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Borgert CJ, Burgoon LD, Matthews JC. The physiological and biochemical basis of potency thresholds modeled using human estrogen receptor alpha: implications for identifying endocrine disruptors. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03723-4. [PMID: 38704805 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine system functions by interactions between ligands and receptors. Ligands exhibit potency for binding to and interacting with receptors. Potency is the product of affinity and efficacy. Potency and physiological concentration determine the ability of a ligand to produce physiological effects. The kinetic behavior of ligand-receptor interactions conforms to the laws of mass action. The laws of mass action define the relationship between the affinity of a ligand and the fraction of cognate receptors that it occupies at any physiological concentration. We previously identified the minimum ligand potency required to produce clinically observable estrogenic agonist effects via the human estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα). By examining data on botanical estrogens and dietary supplements, we demonstrated that ERα ligands with potency lower than one one-thousandth that of the primary endogenous hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) do not produce clinically observable estrogenic effects. This allowed us to propose a Human-Relevant Potency Threshold (HRPT) for ERα ligands of 1 × 10-4 relative to E2. Here, we test the hypothesis that the HRPT for ERα arises from the receptor occupancy by the normal metabolic milieu of endogenous ERα ligands. The metabolic milieu comprises precursors to hormones, metabolites of hormones, and other normal products of metabolism. We have calculated fractional receptor occupancies for ERα ligands with potencies below and above the previously established HRPT when normal circulating levels of some endogenous ERα ligands and E2 were also present. Fractional receptor occupancy calculations showed that individual ERα ligands with potencies more than tenfold higher than the HRPT can compete for occupancy at ERα against individual components of the endogenous metabolic milieu and against mixtures of those components at concentrations found naturally in human blood. Ligands with potencies less than tenfold higher than the HRPT were unable to compete successfully for ERα. These results show that the HRPT for ERα agonism (10-4 relative to E2) proposed previously is quite conservative and should be considered strong evidence against the potential for disruption of the estrogenic pathway. For chemicals with potency 10-3 of E2, the potential for estrogenic endocrine disruption must be considered equivocal and subject to the presence of corroborative evidence. Most importantly, this work demonstrates that the endogenous metabolic milieu is responsible for the observed ERα agonist HRPT, that this HRPT applies also to ERα antagonists, and it provides a compelling mechanistic explanation for the HRPT that is grounded in basic principles of molecular kinetics using well characterized properties and concentrations of endogenous components of normal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Borgert
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inc. and CEHT, Univ. FL College of Vet. Med., Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - John C Matthews
- University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University, MS, USA
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2
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Zhao X, Cai X, Zhu H, Dang Q, Yang Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Jiang X, Hu Z, Wei Y, Xiao R, Yu H. 27-Hydroxycholesterol inhibits trophoblast fusion during placenta development by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:849-863. [PMID: 38180513 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Trophoblast cell syncytialization is essential for placental and fetal development. Abnormal trophoblast cell fusion leads to pregnancy pathologies, such as preeclampsia (PE), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and miscarriage. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is the most abundant oxysterol in human peripheral blood synthesized by sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) and is considered a critical mediator between hypercholesterolemia and a variety of related disorders. Gestational hypercholesterolemia was associated with spontaneous preterm delivery and low birth weight (LBW) in term infants, yet the mechanism is unclear. In this study, two trophoblast cell models and CD-1 mice were used to evaluate the effects of 27-OHC on trophoblast fusion during placenta development. Two different kinds of trophoblast cells received a dosage of 2.5, 5, or 10 uM 27-OHC. Three groups of pregnant mice were randomly assigned: control, full treatment (E0.5-E17.5), or late treatment (E13.5-E17.5). All mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline (control group) and 27-OHC (treatment group; 5.5 mg/kg). In vitro experiments, we found that 27-OHC inhibited trophoblast cell fusion in primary human trophoblasts (PHT) and forskolin (FSK)-induced BeWo cells. 27-OHC up-regulated the expression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins. Moreover, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 rescued the inhibitory effect of 27-OHC. Inhibition of trophoblast cell fusion by 27-OHC was also observed in CD-1 mice. Furthermore, fetal weight and placental efficiency decreased and fetal blood vessel development was inhibited in pregnant mice treated with 27-OHC. This study was the first to prove that 27-OHC inhibits trophoblast cell fusion by Activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which dyslipidemia during pregnancy results in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaxia Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- FuXing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyu Dang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandi Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengling Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, New York, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Zhuo Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanling Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Xiao Q, Xia M, Tang W, Zhao H, Chen Y, Zhong J. The lipid metabolism remodeling: A hurdle in breast cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 582:216512. [PMID: 38036043 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipids, as one of the three primary energy sources, provide energy for all cellular life activities. Lipids are also known to be involved in the formation of cell membranes and play an important role as signaling molecules in the intracellular and microenvironment. Tumor cells actively or passively remodel lipid metabolism, using the function of lipids in various important cellular life activities to evade therapeutic attack. Breast cancer has become the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, which is partly due to therapeutic resistance. It is necessary to fully elucidate the formation and mechanisms of chemoresistance to improve breast cancer patient survival rates. Altered lipid metabolism has been observed in breast cancer with therapeutic resistance, indicating that targeting lipid reprogramming is a promising anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Min Xia
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Weijian Tang
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhong
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China; Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, PR China.
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4
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Ksila M, Ghzaiel I, Sassi K, Zarrouk A, Leoni V, Poli G, Rezig L, Pires V, Meziane S, Atanasov AG, Hammami S, Hammami M, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Hamdi O, Jouanny P, Samadi M, Vejux A, Ghrairi T, Lizard G. Therapeutic Applications of Oxysterols and Derivatives in Age-Related Diseases, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, and Cancers. Adv Exp Med Biol 2024; 1440:379-400. [PMID: 38036890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols, resulting from the oxidation of cholesterol, are formed either by autoxidation, enzymatically, or by both processes. These molecules, which are provided in more or less important quantities depending on the type of diet, are also formed in the body and their presence is associated with a normal physiological activity. Their increase and decrease at the cellular level and in biological fluids can have significant consequences on health due or not to the interaction of some of these molecules with different types of receptors but also because oxysterols are involved in the regulation of RedOx balance, cytokinic and non-cytokinic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and induction of cell death. Currently, various pathologies such as age-related diseases, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and several cancers are associated with abnormal levels of oxysterols. Due to the important biological activities of oxysterols, their interaction with several receptors and their very likely implications in several diseases, this review focuses on these molecules and on oxysterol derivatives, which are often more efficient, in a therapeutic context. Currently, several oxysterol derivatives are developed and are attracting a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ksila
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Sassi
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Brianza ASST-Brianza, Desio Hospital, Desio, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Leila Rezig
- University of Carthage, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, LR11ES26, LIP-MB 'Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules', Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, High Institute of Food Industries, El Khadra City, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Vivien Pires
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Smail Meziane
- Institut Européen des Antioxydants (IEA), Neuves-Maisons, France
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Sonia Hammami
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
- University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Laboratory of Rangeland Ecosystems and Valorization of Spontaneous Plants and Associated Microorganisms (LR16IRA03), Arid Regions Institute, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Oumaima Hamdi
- University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
- Pôle Personnes Agées, CHU de Dijon, Centre de Champmaillot, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Jouanny
- Pôle Personnes Agées, CHU de Dijon, Centre de Champmaillot, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Taoufik Ghrairi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules (LR18ES03), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France.
