentially counteract phospholipase A 2 activity of Bothrops jararaca. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118349. [PMID: 38762214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is the world's most lethal neglected tropical disease. Bothrops jararaca is the species that causes the greatest number of SBEs in the South and Southeastern of Brazil. The main symptoms are local (inflammation, edema, hemorrhage, and myonecrosis) and systemic (hemorrhage, hemostatic alterations with consumptive coagulopathy, and death) effects. Species of the genus Siparuna, Siparunaceae, are used in folk and traditional medicine to treat SBE. However, limited information is available concerning Brazilian Siparuna species against SBE. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the correlation between the compounds present in the extracts of five Siparuna species as potential agents against proteolytic activity, plasma coagulation, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity caused by B. jararaca venom, using data obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS, biological activity, and multivariate statistics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethanol extracts from leaves of S. ficoides, S. decipiens, S. glycycarpa, S. reginae, and S. cymosa were fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction using different solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol), affording their respective extracts, totaling 25 samples that were assayed through in vitro plasma coagulation and proteolytic activity assays. Moreover, the extracts were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS, using electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in negative and positive ionization modes. The data was processed in MZmine v. 2.53 and evaluated by multivariate statistical tests (PLS) using the software UnscramblerX v. 10.4. These data were also used to build molecular networks (GNPS), and some ions of interest could be annotated using the library of molecules on the GNPS platform. RESULTS A total of 19 extracts inhibited B. jararaca-induced plasma coagulation, with emphasis on S. cymosa and S. reginae (800 s). The inhibition of the proteolytic activity was also promising, ranging from 16% (S. glycycarpa) to 99% (S. cymosa, S. decipiens, and S. reginae). In addition, most extracts from S. cymosa and S. reginae inhibited 70-90% of PLA2 activity. Based on data from positive mode APCI analyses, it was possible to obtain a statistic model with reliable predictive capacity which exhibited an average R2 of 0.95 and a Q2 of 0.88, indicating a robust fit. This process revealed five ions, identified as the alkaloids: coclaurine (1), stepholidine (2) O-methylisopiline (3), nornantenine (4) and laurolitsine (5). This is the first study to evidence the potential antivenom of alkaloids from Siparuna species. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results give support to the popular use of Siparuna extracts in SBE accidents, suggesting their potential as an alternative or complementary strategy against envenoming by B. jararaca venom. The predicted ions in the chemometric analysis for the assayed activities can also be correlated with the blocking activity and encourage the continuation of this study for possible isolation and testing of individual compounds on the used models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diégina Araújo Fernandes
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco H, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Brendo Araujo Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Simony Carvalho Mendonça
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A2, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Castro Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi/RJ, 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Eladio Oswaldo Flores Sanchez
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas de Animais Venenosos, Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte/MG, 30510-010, Brazil.
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco A2, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - André Lopes Fuly
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi/RJ, 24210-201, Brazil.
| | - Gilda Guimarães Leitão
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco H, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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Kramer S, Kotapati C, Cao Y, Fry BG, Palpant NJ, King GF, Cardoso FC. High-content fluorescence bioassay investigates pore formation, ion channel modulation and cell membrane lysis induced by venoms. Toxicon X 2024; 21:100184. [PMID: 38389571 PMCID: PMC10882159 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Venoms comprise highly sophisticated bioactive molecules modulating ion channels, receptors, coagulation factors, and the cellular membranes. This array of targets and bioactivities requires advanced high-content bioassays to facilitate the development of novel envenomation treatments and biotechnological and pharmacological agents. In response to the existing gap in venom research, we developed a cutting-edge fluorescence-based high-throughput and high-content cellular assay. This assay enables the simultaneous identification of prevalent cellular activities induced by venoms such as membrane lysis, pore formation, and ion channel modulation. By integrating intracellular calcium with extracellular nucleic acid measurements, we have successfully distinguished these venom mechanisms within a single cellular assay. Our high-content bioassay was applied across three cell types exposed to venom components representing lytic, ion pore-forming or ion channel modulator toxins. Beyond unveiling distinct profiles for these action mechanisms, we found that the pore-forming latrotoxin α-Lt1a prefers human neuroblastoma to kidney cells and cardiomyocytes, while the lytic bee peptide melittin is not selective. Furthermore, evaluation of snake venoms showed that Elapid species induced rapid membrane lysis, while Viper species showed variable to no activity on neuroblastoma cells. These findings underscore the ability of our high-content bioassay to discriminate between clades and interspecific traits, aligning with clinical observations at venom level, beyond discriminating among ion pore-forming, membrane lysis and ion channel modulation. We hope our research will expedite the comprehension of venom biology and the diversity of toxins that elicit cytotoxic, cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects, and assist in identifying venom components that hold the potential to benefit humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kramer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Charan Kotapati
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Yuanzhao Cao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Bryan G Fry
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Nathan J Palpant
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4072
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Freitas-de-Sousa LA, Colombini M, Souza VC, Silva JPC, Mota-da-Silva A, Almeida MRN, Machado RA, Fonseca WL, Sartim MA, Sachett J, Serrano SMT, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Grazziotin FG, Monteiro WM, Bernarde PS, Moura-da-Silva AM. Venom Composition of Neglected Bothropoid Snakes from the Amazon Rainforest: Ecological and Toxinological Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:83. [PMID: 38393161 PMCID: PMC10891915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms have evolved in several families of Caenophidae, and their toxins have been assumed to be biochemical weapons with a role as a trophic adaptation. However, it remains unclear how venom contributes to the success of venomous species for adaptation to different environments. Here we compared the venoms from Bothrocophias hyoprora, Bothrops taeniatus, Bothrops bilineatus smaragdinus, Bothrops brazili, and Bothrops atrox collected in the Amazon Rainforest, aiming to understand the ecological and toxinological consequences of venom composition. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses indicated that the venoms presented the same toxin groups characteristic from bothropoids, but with distinct isoforms with variable qualitative and quantitative abundances, contributing to distinct enzymatic and toxic effects. Despite the particularities of each venom, commercial Bothrops antivenom recognized the venom components and neutralized the lethality of all species. No clear features could be observed between venoms from arboreal and terrestrial habitats, nor in the dispersion of the species throughout the Amazon habitats, supporting the notion that venom composition may not shape the ecological or toxinological characteristics of these snake species and that other factors influence their foraging or dispersal in different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mônica Colombini
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.F.-d.-S.); (M.C.)
