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Wei W, Xu P, Li L, Mao H, Li N, Wang XQ, Wang L, Xu ZP, Zhao S. Association of glycogen synthase kinase-3β with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes patients: a six-year follow-up study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1386773. [PMID: 38660514 PMCID: PMC11039938 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1386773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous multicenter case-control study showed that aging, up-regulation of platelet glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), impaired olfactory function, and ApoE ϵ4 genotype were associated with cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, the causal relationship between these biomarkers and the development of cognitive decline in T2DM patients remains unclear. Methods To further investigate this potential relationship, we designed a 6-year follow-up study in 273 T2DM patients with normal cognitive in our previous study. Baseline characteristics of the study population were compared between T2DM patients with and without incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We utilized Cox proportional hazard regression models to assess the risk of cognitive impairment associated with various baseline biomarkers. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers in predicting cognitive impairment. Results During a median follow-up time of 6 years (with a range of 4 to 9 years), 40 patients (16.13%) with T2DM developed MCI. Participants who developed incident MCI were more likely to be older, have a lower education level, have more diabetic complications, a higher percentage of ApoE ϵ4 allele and a higher level of platelet GSK-3β activity (rGSK-3β) at baseline (P<0.05). In the longitudinal follow-up, individuals with higher levels of rGSK-3β were more likely to develop incident MCI, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 2.46), even after controlling for potential confounders. The AUC of the combination of age, rGSK-3β and ApoEϵ4 allele predicted for incident MCI was 0.71. Conclusion Platelet GSK-3β activity could be a useful biomarker to predict cognitive decline, suggesting the feasibility of identifying vulnerable population and implementing early prevention for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-qing Wang
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nursing, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-peng Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders, Hubei Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhang X, Xie T, Zhou S, Yuan Y, Chen W, Zheng J, Liu X, Yuan T, Lu Y, Liu Z. Effects of the ApoE genotype on cognitive function in aging mice fed with a high-fat diet and the protective potential of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Funct 2024; 15:2249-2264. [PMID: 38319599 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03965j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The ApoE4 allele is the strongest genetic determinant for Alzheimer's disease (AD), while obesity is a strong environmental risk for AD. The modulatory effect of the ApoE genotype on aging-related cognitive function in tandem with a high-fat diet (HFD) remains uncertain. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of ApoE3/ApoE4 genotypes in aged mice exposed to a HFD, and the benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from fish oil. Remarkably, the HFD led to weight gain and lipid accumulation, more pronounced in ApoE3 mice, while ApoE4 mice experienced exacerbated cerebral insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Critically, n-3 PUFAs modulated the cerebral insulin signaling via the IRS-1/AKT/GLUT4 pathway, mitigated microglial hyperactivity, and reduced IL-6 and MDA levels, thereby counteracting cognitive deficits. These findings highlight the contrasting impacts of ApoE genotypes on aging mice exposed to a HFD, supporting n-3 PUFAs as a strategic nutritional intervention for brain health, especially for ApoE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tianzhi Xie
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yingxuan Yuan
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Nursing, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tian Yuan
- Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- School of Nursing, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
- Northwest A&F University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
- Dongguan Chuangwei Precision Nutrition and Health Innovation Center, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523170, China
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Andrade LJDO, de Oliveira LM, Bittencourt AMV, Lourenço LGDC, de Oliveira GCM. Brain insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol 2024; 18:e20230032. [PMID: 38425702 PMCID: PMC10901561 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2023-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The disability of cells to react to insulin, causing glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia, is referred to as insulin resistance. This clinical condition, which has been well-researched in organs such as adipose tissue, muscle, and liver, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) when it occurs in the brain. Objective The authors aimed to gather data from the current literature on brain insulin resistance (BIR) and its likely repercussions on neurodegenerative disorders, more specifically AD, through a systematic review. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple medical databases, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), and PubMed®, employing the descriptors: "insulin resistance", "brain insulin resistance", "Alzheimer's disease", "neurodegeneration", and "cognition". The authors focused their search on English-language studies published between 2000 and 2023 that investigated the influence of BIR on neurodegenerative disorders or offered insights into BIR's underlying mechanisms. Seventeen studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results The results indicate that BIR is a phenomenon observed in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Studies suggest that impaired glucose utilization and uptake, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and synaptic plasticity changes caused by BIR are linked to cognitive problems. However, conflicting results were observed regarding the association between AD and BIR, with some studies suggesting no association. Conclusion Based on the evaluated studies, it can be concluded that the association between AD and BIR remains inconclusive, and additional research is needed to elucidate this relationship.