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Olkkonen VM, Gylling H. Oxy- and Phytosterols as Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Adv Exp Med Biol 2024; 1440:353-375. [PMID: 38036889 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols and phytosterols are sterol compounds present at markedly low levels in tissues and serum of healthy individuals. A wealth of evidence suggests that they could be employed as biomarkers for human diseases or for cholesterol absorption.An increasing number of reports suggest circulating or tissue oxysterols as putative biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases or cancers. Thus far most of the studies have been carried out on small study populations. To achieve routine biomarker use, large prospective cohort studies are absolutely required. This, again, would necessitate thorough standardization of the oxysterol analytical methodology across the different laboratories, which now employ different technologies resulting in inconsistencies in the measured oxysterol levels. Routine use of oxysterol biomarkers would also necessitate the development of a new targeted analytical methodology suitable for high-throughput platforms.The most important use of phytosterols as biomarkers involves their use as markers for cholesterol absorption. For this to be achieved, (1) their quantitative analyses should be available in routine lipid laboratories, (2) it should be generally acknowledgment that the profile of cholesterol metabolism can reveal the risk of the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), and (3) screening of the profile of cholesterol metabolism should be included in the ASCVD risk surveys. This should be done e.g. in families with a history of early onset or frequent ASCVD and in young adults aged 18-20 years, to exclude the presence of high cholesterol absorption. Individuals in high cholesterol absorption families need preventive measures from young adulthood to inhibit the possible development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Helena Gylling
- Heart and Lung Center, Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Vigne S, Pot C. Implication of Oxysterols and Phytosterols in Aging and Human Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2024; 1440:231-260. [PMID: 38036883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is easily oxidized and can be transformed into numerous oxidation products, among which oxysterols. Phytosterols are plant sterols related to cholesterol. Both oxysterols and phytosterols can have an impact on human health and diseases.Cholesterol is a member of the sterol family that plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized into several molecules including bile acids, hormones, and oxysterols. On the other hand, phytosterols are plant-derived compounds structurally related to cholesterol, which can also have an impact on human health. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role of oxysterols and phytosterols on human health and focus on the impact of their pathways on diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), vascular diseases, and cancer in both experimental models and human studies. We will first discuss the implications of oxysterols and then of phytosterols in different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Sun Z, Yang J, Zhou J, Zhou J, Feng L, Feng Y, He Y, Liu M, Li Y, Wang G, Li R. Tissue-Specific Oxysterols as Predictors of Antidepressant (Escitalopram) Treatment Response in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2023; 3:663-672. [PMID: 37881566 PMCID: PMC10593904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence that disturbances in cholesterol metabolism may be involved in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is not known if cholesterol metabolites present in the brain and periphery can be used to diagnose and predict an MDD patient's response to antidepressant treatment. Methods A total of 176 subjects (85 patients with MDD and 91 healthy control subjects) were included in this study. The expression of peripheral and brain-specific oxysterols and related gene polymorphisms were investigated in all subjects. The severity of depression was measured using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self-Report, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for all patients with MDD before and after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment. Results Patients with MDD expressed higher plasma levels of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) (mainly secreted from the brain) compared with healthy control subjects, and the higher levels of 24OHC were associated with 24OHC synthetase (CYP46A1) gene polymorphisms. In patients with MDD, an improved response to the 12-week antidepressant treatment was associated with a reduction of both 24OHC and 27OHC (mainly secreted from the peripheral system) levels relative to baseline levels. Nonresponders exhibited increased levels of oxysterols at the end of treatment compared with baseline. The superior reduction in oxysterol levels correlated with better outcomes from the antidepressant treatment. Conclusions These data suggest a potential role for oxysterols as diagnostic and treatment response-related indicators for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoli Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi He
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the frequent tumors that seriously endanger the physical and mental well-being in women. F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7) is a neoplastic repressor. Serving as a substrate recognition element for ubiquitin ligase, FBXW7 participates in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and is typically in charge of the ubiquitination and destruction of crucial oncogenic proteins, further performing a paramount role in cell differentiation, apoptosis and metabolic processes. Low levels of FBXW7 cause abnormal stability of pertinent substrates, mutations and/or deletions in the FBXW7 gene have been reported to correlate with breast cancer malignant progression and chemoresistance. Given the lack of an effective solution to breast cancer's clinical drug resistance dilemma, elucidating FBXW7's mechanism of action could provide a theoretical basis for targeted drug exploration. Therefore, in this review, we focused on FBXW7's role in a range of breast cancer malignant behaviors and summarized the pertinent cellular targets, signaling pathways, as well as the mechanisms regulating FBXW7 expression. We also proposed novel perspectives for the exploitation of alternative therapies and specific tumor markers for breast cancer by therapeutic strategies aiming at FBXW7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-Construction for Diagnosisand, Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Leng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-Construction for Diagnosisand, Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-Construction for Diagnosisand, Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hao Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-Construction for Diagnosisand, Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Hjazi A, Ahsan M, Alghamdi MI, Kareem AK, Al-Saidi DN, Qasim MT, Romero-Parra RM, Zabibah RS, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Mustafa YF, Hosseini-Fard SR, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Unraveling the impact of 27-hydroxycholesterol in autoimmune diseases: Exploring promising therapeutic approaches. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154737. [PMID: 37542860 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) in autoimmune diseases has become a subject of intense research in recent years. This oxysterol, derived from cholesterol, has been identified as a significant player in modulating immune responses and inflammation. Its involvement in autoimmune pathogenesis has drawn attention to its potential as a therapeutic target for managing autoimmune disorders effectively. 27-OHC, an oxysterol derived from cholesterol, has emerged as a key player in modulating immune responses and inflammatory processes. It exerts its effects through various mechanisms, including activation of nuclear receptors, interaction with immune cells, and modulation of neuroinflammation. Additionally, 27-OHC has been implicated in the dysregulation of lipid metabolism, neurotoxicity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Understanding the intricate interplay between 27-OHC and autoimmune diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, holds promise for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that 27-OHC may interact with specific receptors and transcription factors, thus influencing gene expression and cellular processes in autoimmune disorders. Understanding the intricate mechanisms by which 27-OHC influences immune dysregulation and tissue damage in autoimmune diseases is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Further investigations into the molecular pathways and signaling networks involving 27-OHC are warranted to unravel its full potential as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, thereby offering new avenues for disease intervention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ahsan
- King Edward Medical University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed I Alghamdi
- Department of Computer Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A K Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Dahlia N Al-Saidi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maytham T Qasim
