1
|
Wang Y, Zhao M, Li J, Liu Y. Loganin exerts neuroprotective effect by inhibiting neuronal pyroptosis in rat with cerebral haemorrhage. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 51:e13858. [PMID: 38636940 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) presents significant challenges in clinical management because of the high morbidity and mortality, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective effects of loganin in a rat ICH model. Sprague-Dawley rats were used, subjected to a collagenase-induced ICH model, followed by loganin treatment at doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg. Neurological functions were evaluated using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and a rotarod test. Results indicated a significant improvement in neurological functions in loganin-treated groups, evident from the mNSS and rotarod tests, suggesting dose-dependent neuroprotection. Loganin also effectively reduced the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cerebral oedema. Additionally, it mitigated cellular pyroptosis, as shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling staining and western blot analysis, which indicated reduced levels of pyroptosis markers in treated rats. Furthermore, loganin's regulatory effects on the adenosine A2A receptor and myosin light chain kinase pathways were observed, potentially underpinning its protective mechanism against ICH. The study concludes that loganin exhibits significant neuroprotective properties in a rat ICH model, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy. Despite promising results, the study needs further research to determine loganin's therapeutic potential in human ICH patients. This research paves the way for further exploration into loganin's clinical applications, potentially revolutionizing treatment strategies for patients suffering from intracerebral haemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Center of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Third Clinical Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Center of Encephalopathy, The Third Clinical Hospital Affiliated to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Third Clinical Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Center of Encephalopathy, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Third Clinical Hospital, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szumny D, Kucharska AZ, Czajor K, Bernacka K, Ziółkowska S, Krzyżanowska-Berkowska P, Magdalan J, Misiuk-Hojło M, Sozański T, Szeląg A. Extract from Aronia melanocarpa, Lonicera caerulea, and Vaccinium myrtillus Improves near Visual Acuity in People with Presbyopia. Nutrients 2024; 16:926. [PMID: 38612968 PMCID: PMC11013737 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Presbyopia is a global problem with an estimated 1.3 billion patients worldwide. In the area of functional food applications, dietary supplements or herbs, there are very few reports describing the positive effects of their use. In the available literature, there is a lack of studies in humans as well as on an animal model of extracts containing, simultaneously, compounds from the polyphenol group (in particular, anthocyanins) and iridoids, so we undertook a study of the effects of a preparation composed of these compounds on a condition of the organ of vision. Our previous experience on a rabbit model proved the positive effect of taking an oral extract of Cornus mas in stabilizing the intraocular pressure of the eye. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an orally administered ternary compound preparation on the status of physiological parameters of the ocular organ. The preparation contained an extract of the chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa, the honeysuckle berry Lonicera caerulea L., and the bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus (hereafter AKB) standardized for anthocyanins and iridoids, as bioactive compounds known from the literature. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study lasting with a "wash-out" period of 17 weeks evaluated a group of 23 people over the age of 50, who were subjects with presbyopia and burdened by prolonged work in front of screen monitors. The group of volunteers was recruited from people who perform white-collar jobs on a daily basis. The effects of the test substances contained in the preparation on visual acuity for distance and near, sense of contrast for distance and near, intraocular pressure, and conjunctival lubrication, tested by Schirmer test, LIPCOF index and TBUT test, and visual field test were evaluated. Anthocyanins (including cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, delphinidin 3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside) and iridoids (including loganin, sweroside, loganic acid) were identified as substances present in the extract obtained by HPLC-MS. The preliminary results showed that the composition of AKB applied orally does not change visual acuity in the first 6 weeks of administration. Only in the next cycle of the study was an improvement in near visual acuity observed in 92.3% of the patients. This may indicate potential to correct near vision in presbyopic patients. On the other hand, an improvement in conjunctival wetting was observed in the Schirmer test at the beginning of week 6 of administration in 80% of patients. This effect was weakened in subsequent weeks of conducting the experiment to 61.5%. The improvement in conjunctival hydration in the Schirmer test shows the potential beneficial effect of the AKB formulation in a group of patients with dry eye syndrome. This is the first study of a preparation based on natural, standardized extracts of chokeberry, honeysuckle berry, and bilberry. Preliminary studies show an improvement in near visual acuity and conjunctival hydration on the Schirmer test, but this needs to be confirmed in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szumny
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.S.)
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Clinical Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (S.Z.); (P.K.-B.); (M.M.-H.)
| | - Alicja Zofia Kucharska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.Z.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Karolina Czajor
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Clinical Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (S.Z.); (P.K.-B.); (M.M.-H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Bernacka
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.Z.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Sabina Ziółkowska
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Clinical Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (S.Z.); (P.K.-B.); (M.M.-H.)