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Ansari MA, Rao MS, Al-Jarallah A. Insights into early pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease: role of oxidative stress and loss of synaptic proteins. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1273626. [PMID: 38260013 PMCID: PMC10800995 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1273626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, induced by impaired insulin signaling in the brain contributes to cognitive loss in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). This study evaluated early hippocampal oxidative stress, pre- and post-synaptic proteins in intraperitoneal (IP) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin (STZ) models of impaired insulin signaling. Adult male Wistar rats were injected with STZ, IP, or ICV, and sacrificed 1-, 3-, or 6-weeks post injection. Rat's cognitive behavior was assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) tests at weeks 3 and 6. Hippocampal synaptosomal fractions were examined for oxidative stress markers and presynaptic [synapsin I, synaptophysin, growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25)] and postsynaptic [drebrin, synapse-associated protein-97 (SAP-97), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95)] proteins. IP-STZ and ICV-STZ treatment impaired rat's cognition, decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) in a time dependent manner. In addition, it reduced the expression of pre- and post-synaptic proteins in the hippocampus. The decline in cognition is significantly correlated with the reduction in synaptic proteins in the hippocampus. In conclusion, impaired insulin signaling in the brain is deleterious in causing early synaptosomal oxidative damage and synaptic loss that exacerbates with time and correlates with cognitive impairments. Our data implicates oxidative stress and synaptic protein loss as an early feature of sAD and provides insights into early biochemical and behavioral changes during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | | | - Aishah Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
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Zhang W, Yuan Y, Cui X, Chen S, Zhuang X. The level of serum retinol-binding protein is associated with diabetic mild cognitive impairment. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148670. [PMID: 37944571 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that retinol-binding protein (RBP) is linked to diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. However, no studies have elucidated the relationship between RBP and diabetic cognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the change characteristics of serum RBP are associated with alterations in cognitive functioning in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS In this study, 252 patients with T2DM and 34 people as healthy controls were included. According to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the diabetic subjects were divided into the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group and the Non-MCI group. Demographic characteristics and clinical indicators as well as serum RBP levels were analyzed. RESULTS The serum RBP levels in the MCI group were lower compared with the Non-MCI group (P = 0.02). The level of RBP was higher in the diabetes without MCI group than in the healthy control (P < 0.001). Serum RBP levels were positively correlated with MoCA scores (r = 0.178, P = 0.003). Binary Logistic regression model analysis showed that low RBP [odds ratio (OR) = 0.936], old age (OR = 1.074), high fasting blood glucose (OR = 1.164), and low fasting C-peptide (OR = 0.722) may be independent risk factors for diabetic MCI. The ROC curve of serum RBP for predicting diabetic MCI showed that the area under the curve was 0.630. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed an association between serum RBP and diabetic MCI. Serum RBP levels in diabetic MCI are lower and correlated with cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Department of General Practice, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yuqi Yuan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cui
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Xianghua Zhuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China.
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Weaver DF. Thirty Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease Unified by a Common Neuroimmune-Neuroinflammation Mechanism. Brain Sci 2023; 14:41. [PMID: 38248256 PMCID: PMC10813027 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles confronting the formulation of a mechanistic understanding for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is its immense complexity-a complexity that traverses the full structural and phenomenological spectrum, including molecular, macromolecular, cellular, neurological and behavioural processes. This complexity is reflected by the equally complex diversity of risk factors associated with AD. However, more than merely mirroring disease complexity, risk factors also provide fundamental insights into the aetiology and pathogenesis of AD as a neurodegenerative disorder since they are central to disease initiation and subsequent propagation. Based on a systematic literature assessment, this review identified 30 risk factors for AD and then extended the analysis to further identify neuroinflammation as a unifying mechanism present in all 30 risk factors. Although other mechanisms (e.g., vasculopathy, proteopathy) were present in multiple risk factors, dysfunction of the neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis was uniquely central to all 30 identified risk factors. Though the nature of the neuroinflammatory involvement varied, the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were a common pathway shared by all risk factors. This observation provides further evidence for the importance of immunopathic mechanisms in the aetiopathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Departments of Medicine, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
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7
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Wang D, Yan B, Wang A, Sun Q, Pang J, Cui Y, Tian G. Tu-Xian Decoction ameliorates diabetic cognitive impairment by inhibiting DAPK-1. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:950-960. [PMID: 38143108 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Tu-Xian decoction (TXD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been frequently administered to manage diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI). Despite its widespread use, the mechanisms underlying TXD's protective effects on DCI have yet to be fully elucidated. As a significant regulator in neurodegenerative conditions, death-associated protein kinase-1 (DAPK-1) serves as a focus for understanding the action of TXD. This study was designed to whether TXD mediates its beneficial outcomes by inhibiting DAPK-1. To this end, a diabetic model was established using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats through a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet regimen, followed by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The experimental cohort was stratified into six groups: Control, Diabetic, TC-DAPK6, high-dose TXD, medium-dose TXD, and low-dose TXD groups. Following a 12-week treatment period, various assessments-including blood glucose levels, body weight measurements, Morris water maze (MWM) testing for cognitive function, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histological analyses using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), and Nissl staining-were conducted. Protein expression in the hippocampus was quantified through Western blotting analysis. The results revealed that TXD significantly improved spatial learning and memory abilities, and preserved hippocampal structure in diabetic rats. Importantly, TXD administration led to a down-regulation of proteins indicative of neurological damage and suppressed DAPK-1 activity within the hippocampal region. These results underscore TXD's potential in mitigating DCIvia DAPK-1 inhibition, positioning it as a viable therapeutic candidate for addressing this condition. Further investigation into TXD's molecular mechanisms may elucidate new pathways for the treatment of DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Mediucal Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - An Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Chinese Academy of Mediucal Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junyi Pang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yangming Cui
- Animal Research Laboratory Platform, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, the National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guoqing Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
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Ишмуратова АН, Абрамов МА, Кузнецов КО, Иванюта МВ, Шакирова ЗФ, Китапова АИ, Усмонов МД, Черноусова ЛМ, Валеева ЛИ, Кузнецова АЮ, Баисламов АС, Шайхетдинова АР, Миргалиев АА, Орозбердиев СТ, Якупова КИ. [The role of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 2023; 69:73-83. [PMID: 37968954 PMCID: PMC10680548 DOI: 10.14341/probl13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has many common links with conditions associated with insulin resistance, including neuroinflammation, impaired insulin signaling, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome. The authors conducted an electronic search for publications in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "amyloid beta", "Alzheimer type-3-diabetes", "intranasal insulin", "metformin", "type 2 diabetes mellitus", "incretins" and "PPARy agonists». A systematic literature search was conducted among studies published between 2005 and 2022. The authors used the following inclusion criteria: 1) Subjects who received therapy for AD and/or DM2, if the expected result concerned the risk of cognitive decline or the development of dementia; 2) The age of the study participants is > 50 years; 3) The type of studies included in this review were randomized clinical trials, population-based observational studies or case-control studies, prospective cohort studies, as well as reviews and meta-analyses; 4) The included articles were written in English. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in identifying the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs and their potential use in AD. Human studies involving patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease have shown that the administration of certain antidiabetic drugs, such as intranasal insulin, metformin, incretins and thiazolidinediones, can improve cognitive function and memory. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of AD. According to the results of the study, metformin, intranasal insulin, thiazolidinediones and incretins showed a positive effect both in humans and in animal models. Recent studies show that thiazolidinediones can activate pathways in the brain that are regulated by IGF-1; however, rosiglitazone may pose a significant risk of side effects. The results of clinical studies on the use of metformin in AD are limited and contradictory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - М. В. Иванюта
- Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова
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Olesen MA, Quintanilla RA. Pathological Impact of Tau Proteolytical Process on Neuronal and Mitochondrial Function: a Crucial Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5691-5707. [PMID: 37332018 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS), participating in microtubule stability, axonal transport, and synaptic communication. Research interest has focused on studying the role of post-translational tau modifications in mitochondrial failure, oxidative damage, and synaptic impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Soluble tau forms produced by its pathological cleaved induced by caspases could lead to neuronal injury contributing to oxidative damage and cognitive decline in AD. For example, the presence of tau cleaved by caspase-3 has been suggested as a relevant factor in AD and is considered a previous event before neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation.Interestingly, we and others have shown that caspase-cleaved tau in N- or C- terminal sites induce mitochondrial bioenergetics defects, axonal transport impairment, neuronal injury, and cognitive decline in neuronal cells and murine models. All these abnormalities are considered relevant in the early neurodegenerative manifestations such as memory and cognitive failure reported in AD. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss for the first time the importance of truncated tau by caspases activation in the pathogenesis of AD and how its negative actions could impact neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910060, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910060, Santiago, Chile.
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Veselov IM, Vinogradova DV, Maltsev AV, Shevtsov PN, Spirkova EA, Bachurin SO, Shevtsova EF. Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress as a Link between Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14450. [PMID: 37833898 PMCID: PMC10572926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the problems of the common features linking metabolic disorders and type 2 diabetes with the development of Alzheimer's disease. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease closely intersects with the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes development, and an important risk factor for both pathologies is aging. Common pathological mechanisms include both factors in the development of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, and amyloidosis, as well as impaired mitochondrial dysfunctions and increasing cell death. The currently available drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease have limited therapeutic efficacy. It is important to note that drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease, in particular acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, show a positive therapeutic potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, while drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes can also prevent a number of pathologies characteristic for Alzheimer's disease. A promising direction in the search for a strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease may be the creation of complex multi-target drugs that have neuroprotective potential and affect specific common targets for type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena F. Shevtsova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (I.M.V.); (A.V.M.); (P.N.S.); (E.A.S.); (S.O.B.)