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Research group in educational statistics, National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Abdalkareem Jasim S, Kzar HH, Haider Hamad M, Ahmad I, Al-gazally ME, Ziyadullaev S, Sivaraman R, Abed Jawad M, Thaeer Hammid A, Oudaha KH, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. The emerging role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression: An update. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kosaka S, Miyashita M, McNamala K, Nomura M, Shima H, Kawai M, Sato I, Harada-Shoji N, Ishida T, Choi MH, Sasano H. Bird's eye view analysis of in situ cholesterol metabolic pathways in breast cancer patients and its clinicopathological significance in their subtypes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106103. [PMID: 35367370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been known to increase the risks of breast cancer (BC) development and also to be associated with adverse clinical outcome of the patients. Abnormalities of cholesterol metabolism are not only related to obesity but also to biological or clinical behavior of BC patients. However, which metabolites or pathways of cholesterol metabolism could represent the characteristics of BC patients have remained virtually unknown. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to perform bird's eye view or comprehensive analysis of in situ or intra-tumoral cholesterol metabolic pathways using the multimodal approaches in order to elucidate the possible significance of cholesterol metabolites and its metabolic enzymes including CYP27A1, CYP7A1, and CYP46A1. GC-MS study using BC specimens was first performed in 60 BCE patients to evaluate cholesterol metabolism from cholesterol through oxysterols in both BC and normal tissues. Results of those analyses above lead to evaluating immunoreactivity and mRNA expression of CYP27A1, CYP7A1 and CYP46A1 in 213 and 153 BCE cases, respectively. Results of comprehensive GC-MS analysis did reveal that three oxysterols, 27-HC, 7α-HC and 24-HC were all related to malignant phenotypes in BC. 27-HC abundance was significantly associated with higher tumor stage (P = 0.0475) of BC patients. Luminal B type BC patients harboring high CYP27A1, the enzyme responsible for production of 27-HC were significantly associated with worse disease-free survival than those with low CYP27A1 (P = 0.0463). 7α-HC tended to be more abundant in HER2 positive and TNBC subtypes and higher levels of 7α-HC were also significantly associated with higher Ki-67 labeling index (P = 0.0022) and histological grade (P = 0.0286). CYP7A1, the enzyme involved in production of 7α-HC, was significantly more abundant in TNBC than other subtypes (vs Luminal A; P = 0.0321, vs Luminal B; P = 0.0048, vs HER2; P = 0.0103). The levels of 24-HC in BC were lower than normal breast tissues regardless of its subtypes. CYP46A1, the enzyme involved in the production of 24-HC, was detected only in 33 (15.5%) out of 213 BCE cases examined in this study. Results of our bird's eye view analysis of in situ or intra-tumoral cholesterol metabolism in BC patients did firstly reveal BC subtype dependent involvement of its different pathways. Results also indicated the therapeutic possibility of subtype dependent modification of cholesterol metabolizing pathways in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan; Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Minoru Miyashita
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Keely McNamala
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nomura
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kawai
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ikuro Sato
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Narumi Harada-Shoji
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Wu M, Zhai Y, Liang X, Chen W, Lin R, Ma L, Huang Y, Zhao D, Liang Y, Zhao W, Fang J, Fang S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li W. Connecting the Dots Between Hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Mechanism Based on 27-Hydroxycholesterol. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:842814. [PMID: 35464321 PMCID: PMC9021879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.842814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors, with hypercholesterolemia considered as one of the risk factors. Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between AD and serum cholesterol levels, and experimental studies also provide evidence that elevated cholesterol levels accelerate AD pathology. However, the underlying mechanism of hypercholesterolemia accelerating AD pathogenesis is not clear. Here, we review the metabolism of cholesterol in the brain and focus on the role of oxysterols, aiming to reveal the link between hypercholesterolemia and AD. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is the major peripheral oxysterol that flows into the brain, and it affects β-amyloid (Aβ) production and elimination as well as influencing other pathogenic mechanisms of AD. Although the potential link between hypercholesterolemia and AD is well established, cholesterol-lowering drugs show mixed results in improving cognitive function. Nevertheless, drugs that target cholesterol exocytosis and conversion show benefits in improving AD pathology. Herbs and natural compounds with cholesterol-lowering properties also have a potential role in ameliorating cognition. Collectively, hypercholesterolemia is a causative risk factor for AD, and 27-OHC is likely a potential mechanism for hypercholesterolemia to promote AD pathology. Drugs that regulate cholesterol metabolism are probably beneficial for AD, but more research is needed to unravel the mechanisms involved in 27-OHC, which may lead to new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingan Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichun Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Lin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Wang,
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Weirong Li,
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Islam MR, Islam F, Nafady MH, Akter M, Mitra S, Das R, Urmee H, Shohag S, Akter A, Chidambaram K, Alhumaydhi FA, Emran TB, Cavalu S. Natural Small Molecules in Breast Cancer Treatment: Understandings from a Therapeutic Viewpoint. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072165. [PMID: 35408561 PMCID: PMC9000328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the most common malignancy in women and the second most significant cause of death from cancer. BrCa is one of the most challenging malignancies to treat, and it accounts for a large percentage of cancer-related deaths. The number of cases requiring more effective BrCa therapy has increased dramatically. Scientists are looking for more productive agents, such as organic combinations, for BrCa prevention and treatment because most chemotherapeutic agents are linked to cancer metastasis, the resistance of the drugs, and side effects. Natural compounds produced by living organisms promote apoptosis and inhibit metastasis, slowing the spread of cancer. As a result, these compounds may delay the spread of BrCa, enhancing survival rates and reducing the number of deaths caused by BrCa. Several natural compounds inhibit BrCa production while lowering cancer cell proliferation and triggering cell death. Natural compounds, in addition to therapeutic approaches, are efficient and potential agents for treating BrCa. This review highlights the natural compounds demonstrated in various studies to have anticancer properties in BrCa cells. Future research into biological anti-BrCa agents may pave the way for a new era in BrCa treatment, with natural anti-BrCa drugs playing a key role in improving BrCa patient survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohamed H. Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12568, Egypt;
| | - Muniya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Humaira Urmee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
| | - Sheikh Shohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - Aklima Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.I.); (F.I.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (S.C.)
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Avena P, Casaburi I, Zavaglia L, Nocito MC, La Padula D, Rago V, Dong J, Thomas P, Mineo C, Sirianni R, Shaul PW. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Binds GPER and Induces Progression of Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061521. [PMID: 35326671 PMCID: PMC8946696 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and there is a known link between high cholesterol levels and breast cancer. However, how cholesterol impacts breast cancer is poorly understood, particularly in the case of an aggressive form of cancer known as estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Using cells in culture and models of breast tumors in mice, we have determined that an abundant metabolite of cholesterol known as 27-hydroxycholesterol stimulates estrogen receptor negative breast cancer growth. We have also determined how 27-hydroxycholesterol stimulates the growth, identifying a new mechanism of action of 27-hydroxycholesterol. These new findings may explain the link between high cholesterol and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer, and they may lead to the development of new therapies for a type of breast cancer that presently lacks specific treatments. Abstract Cholesterol affects the proliferation of breast cancer (BC) and in particular of estrogen receptor-negative (ER−) BC. Cholesterol is converted to 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), which promotes the growth of ER+ BC. Potentially, 27HC can be involved in cholesterol-dependent ER− BC proliferation. Stable MDA-MB-231 silenced clones for CYP7B1 (27HC metabolizing enzyme) show an increased basal proliferation rate, which is not observed in the presence of lipoprotein-deprived serum. Furthermore, the treatment of SKBR3, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 with 27HC increased cell proliferation that was prevented by G15, a selective G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) inhibitor, suggested this receptor to be a potential 27HC target. Binding experiments demonstrate that 27HC is a new ligand for GPER. We show that ERK1/2 and NFκB are part of the 27HC/GPER pathway. The stable silencing of GPER prevents NFκB activation and reduces basal and 27HC-dependent tumor growth. Additionally, conditioned medium from ER− BC cells treated with 27HC promotes tube formation, which does not occur with CM from GPER silenced cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that cholesterol conversion into 27HC promotes ER− BC growth and progression, and the expression of GPER is required for its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Avena
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (P.A.); (I.C.); (L.Z.); (M.C.N.); (D.L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (P.A.); (I.C.); (L.Z.); (M.C.N.); (D.L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Lucia Zavaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (P.A.); (I.C.); (L.Z.); (M.C.N.); (D.L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Marta C. Nocito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (P.A.); (I.C.); (L.Z.); (M.C.N.); (D.L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Davide La Padula
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (P.A.); (I.C.); (L.Z.); (M.C.N.); (D.L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (P.A.); (I.C.); (L.Z.); (M.C.N.); (D.L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Jing Dong
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; (J.D.); (P.T.)
