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Besnard C, Marie A, Sasidharan S, Harper RA, Shelton RM, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchies in Mineralised Human Dental Enamel: A State-of-the-Art Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:98. [PMID: 37185477 PMCID: PMC10137518 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hard dental tissues possess a complex hierarchical structure that is particularly evident in enamel, the most mineralised substance in the human body. Its complex and interlinked organisation at the Ångstrom (crystal lattice), nano-, micro-, and macro-scales is the result of evolutionary optimisation for mechanical and functional performance: hardness and stiffness, fracture toughness, thermal, and chemical resistance. Understanding the physical-chemical-structural relationships at each scale requires the application of appropriately sensitive and resolving probes. Synchrotron X-ray techniques offer the possibility to progress significantly beyond the capabilities of conventional laboratory instruments, i.e., X-ray diffractometers, and electron and atomic force microscopes. The last few decades have witnessed the accumulation of results obtained from X-ray scattering (diffraction), spectroscopy (including polarisation analysis), and imaging (including ptychography and tomography). The current article presents a multi-disciplinary review of nearly 40 years of discoveries and advancements, primarily pertaining to the study of enamel and its demineralisation (caries), but also linked to the investigations of other mineralised tissues such as dentine, bone, etc. The modelling approaches informed by these observations are also overviewed. The strategic aim of the present review was to identify and evaluate prospective avenues for analysing dental tissues and developing treatments and prophylaxis for improved dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Besnard
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Ali Marie
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sisini Sasidharan
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Robert A. Harper
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Richard M. Shelton
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
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Malekipour MH, Shirani F, Moradi S, Taherkhani A. Cinnamic acid derivatives as potential matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitors: molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e9. [PMID: 37037467 PMCID: PMC10085732 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a zinc and calcium-dependent proteolytic enzyme involved in extracellular matrix degradation. Overexpression of MMP-9 has been confirmed in several disorders, including cancers, Alzheimer′s disease, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and dental caries. Therefore, MMP-9 inhibition is recommended as a therapeutic strategy for combating various diseases. Cinnamic acid derivatives have shown therapeutic effects in different cancers, Alzheimer′s disease, cardiovascular diseases, and dental caries. A computational drug discovery approach was performed to evaluate the binding affinity of selected cinnamic acid derivatives to the MMP-9 active site. The stability of docked poses for top-ranked compounds was also examined. Twelve herbal cinnamic acid derivatives were tested for possible MMP-9 inhibition using the AutoDock 4.0 tool. The stability of the docked poses for the most potent MMP-9 inhibitors was assessed by molecular dynamics (MD) in 10 nanosecond simulations. Interactions between the best MMP-9 inhibitors in this study and residues incorporated in the MMP-9 active site were studied before and after MD simulations. Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid revealed a considerable binding affinity to the MMP-9 catalytic domain (ΔGbinding < -10 kcal/mol). The inhibition constant value for cynarin and chlorogenic acid were calculated at the picomolar scale and assigned as the most potent MMP-9 inhibitor from the cinnamic acid derivatives. The root-mean-square deviations for cynarin and chlorogenic acid were below 2 Å in the 10 ns simulation. Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid might be considered drug candidates for MMP-9 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Malekipour
- Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shirani
- Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Shadi Moradi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran
| | - Amir Taherkhani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran
- Corresponding author E-mail:
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Deshmukh R, Vasquez B, Bhogadi L, Gabe CM, Lukashova L, Verdelis K, Morasso MI, Beniash E. Elucidating the role of keratin 75 in enamel using Krt75 tm1Der knock-in mouse model. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1102553. [PMID: 36620220 PMCID: PMC9816862 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 75 (K75) was recently discovered in ameloblasts and enamel organic matrix. Carriers of A161T substitution in K75 present with the skin condition Pseudofollicullitis barbae. This mutation is also associated with high prevalence of caries and compromised structural and mechanical properties of enamel. Krt75tm1Der knock-in mouse (KI) with deletion of Asn159, located two amino acids away from KRT75A161T, can be a potential model for studying the role of K75 in enamel and the causes of the higher caries susceptibility associated with KRT75A161T mutation. To test the hypotheses that KI enamel is more susceptible to a simulated acid attack (SAA), and has altered structural and mechanical properties, we conducted in vitro SAA experiments, microCT, and microhardness analyses on 1st molars of one-month-old WT and KI mice. KI and WT hemimandibles were subjected to SAA and contralateral hemimandibles were used as controls. Changes in enamel porosity were assessed by immersion of the hemimandibles in rhodamine, followed by fluorescent microscopy analysis. Fluorescence intensity of KI enamel after SSA was significantly higher than in WT, indicating that KI enamel is more susceptible to acid attack. MicroCT analysis of 1st molars revealed that while enamel volumes were not significantly different, enamel mineral density was significantly lower in KI, suggesting a potential defect of enamel maturation. Microhardness tests revealed that in KI enamel is softer than in WT, and potentially less resilient to damages. These results suggest that the KI enamel can be used as a model to study the role of K75 in enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja Deshmukh
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brent Vasquez
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lasya Bhogadi
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire M. Gabe
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Kostas Verdelis
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maria I. Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elia Beniash
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Elia Beniash,
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Abstract
Paleoproteomics, the study of ancient proteins, is a rapidly growing field at the intersection of molecular biology, paleontology, archaeology, paleoecology, and history. Paleoproteomics research leverages the longevity and diversity of proteins to explore fundamental questions about the past. While its origins predate the characterization of DNA, it was only with the advent of soft ionization mass spectrometry that the study of ancient proteins became truly feasible. Technological gains over the past 20 years have allowed increasing opportunities to better understand preservation, degradation, and recovery of the rich bioarchive of ancient proteins found in the archaeological and paleontological records. Growing from a handful of studies in the 1990s on individual highly abundant ancient proteins, paleoproteomics today is an expanding field with diverse applications ranging from the taxonomic identification of highly fragmented bones and shells and the phylogenetic resolution of extinct species to the exploration of past cuisines from dental calculus and pottery food crusts and the characterization of past diseases. More broadly, these studies have opened new doors in understanding past human-animal interactions, the reconstruction of past environments and environmental changes, the expansion of the hominin fossil record through large scale screening of nondiagnostic bone fragments, and the phylogenetic resolution of the vertebrate fossil record. Even with these advances, much of the ancient proteomic record still remains unexplored. Here we provide an overview of the history of the field, a summary of the major methods and applications currently in use, and a critical evaluation of current challenges. We conclude by looking to the future, for which innovative solutions and emerging technology will play an important role in enabling us to access the still unexplored "dark" proteome, allowing for a fuller understanding of the role ancient proteins can play in the interpretation of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Warinner
- Department
of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kristine Korzow Richter
- Department
of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew J. Collins
- Department
of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, United Kingdom
- Section
for Evolutionary Genomics, Globe Institute,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
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Dauphin Y. Vertebrate Taphonomy and Diagenesis: Implications of Structural and Compositional Alterations of Phosphate Biominerals. Minerals 2022; 12:180. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Biominerals are recorders of evolution and palaeoenvironments. Predation is one of the most frequent modes leading to the concentration of small vertebrates in fossil assemblages. Consumption by predators produces damages on bones and teeth from prey species, and one of the greatest challenges to taphonomists is differentiating original biological and secondary, geologically altered attributes of fossils. Excellent morphological preservation is often used to assume that the structure and composition of fossils are not modified. Nevertheless, during predation and fossilization, both the physical structure and chemical composition of enamel, dentine and bone are altered, the degree and extent of which varies from site to site, depending on the nature of the burial environment. A relationship between the surficial alterations and the compositional changes which take place during fossilization has yet to be established. Herein, I present a review of old and recent taphonomic studies that collectively reveal the wide diversity of microstructural and chemical changes that typically take place during fossilization of vertebrate remains, including common taphonomic biases and the challenges inherent to reconstructing the history of vertebrate fossil assemblages.