| | - Vinicius C. Souza
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Joanderson P. C. Silva
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Ageane Mota-da-Silva
- Instituto Federal do Acre, Campus de Cruzeiro do Sul, Cruzeiro do Sul 69980-000, AC, Brazil;
| | - Marllus R. N. Almeida
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Reginaldo A. Machado
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Wirven L. Fonseca
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (J.S.); (W.M.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (J.S.); (W.M.M.)
| | - Solange M. T. Serrano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Inácio L. M. Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (V.C.S.); (J.P.C.S.); (S.M.T.S.); (I.L.M.J.-d.-A.)
| | - Felipe G. Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, AM, Brazil; (M.A.S.); (J.S.); (W.M.M.)
| | - Paulo S. Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul 69895-000, AC, Brazil; (M.R.N.A.); (R.A.M.); (W.L.F.); (P.S.B.)
| | - Ana M. Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.A.F.-d.-S.); (M.C.)
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Cavecci-Mendonça B, Luciano KM, Vaccas T, de Oliveira LA, Clemente EF, Rossini BC, Vieira JCS, de Barros LC, Biondi I, de Magalhães Padilha P, dos Santos LD. Preliminary Insights of Brazilian Snake Venom Metalloproteomics. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:648. [PMID: 37999511 PMCID: PMC10675094 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is one of the most significantly neglected tropical diseases in the world. The lack of diagnosis/prognosis methods for snakebite is one of our motivations to develop innovative technological solutions for Brazilian health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the protein and metallic ion composition of Crotalus durissus terrificus, Bothrops jararaca, B. alternatus, B. jararacussu, B. moojeni, B. pauloensis, and Lachesis muta muta snake venoms. Brazilian snake venoms were subjected to the shotgun proteomic approach using mass spectrometry, and metal ion analysis was performed by atomic spectrometry. Shotgun proteomics has shown three abundant toxin classes (PLA2, serine proteases, and metalloproteinases) in all snake venoms, and metallic ions analysis has evidenced that the Cu2+ ion is present exclusively in the L. m. muta venom; Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions have shown a statistical difference between the species of Bothrops and Crotalus genus, whereas the Zn2+ ion presented a statistical difference among all species studied in this work. In addition, Mg2+ ions have shown 42 times more in the C. d. terrificus venom when compared to the average concentration in the other genera. Though metal ions are a minor fraction of snake venoms, several venom toxins depend on them. We believe that these non-protein fractions are capable of assisting in the development of unprecedented diagnostic devices for Brazilian snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Cavecci-Mendonça
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil; (B.C.-M.); (B.C.R.)
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil; (T.V.); (L.A.d.O.)
- Triad for Life Ltda, Prospecta–Botucatu Technological Incubator, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen Monique Luciano
- Center of Studies of Venoms and Animals Venomous (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18619-002, SP, Brazil; (K.M.L.); (L.C.d.B.)
| | - Tauane Vaccas
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil; (T.V.); (L.A.d.O.)
| | - Laudicéia Alves de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil; (T.V.); (L.A.d.O.)
| | - Eloisa Fornaro Clemente
- Graduate Program in Research and Development (Medical Biotechnology), Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bruno Cesar Rossini
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil; (B.C.-M.); (B.C.R.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil; (J.C.S.V.); (P.d.M.P.)
| | - José Cavalcante Souza Vieira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil; (J.C.S.V.); (P.d.M.P.)
| | - Luciana Curtolo de Barros
- Center of Studies of Venoms and Animals Venomous (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18619-002, SP, Brazil; (K.M.L.); (L.C.d.B.)
| | - Ilka Biondi
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil;
| | - Pedro de Magalhães Padilha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil; (J.C.S.V.); (P.d.M.P.)
| | - Lucilene Delazari dos Santos
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil; (B.C.-M.); (B.C.R.)
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil; (T.V.); (L.A.d.O.)