| | - Patrycja Krzyżanowska-Berkowska
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Clinical Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (S.Z.); (P.K.-B.); (M.M.-H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Magdalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Ophthalmology Clinic, University Clinical Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (K.C.); (S.Z.); (P.K.-B.); (M.M.-H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sozański
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Pharmacology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Luo D, Shi J, Yang X, Xu W, Gao W, Guo Y, Zhao Q, Xie X, He Y, Du G, Pang X. Loganin alleviated cognitive impairment in 3×Tg-AD mice through promoting mitophagy mediated by optineurin. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 312:116455. [PMID: 37019163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Corni Fructus is a traditional Chinese herb and widely applied for treatment of age-related disorders in China. Iridoid glycoside was considered as the active ingredient of Corni Fructus. Loganin is one of the major iridoid glycosides and quality control components of Corni Fructus. Emerging evidence emphasized the beneficial effect of loganin on neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the detailed mechanism underlying the neuroprotective action of loganin remains to be unraveled. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the improvement of loganin on cognitive impairment in 3 × Tg-AD mice and reveal the potential mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-month 3 × Tg-AD male mice were intraperitoneally injected with loganin (20 and 40 mg/kg) for consecutive 21 days. Behavioral tests were used to evaluated the cognition-enhancing effects of loganin, and Nissl staining and thioflavine S staining were performed to analyze neuronal survival and Aβ pathology. Western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence were utilized to explore the molecular mechanism of loganin in AD mice involved mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Aβ25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells were applied to verify the potential mechanism in vitro. RESULTS Loganin significantly mitigated the learning and memory deficit and amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposition, and recovered synaptic ultrastructure in 3 × Tg-AD mice. Perturbed mitochondrial dynamics characterized by excessive fission and insufficient fusion were restored after loganin treatment. Meanwhile, loganin reversed the increase of mitophagy markers (LC3II, p62, PINK1 and Parkin) and mitochondrial markers (TOM20 and COXIV) in hippocampus of AD mice, and enhanced the location of optineurin (OPTN, a well-known mitophagy receptor) to mitochondria. Accumulated PINK1, Parkin, p62 and LC3II were also revealed in Aβ25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells, which were ameliorated by loganin. Increased OPTN in Aβ25-35-treated SH-SY5Y cells was further upregulated by loganin incubation, along with the reduction of mitochondrial ROSand elevation ofmitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Conversely, OPTN silence neutralized the effect of loganin on mitophagy and mitochondrial function, which is consistent with the finding that loganin presented strong affinity with OPTN measured by molecular docking in silico. CONCLUSIONS Our observations confirmed that loganin enhanced cognitive function and alleviated AD pathology probably by promoting OPTN-mediated mitophagy,. Loganin might be a potential drug candidate for AD therapy via targeting mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Dongmei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Junzhuo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Xiaojia Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Wangjun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Weiping Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Yukun Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Xinmei Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Yangyang He
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Institutes of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiaobin Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Institutes of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization to Natural Medical Resource in Yellow River Basin, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi GY, Kim HB, Cho JM, Sreelatha I, Lee IS, Kweon HS, Sul S, Kim SA, Maeng S, Park JH. Umbelliferone Ameliorates Memory Impairment and Enhances Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Scopolamine-Induced Rat Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102351. [PMID: 37242234 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Among the suggested pathogenic mechanisms of AD, the cholinergic hypothesis proposes that AD symptoms are a result of reduced synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). A non-selective antagonist of the muscarinic ACh receptor, scopolamine (SCOP) induced cognitive impairment in rodents. Umbelliferone (UMB) is a Apiaceae-family-derived 7-hydeoxycoumarin known for its antioxidant, anti-tumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. However, the effects of UMB on the electrophysiological and ultrastructure morphological aspects of learning and memory are still not well-established. Thus, we investigated the effect of UMB treatment on cognitive behaviors and used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures for long-term potentiation (LTP) and the hippocampal synaptic ultrastructure. A hippocampal tissue analysis revealed that UMB attenuated a SCOP-induced blockade of field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) activity and ameliorated the impairment of LTP by the NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists. UMB also enhanced the hippocampal synaptic vesicle density on the synaptic ultrastructure. Furthermore, behavioral tests on male SD rats (7-8 weeks old) using the Y-maze test, passive avoidance test (PA), and Morris water maze test (MWM) showed that UMB recovered learning and memory deficits by SCOP. These cognitive improvements were in association with the enhanced expression of BDNF, TrkB, and the pCREB/CREB ratio and the suppression of acetylcholinesterase activity. The current findings indicate that UMB may be an effective neuroprotective reagent applicable for improving learning and memory against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Choi
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Bum Kim
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jae-Min Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Inturu Sreelatha
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seo Lee
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Sul