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Louryan S, Choa-Duterre M, Lejong M, Vanmuylder N. Evolution and development of parrot pseudoteeth. J Morphol 2021; 283:207-218. [PMID: 34910319 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Parrot embryos carry peculiar appendages at their developing beak that have been described as pseudoteeth. To better characterize the pattern of development responsible for the emergence of these dental appendages, we examined parrot embryos combining conventional histology and microtomography approaches. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed the epithelial and mesenchymal expression of several proteins involved in tooth development in mammals. Parrot pseudoteeth arose by epithelial and mesenchymal evagination, and their early development was similar to the ontogeny of scales and feathers. There was no enamel tissue, and the evaginations were surrounded by the rhamphotheca. In adults, the rhamphotheca covers entirely the appendages, now represented by bone evaginations, which were more numerous in the lower than in the upper beak, being similar to the osseous teeth of the fossil Pelagornithidae. These embryonic pseudoteeth resembled reptile's first-generation teeth and dental appendages of chicken talpid2 mutants. Proteins involved in mammalian odontogenesis, such as SHH, BMP4, PITX2, and PAX9, were found to be generally expressed in beak epithelium and mesenchyme during parrot pseudoteeth development, with clusters of high-level expression in the pseudoteeth rudiments. This suggests that a similar, highly conserved gene expression program gives rise to the appearance of odontode derivatives in numerous species, despite their divergent developmental paths. These results provide new insights into the development and evolution of odontode-derived structures in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Louryan
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Biomécanique et Organogenèse (LABO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté de Médecine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Choa-Duterre
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Biomécanique et Organogenèse (LABO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté de Médecine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Lejong
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Biomécanique et Organogenèse (LABO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté de Médecine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Vanmuylder
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Biomécanique et Organogenèse (LABO), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté de Médecine, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE Therapeutic radiation used for head and neck cancers mainly affects the cervical region of the tooth. To better understand the impact of therapeutic radiation on tooth, we aimed to examine the crystallinity, micro-morphology, and elemental composition of the cervical inner enamel located adjacent to the dento-enamel junction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-one specimens obtained from 16 impacted third mandibular molars were randomly divided into seven groups (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 Gy irradiation groups). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed after the irradiation by 6 MV photon energy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted in every group before and after irradiation. Elemental compositions, and Ca/P, P/N, Ca/N atomic ratios were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. All of the elements except Mg showed a normal distribution and were compared by the one-way ANOVA. The non-normally distributed Mg data and Ca/P, P/N, and Ca/N ratios were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The results showed that widening in the interprismatic spaces were observed in the experimental groups subjected to 30 Gy and the following increased doses. In addition, there were no significant differences in C, O, Ca, P, N percentages between irradiated and non-irradiated groups (p > .05). An increase in atomic ratio of the Mg was detected after samples conducted by 60 Gy radiation dose (p < .05). The stoichiometric Ca/P, Ca/N, and P/N atomic ratios did not change by irradiation (p > .05). The XRD peaks of the inner enamel crystalline phase showed a slight decline in the 60 Gy radiation dose group. CONCLUSION Radiation effects begin to be seen after 30 Gy radiation dose groups. The widen interprismatic spaces seen obviously in 50 Gy and 60 Gy dose groups. Besides Mg ratio showed an increase in the 60 Gy dose group. But it should be thought that radiation caries is a multi-factorial disease that is in collaboration with various radiation-induced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Deniz
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Çağatay Aktaş
- Department of Prosthodontics, Private Dental Clinic, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Misilli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Burak Çarıkçıoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Pappa E, Vougas K, Zoidakis J, Papaioannou W, Rahiotis C, Vastardis H. Downregulation of Salivary Proteins, Protective against Dental Caries, in Type 1 Diabetes. Proteomes 2021; 9:33. [PMID: 34287355 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva, an essential oral secretion involved in protecting the oral cavity’s hard and soft tissues, is readily available and straightforward to collect. Recent studies have analyzed the salivary proteome in children and adolescents with extensive carious lesions to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The current study aimed to investigate saliva’s diagnostic ability through proteomics to detect the potential differential expression of proteins specific for the occurrence of carious lesions. For this study, we performed bioinformatics and functional analysis of proteomic datasets, previously examined by our group, from samples of adolescents with regulated and unregulated type 1 diabetes, as they compare with healthy controls. Among the differentially expressed proteins relevant to caries pathology, alpha-amylase 2B, beta-defensin 4A, BPI fold containing family B member 2, protein S100-A7, mucin 5B, statherin, salivary proline-rich protein 2, and interleukin 36 gamma were significantly downregulated in poorly-controlled patients compared to healthy subjects. In addition, significant biological pathways (defense response to the bacterium, beta-defensin activity, proline-rich protein activity, oxygen binding, calcium binding, and glycosylation) were deregulated in this comparison, highlighting specific molecular characteristics in the cariogenic process. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in caries vulnerability in adolescents with unregulated diabetes.