- Graduate Program in Research and Development (Medical Biotechnology), Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil;
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Isaacson JE, Ye JJ, Silva LL, Hernandes Rocha TA, de Andrade L, Scheidt JFHC, Wen FH, Sachett J, Monteiro WM, Staton CA, Vissoci JRN, Gerardo CJ. Antivenom access impacts severity of Brazilian snakebite envenoming: A geographic information system analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011305. [PMID: 37343007 PMCID: PMC10284398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a neglected tropical disease capable of causing both significant disability and death. The burden of SBE is especially high in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to perform a geospatial analysis evaluating the association of sociodemographics and access to care indicators on moderate and severe cases of SBE in Brazil. METHODS We conducted an ecological, cross-sectional study of SBE in Brazil from 2014 to 2019 using the open access National System Identification of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) database. We then collected a set of indicators from the Brazil Census of 2010 and performed a Principal Component Analysis to create variables related to health, economics, occupation, education, infrastructure, and access to care. Next, a descriptive and exploratory spatial analysis was conducted to evaluate the geospatial association of moderate and severe events. These variables related to events were evaluated using Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression. T-values were plotted in choropleth maps and considered statistically significant when values were <-1.96 or >+1.96. RESULTS We found that the North region had the highest number of SBE cases by population (47.83/100,000), death rates (0.18/100,000), moderate and severe rates (22.96/100,000), and proportion of cases that took more than three hours to reach healthcare assistance (44.11%). The Northeast and Midwest had the next poorest indicators. Life expectancy, young population structure, inequality, electricity, occupation, and more than three hours to reach healthcare were positively associated with greater cases of moderate and severe events, while income, illiteracy, sanitation, and access to care were negatively associated. The remaining indicators showed a positive association in some areas of the country and a negative association in other areas. CONCLUSION Regional disparities in SBE incidence and rates of poor outcomes exist in Brazil, with the North region disproportionately affected. Multiple indicators were associated with rates of moderate and severe events, such as sociodemographic and health care indicators. Any approach to improving snakebite care must work to ensure the timeliness of antivenom administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinny Jing Ye
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lincoln Luís Silva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago Augusto Hernandes Rocha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Luciano de Andrade
- Department of Medicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Fan Hui Wen
- Antivenom Production Section, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Catherine Ann Staton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joao Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles John Gerardo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Venom Variation of Neonate and Adult Chinese Cobras in Captivity Concerning Their Foraging Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090598. [PMID: 36136536 PMCID: PMC9501182 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom and transcriptome profile of the captive Chinese cobra (Naja atra) is not characterized until now. Here, LC-MS/MS and illumine technology were used to unveil the venom and trascriptome of neonates and adults N. atra specimens. In captive Chinese cobra, 98 co-existing transcripts for venom-related proteins was contained. A total of 127 proteins belong to 21 protein families were found in the profile of venom. The main components of snake venom were three finger toxins (3-FTx), snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), cobra venom factor (CVF), and phosphodiesterase (PDE). During the ontogenesis of captive Chinese cobra, the rearrangement of snake venom composition occurred and with obscure gender difference. CVF, 3-FTx, PDE, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in adults were more abundant than neonates, while SVMP and CRISP in the neonates was richer than the adults. Ontogenetic changes in the proteome of Chinese cobra venom reveals different strategies for handling prey. The levels of different types of toxin families were dramatically altered in the wild and captive specimens. Therefore, we speculate that the captive process could reshape the snake venom composition vigorously. The clear comprehension of the composition of Chinese cobra venom facilitates the understanding of the mechanism of snakebite intoxication and guides the preparation and administration of traditional antivenom and next-generation drugs for snakebite.
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8
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Amorim NDM, Pereira Junior LCS, Sanchez EF, Aquino GAD, Ferreira VF, Ferreira SB, Fuly AL, Oliveira ECD. Synthesis, characterization and utilization of a new series of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives to neutralize some toxic activities of Bothrops jararaca snake venom. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-9790202x000x2e201143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Xiao G, Liu J, Peng L, Yang Y, Sun Z. Compositional and toxicological investigation of pooled venom from farm-raised Naja atra. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210040. [PMID: 35382111 PMCID: PMC8956250 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Naja atra is a venomous snake species medically relevant in
China. In the current study, we evaluated the composition and toxicological
profile of venom collected from farm-raised N. atra. Methods: Venom was collected from third-generation captive bred N.
