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Önal D, Korkmaz H, Önal G, Pehlivanoğlu B. Body weight modulates the impact of oxytocin on chronic cold-immobilization stress response. Peptides 2024; 177:171202. [PMID: 38555975 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
By activating the stress system, stress modulates various physiological parameters including food intake, energy consumption, and, consequently, body weight. The role of oxytocin in the regulation of stress and obesity cannot be disregarded. Based on these findings, we aimed to investigate the effect of intranasal oxytocin on stress response in high-fat-diet (HFD)--fed and control-diet-fed rats exposed to chronic stress. Cold-immobilization stress was applied for 5 consecutive days to male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either with a control diet (n=20) or HFD (n=20) for 6 weeks. Half of the animals in each group received oxytocin. Stress response was evaluated via plasma and salivary cortisol levels as well as elevated plus maze scores. Prefrontal cortex and hypothalamic oxytocin receptor (OxtR) expression levels were identified using western blot analysis. The results showed higher stress response in HFD-fed animals than in control animals both under basal and post-stress conditions. Oxytocin application had a prominent anxiolytic effect in the control group but an insignificant effect in the HFD group. While OxtR expression levels in the prefrontal cortex did not vary according to the body weight and oxytocin application, OxtR levels in the hypothalamus were higher in the HFD- and/or oxytocin-treated animals. Our results indicated that the peripheral and central effects of oxytocin vary with body weight. Moreover, obesity masks the anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, probably by reinforcing the stress condition via central OxtRs. In conclusion, elucidating the mechanisms underlying the central effect of oxytocin is important to cope with stress and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Önal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Türkiye.
| | - Hilal Korkmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gizem Önal
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bilge Pehlivanoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Gupta A, Jamal A, Jamil DA, Al-Aubaidy HA. A systematic review exploring the mechanisms by which citrus bioflavonoid supplementation benefits blood glucose levels and metabolic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102884. [PMID: 37939436 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus bioflavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are derived from citrus fruits and vegetables. Although they are well known for their powerful antioxidant properties, their effects on glycemic control are not well understood. This review aims to highlight the potential benefits of using citrus bioflavonoids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications, as well as the medicinal effects of known subclasses of naturally occurring citrus bioflavonoids. METHODS In this systematic review, a survey of studies was conducted from January 2012 to February 2023 using various databases (PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus) to determine the effects of citrus bioflavonoid supplementation on reducing oxidative stress, improving lipid profiles, and glycemic index in patients with diabetes mellitus, as well as the proposed mechanisms of action. RESULTS The results of the survey indicate that citrus bioflavonoids may have a positive impact on reducing oxidative stress levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to reducing oxidative stress, citrus bioflavonoids may also have a positive impact on other markers of diabetes. For example, studies have shown that they can reduce non-enzymatic protein glycation, which is a process that occurs when glucose molecules bind to proteins in the body. CONCLUSION The reduction in oxidative stress that can be achieved using citrus bioflavonoids may help to maintain antioxidant levels in the body, thereby reducing the severity of diabetes and its complications. These findings suggest that citrus bioflavonoids may be a useful complementary therapy for patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Gupta
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Abdulsatar Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology & Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Dina A Jamil
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology & Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; New Medical Education Australia, Brisbane, QLD, 4007, Australia
| | - Hayder A Al-Aubaidy
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology & Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; New Medical Education Australia, Brisbane, QLD, 4007, Australia.