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Lee YK, Wadhwa P, Cai H, Jung SU, Zhao BC, Rim JS, Kim DH, Jang HS, Lee ES. Micro-CT and Histomorphometric Study of Bone Regeneration Effect with Autogenous Tooth Biomaterial Enriched with Platelet-Rich Fibrin in an Animal Model. Scanning 2021; 2021:6656791. [PMID: 34055131 PMCID: PMC8133871 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6656791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of tooth biomaterials as bone graft biomaterials for bone healing in rabbits. We prepared tooth biomaterial and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) to fill the round-shaped defect in the skull of New Zealand white rabbits. These cranial defects were treated with different conditions as follows: group 1, a mixture of tooth biomaterials and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF); group 2, only tooth biomaterials; group 3, only PRF; and group 4, the unfilled control group. Specimens of the filled sites were harvested for analysis with microscopic computerized tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphology at 4 and 8 weeks. As a result of micro-CT, at 4 weeks, the bone volume percentages in groups 1 and 2 were 50.33 ± 6.35 and 57.74 ± 3.13, respectively, and that in the unfilled control group was 42.20 ± 10.53 (p = 0.001). At 8 weeks, the bone volume percentages in groups 1 and 2 were 53.73 ± 9.60 and 54.56 ± 8.44, respectively, and that in the unfilled control group was 37.86 ± 7.66 (p = 0.002). The difference between the experimental group 3 and the unfilled control group was not statistically significant. Histomorphologically, the total new bone was statistically different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ki Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Puneet Wadhwa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - HongXin Cai
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Sung-Uk Jung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Cheng Zhao
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Jae-Suk Rim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuck Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Seok Jang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
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Haworth S, Kho PF, Holgerson PL, Hwang LD, Timpson NJ, Rentería ME, Johansson I, Cuellar-Partida G. Assessment and visualization of phenome-wide causal relationships using genetic data: an application to dental caries and periodontitis. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:300-308. [PMID: 33011735 PMCID: PMC7868372 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis-free Mendelian randomization studies provide a way to assess the causal relevance of a trait across the human phenome but can be limited by statistical power, sample overlap or complicated by horizontal pleiotropy. The recently described latent causal variable (LCV) approach provides an alternative method for causal inference which might be useful in hypothesis-free experiments across human phenome. We developed an automated pipeline for phenome-wide tests using the LCV approach including steps to estimate partial genetic causality, filter to a meaningful set of estimates, apply correction for multiple testing and then present the findings in a graphical summary termed causal architecture plot. We apply this pipeline to body mass index (BMI) and lipid traits as exemplars of traits where there is strong prior expectation for causal effects, and to dental caries and periodontitis as exemplars of traits where there is a need for causal inference. The results for lipids and BMI suggest that these traits are best viewed as contributing factors on a multitude of traits and conditions, thus providing additional evidence that supports viewing these traits as targets for interventions to improve health. On the other hand, caries and periodontitis are best viewed as a downstream consequence of other traits and diseases rather than a cause of ill health. The automated pipeline is implemented in the Complex-Traits Genetics Virtual Lab ( https://vl.genoma.io ) and results are available in https://view.genoma.io . We propose causal architecture plots based on phenome-wide partial genetic causality estimates as a new way visualizing the overall causal map of the human phenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pik Fang Kho
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics & Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Section of Cariology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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11
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Wang S, Zhang J, Ma J, Yang H, Shao X, Su M, Zhou Z, Li Z. Applying Pb 2+ to probe the dissolution of carbonated hydroxylapatite by Enterobacter sp.: A new insight into the bioerosion of tooth mineral. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:1230-1238. [PMID: 33354845 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common disorders in dentistry. Typically, it is caused by the dissolution of the tooth mineral due to cariogenic organisms. Bioapatite is vulnerable to acid-etching ascribed to a variety of substitutions. This study applied Pb2+ cations to probe the dissolution of synthetic carbonated hydroxylapatite (CHAp) in the acidic environment induced by Enterobacter sp. It indicated a decreasing tendency of crystallite size (from ∼400 nm to 10-20 nm) during gradual incorporation of carbonate (from 2.5 to 13.8 wt %). Meanwhile, the shape of CHAp crystals was transformed from elongated to plate-like. Addition of Enterobacter sp. enhanced P release from CHAp (especially for the CHAp with ∼8 wt % CO3 ) around 10 times. Moreover, the bacterium provided a moderately acidic environment to cause more formation of stable pyromorphite over other Pb-minerals, for example, Pb3 (PO4 )2 , and PbCO3 . Then, transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy mapping successfully confirmed the Pb labeling on the newly formed phosphate mineral as Pb (with high-atomic weight) has strong signal under electron microscopy. This study therefore elucidated that Pb labeling has a bright future to explore the degradation of tooth mineral by microorganisms, as well as to evaluate the resistance of calcium phosphate dental restorative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Shao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mu Su
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Sharma V, Rastogi S, Kumar Bhati K, Srinivasan A, Roychoudhury A, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. Mapping the Inorganic and Proteomic Differences among Different Types of Human Teeth: A Preliminary Compositional Insight. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1540. [PMID: 33187273 PMCID: PMC7697572 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies on mineralized tissues are becoming increasingly popular not only due to the diverse mechanophysical properties of such materials but also because of the growing need to understand the intricate mechanism involved in their assembly and formation. The biochemical mechanism that results in the formation of such hierarchical structures through a well-coordinated accumulation of inorganic and organic components is termed biomineralization. Some prime examples of such tissues in the human body are teeth and bones. Our current study is an attempt to dissect the compositional details of the inorganic and organic components in four major types of human teeth using mass spectrometry-based approaches. We quantified inorganic materials using inductively coupled plasma resonance mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Differential level of ten different elements, Iron (Fe), Cadmium (Cd), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Cobalt (Co), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Aluminum (Al), and Copper (Cu) were quantified across different teeth types. The qualitative and quantitative details of their respective proteomic milieu revealed compositional differences. We found 152 proteins in total tooth protein extract. Differential abundance of proteins in different teeth types were also noted. Further, we were able to find out some significant protein-protein interaction (PPI) backbone through the STRING database. Since this is the first study analyzing the differential details of inorganic and organic counterparts within teeth, this report will pave new directions to the compositional understanding and development of novel in-vitro repair strategies for such biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sharma