atra on a snake farm in Hunan Province, China. The venom was
analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
nano-liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass
spectrometry. In addition, hemolytic activity, median lethal dose, serum
biochemical and histopathological parameters were accessed. Results: N. atra venom proteome was dominated by phospholipase
A2 (46.5%) and three-finger toxins (41.4 %), and a set of
common low relative abundance proteins, including cysteine-rich secretory
proteins (4.7%), NGF-beta (2.4%), snake venom metalloproteinase (1.5%),
glutathione peroxidase (0.6%), vespryn (0.3%), and 5ʹ-nucleotidases (0.2%)
were also found. Furthermore, the venom exhibited direct hemolytic activity,
neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, and high lethal potency in mice, with a
subcutaneous median lethal dose of 1.02 mg/kg. Histopathological analysis
and serum biochemical tests revealed that venom caused acute hepatic,
pulmonary and renal injury in mice. Conclusion: This study revealed the composition and toxicity of venom collected from
farm-raised N. atra, thereby providing a reference for the
analysis of venom samples collected from captive-born venomous snakes in the
future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xiao
- Hunan Agricultural University, China; Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Hunan Agricultural University, China; Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, China
| | - Lingfeng Peng
- Hunan Agricultural University, China; Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhiliang Sun
- Hunan Agricultural University, China; Hunan Agricultural University, China
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Moreira V, Leiguez E, Janovits PM, Maia-Marques R, Fernandes CM, Teixeira C. Inflammatory Effects of Bothrops Phospholipases A 2: Mechanisms Involved in Biosynthesis of Lipid Mediators and Lipid Accumulation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120868. [PMID: 34941706 PMCID: PMC8709003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) constitute one of the major protein groups present in the venoms of viperid and crotalid snakes. Snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s) exhibit a remarkable functional diversity, as they have been described to induce a myriad of toxic effects. Local inflammation is an important characteristic of snakebite envenomation inflicted by viperid and crotalid species and diverse svPLA2s have been studied for their proinflammatory properties. Moreover, based on their molecular, structural, and functional properties, the viperid svPLA2s are classified into the group IIA secreted PLA2s, which encompasses mammalian inflammatory sPLA2s. Thus, research on svPLA2s has attained paramount importance for better understanding the role of this class of enzymes in snake envenomation and the participation of GIIA sPLA2s in pathophysiological conditions and for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this review, we highlight studies that have identified the inflammatory activities of svPLA2s, in particular, those from Bothrops genus snakes, which are major medically important snakes in Latin America, and we describe recent advances in our collective understanding of the mechanisms underlying their inflammatory effects. We also discuss studies that dissect the action of these venom enzymes in inflammatory cells focusing on molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the biosynthesis of lipid mediators and lipid accumulation in immunocompetent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Priscila Motta Janovits
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Maia-Marques
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
| | - Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (E.L.); (P.M.J.); (R.M.-M.); (C.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Bothrops Jararaca Snake Venom Modulates Key Cancer-Related Proteins in Breast Tumor Cell Lines. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080519. [PMID: 34437390 PMCID: PMC8402457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide in an uncontrolled way and may spread into other tissues where they may infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Several previous reports have described biochemical anti-tumorigenic properties of crude snake venom or its components, including their capability of inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no work describing cancer cell proteomic changes following treatment with snake venoms. In this work we describe the quantitative changes in proteomics of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell lines following treatment with Bothrops jararaca snake venom, as well as the functional implications of the proteomic changes. Cell lines were treated with sub-toxic doses at either 0.63 μg/mL (low) or 2.5 μg/mL (high) of B. jararaca venom for 24 h, conditions that cause no cell death per se. Proteomics analysis was conducted on a nano-scale liquid chromatography coupled on-line with mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). More than 1000 proteins were identified and evaluated from each cell line treated with either the low or high dose of the snake venom. Protein profiling upon venom treatment showed differential expression of several proteins related to cancer cell metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. Among the identified proteins we highlight histone H3, SNX3, HEL-S-156an, MTCH2, RPS, MCC2, IGF2BP1, and GSTM3. These data suggest that sub-toxic doses of B. jararaca venom have potential to modulate cancer-development related protein targets in cancer cells. This work illustrates a novel biochemical strategy to identify therapeutic targets against cancer cell growth and survival.
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12
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Avella I, Barajas-Ledesma E, Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Rowley PD, Crittenden E, Wüster W, Castiglia R, Holland C, van der Meijden A. Unexpected lack of specialisation in the flow properties of spitting cobra venom. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238100. [PMID: 33827968 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Venom spitting is a defence mechanism based on airborne venom delivery used by a number of different African and Asian elapid snake species ('spitting cobras'; Naja spp. and Hemachatus spp.). Adaptations underpinning venom spitting have been studied extensively at both behavioural and morphological level in cobras, but the role of the physical properties of venom itself in its effective projection remains largely unstudied. We hereby provide the first comparative study of the physical properties of venom in spitting and non-spitting cobras. We measured the viscosity, protein concentration and pH of the venom of 13 cobra species of the genus Naja from Africa and Asia, alongside the spitting elapid Hemachatus haemachatus and the non-spitting viper Bitis arietans By using published microCT scans, we calculated the pressure required to eject venom through the fangs of a spitting and a non-spitting cobra. Despite the differences in the modes of venom delivery, we found no significant differences between spitters and non-spitters in the rheological and physical properties of the studied venoms. Furthermore, all analysed venoms showed a Newtonian flow behaviour, in contrast to previous reports. Although our results imply that the evolution of venom spitting did not significantly affect venom viscosity, our models of fang pressure suggests that the pressure requirements to eject venom are lower in spitting cobras than in non-spitting cobras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Avella
- CIBIO/InBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Edgar Barajas-Ledesma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Robert A Harrison
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Paul D Rowley