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Romanova IV, Mikhailova EV, Mikhrina AL, Shpakov AO. Type 1 melanocortin receptors in pro-opiomelanocortin-, vasopressin-, and oxytocin-immunopositive neurons in different areas of mouse brain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2388-2399. [PMID: 35475324 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Information on the localization of the Type 1 melanocortin receptors (MC1Rs) in different regions of the brain is very scarce. As a result, the role of MC1Rs in the functioning of brain neurons and in the central regulation of physiological functions has not been studied. This work aimed to study the expression and distribution of MС1Rs in different brain areas of female C57Bl/6J mice. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated the Mс1R gene expression in the cerebral cortex, midbrain, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and hippocampus. Using an immunohistochemical approach, we showed the MС1R localization in neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate, paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), dorsal hippocampus, substantia nigra, and cerebral cortex. Using double immunolabeling, the MC1Rs were visualized on the surface and in the bodies and outgrowths of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-immunopositive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, NTS, hippocampal CA3 and CA1 regions, and cerebral cortex. Co-localization with POMC indicates that MC1R, like MC3R, is able to function as an autoreceptor. In the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, MC1Rs were visualized on the surface and in the cell bodies of vasopressin- and oxytocin-immunopositive neurons, indicating a relationship between hypothalamic MC1R signaling and vasopressin and oxytocin production. The data obtained indicate a wide distribution of MC1Rs in different areas of the mouse brain and their localization in POMC-, vasopressin- and oxytocin-immunopositive neurons, which may indicate the participation of MC1Rs in the control of many physiological processes in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Romanova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Mikhailova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasiya L Mikhrina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Cherrington AD, Finan B, Gluud LL, Dean ED, Campbell JE, Bloom SR, Tan TMM, Knop FK, Müller TD. 100 years of glucagon and 100 more. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1378-1394. [PMID: 37367959 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone glucagon, discovered in late 1922, is secreted from pancreatic alpha cells and is an essential regulator of metabolic homeostasis. This review summarises experiences since the discovery of glucagon regarding basic and clinical aspects of this hormone and speculations on the future directions for glucagon biology and glucagon-based therapies. The review was based on the international glucagon conference, entitled 'A hundred years with glucagon and a hundred more', held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in November 2022. The scientific and therapeutic focus of glucagon biology has mainly been related to its role in diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the glucose-raising properties of glucagon have been leveraged to therapeutically restore hypoglycaemia. The hyperglucagonaemia evident in type 2 diabetes has been proposed to contribute to hyperglycaemia, raising questions regarding underlying mechanism and the importance of this in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Mimicry experiments of glucagon signalling have fuelled the development of several pharmacological compounds including glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists, GCGR agonists and, more recently, dual and triple receptor agonists combining glucagon and incretin hormone receptor agonism. From these studies and from earlier observations in extreme cases of either glucagon deficiency or excess secretion, the physiological role of glucagon has expanded to also involve hepatic protein and lipid metabolism. The interplay between the pancreas and the liver, known as the liver-alpha cell axis, reflects the importance of glucagon for glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism. In individuals with diabetes and fatty liver diseases, glucagon's hepatic actions may be partly impaired resulting in elevated levels of glucagonotropic amino acids, dyslipidaemia and hyperglucagonaemia, reflecting a new, so far largely unexplored pathophysiological phenomenon termed 'glucagon resistance'. Importantly, the hyperglucagonaemia as part of glucagon resistance may result in increased hepatic glucose production and hyperglycaemia. Emerging glucagon-based therapies show a beneficial impact on weight loss and fatty liver diseases and this has sparked a renewed interest in glucagon biology to enable further pharmacological pursuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M-M Tan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filip K Knop
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München Neuherberg, Germany
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Zhihong Y, Chen W, Qianqian Z, Lidan S, Qiang Z, Jing H, Wenxi W, Bhawal R. Emerging roles of oxyntomodulin-based glucagon-like peptide-1/glucagon co-agonist analogs in diabetes and obesity. Peptides 2023; 162:170955. [PMID: 36669563 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is an endogenous peptide hormone secreted from the intestines following nutrient ingestion that activates both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors. OXM is known to exert various effects, including improvement in glucose tolerance, promotion of energy expenditure, acceleration of liver lipolysis, inhibition of food intake, delay of gastric emptying, neuroprotection, and pain relief. The antidiabetic and antiobesity properties have led to the development of biologically active and enzymatically stable OXM-based analogs with proposed therapeutic promise for metabolic diseases. Structural modification of OXM was ongoing to enhance its potency and prolong half-life, and several GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist-based therapies are being explored in clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. In the present article, we provide a brief overview of the physiology of OXM, focusing on its structural-activity relationship and ongoing clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhihong
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wang Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Zhu Qianqian
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Sun Lidan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Zhou Qiang
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing & The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Han Jing