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; (J.D.); (P.T.)
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (P.A.); (I.C.); (L.Z.); (M.C.N.); (D.L.P.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.W.S.); Tel.: +39-0984-493182 (R.S.); +1-214-648-2015 (P.W.S.)
| | - Philip W. Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (P.W.S.); Tel.: +39-0984-493182 (R.S.); +1-214-648-2015 (P.W.S.)
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Ma L, Cho W, Nelson ER. Our evolving understanding of how 27-hydroxycholesterol influences cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 196:114621. [PMID: 34043965 PMCID: PMC8611110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of several cancers now, although the mechanisms by which it influences cancer biology are just emerging. Two likely contributing mechanisms are the ability for cholesterol to directly regulate signaling molecules within the membrane, and certain metabolites acting as signaling molecules. One such metabolite is the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), which is a primary metabolite of cholesterol synthesized by the enzyme Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1). Physiologically, 27HC is involved in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and contributes to cholesterol efflux through liver X receptor (LXR) and inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis through the insulin-induced proteins (INSIGs). 27HC is also a selective modulator of the estrogen receptors. An increasing number of studies have identified its importance in cancer progression of various origins, especially in breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of 27HC targeting these two nuclear receptors and the subsequent contribution to cancer progression. We describe how 27HC promotes tumor growth directly through cancer-intrinsic factors, and indirectly through its immunomodulatory roles which lead to decreased immune surveillance and increased tumor invasion. This review underscores the importance of the cholesterol metabolic pathway in cancer progression and the potential therapeutic utility of targeting this metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Erik R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed: Erik R. Nelson. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 407 S Goodwin Ave (MC-114), Urbana, IL, 61801. Phone: 217-244-5477. Fax: 217-333-1133.
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Lu G, Yu X, Jiang W, Luo Q, Tong J, Fan S, Chai L, Gao D, Qiao T, Wang R, Deng C, Lv Z, Li D. Alterations of Gut Microbiome and Metabolite Profiles Associated With Anabatic Lipid Dysmetabolism in Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:893164. [PMID: 35721748 PMCID: PMC9204252 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.893164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the high morbidity of individuals with thyroid cancer (TC) is an increasing health care burden worldwide. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship among the gut microbiota community, metabolites, and the development of differentiated thyroid cancer. METHODS 16S rRNA gene sequencing and an integrated LC-MS-based metabolomics approach were performed to obtain the components and characteristics of fecal microbiota and metabolites from 50 patients with TC and 58 healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS The diversity and richness of the gut microbiota in the TC patients were markedly decreased. The composition of the gut microbiota was significantly altered, and the Bacteroides enterotype was the dominant enterotype in TC patients. Additionally, the diagnostic validity of the combined model (three genera and eight metabolites) and the metabolite model (six metabolites) were markedly higher than that of the microbial model (seven genera) for distinguishing TC patients from HCs. LEfSe analysis demonstrated that genera (g_Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, g_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group) and metabolites [27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), cholesterol] closely related to lipid metabolism were greatly reduced in the TC group. In addition, a clinical serum indicator (total cholesterol) and metabolites (27HC and cholesterol) had the strongest influence on the sample distribution. Furthermore, functional pathways related to steroid biosynthesis and lipid digestion were inhibited in the TC group. In the microbiota-metabolite network, 27HC was significantly related to metabolism-related microorganisms (g_Christensenellaceae_R-7_group). CONCLUSIONS Our research explored the characteristics of the gut microecology of patients with TC. The findings of this study will help to discover risk factors that affect the occurrence and development of TC in the intestinal microecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghua Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaqing Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Tong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyun Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingwei Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Qiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengwen Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Li, ; Zhongwei Lv,
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Li, ; Zhongwei Lv,
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Mashat RM, Zielinska HA, Holly JMP, Perks CM. A Role for ER-Beta in the Effects of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and 27-Hydroxycholesterol on Breast Cancer Progression: Involvement of the IGF Signalling Pathway? Cells 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 35011656 PMCID: PMC8749996 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-in particular, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC)-is correlated with increases in the risks of breast cancer and obesity. Although the high expression of LDL/27-OHC has been reported in breast cancer, its effects and mechanism of action remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the effects of LDL on cell proliferation were mediated by the activation of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, sterol 27 hydroxylase, and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in both ER-α-positive and ER-α-negative breast cancer cells. We found that treatment with 27-OHC only increased cell growth in oestrogen receptor-α (ER-α)-positive breast cancer cells in an ER-α-dependent manner, but, interestingly, the effects of 27-OHC on cell migration and invasion were independent of ER-α. Using ER-α-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, we found that 27-OHC similarly promoted cell invasion and migration, and this was mediated by oestrogen receptor β (ER-β). These results suggest that 27-OHC promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in ER-α-positive breast cancer cells via ER-α, but migration and invasion are mediated via ER-β in ER-α positive and negative cell lines. The addition of LDL/27OHC increased the production of IGF-I and the abundance of IGF-IR in TNBC. We further found that modulating ER-β using an agonist or antagonist increased or decreased, respectively, levels of the IGF-I and EGF receptors in TNBC. The inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor receptor blocked the effects of cholesterol on cell growth and the migration of TNBC. Using TCGA and METABRIC microarray expression data from invasive breast cancer carcinomas, we also observed that higher levels of ER-beta were associated with higher levels of IGF-IR. Thus, this study shows novel evidence that ER-β is central to the effects of LDL/27OHC on invasion, migration, and the IGF and EGF axes. Our data suggest that targeting ER-β in TNBC could be an alternative approach for downregulating IGF/EGF signalling and controlling the impact of LDL in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire M. Perks
- IGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.A.Z.); (J.M.P.H.)
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18
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Zahreddine R, Davezac M, Buscato M, Smirnova N, Laffargue M, Henrion D, Adlanmerini M, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Fontaine C. A historical view of estrogen effect on arterial endothelial healing: From animal models to medical implication. Atherosclerosis 2021; 338:30-38. [PMID: 34785429 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial barrier integrity is required for maintaining vascular homeostasis and fluid balance between the circulation and surrounding tissues. In contrast, abnormalities of endothelial cell function and loss of the integrity of the endothelial monolayer constitute a key step in the onset of atherosclerosis. Endothelial erosion is directly responsible for thrombus formation and cardiovascular events in about one-third of the cases of acute coronary syndromes. Thus, after endothelial injury, the vascular repair process is crucial to restore endothelial junctions and rehabilitate a semipermeable barrier, preventing the development of vascular diseases. Endothelial healing can be modulated by several factors. In particular, 17β-estradiol (E2), the main estrogen, improves endothelial healing, reduces neointimal accumulation of smooth muscle cells and atherosclerosis in several animal models. The aim of this review is to highlight how various experimental models enabled the progress in the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the accelerative E2 effect on arterial endothelial healing through the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the main receptor mediating the physiological effects of estrogens. We first summarize the different experimental procedures used to reproduce vascular injury. We then provide an overview of how the combination of transgenic mouse models impacting ERα signalling with pharmacological tools demonstrated the pivotal role of non-genomic actions of ERα in E2-induced endothelial repair. Finally, we describe recent advances in the action of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) on this beneficial vascular effect, which surprisingly involves different cell types and activates different ERα subfunctions compared to E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Zahreddine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Morgane Davezac
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Melissa Buscato
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Natalia Smirnova
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, UMR CNRS 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1297, University of Toulouse3, Toulouse, France.