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Edouard Crittenden
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Wolfgang Wüster
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Riccardo Castiglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Arie van der Meijden
- CIBIO/InBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
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13
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Seneci L, Zdenek CN, Chowdhury A, Rodrigues CFB, Neri-Castro E, Bénard-Valle M, Alagón A, Fry BG. A Clot Twist: Extreme Variation in Coagulotoxicity Mechanisms in Mexican Neotropical Rattlesnake Venoms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:612846. [PMID: 33815366 PMCID: PMC8011430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rattlesnakes are a diverse clade of pit vipers (snake family Viperidae, subfamily Crotalinae) that consists of numerous medically significant species. We used validated in vitro assays measuring venom-induced clotting time and strength of any clots formed in human plasma and fibrinogen to assess the coagulotoxic activity of the four medically relevant Mexican rattlesnake species Crotalus culminatus, C. mictlantecuhtli, C. molossus, and C. tzabcan. We report the first evidence of true procoagulant activity by Neotropical rattlesnake venom in Crotalus culminatus. This species presented a strong ontogenetic coagulotoxicity dichotomy: neonates were strongly procoagulant via Factor X activation, whereas adults were pseudo-procoagulant in that they converted fibrinogen into weak, unstable fibrin clots that rapidly broke down, thereby likely contributing to net anticoagulation through fibrinogen depletion. The other species did not activate clotting factors or display an ontogenetic dichotomy, but depleted fibrinogen levels by cleaving fibrinogen either in a destructive (non-clotting) manner or via a pseudo-procoagulant mechanism. We also assessed the neutralization of these venoms by available antivenom and enzyme-inhibitors to provide knowledge for the design of evidence-based treatment strategies for envenomated patients. One of the most frequently used Mexican antivenoms (Bioclon Antivipmyn®) failed to neutralize the potent procoagulant toxic action of neonate C. culminatus venom, highlighting limitations in snakebite treatment for this species. However, the metalloprotease inhibitor Prinomastat substantially thwarted the procoagulant venom activity, while 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) was much less effective. These results confirm that venom-induced Factor X activation (a procoagulant action) is driven by metalloproteases, while also suggesting Prinomastat as a more promising potential adjunct treatment than DMPS for this species (with the caveat that in vivo studies are necessary to confirm this potential clinical use). Conversely, the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) inhibited the direct fibrinogen cleaving actions of C. mictlantecuhtli venom, thereby revealing that the pseudo-procoagulant action is driven by kallikrein-type serine proteases. Thus, this differential ontogenetic variation in coagulotoxicity patterns poses intriguing questions. Our results underscore the need for further research into Mexican rattlesnake venom activity, and also highlights potential limitations of current antivenom treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Seneci
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Abhinandan Chowdhury
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Caroline F B Rodrigues
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Melisa Bénard-Valle
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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14
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Lima EOVD, Tasima LJ, Hatakeyama DM, Serino-Silva C, Rodrigues CFB, Galizio NDC, Chiarelli T, Nishiduka ES, Rocha MMTD, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, Tashima AK, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Morais-Zani KD. Snake venom color and L-amino acid oxidase: An evidence of long-term captive Crotalus durissus terrificus venom plasticity. Toxicon 2021; 193:73-83. [PMID: 33515573 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The venom color variation of Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) is attributed to the presence of the toxin L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO). During the venom milking routine of Instituto Butantan, we have noticed that most venoms of captive Cdt specimens show a yellowish color, while most venoms of wild specimens are white. Here we describe a comparative analysis of long-term captive (LTC) and recently wild-caught (RWC) Cdt, focusing on LAAO variation. For the identification of LAAO in individual venoms, four different approaches were employed: evaluation of the enzymatic activity, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and ELISA. In addition, mass spectrometry analysis was performed using pooled samples. Although some variation among these methodologies was observed, it was possible to notice that the presence of LAAO was significantly higher in the venom of LTC individuals. LAAO was identified in 60-80% LTC specimens and in only 10-12% of RWC specimens. Furthermore, this enzyme accounts for 5.6% of total venom proteins of LTC Cdt pooled venom, while it corresponds to only 0.7% of RWC Cdt pooled venom. These findings strongly suggest that captive maintenance increases the expression of LAAO in Cdt venom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lídia Jorge Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tassia Chiarelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Patiño RSP, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Medina-Villamizar E, Mendes B, Proaño-Bolaños C, da Silva SL, Almeida JR. Bothrops atrox from Ecuadorian Amazon: Initial analyses of venoms from individuals. Toxicon 2021; 193:63-72. [PMID: 33503404 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox is the most clinically relevant snake species within the Amazon region, which includes Ecuadorian territories. It comprises a large distribution, which could contribute to the genetic and venomic variation identified in the species. The high variability and protein isoform diversity of its venom are of medical interest, since it can influence the clinical manifestations caused by envenomation and its treatment. However, in Ecuador there is insufficient information on the diversity of venomic phenotypes, even of relevant species such as B. atrox. Here, we characterized the biochemical and toxicological profiles of the venom of six B. atrox individuals from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Differences in catalytic activities of toxins, elution profiles in liquid chromatography, electrophoretic patterns, and toxic effects among the analyzed samples were identified. Nonetheless, in the preclinical testing of antivenom, two samples from Mera (Pastaza) required a higher dose to achieve total neutralization of lethality and hemorrhage. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of analyzing individual venoms in studies focused on the outcomes of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo S P Patiño
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador; Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evencio Medina-Villamizar
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Proaño-Bolaños
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Saulo L da Silva
- Escuela de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Centro de Innovación de la Salud - EUS/EP, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV - REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José R Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
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16