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Wang Wenxi
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing & The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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6
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Chen SY, Beretta M, Olzomer EM, Shah DP, Wong DYH, Alexopoulos SJ, Aleksovska I, Salamoun JM, Garcia CJ, Cochran BJ, Rye KA, Smith GC, Byrne FL, Morris MJ, Santos WL, Cantley J, Hoehn KL. Targeting negative energy balance with calorie restriction and mitochondrial uncoupling in db/db mice. Mol Metab 2023; 69:101684. [PMID: 36731653 PMCID: PMC9932728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calorie restriction is a first-line treatment for overweight individuals with metabolic impairments. However, few patients can adhere to long-term calorie restriction. An alternative approach to calorie restriction that also causes negative energy balance is mitochondrial uncoupling, which decreases the amount of energy that can be extracted from food. Herein we compare the metabolic effects of calorie restriction with the mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 in the db/db mouse model of severe hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and fatty liver. METHODS Male db/db mice were treated with ∼50% calorie restriction, BAM15 at two doses of 0.1% and 0.2% (w/w) admixed in diet, or 0.2% BAM15 with time-restricted feeding from 5 weeks of age. Mice were metabolically phenotyped over 4 weeks with assessment of key readouts including body weight, glucose tolerance, and liver steatosis. At termination, liver tissues were analysed by metabolomics and qPCR. RESULTS Calorie restriction and high-dose 0.2% BAM15 decreased body weight to a similar extent, but mice treated with BAM15 had far better improvement in glucose control. High-dose BAM15 treatment completely normalized fasting glucose and glucose tolerance to levels similar to lean db/+ control mice. Low-dose 0.1% BAM15 did not affect body mass but partially improved glucose tolerance to a similar degree as 50% calorie restriction. Both calorie restriction and high-dose BAM15 significantly improved hyperglucagonemia and liver and serum triglyceride levels. Combining high-dose BAM15 with time-restricted feeding to match the time that calorie restricted mice were fed resulted in the best metabolic phenotype most similar to lean db/+ controls. BAM15-mediated improvements in glucose control were associated with decreased glucagon levels and decreased expression of enzymes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSIONS BAM15 and calorie restriction treatments improved most metabolic disease phenotypes in db/db mice. However, mice fed BAM15 had superior effects on glucose control compared to the calorie restricted group that consumed half as much food. Submaximal dosing with BAM15 demonstrated that its beneficial effects on glucose control are independent of weight loss. These data highlight the potential for mitochondrial uncoupler pharmacotherapies in the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Young Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina Beretta
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ellen M Olzomer
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Divya P Shah
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Derek Y H Wong
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Alexopoulos
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Isabella Aleksovska
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Joseph M Salamoun
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Centre for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Christopher J Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Centre for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Blake J Cochran
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Greg C Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Frances L Byrne
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Centre for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - James Cantley
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Cai X, Bao D, Hua R, Cai B, Wang L, Dong R, Hua L. A Comparative Study on the Distribution Pattern of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Two Small Alpine Mammals, Plateau Zokor ( Eospalax baileyi) and Plateau Pika ( Ochotona curzoniae). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040640. [PMID: 36830427 PMCID: PMC9951659 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine cells can secrete a variety of gastrointestinal hormones that regulate gastrointestinal digestion and absorption, which, in turn, play an important role in animal growth, metabolism, and acclimation. The small alpine mammals, plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) and plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), live in a unique ecotope with cold, hypoxic environments and short plant-growing seasons, resulting in differential adaptive digestive strategies for foods. Studying the distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of these two animals can lead to a better understanding of the survival strategies of animals in an alpine environment. In this study, we used histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to compare the distribution pattern of argyrophilic cells and the expression of 5-HT cells, Gas cells, and Glu cells in the GIT of the plateau zokor with those of the plateau pika. The results showed that these endocrine cells we studied were widely distributed in the gastrointestinal organs of both these small mammals, and their morphology and distribution location in the GIT were almost the same. However, there were significant differences in the distribution density of argyrophilic cells between different organs in the GIT. The distribution density of argyrophilic cells in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and rectum of plateau zokor was significantly lower than that of plateau pika (p < 0.05) and, in the cecum of plateau zokor, was significantly higher than that of plateau pika (p < 0.001). The positive expression of 5-HT cells in the corpus I, corpus II, and pylorus of the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and rectum of plateau zokor was significantly higher than that of plateau pika (p < 0.01). In addition, the positive expression of Glu cells in the cecum was significantly higher (p < 0.01) and in the duodenum and colon was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the plateau zokor than in the plateau pika. We conclude that the distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the GIT is consistent with the respective animals' diets, with the plateau zokor feeding on high-fiber roots and plateau pika preferring to intake the aboveground parts of plants with lower fibers.