- Undergraduate Programs, Rutgers University, 100 Rockafeller Road, Suite 1008, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Gerontology (AgeTech Service Convergence Major), Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singla RK, Joon S, Sinha B, Kamal MA, Simal-Gandara J, Xiao J, Shen B. Current trends in natural products for the treatment and management of dementia: Computational to clinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105106. [PMID: 36828163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The number of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating natural products-based management of dementia has gradually increased, with an exponential rise in 2020 and 2021. Keeping this in mind, we examined current trends from 2016 to 2021 in order to assess the growth potential of natural products in the treatment of dementia. Publicly available literature was collected from various databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Oxidative stress-related targets, NF-κB pathway, anti-tau aggregation, anti-AChE, and A-β aggregation were found to be common targets and pathways. A retrospective analysis of 33 antidementia natural compounds identified 125 sustainable resources distributed among 65 families, 39 orders, and 7 classes. We found that families such as Berberidaceae, Zingiberaceae, and Fabaceae, as well as orders such as Lamiales, Sapindales, and Myrtales, appear to be important and should be researched further for antidementia compounds. Moreover, some natural products, such as quercetin, curcumin, icariside II, berberine, and resveratrol, have a wide range of applications. Clinical studies and patents support the importance of dietary supplements and natural products, which we will also discuss. Finally, we conclude with the broad scope, future challenges, and opportunities for field researchers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Choi GY, Kim HB, Hwang ES, Park HS, Cho JM, Ham YK, Kim JH, Mun MK, Maeng S, Park JH. Naringin enhances long-term potentiation and recovers learning and memory deficits of amyloid-beta induced Alzheimer's disease-like behavioral rat model. Neurotoxicology 2023; 95:35-45. [PMID: 36549596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the most typical type of dementia, is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive learning and memory impairment. It is known that the main causes of AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Naringin is a flavonoid from citrus fruits, especially in grapefruit, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective activities. However, the effect of naringin in AD caused by Aβ has not been clearly studied, and there are few studies on the electrophysiological aspect. Thus, we investigated the ex vivo neuroprotective effect of naringin through the long-term potentiation (LTP) on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. We evaluated the in vivo effects of naringin (100 mg/kg/day) orally treated for 20 days on learning, memory, and cognition which was impaired by bilateral CA1 subregion injection of Aβ. Cognitive behaviors were measured 2 weeks after Aβ injection using behavioral tests and the hippocampal expression of apoptotic and neurotrophic regulators were measured by immunoblotting. In hippocampal tissue slices, naringin dose-dependently increased the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) after theta burst stimulation and attenuated Aβ-induced blockade of fEPSP in the hippocampal CA1 area. In Aβ injected rats, naringin improved object recognition memory in the novel object test, avoidance memory in the passive avoidance test and spatial recognition memory in the Morris water maze test. In the hippocampus, naringin attenuated the Aβ-induced cyclooxygenase-2, Bax activation and Bcl-2, CREB, BDNF and TrkB inhibition. These results suggest that naringin has therapeutic potential to reduce neuronal inflammation and apoptosis induced by Aβ related with the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Choi
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Bum Kim
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eun-Sang Hwang
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sub Park
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Ham
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Mun
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu L, Che R, Zhang W, Xu J, Lian W, He J, Tu S, Bai X, He X. Cornuside, by regulating the AGEs-RAGE-IκBα-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, ameliorates cognitive impairment associated with brain aging. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 36781177 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs can only change the symptoms of cognitive impairment in a short time but cannot prevent or completely cure AD. Thus, a more effective drug is urgently needed. Cornuside is extracted from Corni Fructus, a traditional Chinese medicine that plays an important role in treating dementia and other age-related diseases. Thus, the study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of Cornuside on the D-galactose (D-Gal) induced aging mice accompanied by cognitive decline. Initially, we found that Cornuside improved the learning and memory abilities of D-Gal-treated mice in behavioral experiments. Pharmacological experiments indicated that Cornuside acted on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Cornuside also reversed acetylcholin esterase (AChE) activity. Meanwhile, pathology tests showed that Cornuside had a protective effect on neuron damage. Cornuside increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and down-regulated the expression of receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE), ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) respectively. Further studies claimed that Cornuside had important effects on the expression of IκBα and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). These effects might be achieved through regulating the AGEs-RAGE-IκBα-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, among which, ERK1/2 might be the key protein. The study provides direct preclinical evidence for the research of Cornuside, which may become an excellent candidate drug for the treatment of aging-related AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruomei Che
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiku Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiekun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Lian
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxin Tu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Bai
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han MX, Jiang WY, Jiang Y, Wang LH, Xue R, Zhang GX, Chen JW. Gao-Zi-Yao improves learning and memory function in old spontaneous hypertensive rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:147. [PMID: 35643519 PMCID: PMC9148521 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Gao-Zi-Yao has long been a unique way for treating various diseases. The present study is to explore the effect of Gao-Zi-Yao on learning and memory function in old spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and its possible mechanism. Method Male old SHR were received different doses of Gao-Zi-Yao for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were monitored. Serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, and tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α were measured. Morris water maze was performed to test the learning and memory function of the rats. Number of neurons in hippocampus was counted by Nissl staining. Western blot was applied to detect the expressions of learning and memory function related proteins, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B (NMDAR 2B), glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1), phosphorylated-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMK II), and phosphorylated-cAMP responsive element-binding protein (p-CREB) in rat hippocampus. Results Data showed that Gao-Zi-Yao reduced SBP in old SHR, elevated NO level, and suppressed levels of IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α. The results of Morris water maze experiment showed that Gao-Zi-Yao dose-dependently improved learning and memory function. Number of neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region of the old SHR was increased by Gao-Zi-Yao treatment. In addition, Gao-Zi-Yao elevated the protein expressions of NMDAR 2B, GluR1, p-CaMK II, and p-CREB in hippocampus. Conclusion Gao-Zi-Yao decreases SBP and improves the learning and memory function of the old SHR by regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors and neuron number in hippocampal DG area and the expression of learning and memory function related proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03630-0.