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Koshatwar M, Acharya S, Prasad R, Lohakare T, Wanjari M, Taksande AB. Exploring the Potential of Antidiabetic Agents as Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e44763. [PMID: 37809189 PMCID: PMC10556988 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are two prevalent neurodegenerative disorders with significant societal and healthcare burdens. The search for effective therapeutic approaches to combat these diseases has led to growing interest in exploring the potential of antidiabetic agents. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of the current literature on using antidiabetic agents as therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We discuss the underlying pathological mechanisms of these neurodegenerative diseases, including protein misfolding, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We then delve into the potential mechanisms by which antidiabetic agents may exert neuroprotective effects, including regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, anti-inflammatory effects, modulation of oxidative stress, and improvement of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics. We highlight in vitro, animal, and clinical studies that support the potential benefits of antidiabetic agents in reducing disease pathology and improving clinical outcomes. However, we also acknowledge these agents' limitations, variability in treatment response, and potential side effects. Furthermore, we explore emerging therapeutic targets and novel approaches, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, insulin sensitizer drugs, neuroinflammation-targeted therapies, and precision medicine approaches. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research, including large-scale clinical trials, to validate the efficacy and safety of antidiabetic agents in treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies is essential in advancing the field and effectively treating patients affected by these debilitating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Koshatwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sourya Acharya
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Roshan Prasad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Tejaswee Lohakare
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Smt. Radhikabai Meghe Memorial College of Nursing, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Mayur Wanjari
- Department of Research and Development, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Avinash B Taksande
- Department of Physiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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VandeBunte AM, Fonseca C, Paolillo EW, Gontrum E, Lee SY, Kramer JH, Casaletto KB. Regional Vulnerability of the Corpus Callosum in the Context of Cardiovascular Risk. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2023; 36:397-406. [PMID: 36710073 PMCID: PMC10441555 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231154931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many factors outside of cardiovascular health can impact the structure of white matter. Identification of reliable and clinically meaningful biomarkers of the neural effects of systemic and cardiovascular health are needed to refine etiologic predictions. We examined whether the corpus callosum demonstrates regional vulnerability to systemic cardiovascular risk factors. Three hundred and ninety-four older adults without dementia completed brain MRI, neurobehavioral evaluations, and blood draws. A subset (n = 126, n = 128) of individuals had blood plasma analyzed for inflammatory markers of interest (IL-6 and TNF-alpha). Considering diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a particularly reliable measure of white matter integrity, we utilized DTI to examine fractional anisotropy (FA) of anterior and posterior regions of the corpus callosum. Using multiple linear regression models, we simultaneously examined FA of the genu and the splenium to compare their associations with systemic and cardiovascular risk factors. Lower FA of the genu but not splenium was associated with greater systemic and cardiovascular risk, including higher systolic blood pressure (β = -0.17, p = .020), hemoglobin A1C (β = -0.21, p = .016) and IL-6 (β = -0.34, p = .005). FA of the genu was uniquely associated with cognitive processing speed (β = 0.20, p = .0015) and executive functioning (β = 0.15, p = .012), but not memory performances (β = 0.05, p = .357). Our results demonstrated differential vulnerability of the corpus callosum, such that frontal regions showed stronger, independent associations with biomarkers of systemic and cardiovascular health in comparison to posterior regions. Posterior white matter integrity may not reflect cardiovascular health. Clinically, these findings support the utility of examining the anterior corpus callosum as an indicator of cerebrovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. VandeBunte
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Palo Alto University, CA, USA
| | - Corrina Fonseca
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily W. Paolillo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva Gontrum
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Y. Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin B. Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Xue H, Zeng L, Liu S. Unraveling the link: exploring the causal relationship between diabetes, multiple sclerosis, migraine, and Alzheimer's disease through Mendelian randomization. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1233601. [PMID: 37694124 PMCID: PMC10488716 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Observational studies suggested that diabetes mellitus [type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)], multiple sclerosis (MS), and migraine are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causal link has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we aim to assess the causal link between T1DM, T2DM, MS, and migraine with the risk of AD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Methods Genetic instruments were identified for AD, T1DM, T2DM, MS, and migraine respectively from genome-wide association study. MR analysis was conducted mainly using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. Results The result of IVW method demonstrated that T2DM is causally associated with risk of AD (OR: 1.237, 95% CI: 1.099-1.391, P: 0.0003). According to the IVW method, there is no causal association between TIDM, MS, migraine, and the risk of AD (all p value > 0.05). Here we show, there is a causal link between T2DM and the risk of AD. Conclusion These findings highlight the significance of active monitoring and prevention of AD in T2DM patients. Further studies are required to actively search for the risk factors of T2DM combined with AD, explore the markers that can predict T2DM combined with AD, and intervene and treat early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xue