- Departement of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Simran Rastogi
- Departement of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Alagiri Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Ajoy Roychoudhury
- Centre for Dental Education and Research (CDER), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- Department of Health Sciences, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden;
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Departement of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
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Greydanus DE, Azmeh R, Cabral MD, Dickson CA, Patel DR. Acne in the first three decades of life: An update of a disorder with profound implications for all decades of life. Dis Mon 2021; 67:101103. [PMID: 33041056 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic, inflammatory, skin condition that involves the pilosebaceous follicles and is influenced by a variety of factors including genetics, androgen-stimulation of sebaceous glands with abnormal keratinization, colonization with Cutibacterium acnes (previously called Propionibacterium acnes), and pathological immune response to inflammation. Acne can occur at all ages and this discussion focuses on the first three decades of life. Conditions that are part of the differential diagnosis and/or are co-morbid with acne vulgaris are also considered. Acne in the first year of life includes neonatal acne (acne neonatorum) that presents in the first four weeks of life and infantile acne that usually presents between 3 and 6 months of the first year of life with a range of 3 to 16 months after birth. Acne rosacea is a chronic, inflammatory, skin condition that is distinct from acne vulgaris, typically presents in adults, and has four main types: erythemato-telangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous and ocular. Treatment options for acne vulgaris include topical retinoids, topical benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics (topical, oral), oral contraceptive pills, isotretinoin, and others. Management must consider the increasing impact of antibiotic resistance in the 21st century. Psychological impact of acne can be quite severe and treatment of acne includes awareness of the potential emotional toll this disease may bring to the person with acne as well as assiduous attention to known side effects of various anti-acne medications (topical and systemic). Efforts should be directed at preventing acne-caused scars and depigmentation on the skin as well as emotional scars within the person suffering from acne.
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Jiang H, Chen H, Chen N. Construction and validation of a seven-gene signature for predicting overall survival in patients with kidney renal clear cell carcinoma via an integrated bioinformatics analysis. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:160-170. [PMID: 33209196 PMCID: PMC7651852 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1760932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remains a significant challenge worldwide because of its poor prognosis and high mortality rate, and accurate prognostic gene signatures are urgently required for individual therapy. This study aimed to construct and validate a seven-gene signature for predicting overall survival (OS) in patients with KIRC. The mRNA expression profile and clinical data of patients with KIRC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). Prognosis-associated genes were identified, and a prognostic gene signature was constructed. Then, the prognostic efficiency of the gene signature was assessed. The results obtained using data from the TCGA were validated using those from the ICGC and other online databases. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) were performed to explore potential molecular mechanisms. A seven-gene signature (PODXL, SLC16A12, ZIC2, ATP2B3, KRT75, C20orf141, and CHGA) was constructed, and it was found to be effective in classifying KIRC patients into high- and low-risk groups, with significantly different survival based on the TCGA and ICGC validation data set. Cox regression analysis revealed that the seven-gene signature had an independent prognostic value. Then, we established a nomogram, including the seven-gene signature, which had a significant clinical net benefit. Interestingly, the seven-gene signature had a good performance in distinguishing KIRC from normal tissues. GSEA revealed that several oncological signatures and GO terms were enriched. This study developed a novel seven-gene signature and nomogram for predicting the OS of patients with KIRC, which may be helpful for clinicians in establishing individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Jiang
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nanhui Chen
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Nanhui Chen Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, No. 63, Huang Tang Road, Meizhou, Guangdong Province514031, P.R. China
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Koldehoff J, Swain MV, Schneider GA. The geometrical structure of interfaces in dental enamel: A FIB-STEM investigation. Acta Biomater 2020; 104:17-27. [PMID: 31917293 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study a high resolution structural analysis revealed that enamel prisms are surrounded by an interface that is discontinuous with frequent mineral to mineral contact separated by gaps. This contact manifests either by crystallites bridging the boundary between prismatic and interprismatic enamel or continuous crystallites curving and bridging the interprismatic enamel to the prisms. The geometrical resolution of this TEM investigation of the interfaces is ≤2 nm as a basis for micromechanical models. Within this resolution, contrary to existing structural descriptions of dental enamel structure in materials science literature, here the crystallites themselves are shown to be either in direct contact with each other, sometimes even fusing together, or are separated by gaps. Image analysis revealed that on average only 57 ± 15% of the interface consists of points of no contact between crystallites. This work reveals structural features of dental enamel that contribute important understanding to both the architecture and mechanical properties of this biological material. A new structural model is proposed and the implications for the mechanical properties of dental enamel are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study a high resolution structural analysis, employing focused ion beam and transmission electron microscopy revealed that enamel prisms are surrounded by interfaces that are discontinuous with frequent mineral to mineral contact separated by gaps. Although the interfaces in enamel have been investigated previously, existing studies are lacking in detail considering the geometry and morphology of the interfaces. We think that this result is of great importance when it comes to the understanding of the mechanical properties. In our opinion the concept of soft sheaths is no longer feasible. The resulting observations are included in a new structural model which provides new qualitative insights into the mechanical behavior. Existing analytical models were applied to simulate the new geometrical structure.