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang F, Yan Y, Zhang J, Li L, Wang YW, Xia CY, Lian WW, Peng Y, Zheng J, He J, Xu JK, Zhang WK. Phytochemistry, synthesis, analytical methods, pharmacological activity, and pharmacokinetics of loganin: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2272-2299. [PMID: 35583806 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iridoid glycosides (IGs) are found in many medicinal and edible plants, such as Gardenia jasminoides, Cistanche tubulosa, Eucommia ulmoides, Rehmanniae Radix, Lonicera japonica, and Cornus officinalis. Loganin, an IG, is one of the main active ingredient of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., which approved as a medicinal and edible plant in China. Loganin has been widely concerned due to its extensive pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-tumor activities, etc. Studies have shown that these underlying mechanisms include anti-oxidation, antiinflammation and anti-apoptosis by regulating a variety of signaling pathways, such as STAT3/NF-κB, JAK/STAT3, TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, MCP-1/CCR2, and RAGE/Nox4/p65 NF-κB signaling pathways. In order to better understand the research status of loganin and promote its application in human health, this paper systematically summarized the phytochemistry, analysis methods, synthesis, pharmacological properties and related mechanisms, and pharmacokinetics based on the research in the past decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tenuta MC, Deguin B, Loizzo MR, Cuyamendous C, Bonesi M, Sicari V, Trabalzini L, Mitaine-Offer AC, Xiao J, Tundis R. An Overview of Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Edible Fruits of European and Asian Cornus Species. Foods 2022; 11:1240. [PMID: 35563963 PMCID: PMC9102190 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornus species are widely distributed in central and southern Europe, east Africa, southwest Asia, and America. Several species are known for edible fruits, especially Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis. These delicious fruits, characterized by their remarkable nutritional and biological values, are widely used in traditional medicine. In contrast to the other edible Cornus species, C. mas and C. officinalis are the most studied for which little information is available on the main phytochemicals and their biological activities. Fruits are characterised by several classes of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, anthocyanins, tannins, triterpenoids, and iridoids. The available phytochemical data show that the different classes of metabolites have not been systematically studied. However, these edible species are all worthy of interest because similarities have been found. Thus, this review describes the traditional uses of Cornus species common in Europe and Asia, a detailed classification of the bioactive compounds that characterize the fruits, and their beneficial health effects. Cornus species are a rich source of phytochemicals with nutritional and functional properties that justify the growing interest in these berries, not only for applications in the food industry but also useful for their medicinal properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Tenuta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.C.T.); (M.R.L.); (M.B.); (R.T.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, U.M.R. n°8038-CiTCoM-(CNRS, Université de Paris Cité), F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Brigitte Deguin
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, U.M.R. n°8038-CiTCoM-(CNRS, Université de Paris Cité), F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Monica R. Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.C.T.); (M.R.L.); (M.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Claire Cuyamendous
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, U.M.R. n°8038-CiTCoM-(CNRS, Université de Paris Cité), F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Marco Bonesi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.C.T.); (M.R.L.); (M.B.); (R.T.)
| | - Vincenzo Sicari
- Department of Agraria, “Mediterranea” University of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Anne-Claire Mitaine-Offer
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 87900, CEDEX, F-21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain;
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.C.T.); (M.R.L.); (M.B.); (R.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim MJ, Hwang ES, Kim KJ, Maeng S, Heo HJ, Park JH, Kim DO. Anti-Amnesic Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010001. [PMID: 35052505 PMCID: PMC8773269 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a major flavan-3-ol of green tea polyphenols that exhibits various beneficial health effects, including antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate whether EGCG prevents scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in in vivo and ex vivo models. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pre-treated with EGCG (5 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)) for 10 days. Then, EGCG and scopolamine (1 mg/kg/day; i.p.) were applied 60 and 30 min before the behavioral tests, respectively, for another 9 days. EGCG alleviated the cognitive deficits in the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. EGCG showed improved cholinergic functions by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity in hippocampi dissected from the brain of the rats after the behavioral tests. EGCG also reduced oxidative stress, partly due to increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde level in the hippocampi of the rat brains after the behavioral tests. Furthermore, EGCG attenuated the scopolamine-induced blockade of long-term potentiation in organotypic hippocampal tissue of seven-day-old SD rats. Taken together, these results suggested that EGCG is a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (K.J.K.)
| | - Eun-Sang Hwang
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Kwan Joong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (K.J.K.)
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (D.-O.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2916 (J.-H.P.); +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.)
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (K.J.K.)