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Taikang Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Respiratory, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuangjuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qionglai People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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Chang Y, Wang C, Zhu J, Zheng S, Sun S, Wu Y, Jiang X, Li L, Ma R, Li G. SIRT3 ameliorates diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction via regulating mitochondria-associated ER membranes. J Transl Med 2023; 21:494. [PMID: 37481555 PMCID: PMC10362714 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. These diseases are linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, most likely as a consequence of excessive formation of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Sirtuin3 (SIRT3), a key mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, is critical responsible for mitochondrial functional homeostasis and is highly associated with neuropathology. However, the role of SIRT3 in regulating MAM coupling remains unknown. METHODS Streptozotocin-injected diabetic mice and high glucose-treated SH-SY5Y cells were established as the animal and cellular models, respectively. SIRT3 expression was up-regulated in vivo using an adeno-associated virus in mouse hippocampus and in vitro using a recombinant lentivirus vector. Cognitive function was evaluated using behavioural tests. Hippocampus injury was assessed using Golgi and Nissl staining. Apoptosis was analysed using western blotting and TUNEL assay. Mitochondrial function was detected using flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The mechanisms were investigated using co-immunoprecipitation of VDAC1-GRP75-IP3R complex, fluorescence imaging of ER and mitochondrial co-localisation and transmission electron microscopy of structural analysis of MAMs. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that SIRT3 expression was significantly reduced in high glucose-treated SH-SY5Y cells and hippocampal tissues from diabetic mice. Further, up-regulating SIRT3 alleviated hippocampus injuries and cognitive impairment in diabetic mice and mitigated mitochondrial Ca2+ overload-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Mechanistically, MAM formation was enhanced under high glucose conditions, which was reversed by genetic up-regulation of SIRT3 via reduced interaction of the VDAC1-GRP75-IP3R complex in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we investigated the therapeutic effects of pharmacological activation of SIRT3 in diabetic mice via honokiol treatment, which exhibited similar effects to our genetic interventions. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings suggest that SIRT3 ameliorates cognitive impairment in diabetic mice by limiting aberrant MAM formation. Furthermore, targeting the activation of SIRT3 by honokiol provides a promising therapeutic candidate for diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction. Overall, our study suggests a novel role of SIRT3 in regulating MAM coupling and indicates that SIRT3-targeted therapies are promising for diabetic dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Chang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Cailin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Siyi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shangqi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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15
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Zhang L, Li D, Yi P, Shi J, Guo M, Yin Q, Liu D, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Peripheral origin exosomal microRNAs aggravate glymphatic system dysfunction in diabetic cognitive impairment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2817-2825. [PMID: 37521866 PMCID: PMC10372831 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the common central nervous systems (CNS) complications of diabetes mellitus, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and results in a huge economic burden. The glymphatic system dysfunction mediated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) loss or redistribution in perivascular astrocyte endfeet plays a crucial role in diabetes-induced cognitive impairment (DCI). However, the mechanism of AQP4 loss or redistribution in the diabetic states remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that peripheral insulin resistance target tissues and CNS communication affect brain homeostasis and that exosomal miRNAs are key mediators. Glucose and lipid metabolism disorder is an important pathological feature of diabetes mellitus, and skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue are the key target insulin resistance organs. In this review, the changes in exosomal miRNAs induced by peripheral metabolism disorders in diabetes mellitus were systematically reviewed. We focused on exosomal miRNAs that could induce low AQP4 expression and redistribution in perivascular astrocyte endfeet, which could provide an interorgan communication pathway to illustrate the pathogenesis of DCI. Furthermore, the mechanisms of exosome secretion from peripheral insulin resistance target tissue and absorption to the CNS were summarized, which will be beneficial for proposing novel and feasible strategies to optimize DCI prevention and/or treatment in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dongna Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Pengrong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiangwei Shi
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Mengqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China
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Ansari MA, Al-Jarallah A, Babiker FA. Impaired Insulin Signaling Alters Mediators of Hippocampal Synaptic Dynamics/Plasticity: A Possible Mechanism of Hyperglycemia-Induced Cognitive Impairment. Cells 2023; 12:1728. [PMID: 37443762 PMCID: PMC10340300 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that affects the elderly and is characterized by progressive and irreversible neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait
| | - Aishah Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait
| | - Fawzi A. Babiker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13110, Kuwait
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17
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Piątkowska-Chmiel I, Herbet M, Gawrońska-Grzywacz M, Pawłowski K, Ostrowska-Leśko M, Dudka J. Molecular and neural roles of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in alleviating neurocognitive impairment in diabetic mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:983-1000. [PMID: 36869919 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes causes a variety of molecular changes in the brain, making it a real risk factor for the development of cognitive dysfunction. Complex pathogenesis and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment makes the efficacy of current drugs limited. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) gained our attention as drugs with potential beneficial effects on the CNS. In the present study, these drugs ameliorated the cognitive impairment associated with diabetes. Moreover, we verified whether SGLT2i can mediate the degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and modulation of gene expression (Bdnf, Snca, App) involved in the control of neuronal proliferation and memory. The results of our research proved the participation of SGLT2i in the multifactorial process of neuroprotection. SGLT2i attenuate the neurocognitive impairment through the restoration of neurotrophin levels, modulation of neuroinflammatory signaling, and gene expression of Snca, Bdnf, and App in the brain of diabetic mice. The targeting of the above-mentioned genes is currently seen as one of the most promising and developed therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction. The results of this work could form the basis of a future administration of SGLT2i in diabetics with neurocognitive impairment.