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Abstract
Plasma glucose is tightly regulated via the secretion of the two glucose-regulating hormones insulin and glucagon. Situated next to the insulin-secreting β-cells, the α-cells produce and secrete glucagon-one of the body's few blood glucose-increasing hormones. Diabetes is a bihormonal disorder, resulting from both inadequate insulin secretion and dysregulation of glucagon. The year 2023 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon, making it particularly timely to highlight the roles of this systemic metabolic messenger in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Scheen AJ, Lefèbvre PJ. Glucagon, from past to present: a century of intensive research and controversies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:129-138. [PMID: 36566754 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2022 corresponds to the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon. This TimeCapsule aims to recall the main steps leading to the discovery, characterisation, and clinical importance of the so-called second pancreatic hormone. We describe the early historical findings in basic research (ie, discovery, purification, structure, α-cell origin, radioimmunoassay, glucagon gene [GCG], and glucagon receptor [GLR]), in which three future Nobel Prize laureates were actively involved. Considered as an anti-insulin hormone, glucagon was rapidly used to treat insulin-induced hypoglycaemic coma episodes in people with type 1 diabetes. A key step in the story of glucagon was the discovery of its role and the role of α cells in the physiology and pathophysiology (ie, paracrinopathy) of type 2 diabetes. This concept led to the design of different strategies targeting glucagon, among which GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists were a major breakthrough, and combination of inhibition of glucagon secretion with stimulation of insulin secretion (both in a glucose-dependent manner). Taking advantage of the glucagon-induced increase in energy metabolism, biased coagonists were developed. Besides the GLP-1 receptor, these coagonists also target the glucagon receptor to further promote weight loss. Thus, the 100-year story of glucagon has most probably not come to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Pierre J Lefèbvre
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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Jiao Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Yang D, Li J, Sun L, Cui Z. The Effect of Oat Hay, Alfalfa Hay, and Their Combined Diets on the Morphology and Function of the Pancreas in Preweaning Yak Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020293. [PMID: 36670833 PMCID: PMC9855006 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used a combination of animal nutrition and nontargeted metabolomics to investigate the effects of feeding different sources forages rations on the morphology and function of the pancreas in preweaning yak calves, providing theoretical guidance and important references for the healthy and high-quality rearing of yak calves. At 45 days old, 21 yak calf males were divided into OP, AP, and AOP groups, with seven animals in each group, which were fed with oat hay, alfalfa hay, and mixed oat and alfalfa hay, respectively. Five calves from each group were selected randomly to slaughter after a pretest period of 21 days and the official period of 120 days, when the average daily feed intake reached 1 kg. During the test, the growth and pancreas weight of yak calves were recorded, and the morphology and function of the pancreas tissues were determined using tissue sectioning methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, and nontargeted metabolomics strategies. The results showed that the body weight and pancreatic organ index of yak calves in the AOP group were significantly higher than those of the AP and OP groups. Compared to the AP and OP groups, the AOP group had considerably lower ratios of the area of the pancreatic endocrine component and overall percentage of that section of the organ, and the AOP group increased pancreatic amylase activity and a higher concentration of growth inhibitor. The AP group had significantly higher levels of the differential metabolites L-ascorbic acid, spermidine, spermine, and dopaquinone in the glutathione, β-alanine, and tyrosine metabolic pathways than the OP group. The AOP group had significantly lower levels of the differential metabolites spermine and phenylacetylglycine in the glutathione and phenylalanine metabolic pathways than the AP group. In summary, compared to feeding oat or alfalfa hay alone, combined feeding oat hay and alfalfa hay is more beneficial to promote the morphological and functional development of the pancreas in preweaning yak calves, so as to enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the diet and maintain the positive regulation of blood glucose levels. This provides an important basis for the optimized forage supply of healthy and high-quality rearing in preweaning yak calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage-Feed of Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage-Feed of Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
| | - Shujie Liu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage-Feed of Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage-Feed of Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jilan Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage-Feed of Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zhanhong Cui
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage-Feed of Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Xining 810016, China
- Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Wan W, Qin Q, Xie L, Zhang H, Wu F, Stevens RC, Liu Y. GLP-1R Signaling and Functional Molecules in Incretin Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020751. [PMID: 36677809 PMCID: PMC9866634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a critical therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The GLP-1R cellular signaling mechanism relevant to insulin secretion and blood glucose regulation has been extensively studied. Numerous drugs targeting GLP-1R have entered clinical treatment. However, novel functional molecules with reduced side effects and enhanced therapeutic efficacy are still in high demand. In this review, we summarize the basis of GLP-1R cellular signaling, and how it is involved in the treatment of T2DM. We review the functional molecules of incretin therapy in various stages of clinical trials. We also outline the current strategies and emerging techniques that are furthering the development of novel therapeutic drugs for T2DM and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Wan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qikai Qin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Linshan Xie
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Structure Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Structure Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Correspondence: (R.C.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.S.); (Y.L.)