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19
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Abstract
Rates of obesity and diabetes have increased significantly over the past decades and the prevalence is expected to continue to rise further in the coming years. Many observations suggest that obesity and diabetes are associated with an increased risk of developing several types of cancers, including liver, pancreatic, endometrial, colorectal, and post-menopausal breast cancer. The path towards developing obesity and diabetes is affected by multiple factors, including adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, growth hormones, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. The metabolic abnormalities associated with changes in the levels of these factors in obesity and diabetes have the potential to significantly contribute to the development and progression of cancer through the regulation of distinct signaling pathways. Here, we highlight the cellular and molecular pathways that constitute the links between obesity, diabetes, cancer risk and mortality. This includes a description of the existing evidence supporting the obesity-driven morphological and functional alternations of cancer cells and adipocytes through complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seok Kim
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding author: Philipp E. Scherer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-3392 Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA E-mail:
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20
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Abdelwahed KS, Siddique AB, Qusa MH, King JA, Souid S, Abd Elmageed ZY, El Sayed KA. PCSK9 Axis-Targeting Pseurotin A as a Novel Prostate Cancer Recurrence Suppressor Lead. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1771-1781. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoun S. Abdelwahed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Mohammed H. Qusa
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Judy Ann King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, United States
| | - Soumaya Souid
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71203, United States
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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21
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Giacomini I, Gianfanti F, Desbats MA, Orso G, Berretta M, Prayer-Galetti T, Ragazzi E, Cocetta V. Cholesterol Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer and Its Pharmacological Modulation as Therapeutic Strategy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682911. [PMID: 34109128 PMCID: PMC8181394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous sterol with many biological functions, which are crucial for proper cellular signaling and physiology. Indeed, cholesterol is essential in maintaining membrane physical properties, while its metabolism is involved in bile acid production and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Additionally, isoprenoids metabolites of the mevalonate pathway support protein-prenylation and dolichol, ubiquinone and the heme a biosynthesis. Cancer cells rely on cholesterol to satisfy their increased nutrient demands and to support their uncontrolled growth, thus promoting tumor development and progression. Indeed, transformed cells reprogram cholesterol metabolism either by increasing its uptake and de novo biosynthesis, or deregulating the efflux. Alternatively, tumor can efficiently accumulate cholesterol into lipid droplets and deeply modify the activity of key cholesterol homeostasis regulators. In light of these considerations, altered pathways of cholesterol metabolism might represent intriguing pharmacological targets for the development of exploitable strategies in the context of cancer therapy. Thus, this work aims to discuss the emerging evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, on the role of cholesterol pathways in the treatment of cancer, starting from already available cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins or fibrates), and moving towards novel potential pharmacological inhibitors or selective target modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Giacomini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Gianfanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Prayer-Galetti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - Urology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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22
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Samadi A, Sabuncuoglu S, Samadi M, Isikhan SY, Chirumbolo S, Peana M, Lay I, Yalcinkaya A, Bjørklund G. A Comprehensive Review on Oxysterols and Related Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:110-136. [PMID: 32175830 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200316142659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide a complete and comprehensive summary of current literature relevant to oxysterols and related diseases. Oxidation of cholesterol leads to the formation of a large number of oxidized products, generally known as oxysterols. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones, and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Although oxysterols are considered as metabolic intermediates, there is a growing body of evidence that many of them are bioactive, and their absence or excess may be part of the cause of a disease phenotype. These compounds derive from either enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. This study provides comprehensive information about the structures, formation, and types of oxysterols even when involved in certain disease states, focusing on their effects on metabolism and linkages with these diseases. The role of specific oxysterols as mediators in various disorders, such as degenerative (age-related) and cancer-related disorders, has now become clearer. Oxysterol levels may be employed as suitable markers for the diagnosis of specific diseases or in predicting the incidence rate of diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, lung cancer, breast cancer, and infertility. However, further investigations may be required to confirm these mentioned possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahshid Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Selen Yilmaz Isikhan
- Vocational Higher School of Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Incilay Lay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yalcinkaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
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23
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Sun Z, Zhao L, Bo Q, Mao Z, He Y, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang C, Li R. Brain-Specific Oxysterols and Risk of Schizophrenia in Clinical High-Risk Subjects and Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711734. [PMID: 34408685 PMCID: PMC8367079 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic studies suggest that schizophrenia might be a neuronal development disorder. While oxysterols are important factors in neurodevelopment, it is unknown whether oxysterols might be involved in development of schizophrenia. The present study investigated the relationship between tissue-specifically originated oxysterols and risk of schizophrenia. A total of 216 individuals were recruited in this study, including 76 schizophrenia patients, 39 clinical high-risk (CHR) subjects, and 101 healthy controls (HC). We investigated the circulating levels of brain-specific oxysterol 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) and peripheral oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in all participants and analyzed the potential links between the oxysterols and specific clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients and CHR. Our data showed an elevation of 24OHC in both schizophrenia patients and CHR than that in HC, while a lower level of 27OHC in the schizophrenia group only. The ratio of 24OHC to 27OHC was only increased in the schizophrenic group compared with CHR and HC. For the schizophrenic patients, the circulating 24OHC levels are significantly associated with disease duration, positively correlated with the positive and negative syndrome total scores, while the 27OHC levels were inversely correlated with the positive symptom scores. Together, our data demonstrated the disruption of tissue-specifically originated cholesterol metabolism in schizophrenia and CHR, suggesting the circulating 24OHC or 24OHC/27OHC ratio might not only be a potential indicator for risk for schizophrenia but also be biomarkers for functional abnormalities in neuropathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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24
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Kimbung S, Inasu M, Stålhammar T, Nodin B, Elebro K, Tryggvadottir H, Ygland Rödström M, Jirström K, Isaksson K, Jernström H, Borgquist S. CYP27A1 expression is associated with risk of late lethal estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal patients. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:123. [PMID: 33176848 PMCID: PMC7656740 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC) stimulates estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) progression. Inhibiting the sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) abrogates these growth-promoting effects of 27HC in mice. However, the significance of CYP27A1 expression on BC biology and prognosis is unclear. Methods Intratumoral CYP27A1 expression in invasive BC was measured by immunohistochemistry in two Swedish population-based cohorts (n = 645 and n = 813, respectively). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between CYP27A1 expression and prognosis. Results CYP27A1 was highly expressed in less than 1/3 of the tumors. High CYP27A1 expression was more frequent among high-grade tumors lacking hormone receptor expression and with larger tumor sizes. Over a median of 12.2 years follow-up in cohort 1, high CYP27A1 expression was associated with impaired survival, specifically after 5 years from diagnosis among all patients [overall survival (OS), HRadjusted = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.26–2.97, P = 0.003; breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), HRadjusted = 2.33, 95%CI = 1.28–4.23, P = 0.006] and among patients ≥ 55 years presenting with ER+ tumors [OS, HRadjusted = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.24–3.21, P = 0.004; BCSS, HRadjusted = 2.78, 95%CI = 1.41–5.51, P = 0.003]. Among all patients in cohort 2 (median follow-up of 7.0 years), CYP27A1 expression was significantly associated with shorter OS and RFS in univariable analyses across the full follow-up period. However after adjusting for tumor characteristics and treatments, the association with survival after 5 years from diagnosis was non-significant among all patients [OS, HRadjusted = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.05–2.35, P = 0.83 and RFS, HRadjusted = 1.22, 95%CI = 0.68–2.18, P = 0.50] as well as among patients ≥ 55 years presenting with ER+ tumors [OS, HRadjusted = 0.46 95% CI = 0.11–1.98, P = 0.30 and RFS, HRadjusted = 0.97 95% CI = 0.44–2.10, P = 0.93]. Conclusion CYP27A1 demonstrated great potentials as a biomarker of aggressive tumor biology and late lethal disease in postmenopausal patients with ER+ BC. Future studies should investigate if the benefits of prolonged endocrine therapy and cholesterol-lowering medication in BC are modified by CYP27A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siker Kimbung