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Dauphin Y. Using Microstructures and Composition to Decipher the Alterations of Rodent Teeth in Modern Regurgitation Pellets—A Good News-Bad News Story. Minerals 2020; 10:63. [DOI: 10.3390/min10010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rodent accumulations are widely used for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. But these accumulations are created through the activity of predators (carnivorous mammals, birds of prey), the predation and digestion of which modify the preservation of bones and teeth. The microstructures of dentine and enamel, as well as the mineralogy and composition of non-digested and digested Rodent teeth extracted from modern regurgitation pellets collected at Olduvai (Tanzania) from a bird of prey (Bubo sp.) are compared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) and Raman spectrometry were used. The modifications induced by the digestion process are variable and depend on the tissue (enamel, dentine), tooth (incisor, molar) and the predator. For a given tissue of a tooth, the estimation of the intensity of the alteration varies according to the selected criteria. To classify the digested teeth in categories based on a single parameter to reconstruct environment is still subjective, even for modern accumulations. Moreover, to identify the interplay of diverse parameters to avoid biases in reconstructions is difficult.
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Yang X, Yamazaki H, Yamakoshi Y, Duverger O, Morasso MI, Beniash E. Trafficking and secretion of keratin 75 by ameloblasts in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18475-18487. [PMID: 31628189 PMCID: PMC6885611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly specialized cytoskeletal protein, keratin 75 (K75), expressed primarily in hair follicles, nail beds, and lingual papillae, was recently discovered in dental enamel, the most highly mineralized hard tissue in the human body. Among many questions this discovery poses, the fundamental question regarding the trafficking and secretion of this protein, which lacks a signal peptide, is of an utmost importance. Here, we present evidence that K75 is expressed during the secretory stage of enamel formation and is present in the forming enamel matrix. We further show that K75 is secreted together with major enamel matrix proteins amelogenin and ameloblastin, and it was detected in Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) but not in rough ER (rER). Inhibition of ER-Golgi transport by brefeldin A did not affect the association of K75 with Golgi, whereas ameloblastin accumulated in rER, and its transport from rER into Golgi was disrupted. Together, these results indicate that K75, a cytosolic protein lacking a signal sequence, is secreted into the forming enamel matrix utilizing portions of the conventional ER-Golgi secretory pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing insights into mechanisms of keratin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Hajime Yamazaki
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan
| | - Olivier Duverger
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.