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12
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Chen H, Chen X, Chen X, Lin S, Cheng J, You L, Xiong C, Cai X, Wang S. New perspectives on fabrication of peptide-based nanomaterials in food industry: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Sabnis RW. Novel 6-Methoxy-3,4-dihydro-1 H-isoquinoline Compounds for Treating Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:891-892. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell LLP, 1105 West Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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14
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Barchetta I, Baroni MG, Melander O, Cavallo MG. New Insights in the Control of Fat Homeostasis: The Role of Neurotensin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2209. [PMID: 35216326 PMCID: PMC8876516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a small peptide with pleiotropic functions, exerting its primary actions by controlling food intake and energy balance. The first evidence of an involvement of NT in metabolism came from studies on the central nervous system and brain circuits, where NT acts as a neurotransmitter, producing different effects in relation to the specific region involved. Moreover, newer interesting chapters on peripheral NT and metabolism have emerged since the first studies on the NT-mediated regulation of gut lipid absorption and fat homeostasis. Intriguingly, NT enhances fat absorption from the gut lumen in the presence of food with a high fat content, and this action may explain the strong association between high circulating levels of pro-NT, the NT stable precursor, and the increased incidence of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer observed in large population studies. This review aims to provide a synthetic overview of the main regulatory effects of NT on several biological pathways, particularly those involving energy balance, and will focus on new evidence on the role of NT in controlling fat homeostasis, thus influencing the risk of unfavorable cardio–metabolic outcomes and overall mortality in humans.
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15
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Lisco G, De Tullio A, Disoteo O, De Geronimo V, Piazzolla G, De Pergola G, Giagulli VA, Jirillo E, Guastamacchia E, Sabbà C, Triggiani V. Basal insulin intensification with GLP-1RA and dual GIP and GLP-1RA in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A rapid review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920541. [PMID: 36157450 PMCID: PMC9494570 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tirzepatide, a dual agonist of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors, improved glucose control and reduced body weight in different therapeutic approaches. Herein, we overviewed the role of GIP and GLP-1 in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and systematically reviewed the efficacy and safety of injectable incretin-based therapy added to basal insulin in light of the results of the SURPASS-5 trial. We identified eleven randomized clinical trials. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) or Tirzepatide added to basal insulin than rigorously titrated basal insulin significantly ameliorates glucose control (Δ HbA1c = -1%, 95% CI -1.25; -0.74, I2 94%; Δ FPG = -14.6 mg/dL, 95% CI -21.6-; -7.6, I2 90%; chance to achieve HbA1c <7% = RR 2.62, 95% CI 2.10; 3.26, I2 89%), reduces body weight (Δ = -3.95 kg, 95% CI -5.1, -2.79, I2 96%) without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia (RR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.86; 1.18, I2 7.7%). Tirzepatide provides an impressive weight loss exceeding that observed with GLP-1RAs. Injectable incretin-based therapy plus basal insulin remains a potent and safe therapeutic approach in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients previously treated with basal insulin alone. Tirzepatide is expected to ameliorate the management of "diabesity" in this usually difficult-to-treat cluster of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Olga Disoteo
- Diabetology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Piazzolla
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, Saverio de Bellis, Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Triggiani,
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