- Department of Food Innovation and Health, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (D.-O.K.); Tel.: +82-31-201-2916 (J.-H.P.); +82-31-201-3796 (D.-O.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nie L, He K, Xie F, Xiao S, Li S, Xu J, Zhang K, Yang C, Zhou L, Liu J, Zou L, Yang X. Loganin substantially ameliorates molecular deficits, pathologies and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23739-23756. [PMID: 34689137 PMCID: PMC8580356 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease threatening the health of the elderly, but the available therapeutic and preventive drugs remain suboptimal. Loganin, an iridoid glycoside extracted from Cornus officinalis, is reported to have anti-inflammatory and memory-enhancing properties. This study is aimed to explore the influence of loganin on cognitive function in 3xTg-AD mice and the underlying mechanism associated with its neuroprotection. According to the results of behavioral tests, we found that administration of loganin could significantly alleviate anxiety behavior and improve memory deficits of 3xTg-AD mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis displayed that there were decreased Aβ deposition in the hippocampus and cortex of 3xTg-AD mice treated with loganin compared with the control mice. Importantly, the Aβ-related pathological change was mainly involved in altering APP expression and processing. And loganin was also found to reduce the levels of phosphorylated tau (i.e. pTauS396 and pTauS262) in 3xTg-AD mice. By performing 2D-DIGE combined with MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, we revealed 28 differentially expressed proteins in the 3xTg-AD mice treated with loganin compared with the control mice. Notably, 10 proteins largely involved in energy metabolism, synaptic proteins, inflammatory response, and ATP binding were simultaneously detected in 3xTg-AD mice compared to WT mice. The abnormal changes of energy metabolism (PAGM1 and ENO1), synaptic proteins (SYN2 and Cplx2), inflammatory response (1433Z) were verified by western blot. Overall, our study suggested that loganin could be used as a feasible candidate drug to ameliorate molecular deficits, pathologies and cognitive impairment for prevention and treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Nie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kaiwu He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fengzhu Xie
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Kaiqin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.,College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu JJ, Li RJ, Zhang ZH, Yang C, Liu SX, Li YL, Chen MW, Wang WW, Zhang GY, Song G, Huang ZR. Loganin Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy Through the JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:678886. [PMID: 34194329 PMCID: PMC8237232 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.678886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Loganin is an iridoid glycoside extracted from Cornus officinalis, which is a traditional oriental medicine, and many biological properties of loganin have been reported. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether loganin has therapeutic effect on cardiovascular diseases. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of loganin on Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. In the present study, we reported for the first time that loganin inhibits Ang II-provoked cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac damages in H9C2 cells and in mice. Furthermore, loganin can achieve cardioprotective effects through attenuating cardiac fibrosis, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and suppressing the phosphorylation of critical proteins such as JAK2, STAT3, p65, and IκBα. Besides, the outstanding findings of the present study were to prove that loganin has no significant toxicity or side effects on normal cells and organs. Based on these results, we conclude that loganin mitigates Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy at least partially through inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Accordingly, the natural product, loganin, might be a novel effective agent for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Run-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shi-Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Ling Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Min-Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gong-Ye Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gang Song
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Park HS, Hwang ES, Choi GY, Kim HB, Park KS, Sul JY, Hwang Y, Choi GW, Kim BI, Park H, Maeng S, Park JH. Sulforaphane enhances long-term potentiation and ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Physiol Behav 2021; 238:113467. [PMID: 34033847 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Increases in human life expectancy have led to increases in the prevalence of senile dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. This is a major problem because there are no curative treatments for these diseases, and patients with unmanaged cognitive and neurodegenerative symptoms experience many social problems. Sulforaphane is a type of organosulfur compound known as an isothiocyanate. It is derived from glucoraphanin, a compound found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, and cabbages, via an enzymatic reaction that is triggered by plant damage (e.g., chewing). Sulforaphane exhibits activity against cancer, inflammation, depression, and severe cardiac diseases. It can also alleviate oxidative stress and neural dysfunction in the brain. However, there is insufficient knowledge about the electrophysiological and behavioral basis of the effects of sulforaphane on learning and memory. Therefore, we evaluated whether acute sulforaphane administration affected long-term potentiation (LTP) in organotypic cultured rat hippocampal tissues. We also measured the effect of sulforaphane on the performance of three behavioral tests, the Y-maze test, the passive avoidance test, and the Morris water maze, which assess short-term memory, avoidance memory, and short and long-term spatial memory, respectively. We found that sulforaphane increased the total field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) in a dose-dependent manner after high frequency stimulation and attenuated scopolamine-induced interference of the fEPSP in the hippocampal CA1 area. Sulforaphane also restored cognitive function and inhibited memory impairment as indicated by the alleviation of the negative neurological effects of scopolamine, i.e, a lowered ratio of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, a reduced step-through latency in the passive avoidance test, and an increased navigation time in the Morris water maze. These results indicate that sulforaphane can effectively prevent the attenuation of LTP and cognitive abilities induced by cholinergic and muscarinic receptor blockade. Further research is warranted to explore the potential therapeutic and prophylactic utility of sulforaphane for improving learning and memory, especially in those suffering from neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sub Park
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Sang Hwang
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-701, Korea
| | - Ga-Young Choi
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Hyun-Bum Kim
- Department of East-West Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Kyun-Seob Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Jai-Yoon Sul
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; PENN Program in Single Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoonjin Hwang
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Geun Wook Choi
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Byung Il Kim
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Park
- Health Park Co., Ltd., #2502, Gangnam-dae-Ro 305, Sucho-gu, Seoul 06628, Korea
| | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-701, Korea.