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Chiba R, Okubo M, Yamamoto R, Saito MM, Kobayashi S, Beniash E, Yamakoshi Y. Porcine keratin 75 in developing enamel. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:163-172. [PMID: 31252053 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide in vivo biochemical evidence for the isolation, identification, and characterization of porcine keratin 75 (K75) in developing enamel. METHODS Immunolocalization of K75 was observed in mandibles from mice at postnatal days 5 and 11. K75 gene expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using enamel organ epithelium (EOE) of incisors from pigs at 5 months of age. Enamel protein was extracted and isolated from both immature and mature enamel of second molars from 5-month-old pigs, and the K75 antibody-positive fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In vitro protease digestion of K75-antibody-positive fraction was carried out using porcine kallikrein 4 (pKLK4) or recombinant human enamelysin (rhMMP20) and their degradation patterns were characterized by both SDS-PAGE and western blotting. RESULTS Specific immunostaining for K75 was restricted to the layers of stratum intermedium and the enamel side of ameloblasts in mice at postnatal day 5, and to the papillary layer at postnatal day 11. Porcine K75 was expressed throughout enamel formation, but its transcript levels were significantly higher in the transition EOE than in the secretory- and maturation-stage EOE. Porcine K75 was extracted from the neutral soluble fraction from both immature and mature enamel. It was identified by LC-MS/MS analysis, and was found not to be degraded by either pKLK4 or rhMMP20. CONCLUSION We propose that K75 is present in the developing enamel and undergoes different processing/degradation compared to other enamel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Miu Okubo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Mari M Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Saeko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
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Wang K, Wang X, Zheng S, Niu Y, Zheng W, Qin X, Li Z, Luo J, Jiang W, Zhou X, Li W, Zhang L. iTRAQ-based quantitative analysis of age-specific variations in salivary proteome of caries-susceptible individuals. J Transl Med 2018; 16:293. [PMID: 30359274 PMCID: PMC6202833 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human saliva is a protein-rich, easily accessible source of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. However, little is known about the changes in salivary proteome associated with aging of patients with dental caries. Here, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) in combination with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) to characterize the salivary proteome profiles of subjects of different ages, presenting with and without caries, with the aim of identifying age-related biomarkers for dental caries. Methods Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 40 caries-free and caries-susceptible young adults and elderly individuals. Salivary proteins were extracted, reduced, alkylated, digested with trypsin and then analyzed using iTRAQ-coupled LC–MS/MS, followed by GO annotation, biological pathway analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and protein–protein interaction analysis. Candidate verification was then conducted using MRM-MS. Results Among 658 salivary proteins identified using tandem mass spectrometry, 435 proteins exhibited altered expression patterns in different age groups with and without caries. Of these proteins, 96 displayed age-specific changes among caries-susceptible adults and elderly individuals, and were mainly associated with salivary secretion pathway, while 110 age-specific proteins were identified among healthy individuals. It was found that the age factor caused significant variations and played an important role in both healthy and cariogenic salivary proteomes. Subsequently, a total of 136 target proteins with complex protein–protein interactions, including 14 age-specific proteins associated with caries, were further successfully validated using MRM analysis. Moreover, non-age-specific proteins (histatin-1 and BPI fold-containing family B member 1) were verified to be important candidate biomarkers for common dental caries. Conclusions Our proteomic analysis performed using the discovery-through-verification pipeline revealed distinct variations caused by age factor in both healthy and cariogenic salivary proteomes, highlighting the significance of age in the great potential of saliva for caries diagnosis and biomarker discovery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1669-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yumei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Rathsam C, Farahani RM, Hains PG, Valova VA, Charadram N, Zoellner H, Swain M, Hunter N. Characterization of inter-crystallite peptides in human enamel rods reveals contribution by the Y allele of amelogenin. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:26-37. [PMID: 29959991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the inter-rod sheath and peptides within the narrow inter-crystallite space of the rod structure are considered largely responsible for visco-elastic and visco-plastic properties of enamel. The present study was designed to investigate putative peptides of the inter-crystallite space. Entities of 1-6 kDa extracted from enamel rods of erupted permanent teeth were analysed by mass spectrometry (MS) and shown to comprise N-terminal amelogenin (AMEL) peptides either containing or not containing exon 4 product. Other dominant entities consisted of an N-terminal peptide from ameloblastin (AMBN) and a series of the most hydrophobic peptides from serum albumin (ALBN). Amelogenin peptides encoded by the Y-chromosome allele were strongly detected in Enamel from male teeth. Location of N-terminal AMEL peptides as well as AMBN and ALBN, between apatite crystallites, was disclosed by immunogold scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Density plots confirmed the relative abundance of these products including exon 4+ AMEL peptides that have greater capacity for binding to hydroxyapatite. Hydrophilic X and Y peptides encoded in exon 4 differ only in substitution of non-polar isoleucine in Y for polar threonine in X with reduced disruption of the hydrophobic N-terminal structure in the Y form. Despite similarity of X and Y alleles of AMEL the non-coding region upstream from exon 4 shows significant variation with implications for segregation of processing of transcripts from exon 4. Detection of fragments from multiple additional proteins including keratins (KER), fetuin A (FETUA), proteinases and proteinase inhibitors, likely reflect biochemical events during enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rathsam