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18
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Mohamed SM, Shalaby MA, Al-Mokaddem AK, El-Banna AH, El-Banna HA, Nabil G. Evaluation of anti-Alzheimer activity of Echinacea purpurea extracts in aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in rat model. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 128:102234. [PMID: 36640914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the neurodegenerative illnesses that impair individual life & increase the demand for caregivers with no available curative medication right now. Therefore, there is a growing concern about employing herbal medicine to limit AD progression & improve patients' life quality, thus potentiating its add-on therapy. In addition, herbs are cost-effective & accessible with nearly no side effects. In the same vein, our study aimed to investigate the potency of Echinacea purpurea (EP) flower extracts to ameliorate the neurodegenerative effect of Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in a rat model. Moreover, mechanistic studies, including impact on the cholinesterase activity, redox status, inflammatory mediators, behavior performance, glucose level & histopathology, were carried on. Our results showed that 250 mg/kg of Aqueous (AQ) & Alcoholic (AL) extracts of EP inhibited cholinesterase, restored oxidative balance, down-regulated IL-6 & TNF-α cytokines & improved behavior performance in vivo that was reflected in the brain picture by decreasing neuronal degeneration & amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex & hippocampus. The potency of both extracts was compared to reference drugs & AlCl3 positive control group. The AQ extract showed greater potency against COX-1, COX-2 & α-amylase in vitro, while the AL extract was more potent against cholinesterase in vitro, inflammatory cytokines, behavior & pathological improvement in vivo. Conclusively EP overcame AlCl3-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in the rat model via different pathways, which support its regular administration to postpone progressive neural damage in AD patients.
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Wnuk A, Przepiórska K, Pietrzak BA, Kajta M. Emerging Evidence on Membrane Estrogen Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Central Nervous System Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044043. [PMID: 36835454 PMCID: PMC9968034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear- and membrane-initiated estrogen signaling cooperate to orchestrate the pleiotropic effects of estrogens. Classical estrogen receptors (ERs) act transcriptionally and govern the vast majority of hormonal effects, whereas membrane ERs (mERs) enable acute modulation of estrogenic signaling and have recently been shown to exert strong neuroprotective capacity without the negative side effects associated with nuclear ER activity. In recent years, GPER1 was the most extensively characterized mER. Despite triggering neuroprotective effects, cognitive improvements, and vascular protective effects and maintaining metabolic homeostasis, GPER1 has become the subject of controversy, particularly due to its participation in tumorigenesis. This is why interest has recently turned toward non-GPER-dependent mERs, namely, mERα and mERβ. According to available data, non-GPER-dependent mERs elicit protective effects against brain damage, synaptic plasticity impairment, memory and cognitive dysfunctions, metabolic imbalance, and vascular insufficiency. We postulate that these properties are emerging platforms for designing new therapeutics that may be used in the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Since mERs have the ability to interfere with noncoding RNAs and to regulate the translational status of brain tissue by affecting histones, non-GPER-dependent mERs appear to be attractive targets for modern pharmacotherapy for nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wnuk
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-12-662-3339 (A.W.); +48-12-662-3235 (M.K.); Fax: +48-12-637-4500 (A.W. & M.K.)
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-12-662-3339 (A.W.); +48-12-662-3235 (M.K.); Fax: +48-12-637-4500 (A.W. & M.K.)
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20
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Tzeng IS, Hsieh TH. Collocation of metformin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor is associated with increased risk of diabetes-related vascular dementia: A single hospital study in Northern Taiwan. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:171-176. [PMID: 36786091 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2178417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have established a close link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and an increased risk of vascular dementia (VD). In this study, we evaluated the risk of VD in patients with type 2 diabetes who were on antidiabetic medications. METHODS There is a growing interest in observational and data-driven studies to answer specific research questions for defined populations. In line with this, 67,281 patients (age range, 61.95 ± 13.88 years; length of follow up, 3.2 ± 3.4 years) diagnosed with DM were divided into two groups:48,072 subjects who had not used dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) medication and 19,209 subjects who had taken DPP-4 medication. Each patient underwent follow-up examination after the date of the latest diagnosis. RESULTS Among 10,884 DM patients with dementia, the combination therapy of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor may increase the risk of dementia compared with that in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.15; p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION In this study, patients who received a combination therapy of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor for DM were at a higher risk of dementia than those who received monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shiang Tzeng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Sanaie S, Nikanfar S, Kalekhane ZY, Azizi-Zeinalhajlou A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Araj-Khodaei M, Ayati MH, Andalib S. Saffron as a promising therapy for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:137-162. [PMID: 35986812 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus is increasing with the societies' aging and has become an essential social concern worldwide. Accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau proteins in the brain are hallmarks of AD. Diabetes is an underlying risk factor for AD. Insulin resistance has been proposed to be involved in amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain. It seems that diabetic conditions can result in AD pathology by setting off a cascade of processes, including inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) synthesis. Due to the several side effects of chemical drugs and their high cost, using herbal medicine has recently attracted attention for the treatment of diabetes and AD. Saffron and its active ingredients have been used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-AD properties. Therefore, in the present review paper, we take account of the clinical, in vivo and in vitro evidence regarding the anti-diabetic and anti-AD effects of saffron and discuss the preventive or postponing properties of saffron or its components on AD development via its anti-diabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Nikanfar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Yousefi Kalekhane