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Maria Inasu
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tor Stålhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Nodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Elebro
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Helga Tryggvadottir
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Ygland Rödström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolin Isaksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Central Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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25
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Kloudova-Spalenkova A, Holy P, Soucek P. Oxysterols in cancer management: From therapy to biomarkers. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3235-3247. [PMID: 32986851 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, both endogenous and exogenous. They have been implicated in numerous pathologies, including cancer. In addition to their roles in carcinogenesis, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and multiple signalling pathways, they have been shown to modulate cancer therapy. They are known to affect therapy of hormonally positive breast cancer through modulating oestrogen receptor activity. Oxysterols have also been shown in various in vitro models to influence efficacy of chemotherapeutics, such as doxorubicin, vincristine, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and others. Their effects on the immune system should also be considered in immunotherapy. Selective anti-cancer cytotoxic properties of some oxysterols make them candidates for new therapeutic molecules. Finally, differences in oxysterol levels in blood of cancer patients in different stages or versus healthy controls, and in tumour versus non-tumour tissues, show potential of oxysterols as biomarkers for cancer management and patient stratification for optimization of therapy. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Kloudova-Spalenkova
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holy
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Department of Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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26
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Zhang M, Xiang Z, Wang F, Shan R, Li L, Chen J, Liu BA, Huang J, Sun LQ, Zhou WB. STARD4 promotes breast cancer cell malignancy. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2487-2502. [PMID: 33125124 PMCID: PMC7610339 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) is one of the most common malignancies encountered in women worldwide. Lipid metabolism has been found to be involved in cancer progression. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer 4 (STARD4) is an important cholesterol transporter involved in the regulatory mechanism of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. However, to the best of our knowledge, the molecular functions of STARD4 in BRCA are unclear. Immunohistochemical staining and public dataset analysis were performed to investigate the expression levels of STARD4 in BRCA. In the present study, high expression of STARD4 was identified in BRCA samples and higher STARD4 expression was significantly associated with shorter distant metastasis-free survival time in patients with BRCA, which indicated that STARD4 may be associated with BRCA progression. Cell cytometry system Celigo® analysis, Cell Counting K-8 assays, flow cytometry, wound healing assays and transwell assays were used to investigate the effects of STARD4 knockdown on proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and migration in BRCA cells. Loss-of-function assays demonstrated that STARD4 acted as an oncogene to promote proliferation and cell cycle progression, while suppressing apoptosis in BRCA cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of STARD4 significantly suppressed BRCA metastasis. To assess the mechanism of action of STARD4, microarray analysis was performed following STARD4 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells. The data were analyzed in detail using bioinformatics, and a series of genes, including E74 like ETS transcription factor 1, cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 and p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2, which have been previously reported to be crucial genes implicated in the malignant phenotype of cancer cells, were identified to be regulated by STARD4. Loss-of function assays demonstrated that knockdown of STARD4 suppressed BRCA proliferation and migration. These findings suggested that STARD4 had an oncogenic effect in human BRCA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Rong Shan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bao-An Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Hunan Province Clinic Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bing Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Gómez-Coronado D, Lasunción MA, Martínez-Botas J, Fernández-Suárez ME. Role of cholesterol metabolism in the anticancer pharmacology of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:101-15. [PMID: 32931953 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of compounds that bind to estrogen receptors (ERs) and possess estrogen agonist or antagonist actions in different tissues. As such, they are widely used drugs. For instance, tamoxifen, the most prescribed SERM, is used to treat ERα-positive breast cancer. Aside from their therapeutic targets, SERMs have the capacity to broadly affect cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling, mainly through ER-independent mechanisms. Cholesterol metabolism reprogramming is crucial to meet the needs of cancer cells, and different key processes involved in cholesterol homeostasis have been associated with cancer progression. Therefore, the effects of SERMs on cholesterol homeostasis may be relevant to carcinogenesis, either by contributing to the anticancer efficacy of these compounds or, conversely, by promoting resistance to treatment. Understanding these aspects of SERMs actions could help to design more efficacious therapies. Herein we review the effects of SERMs on cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling and discuss their potential in anticancer pharmacology.
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Abstract
Obesity is currently affecting more than 40% of the Americans, and if it progresses with this rate, soon one out of two Americans will be obese. Obesity is an important risk factor for several disorders including cardiovascular disease, the first cause of death in the United States. Cancer follows as the second deadliest disease, and a link between obesity and cancer has been suggested. However, it is very hard to establish an exact connection between obesity and cancers due to the multifactorial nature of obesity. Hypercholesterolemia is a comorbidity of obesity and also linked to several cancers. Recently a cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) was found to be an endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which opened new doors toward several interesting studies on the role of this molecule in biological disorders. It is speculated that 27HC might be the missing link in the obesity and cancer chain. Here, we explored the effects of 27-hydroxycholesterol on obesity and cancers with a focus on the SERM capacity of 27HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvand Asghari
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA;
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA;
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA
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Abdelwahed KS, Siddique AB, Mohyeldin MM, Qusa MH, Goda AA, Singh SS, Ayoub NM, King JA, Jois SD, El Sayed KA. Pseurotin A as a novel suppressor of hormone dependent breast cancer progression and recurrence by inhibiting PCSK9 secretion and interaction with LDL receptor. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104847. [PMID: 32438039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia has been documented to drive hormone-dependent breast cancer (BC) progression and resistance to hormonal therapy. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) regulates cholesterol metabolism through binding to LDL receptor (LDLR) and targeting the receptor for lysosomal degradation. Inhibition of PCSK9 is an established strategy to treat hypercholesterolemia. Pseurotin A (PS) is a unique spiro-heterocyclic γ-lactam alkaloid isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Preliminary studies indicated that PS lowered PCSK9 secretion in cultured HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells, with an IC50 value of 1.20 μM. Docking studies suggested the ability of PS to bind at the PCSK9 narrow interface pocket that accommodates LDLR. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed PS ability to inhibit the PCSK9-LDLR interaction at a concentration range of 10-150 μM. PS showed in vitro dose-dependent reduction of PCSK9, along with increased LDLR levels in hormone-dependent BT-474 and T47D breast cancer (BC) cell lines. In vivo, daily oral 10 mg/kg PS suppressed the progression of the hormone-dependent BT-474 BC cells in orthotopic nude mouse xenograft model. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) investigation of BT-474 breast tumor tissue proved the PS ability to reduce PCSK9 expression. PS also effectively suppressed BT-474 BC cells locoregional recurrence after primary tumor surgical excision. Western blot analysis showed decreased PCSK9 expression in liver tissues of PS-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated control group. PS treatment significantly reduced PCSK9 expression and normalized LDLR levels in collected primary and recurrent breast tumors at the study end. PS-treated mice showed reduced plasma cholesterol and 17β-estradiol levels. Inhibition of tumor recurrence was associated with significant reductions in plasma level of the human BC recurrence marker CA 15-3 in treated mice at the study end. Histopathological examination of various PS-treated mice organs indicated lack of metastatic tumor cells and any pathological changes. The results of this study provide the first evidence for the suppression of the hormone-dependent breast tumor progression and recurrence by targeting the PCSK9-LDLR axis. PS is a novel first-in-class PCSK9-targeting lead appropriate for the use to control hormone-dependent BC progression and recurrence.