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Grego KF, Vieira SEM, Vidueiros JP, Serapicos EDO, Barbarini CC, da Silveira GPM, Rodrigues FDS, Alves LDCF, Stuginski DR, Rameh-de-Albuquerque LC, Furtado MDFD, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, de Morais-Zani K, da Rocha MMT, Fernandes W, Sant'Anna SS. Maintenance of venomous snakes in captivity for venom production at Butantan Institute from 1908 to the present: a scoping history. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200068. [PMID: 33597972 PMCID: PMC7856910 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of snakes at Butantan Institute started in the last century, intending to produce a different antivenom serum to reduce death caused by snakebites. Through a successful campaign coordinated by Vital Brazil, farmers sent venomous snakes to Butantan Institute by the railway lines with no cost. From 1908 to 1962, the snakes were kept in an outdoor serpentarium, where venom extraction was performed every 15 days. During this period, the snake average survival was 15 days. In 1963, the snakes were transferred to an adapted building, currently called Laboratory of Herpetology (LH), to be maintained in an intensive system. Although the periodicity of venom extraction remained the same, animal average survival increased to two months. With the severe serum crisis in 1983, the Ministry of Health financed remodeling for the three public antivenom producers, and with this support, the LH could be improved. Air conditioning and exhausting systems were installed in the rooms, besides the settlement of critical hygienic-sanitary managements to increase the welfare of snakes. In the early 1990s, snake survival was ten months. Over the years to the present day, several improvements have been made in the intensive serpentarium, as the establishment of two quarantines, feeding with thawed rodents, an interval of two months between venom extraction routines, and monitoring of snake health through laboratory tests. With these new protocols, average snake survival increased significantly, being eight years for the genus Bothrops, ten years for genus Crotalus and Lachesis, and four years for the genus Micrurus. Aiming the production of venoms of good quality, respect for good management practices is essential for the maintenance of snakes in captivity. New techniques and efficient management must always be sought to improve animal welfare, the quality of the venom produced, and the safety of those working directly with the venomous snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wilson Fernandes
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Chowdhury A, Zdenek CN, Dobson JS, Bourke LA, Soria R, Fry BG. Clinical implications of differential procoagulant toxicity of the palearctic viperid genus Macrovipera, and the relative neutralization efficacy of antivenoms and enzyme inhibitors. Toxicol Lett 2021; 340:77-88. [PMID: 33412251 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Species within the viperid genus Macrovipera are some of the most dangerous snakes in the Eurasian region, injecting copious amounts of potent venom. Despite their medical importance, the pathophysiological actions of their venoms have been neglected. Particularly poorly known are the coagulotoxic effects and thus the underlying mechanisms of lethal coagulopathy. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we ascertained the effects of venom upon human plasma for Macrovipera lebetina cernovi, M. l. lebetina, M. l. obtusa, M. l. turanica, and M. schweizeri using diverse coagulation analysing protocols. All five were extremely potent in their ability to promote clotting but varied in their relative activation of Factor X, being equipotent in this study to the venom of the better studied, and lethal, species Daboia russelii. The Insoserp European viper antivenom was shown to be highly effective against all the Macrovipera venoms, but performed poorly against the D. russelii venom. Reciprocally, while Daboia antivenoms performed well against D. russelii venom, they failed against Macrovipera venom. Thus despite the two genera sharing a venom phenotype (Factor X activation) driven by the same toxin type (P-IIId snake venom metalloproteases), the surface biochemistries of the toxins differed significantly enough to impede antivenom cross- neutralization. The differences in venom biochemistry were reflected in coagulation co-factor dependence. While both genera were absolutely dependent upon calcium for the activation of Factor X, dependence upon phospholipid varied. The Macrovipera venoms had low levels of dependence upon phospholipid while the Daboia venom was three times more dependent upon phospholipid for the activation of Factor X. This suggests that the sites on the molecular surface responsible for phospholipid dependence, are the same differential sites that prevent inter-genera antivenom cross- neutralization. Due to cold-chain requirements, antivenoms may not be stocked in rural settings where the need is at the greatest. Thus we tested the efficacy of enzyme inhibitor Prinomastat as a field-deployable treatment to stabilise patients while being transported to antivenom stocks, and showed that it was extremely effective in blocking the Factor X activating pathophysiological actions. Marimastat however was less effective. These results thus not only shed light on the coagulopathic mechanisms of Macrovipera venoms, but also provide data critical for evidence-based design of snakebite management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Chowdhury
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James S Dobson
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lachlan A Bourke
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Raul Soria
- Inosan Biopharma, S.A. Arbea Campus Empresarial, Edificio 2, Planta 2, Carretera Fuencarral a Alcobendas, Km 3.8, 28108, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Toxin Evolution Lab, School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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18
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Gopcevic K, Karadzic I, Izrael-Zivkovic L, Medic A, Isakovic A, Popović M, Kekic D, Stanojkovic T, Hozic A, Cindric M. Study of the venom proteome of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758): A qualitative overview, biochemical and biological profiling. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 37:100776. [PMID: 33197857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vipera ammodytes (Va), is the European venomous snake of the greatest medical importance. We analyzed whole venom proteome of the subspecies V. ammodytes ammodytes (Vaa) from Serbia for the first time using the shotgun proteomics approach and identified 99 proteins belonging to four enzymatic families: serine protease (SVSPs), L-amino acid oxidase (LAAOs), metalloproteinases (SVMPs), group II phospholipase (PLA2s), and five nonenzymatic families: cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), C-type lectins (snaclecs), growth factors -nerve (NGFs) and vascular endothelium (VEGFs), and Kunitz-type protease inhibitors (SPIs). Considerable enzymatic activity of LAAO, SVSPs, and SVMPs and a high acidic PLA2 activity was measured implying potential of Vaa to produce haemotoxic, myotoxic, neuro and cardiotoxic effects. Moreover, significant antimicrobial activity of Vaa venom against Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) was found. The crude venom shows considerable potential cytotoxic activity on the C6 and HL60 and a moderate level of potency on B16 cell lines. HeLa cells showed the same sensitivity, while DU 145 and PC-3 are less sensitive than as normal cell line. Our data demonstrated a high complexity of Vaa and considerable enzymatic, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity, implying a great medical potential of Vaa venom as a promising source for new antibacterial and cytostatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Gopcevic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivanka Karadzic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Izrael-Zivkovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Medic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Isakovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marjan Popović