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Azizi-Zeinalhajlou
- Student Research Committee, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ayati
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sasan Andalib
- Research Unit of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Ye XW, Liu MN, Wang X, Cheng SQ, Li CS, Bai YY, Yang LL, Wang XX, Wen J, Xu WJ, Zhang SY, Xu XF, Li XR. Exploring the common pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus via microarray data analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1071391. [PMID: 36923118 PMCID: PMC10008874 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) have an increased incidence in modern society. Although more and more evidence has supported that DM is prone to AD, the interrelational mechanisms remain fully elucidated. Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to explore the shared pathophysiological mechanisms of AD and DM. Methods Download the expression matrix of AD and DM from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with sequence numbers GSE97760 and GSE95849, respectively. The common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by limma package analysis. Then we analyzed the six kinds of module analysis: gene functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, potential drug screening, immune cell infiltration, hub genes identification and validation, and prediction of transcription factors (TFs). Results The subsequent analyses included 339 common DEGs, and the importance of immunity, hormone, cytokines, neurotransmitters, and insulin in these diseases was underscored by functional analysis. In addition, serotonergic synapse, ovarian steroidogenesis, estrogen signaling pathway, and regulation of lipolysis are closely related to both. DEGs were input into the CMap database to screen small molecule compounds with the potential to reverse AD and DM pathological functions. L-690488, exemestane, and BMS-345541 ranked top three among the screened small molecule compounds. Finally, 10 essential hub genes were identified using cytoHubba, including PTGS2, RAB10, LRRK2, SOS1, EEA1, NF1, RAB14, ADCY5, RAPGEF3, and PRKACG. For the characteristic Aβ and Tau pathology of AD, RAPGEF3 was associated significantly positively with AD and NF1 significantly negatively with AD. In addition, we also found ADCY5 and NF1 significant correlations with DM phenotypes. Other datasets verified that NF1, RAB14, ADCY5, and RAPGEF3 could be used as key markers of DM complicated with AD. Meanwhile, the immune cell infiltration score reflects the different cellular immune microenvironments of the two diseases. Conclusion The common pathogenesis of AD and DM was revealed in our research. These common pathways and hub genes directions for further exploration of the pathogenesis or treatment of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Ye
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Nan Liu
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Qing Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Shuai Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ying Bai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Xing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Juan Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Fang Xu
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Ri Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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23
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Can Alzheimer's Disease Be Secondary to Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus? Cureus 2022; 14:e31273. [PMID: 36505102 PMCID: PMC9732418 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and insulin resistance are prevalent in older adults. Insulin's ability to effectively affect target tissues is diminished by IR. Hyperglycemia, higher blood pressure, elevated triglyceride levels, decreased HDL levels and central obesity are the outcomes of a condition, namely metabolic syndrome. Cognitive impairment and abnormalities of the brain have been linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS), a grouping of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type-2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship to other conditions have been investigated on the assorted extent in the pair of, human and animal subjects. First, it was shown that insulin receptors are present in the brain, namely the hippocampus. Most insulin is delivered to the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Second, numerous research revealed that insulin impacts various neurotransmitters in a way that enhances memory and cognition. Thirdly, several pathological research has also shown that beta-amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and brain shrinkage, particularly in the hippocampus, are shared brain lesions between insulin and Alzheimer's disease. In light of this, type 2 diabetes mellitus may be viewed as a liability for dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Rody T, De Amorim JA, De Felice FG. The emerging neuroprotective roles of exerkines in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965190. [PMID: 36118704 PMCID: PMC9472554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive knowledge of the beneficial effects of physical exercise, a sedentary lifestyle is still a predominant harm in our society. Sedentarism is one of the major modifiable risk factors for metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)–characterized by synaptic failure, amyloid protein deposition and memory loss. Physical exercise promotes neuroprotective effects through molecules released in circulation and mediates the physiological crosstalk between the periphery and the brain. This literature review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of exerkines, molecules released during physical exercise, as systemic and central factors that mediate the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognition. We highlight the neuroprotective role of irisin—a myokine released from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) transmembrane protein. Lastly, we review evidence pointing to physical exercise as a potential preventative and interventional strategy against cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayna Rody
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia A. De Amorim
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernanda G. De Felice,
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Kumar V, Kim SH, Bishayee K. Dysfunctional Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease Onset and Potential Pharmacological Interventions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179540. [PMID: 36076944 PMCID: PMC9455726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia. The alteration in metabolic characteristics determines the prognosis. Patients at risk show reduced glucose uptake in the brain. Additionally, type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of AD with increasing age. Therefore, changes in glucose uptake in the cerebral cortex may predict the histopathological diagnosis of AD. The shifts in glucose uptake and metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and abnormal autophagy advance the pathogenesis of AD syndrome. Here, we summarize the role of altered glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes for AD prognosis. Additionally, we discuss diagnosis and potential pharmacological interventions for glucose metabolism defects in AD to encourage the development of novel therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Kim