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Ramin M Farahani
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G Hains
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Valentina A Valova
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nattida Charadram
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans Zoellner
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Swain
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Neil Hunter
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Oral Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Alraies A, Cole DK, Rees JS, Glasse C, Young N, Waddington RJ, Sloan AJ. Real-time binding kinetic analyses of the interaction of the dietary stain orange II with dentin matrix. J Dent 2019; 80:80-8. [PMID: 29894765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary stains can be adsorbed into the dentin of teeth. Using Orange II as a model dietary stain, this study investigated the strength of its interaction with the mineral and protein components of dentin matrix and how hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment influences this interaction. METHODS Dentin slices were prepared from human teeth and were either deproteinized (5.6% sodium hypochlorite, 12 days), demineralised (0.5 M EDTA, 3 days) or left as intact control samples. Samples were stained with Orange II for 1-168 h, during which staining intensity was quantified by image analysis. Similarly, uptake of stain by deproteinized / demineralized samples treated with 10 or 30% H2O2 was investigated. Using surface plasmon resonance technology, real-time binding kinetics were determined assessing the interaction of Orange II with the dentin matrix protein constituents, collagen type I, biglycan, decorin, dentin sialoprotein and osteopontin. RESULTS Deproteinization of dentin matrix reduced the uptake of the Orange II compared to the intact control. Conversely, demineralization of dentin samples increased the uptake of the dye. Treatment of samples for 48 h with H2O2 reduced subsequent uptake of the Orange II. Real-time kinetic analysis indicated moderate strength of binding for Orange II with collagen type I, weak binding with decorin and biglycan and negligible binding with dentine sialoprotein and osteopontin. CONCLUSION These results indicate a predominant role for collagen type I, which accounts for 90% of the organic protein matrix of teeth, for attracting dietary stains. Binding analyses indicate that the interaction is highly dissociable, and further binding is reduced following H2O2 treatment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides new information regarding adsorption of dietary stains into tooth dentin, suggesting that they are attracted and moderately bound to the collagen type I matrix. This study also contributes valuable information for discussion for considering the effect of H2O2 on bleaching teeth and its influence on subsequent uptake of dietary stains following whitening treatments.
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DENG QIANG, ZONG ZHIFANG, NING ZHENWU, ZHENG JING, LIU JIANTAO, ZHOU ZHONGRONG. A COMPUTATIONAL STRATEGY TO EXAMINE THE PROFILE EFFECTS OF MICROPRISM REGIONS ON THE OVERALL ANISOTROPY OF HUMAN ENAMELS. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418500276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, our attention is mainly on elaborating a computational strategy to effectively predict the influence of prism profiles on the overall anisotropic property of human enamels (HEs). At first, two distinct schemes are developed separately with the aid of the polynomial fitting technique and the general power functions to mathematically describe the practical irregular and simplified regular profiles of enamel prisms. Hereafter, two parametric piecewise formulas, which facilitate the definition of anisotropic material properties of finite elements at different locations and make the numerical simulation of HE microstructures consisting of irregularly shaped prisms feasible, are presented to describe the orientation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystallites embedded in microprisms. The effective anisotropic moduli over a representative unit cell (RUC) under the periodic displacement constraint is concisely introduced according to the micromechanics, and a computational strategy is established to calculate these moduli numerically. Finally, the evaluations in the open literature are employed to demonstrate the validity of the elaborated computational strategy, and more investigations are conducted and yield the conclusions such that the material property of the inter-prism regions as well as the prism shapes plays a crucial role in determining the overall anisotropy of HEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- QIANG DENG
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - ZHIFANG ZONG
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - ZHENWU NING
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - JING ZHENG
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - JIANTAO LIU
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
- Laboratoire de Mécanique d’Evry, Université d’Evry, 40 rue du Pelvoux, Évry 91020, France
| | - ZHONGRONG ZHOU
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
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Beniash E. Co-option of Hair Follicle Keratins into Amelogenesis Is Associated with the Evolution of Prismatic Enamel: A Hypothesis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:823. [PMID: 29114231 PMCID: PMC5660855 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discovery of hair follicle keratin 75 (KRT75) in enamel raises questions about the function of this protein in enamel and the mechanisms of its secretion. It is also not clear how this protein with a very specific and narrow expression pattern, limited to the inner root sheath of the hair follicle, became associated with enamel. We propose a hypothesis that KRT75 was co-opted by ameloblasts during the evolution of Tomes' process and the prismatic enamel in synapsids.
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Melo MAS, Weir MD, Passos VF, Powers M, Xu HHK. Ph-activated nano-amorphous calcium phosphate-based cement to reduce dental enamel demineralization. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 2017; 45:1778-1785. [PMID: 28278579 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1290644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. S. Melo
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael D. Weir
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vanara F. Passos
- Division of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Fortaleza, Edson Queiroz Foundation, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Michael Powers
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
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