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusan Kekic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Amela Hozic
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Cindric
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Tasima LJ, Hatakeyama DM, Serino-Silva C, Rodrigues CFB, de Lima EOV, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, de Morais-Zani K, Sanz L, Calvete JJ, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Comparative proteomic profiling and functional characterization of venom pooled from captive Crotalus durissus terrificus specimens and the Brazilian crotalic reference venom. Toxicon 2020; 185:26-35. [PMID: 32634448 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus spp has a wide geographic distribution in Brazil. Although responsible for only a low proportion of ophidian accidents, it is considered one of the most medically important species of venomous snakes due to the high mortality rate (1.87%). Snake venom is a complex phenotype commonly subjected to individual intraspecific, ontogenetic and geographic variability. Compositional differences in pooled venom used in the immunization process may impact the efficacy of the antivenom. In order to assure standardized high-quality antivenom, the potency of each Brazilian crotalic antivenom batch is determined against the 'Brazilian Crotalic Reference Venom' (BCRV). BCRV is produced by Instituto Butantan using venom obtained from the first milking of recently wild-caught C. d. terrificus specimens brought to the Institute. The decrease in the number of snake donations experienced in recent years can become a threat to the production of future batches of BCRV. To evaluate the feasibility of using venom from long-term captive animals in the formulation of BCRV, we have compared the proteomic, biochemical and biological profiles of C. d. terrificus venom pooled from captive specimens (CVP- captive venom pool) and BCRV. Electrophoretic and venomics analyses revealed a very similar venom composition profile, but also certain differences in toxins abundance, with some low abundant protein families found only in BCRV. Enzymatic (L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A2 and proteolytic) and biological (myotoxic and coagulant) activities showed higher values in CVP than in BCRV. CVP also possessed slightly higher lethal effect, although the Instituto Butantan crotalic antivenom showed equivalent potency neutralizing BCRV and CVP. Our results strongly suggest that venom from long-term captive C. d. terrificus might be a valid alternative to generate an immunization mixture of equivalent quality to the currently in use reference venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia J Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline F B Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O V de Lima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Sávio S Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Kathleen F Grego
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Libia Sanz
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anita M Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil.
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20
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Tasima LJ, Serino-Silva C, Hatakeyama DM, Nishiduka ES, Tashima AK, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Crotamine in Crotalus durissus: distribution according to subspecies and geographic origin, in captivity or nature. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190053. [PMID: 32362925 PMCID: PMC7187639 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Crotalus durissus is considered one of the most important
species of venomous snakes in Brazil, due to the high mortality of its
snakebites. The venom of Crotalus durissus contains four
main toxins: crotoxin, convulxin, gyroxin and crotamine. Venoms can vary in
their crotamine content, being crotamine-negative or -positive. This
heterogeneity is of great importance for producing antivenom, due to their
different mechanisms of action. The possibility that antivenom produced by
Butantan Institute might have a different immunorecognition capacity between
crotamine-negative and crotamine-positive C. durissus
venoms instigated us to investigate the differences between these two venom
groups. Methods: The presence of crotamine was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, western blotting and
ELISA, whereas comparison between the two types of venoms was carried out
through HPLC, mass spectrometry analysis as well as assessment of antivenom
lethality and efficacy. Results: The results showed a variation in the presence of crotamine among the
subspecies and the geographic origin of snakes from nature, but not in
captive snakes. Regarding differences between crotamine-positive and
-negative venoms, some exclusive proteins are found in each pool and the
crotamine-negative pool presented more phospholipase A2 than
crotamine-positive pool. This variation could affect the time to death, but
the lethal and effective dose were not affected. Conclusion: These differences between venom pools indicate the importance of using both,
crotamine-positive and crotamine-negative venoms, to produce the
antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia J Tasima
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB - IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo(USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB - IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo(USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Hatakeyama
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB - IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo(USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika S Nishiduka
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre K Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sávio S Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathleen F Grego
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB - IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo(USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anita M Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB - IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo(USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Tasoulis T, Lee MSY, Ziajko M, Dunstan N, Sumner J, Isbister GK. Activity of two key toxin groups in Australian elapid venoms show a strong correlation to phylogeny but not to diet. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:9. [PMID: 31931699 PMCID: PMC6958663 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relative influence of diet and phylogeny on snake venom activity is a poorly understood aspect of snake venom evolution. We measured the activity of two enzyme toxin groups – phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) – in the venom of 39 species of Australian elapids (40% of terrestrial species diversity) and used linear parsimony and BayesTraits to investigate any correlation between enzyme activity and phylogeny or diet. Results PLA2 activity ranged from 0 to 481 nmol/min/mg of venom, and LAAO activity ranged from 0 to 351 nmol/min/mg. Phylogenetic comparative methods, implemented in BayesTraits showed that enzyme activity was strongly correlated with phylogeny, more so for LAAO activity. For example, LAAO activity was absent in both the Vermicella and Pseudonaja/Oxyuranus clade, supporting previously proposed relationships among these disparate taxa. There was no association between broad dietary categories and either enzyme activity. There was strong evidence for faster initial rates of change over evolutionary time for LAAO (delta parameter mean 0.2), but no such pattern in PLA2 (delta parameter mean 0.64). There were some exceptions to the phylogenetic patterns of enzyme activity: different PLA2 activity in the ecologically similar sister-species Denisonia devisi and D. maculata; large inter-specific differences in PLA2 activity in Hoplocephalus and Austrelaps. Conclusions We have shown that phylogeny is a stronger influence on venom enzyme activity than diet for two of the four major enzyme families present in snake venoms. PLA2 and LAAO activities had contrasting evolutionary dynamics with the higher delta value for PLA2 Some species/individuals lacked activity in one protein family suggesting that the loss of single protein family may not incur a significant fitness cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Tasoulis