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea; Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 446-701, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xia C, Zou Z, Fang L, Ge Q, Zhang P, Xu H, Xu R, Shi Z, Lin H, Ding X, Xiao L, Tong P, Wang PE, Jin H. Bushenhuoxue formula promotes osteogenic differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes through β-catenin-dependent manner during osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110170. [PMID: 32334373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bushenhuoxue formula (BSHXF) has shown excellent clinical effects on the treatment of osteoporosis in China. The aim of this study is to determine the anti-osteoporosis effects and precise molecular mechanisms of BSHXF on mouse models. METHODS Ten-week-old female C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to ovariectomy and provided a daily treatment of BSHXF. At 8 weeks post-surgery, the femurs were harvested for tissue analyses including μCT, histology, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of β-catenin, ALP and FABP4. To investigate the role of β-catenin in the anti-osteoporosis effects of BSHXF, relative experiments mentioned above were performed in β-catenin conditional knockout mice. RESULTS Ovariectomized (OVX) mice presented severe bone loss and excessive fat accumulation in the chondro-osseous junction underneath the growth plate, with decreased expression of ALP and increased expression of FABP4. BSHXF significantly recovered the OVX-induced abnormal osteogenesis and adipogenesis with the activation of β-catenin in growth plate chondrocytes. Further, we generated growth plate chondrocyte-specific β-catenin knockout (β-cateninGli1ER) mice that exhibited bone loss and fat accumulation in the chondro-osseous junction, similar to the OVX mice. However, BSHXF failed to rescue the osteoporosis-like phenotype in β-cateninGli1ER mice, indicating the anti-osteoporosis effects of BSHXF act mainly through β-catenin signaling. No significant restoration of ALP and FABP4 was observed in β-cateninGli1ER mice after the treatment of BSHXF. CONCLUSIONS BSHXF attenuates osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes mainly in β-catenin-dependent manner. BSHXF is considered as a new candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xia
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinwen Ge
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houfu Lin
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Ding
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luwei Xiao
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping-Er Wang
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopadics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Jiao N, Jiang M, Liu L, Zhu Y, Wu H, Chen J, Fu Y, Du Q, Xu H, Sun J. Loganin alleviates testicular damage and germ cell apoptosis induced by AGEs upon diabetes mellitus by suppressing the RAGE/p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6083-6095. [PMID: 32307890 PMCID: PMC7294151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) damages male reproduction at multiple levels, such as endocrine secretion, spermatogenesis and penile erection. We herein investigated the protective effects and mechanism of loganin targeting the advanced glycation end products (AGEs)/receptor for AGEs (RAGE)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)/NF-κB signalling pathway. Loganin relieved the general DM symptoms and decreased the blood glucose level of KK-Ay DM mice. Haematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated that loganin ameliorated testicular histology and function and enhanced the activities of testis-specific markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT). Loganin also showed evident anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects on DM-induced reproductive damage by restoring glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in vivo and in vitro. Western blotting exhibited that loganin significantly inhibited the AGEs/RAGE/p38MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway. Acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining (AOEB) and Western blotting showed that loganin in combination with inhibitors of RAGE, p38MAPK and NF-κB exerted stronger anti-apoptotic effects on AGE-induced GC-2 cell damage compared with loganin alone. In conclusion, loganin can protect against DM-induced reproductive damage, probably by suppressing the AGEs/RAGE/p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China.,Chemistry and Life Science College, Nanjing University Jinling College, Nanjing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Yihui Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingxue Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu Du
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jihu Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma JY, Shi XL, Liu L, Xu GL, Zhang JW. Evaluation of nine active components of Lu-Jiao Fang in normal and hypertrophic rat myocardia via LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4814. [PMID: 32100317 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lu-Jiao Fang (LJF), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, can improve the cardiac function of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients; however, knowledge about the cardiac distribution of LJF, especially in CHF animal models, is rather limited. This work aimed to explore the cardiac distribution of LJF in pressure overload-induced CHF rats at the last gavage administration of LJF after 30 weeks of treatment. LC-MS/MS methods for analyzing nine active components (i.e. loganin, hesperidin, epimedin C, icariin, psoralen, isopsoralen, baohuoside I, morroniside and specnuezhenide) of LJF in cardiac tissue samples were established, and the components were then analyzed in left ventricular wall (LVW) and right ventricular wall (RVW) in parallel at same time point postdose for three dose groups. The results showed that most analytical component levels in LVW (hypertrophic myocardium) were only 39-74% of those in RVW (normal myocardium); however, psoralen and isopsoralen levels in LVW were equal to or even greater than the levels in RVW, suggesting that the hypertrophic myocardium tissue affinity of psoralen and isopsoralen might overcome the negative effect of decreased blood flow on distribution. This study indicated that the pathological state may influence drug distribution, and the efficacy of psoralen and isopsoralen for improving CHF deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ya Ma
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shi
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Guang-Lin Xu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tian W, Zhao J, Lee JH, Akanda MR, Cho JH, Kim SK, Choi YJ, Park BY. Neuroprotective Effects of Cornus officinalis on Stress-Induced Hippocampal Deficits in Rats and H 2O 2-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:E27. [PMID: 31888114 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in neurodegenerative diseases. Cornus officinalis (CC) has a wide range of pharmacological activities (e.g., antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory). The present study was undertaken to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism of CC and fermented CC (FCC) on stress and H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in rats and SH-SY5Y cells. A dose of 100 mg/kg CC or FCC was orally administered to rats 1 h prior to immobilization 2 h per day for 14 days. CC, especially FCC administration decreased immobility time in forced swim test (FST), effectively alleviated the oxidative stress, and remarkably decreased corticosterone, β-endorphin and increased serotonin levels, respectively. In cells, CC and FCC significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and significantly increased the genes expression of antioxidant and neuronal markers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, the pro-apoptotic factor Bax and anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 (Bax/Bcl-2) ratio was regulated by CC and FCC pretreatment. Both in rats and cells, CC and FCC downregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that CC and particularly FCC ameliorated oxidative stress and may be used on the neuroprotection.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang R, Chen P, Shen Z, Lin G, Xiao G, Dai Z, Zhang B, Chen Y, Lai L, Zong X, Li Y, Tang Y, Wu R. Brain Amide Proton Transfer Imaging of Rat With Alzheimer's Disease Using Saturation With Frequency Alternating RF Irradiation Method. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:217. [PMID: 31507405 PMCID: PMC6713910 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and some proteins play essential roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging, as an imaging modality to detect tissue protein, has shown promising features for the diagnosis of AD disease. In this study, we chose 10 AD model rats as the experimental group and 10 sham-operated rats as the control group. All the rats underwent a Y-maze test before APT image acquisition, using saturation with frequency alternating RF irradiation (APTSAFARI) method on a 7.0 T animal MRI scanner. Compared with the control group, APT (3.5 ppm) values of brain were significantly reduced in AD models (p < 0.002). The APTSAFARI imaging is more significant than APT imaging (p < 0.0001). AD model mice showed spatial learning and memory loss in the Y-maze experiment. In addition, there was significant neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region and cortex compared with sham-operated rats. In conclusion, we demonstrated that APT imaging could potentially provide molecular biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of AD. APTSAFARI MRI could be used as an effective tool to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of AD compared with conventional APT imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runrun Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peidong Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Philips Healthcare, Shantou, China
| | - Guisen Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Zhuozhi Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bingna Zhang
- Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuanfeng Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lihua Lai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaodan Zong
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Renhua Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhao D, Feng X, Zhang L, Liu C. Loganin prevents BV-2 microglia cells from Aβ 1-42 -induced inflammation via regulating TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1632-1642. [PMID: 30288860 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related with the pathogenesis and progress of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Loganin, an iridoid glycoside obtained from traditional Chinese medicine Cornus officinalis, has properties of inhibiting inflammation and improving memory. The present study was aimed to investigate effects of loganin on Aβ-induced inflammation and to explore the underlying mechanisms. BV-2 microglia cells were stimulated with 10 µM Aβ1-42 for 24 h to induce inflammatory damage. According to results of CCK-8 assay, the doses of loganin in present work were 10 and 30 µM. We found that treatment with loganin could inhibit Aβ1-42 -induced microglia activation. Furthermore, loganin treatment prevented the over-production of Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Macrophage Chemotactic Protein 1(MCP-1), Nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in Aβ1-42 -stimulated BV-2 cells. Results from Western blots demonstrated that loganin inhibited Aβ1-42 -induced elevation in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Loganin treatment also attenuated the increased phosphorylation level of IRAK4 caused by Aβ1-42 . Additionally, loganin alleviated nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit in Aβ1-42 -stimulated BV-2 cells, and this phenomenon could be reversed by TLR4 agonist LPS. Further, the anti-inflammatory effects of loganin were attenuated when TLR4 signaling pathway was re-activated by LPS. Taken together, our data indicated that loganin could attenuate inflammatory response induced by Aβ in BV-2 microglia cells, partially through deactivating the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, 110847, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee JY, Joo B, Nam JH, Nam HY, Lee W, Nam Y, Seo Y, Kang HJ, Cho HJ, Jang YP, Kim J, We YM, Koo JW, Hoe HS. An Aqueous Extract of Herbal Medicine ALWPs Enhances Cognitive Performance and Inhibits LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation via FAK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:269. [PMID: 30319390 PMCID: PMC6168635 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Liuwei Dihuang pills (LWPs) can positively affect learning, memory and neurogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood. In the present study, we developed ALWPs, a mixture of Antler and LWPs, and investigated whether ALWPs can affect neuroinflammatory responses. We found that ALWPs (500 mg/ml) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β mRNA levels in BV2 microglial cells but not primary astrocytes. ALWPs significantly reduced LPS-induced cell-surface levels of TLR4 to alter neuroinflammation. An examination of the molecular mechanisms by which ALWPs regulate the LPS-induced proinflammatory response revealed that ALWPs significantly downregulated LPS-induced levels of FAK phosphorylation, suggesting that ALWPs modulate FAK signaling to alter LPS-induced IL-1β levels. In addition, treatment with ALWPs followed by LPS resulted in decreased levels of the transcription factor NF-κB in the nucleus compared with LPS alone. Moreover, ALWPs significantly suppressed LPS-induced BV2 microglial cell migration. To examine whether ALWPs modulate learning and memory in vivo, wild-type C57BL/6J mice were orally administered ALWPs (200 mg/kg) or PBS daily for 3 days, intraperitoneally injected (i.p.) with LPS (250 μg/kg) or PBS, and assessed in Y maze and NOR tests. We observed that oral administration of ALWPs to LPS-injected wild-type C57BL/6J mice significantly rescued short- and long-term memory. More importantly, oral administration of ALWPs to LPS-injected wild-type C57BL/6J mice significantly reduced microglial activation in the hippocampus and cortex. Taken together, our results suggest that ALWPs can suppress neuroinflammation-associated cognitive deficits and that ALWPs have potential as a drug for neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bitna Joo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Han Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wonil Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youngpyo Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yongtaek Seo
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Cho
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young-Man We
- College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
- Oriental Medical Clinic Center, Hyoo Medical Clinic, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
El-Marasy SA, Abd-Elsalam RM, Ahmed-Farid OA. Ameliorative Effect of Silymarin on Scopolamine-induced Dementia in Rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1215-1224. [PMID: 30087724 PMCID: PMC6062269 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study aims to elucidate the possible ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia using the object recognition test (ORT) in rats. METHODS: The study was extended to demonstrate the role of cholinergic activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes in the anti-amnestic effect of silymarin in demented rats. Wistar rats were pre-treated with silymarin (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) or donepezil (10 mg/kg) orally for 14 consecutive days. Dementia was induced after the last drug administration by a single intraperitoneal dose of scopolamine (16 mg/kg). Then behavioural, biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were then performed. RESULTS: Rats pre-treated with silymarin counteracted scopolamine-induced non-spatial working memory impairment in the ORT and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated reduced glutathione (GSH), restored gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA) contents in the cortical and hippocampal brain homogenates. Silymarin reversed scopolamine-induced histopathological changes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that silymarin mitigated protein expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the brain cortex and hippocampus. All these effects of silymarin were similar to that of the standard anti-amnestic drug, donepezil. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that the ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia in rats using the ORT maybe in part mediated by, enhancement of cholinergic activity, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as mitigation in brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Giza, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar A Ahmed-Farid
- Physiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang J, Zhang Y, Dong L, Gao Q, Yin L, Quan H, Chen R, Fu X, Lin D. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 213:280-301. [PMID: 29155174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae), known in Chinese as "Shanzhuyu," is a frequently used traditional Chinese medicine. It tastes sour and is astringent and slightly warm in nature. Its fruits have long been used to treat kidney deficiency, high blood pressure, waist and knee pain, dizziness, tinnitus, impotence, spermatorrhea, menorrhagia, and other diseases in China. The main distribution areas are Shanxi and Gansu. AIM OF THE STUDY This review focused on the ethnopharmacological uses of the herb. We also focus on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies on C. officinalis. The recent analytical methods developed for the quality control of the herb's constituents are also reviewed. Additionally, future trends and prospects in the study of this herb are proposed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on C. officinalis was gathered by searching the internet (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, ACS, CNKI, Scifinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar) and libraries. RESULTS This review compiled the ethnopharmacological uses, including the classic prescriptions and historical applications. Approximately 300 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from C. officinalis. The major active components of the plant are organic acids and iridoids, among which morroniside and loganin have been extensively investigated. The fruit of the plant has been used in treating many diseases in traditional medicine. Scientific studies indicated the herb's wide range of pharmacological activities, such as hepatic and renal protection, antidiabetes activity, cardioprotection, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antitumor activity, anti-inflammation, analgesic effects, antiaging activity, antiamnesia, antiosteoporosis, and immunoregulation. The analytical methods developed for the quantitative and qualitative determination of various compounds in the herb were further reviewed. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we reviewed various studies conducted on C. officinalis, especially in areas of its ethnopharmacological use, as well as on its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and modern analytical methods used. Some of the herb's ethnomedical indications have been confirmed by the herb's pharmacological effects, such as its hepatic and renal protection and the antidiabetic effects. In particular, the crude extract and its chemical composition have exerted good therapeutic effect in diabetic treatment. C. officinalis entails additional attention on its pharmacological effects and drug development to expand its effective use clinically. Many advanced technologies are used for quality testing, but the detection component is exceedingly scarce for synthetically evaluating the quality of C. officinalis herbs. Thus, further research is necessary to investigate the quality control and toxicology of the plant, to further elucidate its clinical use, and to control herbal quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qinghan Gao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hongfeng Quan
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xueyan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Oklahoma State University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Habtemariam S. Iridoids and Other Monoterpenes in the Alzheimer's Brain: Recent Development and Future Prospects. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010117. [PMID: 29316661 PMCID: PMC6017424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoids are a class of monoterpenoid compounds constructed from 10-carbon skeleton of isoprene building units. These compounds in their aglycones and glycosylated forms exist in nature to contribute to mechanisms related to plant defenses and diverse plant-animal interactions. Recent studies have also shown that iridoids and other structurally related monoterpenes display a vast array of pharmacological effects that make them potential modulators of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review critically evaluates the therapeutic potential of these natural products by assessing key in vitro and in vivo data published in the scientific literature. Mechanistic approach of scrutiny addressing their effects in the Alzheimer’s brain including the τ-protein phosphorylation signaling, amyloid beta (Aβ) formation, aggregation, toxicity and clearance along with various effects from antioxidant to antiinflammatory mechanisms are discussed. The drug likeness of these compounds and future prospects to consider in their development as potential leads are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yu H, Li M, Shen X, Lv D, Sun X, Wang J, Gu X, Hu J, Wang C. The Requirement of L-Type Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel (L-VDCC) in the Rapid-Acting Antidepressant-Like Effects of Scopolamine in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 21:175-186. [PMID: 29020410 PMCID: PMC5793820 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that a low dose of scopolamine produces rapid-acting antidepressant-like actions in rodents. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this effect and the dose-dependent variations of drug responses remains an important task. L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels were found to mediate rapid-acting antidepressant effects of certain medications (e.g., ketamine). Therefore, it is of great interest to determine the involvement of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels in the action of scopolamine. METHODS Herein, we investigated the mechanisms underlying behavioral responses to various doses of scopolamine in mice to clarify the involvement of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels in its modes of action. Open field test, novel object recognition test, and forced swimming test were performed on mice administered varied doses of scopolamine (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 1, and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or combined with L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker verapamil (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Then, the changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide VGF (nonacronymic) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of these mice were analyzed. RESULTS Low doses of scopolamine (0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg) produced significant antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test, while higher doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) resulted in significant memory deficits and depressive-like behaviors. Moreover, the behavioral changes in responses to various doses may be related to the upregulation (0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg) and downregulation (1 and 3 mg/kg) of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and VGF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mice. We further found that the rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects and the upregulation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and VGF produced by a low dose of scopolamine (0.025 mg/kg) were completely blocked by verapamil. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are likely involved in the behavioral changes in response to various doses of scopolamine through the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and VGF levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Yu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinbei Shen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinting Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinmei Gu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingning Hu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P.R. China,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Correspondence: Chuang Wang, MD, PhD, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China ( or )
| |
Collapse
|