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Oxysterols as lipid mediators: Their biosynthetic genes, enzymes and metabolites. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 147:106381. [PMID: 31698146 PMCID: PMC7081179 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathways of oxysterol biosynthesis. Pathways of oxysterol metabolism. Oxysterols as bioactive molecules. Disorders of oxysterol metabolism.
There is growing evidence that oxysterols are more than simple metabolites in the pathway from cholesterol to bile acids. Recent data has shown oxysterols to be ligands to nuclear receptors and to G protein-coupled receptors, modulators of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis. In this mini-review we will discuss the biosynthetic mechanisms for the formation of different oxysterols and the implication of disruption of these mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
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Chu DT, Phuong TNT, Tien NLB, Tran DK, Nguyen TT, Thanh VV, Quang TL, Minh LB, Pham VH, Ngoc VTN, Kushekhar K, Chu-Dinh T. The Effects of Adipocytes on the Regulation of Breast Cancer in the Tumor Microenvironment: An Update. Cells 2019; 8:E857. [PMID: 31398937 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic and it is well evident that obesity is associated with the development of many disorders including many cancer types. Breast cancer is one of that associated with a high mortality rate. Adipocytes, a major cellular component in adipose tissue, are dysfunctional during obesity and also known to promote breast cancer development both in vitro and in vivo. Dysfunctional adipocytes can release metabolic substrates, adipokines, and cytokines, which promote proliferation, progression, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells. The secretion of adipocytes can alter gene expression profile, induce inflammation and hypoxia, as well as inhibit apoptosis. It is known that excessive free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides, hormones, leptin, interleukins, and chemokines upregulate breast cancer development. Interestingly, adiponectin is the only adipokine that has anti-tumor properties. Moreover, adipocytes are also related to chemotherapeutic resistance, resulting in the poorer outcome of treatment and advanced stages in breast cancer. Evaluation of the adipocyte secretion levels in the circulation can be useful for prognosis and evaluation of the effectiveness of cancer therapy in the patients. Therefore, understanding about functions of adipocytes as well as obesity in breast cancer may reveal novel targets that support the development of new anti-tumor therapy. In this systemic review, we summarize and update the effects of secreted factors by adipocytes on the regulation of breast cancer in the tumor microenvironment.
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He S, Ma L, Baek AE, Vardanyan A, Vembar V, Chen JJ, Nelson AT, Burdette JE, Nelson ER. Host CYP27A1 expression is essential for ovarian cancer progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:659-675. [PMID: 31048561 PMCID: PMC6824983 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for more effective strategies to treat ovarian cancer. Elevated cholesterol levels are associated with a decreased progression-free survival time (PFS) while statins are protective. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC), a primary metabolite of cholesterol, has been shown to modulate the activities of the estrogen receptors (ERs) and liver x receptors (LXRs) providing a potential mechanistic link between cholesterol and ovarian cancer progression. We found that high expression of CYP27A1, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of 27HC, was associated with decreased PFS, while high expression of CYP7B1, responsible for 27HC catabolism, was associated with increased PFS. However, 27HC decreased the cellular proliferation of various ovarian cancer cell lines in an LXR-dependent manner. Intriguingly, ID8 grafts were unable to effectively establish in CYP27A1-/- mice, indicating involvement of the host environment. Tumors from mice treated with 27HC had altered myeloid cell composition, and cells from the marrow stem cell lineage were found to be responsible for the effects in CYP27A1-/- mice. While inhibition of CYP27A1 or immune checkpoint did not significantly alter tumor size, their combination did, thereby highlighting this axis as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi He
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Amy E. Baek
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Anna Vardanyan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Varsha Vembar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Joy J. Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Adam T. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Erik R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for maintaining membrane fluidity in eukaryotes. Additionally, the synthetic cascade of cholesterol results in precursor molecules important for cellular function such as lipid raft formation and protein prenylation. As such, cholesterol homeostasis is tightly regulated. Interestingly, it is now known that some cholesterol precursors and many metabolites serve as active signaling molecules, binding to different classes of receptors including the nuclear receptors. Furthermore, many cholesterol metabolites or their nuclear receptors have been implicated in the regulation of the immune system in normal physiology and disease. Therefore, in this focused review, cholesterol homeostasis and nuclear receptors involved in this regulation will be discussed, with particular emphasis on how these cascades influence the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Hamed Shahoei
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Shahoei SH, Kim YC, Cler SJ, Ma L, Anakk S, Kemper JK, Nelson ER. Small Heterodimer Partner Regulates Dichotomous T Cell Expansion by Macrophages. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1573-1589. [PMID: 31050726 PMCID: PMC6549582 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of small heterodimer partner (SHP) in the inhibition of hepatic bile acid synthesis from cholesterol has been established. However, extrahepatic expression of SHP implies that SHP may have regulatory functions other than those in the liver. Here, we find that SHP mRNA expression is high in murine bone marrow cells, suggesting a physiological role within macrophages. Indeed, expression of SHP in macrophages decreases the transcriptional activity and nuclear localization of nuclear factor κB, whereas downregulation of SHP has the opposite effects. Expression of genes associated with macrophage-T cell crosstalk were altered by overexpression or downregulation of SHP. Intriguingly, increasing SHP expression in macrophages resulted in decreased T cell expansion, a hallmark of T cell activation, whereas knockdown of SHP resulted in increased expansion. Analyses of the expanded T cells revealed a dichotomous skewing between effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), with SHP overexpression reducing Tregs and downregulation of SHP increasing their expansion. The expanded Tregs were confirmed to be suppressive via adoptive transfers. IL-2 and TGF-β, known inducers of Treg differentiation, were found to be regulated by SHP. Furthermore, SHP occupancy at the promoter region of IL-2 was increased after macrophages were challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Neutralizing antibodies to IL-2 and TGF-β inhibited the expansion of Tregs mediated by downregulation of SHP. This study demonstrates that expression and activity of SHP within macrophages can alter T cell fate and identifies SHP as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases or solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Hamed Shahoei
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Samuel J Cler
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jongsook K Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Correspondence: Erik R. Nelson, PhD, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 South Goodwin Avenue (MC-114), Urbana, Illinois 61801. E-mail:
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Tao R, Miao L, Yu X, Orgah JO, Barnabas O, Chang Y, Liu E, Fan G, Gao X. Cynomorium songaricum Rupr demonstrates phytoestrogenic or phytoandrogenic like activities that attenuates benign prostatic hyperplasia via regulating steroid 5-α-reductase. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 235:65-74. [PMID: 30708032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CS) belongs to the genus of parasitic perennial flowering plants, mostly used in Chinese traditional medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment. BPH is a chronic disease in men that both androgen and estrogen play a crucial role in promoting its development via their receptors. Previously we have showed that compounds from CS have the phytoestrogenic and/or phytoandrogenic activities that may have the potential suppressive effects on BPH, while the mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of CS and its derived compounds: luteolin (LUT), gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA) and protocatechualdehyde (Pra) on inhibition of rat BPH and proliferation of BPH-1 cell line respectively, and further uncover whether it is related with the phytoestrogenic and / or phytoandrogenic activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Estradiol/testosterone (1:100) was subcutaneous injected to induce BPH in a castrated rat model, and CS was orally administrated for 45 days. Then the weights of the body and prostate were recorded, the pathogenesis changes of prostate were analyzed by Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC). The levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from rats' serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro, human benign prostatic epithelial cell BPH-1 was cultured and treated with or without different CS compounds and DHT or E2. MTT and CCK-8 assays were performed to detect the regulatory effects on cell proliferation. The expressions of PCNA, AR, ERα, ERβ, and steroid 5-α-reductases (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) were further analyzed by western blotting upon treatment. RESULTS Treatment with CS significantly inhibited rat prostate enlargement, improved the pathological feature and reduced the thickness of smooth muscle layer. The up-regulated AR and ERα expressions and down-regulated ERβ in BPH rat prostate were significantly blocked after CS administration. Moreover, the enhanced values of E2/testosterone and the level of DHT in serum were also strongly inhibited in CS group compared with those in BPH groups. In cellular level, LUT, GA, PA, or Pra significantly inhibited DHT- or E2- induced BPH-1 cell proliferation and PCNA expressions. Consistently with the data in vivo, compounds from CS interfered the DHT or E2-regulated AR, ERα and ERβ expressions in BPH-1 cells as well. Importantly, the dramatic increased SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 expressions were observed in BPH rat prostates and DHT or E2-stimulated BPH-1 cells. However, treatment with CS in rat or with compounds isolated from CS in BPH-1 cells significantly blocked the induction of SRD5A1 and SRD5A2. CONCLUSIONS CS suppressed BPH development through interfering with prostatic AR, ERα/β, and SRD5A1/2 expressions, which provided evidence of CS for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lin Miao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiean Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - John Owoicho Orgah
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Oche Barnabas
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Erwei Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Abstract
Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol and an important regulator of cholesterol metabolism, in part due to their role as ligands for nuclear receptors, such as the liver X receptors. Oxysterols are also known to be ligands for the RAR-related orphan receptors, involved in normal T cell differentiation. However, increasing evidence supports a role for oxysterols in the progression of several diseases. Here, we review recent developments in oxysterol research, highlighting the biological functions that oxysterols exert through their target nuclear receptors: the liver X receptors, estrogen receptors, RAR-related orphan receptors and the glucocorticoid receptor. We also bring the regulation of the immune system into the context of interaction between oxysterols and nuclear receptors, discussing the effect of such interaction on the pro-inflammatory function of macrophages and the development of T cells. Finally, we examine the impact that oxysterols have on various disease models, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, stressing the role of nuclear receptors if previously identified. This review underscores the need to consider the multifaceted roles of oxysterols in terms of multiple receptor engagements and selective modulation of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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Poirot M, Soules R, Mallinger A, Dalenc F, Silvente-Poirot S. Chemistry, biochemistry, metabolic fate and mechanism of action of 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), a tumor promoter and cholesterol metabolite. Biochimie 2018; 153:139-49. [PMID: 29654865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenation products of cholesterol, named oxysterols, were suspected since the 20th century to be involved in carcinogenesis. Among the family of oxysterol molecules, cholesterol-5,6-epoxides (5,6-EC) retained the attention of scientists because they contain a putative alkylating epoxide group. However, studies failed into demonstrating that 5,6-EC were direct carcinogens and revealed a surprising chemical stability and unreactivity towards nucleophiles in standard conditions. Analyses of 5,6-EC metabolism in normal cells showed that they were extensively transformed into cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT) by the cholesterol-5,6-epoxide hydrolase (ChEH). Studies performed in cancer cells showed that CT was additionally metabolized into an oxysterol identified as the 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of type 2 (HSD2), the enzyme which inactivates cortisol into cortisone. Importantly, OCDO was shown to display tumor promoter properties in breast cancers, by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, and independently of their estrogen receptor status, revealing the existence of a new tumorigenic pathway centered on 5,6-EC. In breast tumors from patients, OCDO production as well as the expression of the enzymes involved in the pathway producing OCDO, namely ChEH subunits and HSD2, were higher compared to normal tissues, and overexpression of these enzymes correlate with a higher risk of patient death, indicating that this onco-metabolism is of major importance to breast cancer pathology. Herein, we will review the actual knowledge and the future trends in OCDO chemistry, biochemistry, metabolism and mechanism of action and will discuss the impact of OCDO discovery on new anticancer therapeutic strategies.
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Gibson DA, Collins F, Cousins FL, Esnal Zufiaurre A, Saunders PTK. The impact of 27-hydroxycholesterol on endometrial cancer proliferation. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:381-391. [PMID: 29371332 PMCID: PMC5847183 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynaecological malignancy. Obesity is a major risk factor for EC and is associated with elevated cholesterol. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is a cholesterol metabolite that functions as an endogenous agonist for Liver X receptor (LXR) and a selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Exposure to oestrogenic ligands increases risk of developing EC; however, the impact of 27HC on EC is unknown. Samples of stage 1 EC (n = 126) were collected from postmenopausal women undergoing hysterectomy. Expression of LXRs (NR1H3, LXRα; NR1H2, LXRβ) and enzymes required for the synthesis (CYP27A1) or breakdown (CYP7B1) of 27HC were detected in all grades of EC. Cell lines originating from well-, moderate- and poorly-differentiated ECs (Ishikawa, RL95, MFE 280 respectively) were used to assess the impact of 27HC or the LXR agonist GW3965 on proliferation or expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of LXR- or ER-dependent promoters (LXRE, ERE). Incubation with 27HC or GW3965 increased transcription via LXRE in Ishikawa, RL95 and MFE 280 cells (P < 0.01). 27HC selectively activated ER-dependent transcription (P < 0.001) in Ishikawa cells and promoted proliferation of both Ishikawa and RL95 cells (P < 0.001). In MFE 280 cells, 27HC did not alter proliferation but selective targeting of LXR with GW3965 significantly reduced cell proliferation (P < 0.0001). These novel results suggest that 27HC can contribute to risk of EC by promoting proliferation of endometrial cancer epithelial cells and highlight LXR as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Gibson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation ResearchThe University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to D A Gibson:
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Roversi P, Johnson S, Preston SG, Nunn MA, Paesen GC, Austyn JM, Nuttall PA, Lea SM. Structural basis of cholesterol binding by a novel clade of dendritic cell modulators from ticks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16057. [PMID: 29167574 PMCID: PMC5700055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two crystal structures of Japanin, an 18 kDa immune-modulatory lipocalin from the Brown Ear Tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), have been determined at 2.2 and 2.4 Å resolution. In both crystal forms the protein is in complex with cholesterol, which sits in a closed pocket at the centre of the lipocalin barrel. Both crystal forms are dimers, which are also observed in solution. Molecular modelling suggests that previously-described members of a tick protein family bearing high sequence homology to Japanin are also likely to bind cholesterol or cholesterol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Roversi
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, England, United Kingdom. .,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G Preston
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, England, United Kingdom
| | - Miles A Nunn
- Akari Therapeutics, Plc, 75/76 Wimpole Street, London, W1G 9RT, England, United Kingdom
| | - Guido C Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Austyn
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, England, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Nuttall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, England, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Lea
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, England, United Kingdom.
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