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Michael S Y Lee
- Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, S.A, 5000, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, S.A, 5042, Australia
| | - Manon Ziajko
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Nathan Dunstan
- Venom Supplies, Tanunda, South Australia, 5352, Australia
| | - Joanna Sumner
- Museums Victoria, Carlton Gardens, Carlton, VIC, 5053, Australia
| | - Geoffrey K Isbister
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
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22
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Jorge RJB, Martins RD, Araújo RM, da Silva MA, Monteiro HSA, Ximenes RM. Plants and Phytocompounds Active Against Bothrops Venoms. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2003-2031. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190723153925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Snakebite envenomation is an important health problem in tropical countries, with severe
human and social consequences. In Latin America, the Bothrops species constitute the main threat to
humans, and the envenomation caused by these species quickly develops into severe local tissue damage,
including swelling, hemorrhaging, myonecrosis, skin ulceration, and pain. The systemic effects of
envenomation are usually neutralized by antivenom serum therapy, despite its intrinsic risks. However,
neutralization of local tissue damage remains a challenge. To improve actual therapy, two major alternatives
are proposed: the rational design of new specific antibodies for most of the tissue damaging/
poor immunogenic toxins, or the search for new synthetic or natural compounds which are able to
inhibit these toxins and complement the serum therapy. Natural compounds isolated from plants,
mainly from those used in folk medicine to treat snakebite, are a good choice for finding new lead
compounds to improve snakebite treatment and minimize its consequences for the victims. In this article,
we reviewed the most promising plants and phytocompounds active against bothropic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - René Duarte Martins
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helena Serra Azul Monteiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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23
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Aguiar WDS, Galizio NDC, Serino-Silva C, Sant’Anna SS, Grego KF, Tashima AK, Nishiduka ES, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Comparative compositional and functional analyses of Bothrops moojeni specimens reveal several individual variations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222206. [PMID: 31513632 PMCID: PMC6742229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures with different biological activities that can act in both their preys and human victims. Many of these proteins play a role in prey capture and in the digestive process of these animals. It is known that some snakes are resistant to the toxicity of their own venom by mechanisms not yet fully elucidated. However, it was observed in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Instituto Butantan that some Bothrops moojeni individuals injured by the same snake species showed mortalities caused by envenoming effects. This study analyzed the biochemical composition of 13 venom and plasma samples from Bothrops moojeni specimens to assess differences in their protein composition. Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed distinct venom protein profiles, but very homogeneous plasma profiles. Western Blotting (WB) was performed with plasma samples, which were submitted to incubation with the respective venom. Some individuals showed an immunorecognized band zone around 25 kDa, indicating interaction between the same individual plasma and venom proteins. Crossed-WB assay using non-self-plasma and venom showed that this variability is due to venom protein composition instead of plasma composition. These venoms presented higher caseinolytic, collagenolytic and coagulant activities than the venoms without these regions recognized by WB. Mass spectrometry analyses performed on two individuals revealed that these individuals present, in addition to higher protein concentrations, other exclusive proteins in their composition. When these same two samples were tested in vivo, the results also showed higher lethality in these venoms, but lower hemorrhagic activity than in the venoms without these regions recognized by WB. In conclusion, some Bothrops moojeni specimens differ in venom composition, which may have implications in envenomation. Moreover, the high individual venom variability found in this species demonstrates the importance to work with individual analyses in studies involving intraspecific venom variability and venom evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslei da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
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24
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Evidence for Snake Venom Plasticity in a Long-Term Study with Individual Captive Bothrops atrox. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050294. [PMID: 31137619 PMCID: PMC6563259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in snake venom composition has been frequently reported and correlated to the adaptability of snakes to environmental conditions. Previous studies report plasticity for the venom phenotype. However, these observations are not conclusive, as the results were based on pooled venoms, which present high individual variability. Here we tested the hypothesis of plasticity by influence of confinement and single diet type in the venom composition of 13 adult specimens of Bothrops atrox snakes, maintained under captivity for more than three years. Individual variability in venom composition was observed in samples extracted just after the capture of the snakes. However, composition was conserved in venoms periodically extracted from nine specimens, which presented low variability restricted to the less abundant components. In a second group, composed of four snakes, drastic changes were observed in the venom samples extracted at different periods, mostly related to snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), the core function toxins of B. atrox venom, which occurred approximately between 400 and 500 days in captivity. These data show plasticity in the venom phenotype during the lifetime of adult snakes maintained under captive conditions. Causes or functional consequences involved in the phenotype modification require further investigations.
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25
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León G, Vargas M, Segura Á, Herrera M, Villalta M, Sánchez A, Solano G, Gómez A, Sánchez M, Estrada R, Gutiérrez JM. Current technology for the industrial manufacture of snake antivenoms. Toxicon 2018; 151:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Compositional and functional investigation of individual and pooled venoms from long-term captive and recently wild-caught Bothrops jararaca snakes. J Proteomics 2018; 186:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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