- Biomedical Science Core-Facility, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Kausik Bishayee
- Biomedical Science Core-Facility, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Correspondence: or
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26
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Jin CY, Yu SW, Yin JT, Yuan XY, Wang XG. Corresponding risk factors between cognitive impairment and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10073. [PMID: 35991978 PMCID: PMC9389196 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a type of diabetes caused by the destruction of pancreatic β cells and the absolute lack of insulin secretion. T1DM usually starts in adolescence or develops directly as a severe disease state of ketoacidosis. T1DM and its complications make many people suffer and have psychological problems, which make us have to pay more attention to the prevention and early control of T1DM. Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the major complications of T1DM. It can further develop into Alzheimer's disease, which can seriously affect the quality of life of the elderly. Furthermore, the relationship between T1DM and CI is unclear. Hence, we conducted a narrative review of the existing literature through a PubMed search. We summarized some risk factors that may be associated with the cognitive changes in T1DM patients, including onset age and duration, education and gender, glycemic states, microvascular complications, glycemic control, neuropsychology and emotion, intestinal flora, dyslipidemia, sleep quality. We aimed to provide some content related to CI in T1DM, and hoped that it could play a role in early prediction and treatment to reduce the prevalence. Corresponding risk factors between cognitive impairment and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Duration and age; Education and gender and Glycemic states. Diabetic ketoacidosis; Microvascular complications and Glycemic control–HbA1c. Neuropsychology and emotion; Intestinal flora; Dyslipidemia and Sleep Quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yang Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Shi-Wen Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Jun-Ting Yin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yuan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xu-Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Ali SK, Ali RH. Effects of antidiabetic agents on Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in experimentally induced hyperglycemic rat model by streptozocin. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271138. [PMID: 35802659 PMCID: PMC9269384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. It is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Increasing evidence shows that the disturbance of insulin signalling in the brain may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. In type 1 diabetes, these disruptions are caused by hypoinsulinemia, but in type 2 diabetes, they are caused by insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion. Multiple studies have shown that diabetes is connected with an increased risk of acquiring Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of anti-diabetic agents on Alzheimer’s disease progression and the levels of Alzheimer’s biomarkers in a hyperglycaemic rat model, which was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin to produce insulin-deficient diabetes. Method Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were allocated into six groups of six rats each. Group I was the negative control group. Intraperitoneal injections of streptozocin (42mg/kg) were used once for the five experimental groups. Group II served as the positive control group. The rats in Groups III, IV, V, and VI received metformin (300mg/kg), donepezil (10mg/kg), insulin glargine (3 unit/animal), and glibenclamide (10mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. Results Inducing hyperglycaemia in rats significantly increased the levels of serum glucose, haemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, amyloid β 42, total plasma tau, and neurofilament light. A significant increase was also found in brain amyloid β 42, nitric oxide, acetylcholinesterase, malondialdehyde, β secretase, and phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. The greatest statistically significant reductions in serum glucose, haemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, amyloid β 42, total plasma tau, brain amyloid β 42, acetylcholinesterase, and malondialdehyde were observed in rats treated with metformin. In contrast, rats treated with donepezil demonstrated the greatest statistically significant reduction in serum tumour necrosis factor alpha, brain nitric oxide, and β secretase. The levels of neurofilament light and phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau in the brains of rats treated with insulin glargine were significantly lower than the other treatment groups. The total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels in rats treated with glibenclamide exhibited the most statistically significant reductions of all the treatment groups. Conclusions Metformin and donepezil, when administered at appropriate doses, were shown to successfully lower most plasma and brain biomarkers, including glucose, triglycerides, tumour necrosis factor alpha, amyloid β 42, nitric oxide, acetylcholinesterase, malondialdehyde, and β secretase in rats suffering from Diabetes Mellitus. As a result of this research, we suggest that metformin, either alone or in conjunction with donepezil, might be an excellent drug of choice for neuro-regeneration and risk reduction in Alzheimer’s like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatw Khalid Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- * E-mail:
| | - Rojgar H. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
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dos Santos FAR, Xavier JA, da Silva FC, Merlin JPJ, Goulart MOF, Rupasinghe HPV. Antidiabetic, Antiglycation, and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Passiflora edulis and Piceatannol In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:4064. [PMID: 35807309 PMCID: PMC9267955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the antidiabetic, antiglycation, and antioxidant potentials of ethanolic extract of seeds of Brazilian Passiflora edulis fruits (PESE), a major by-product of the juice industry, and piceatannol (PIC), one of the main phytochemicals of PESE. PESE, PIC, and acarbose (ACB) exhibited IC50 for alpha-amylase, 32.1 ± 2.7, 85.4 ± 0.7, and 0.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively, and IC50 for alpha-glucosidase, 76.2 ± 1.9, 20.4 ± 7.6, and 252 ± 4.5 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of PESE, PIC, and sitagliptin (STG) for dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) was 71.1 ± 2.6, 1137 ± 120, and 0.005 ± 0.001 µg/mL, respectively. PESE and PIC inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) with IC50 of 366 ± 1.9 and 360 ± 9.1 µg/mL for the initial stage and 51.5 ± 1.4 and 67.4 ± 4.6 µg/mL for the intermediate stage of glycation, respectively. Additionally, PESE and PIC inhibited the formation of β-amyloid fibrils in vitro up to 100%. IC50 values for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging activity of PESE and PIC were 20.4 ± 2.1, and 6.3 ± 1.3 µg/mL, respectively. IC50 values for scavenging hypochlorous acid (HOCl) were similar in PESE, PIC, and quercetin (QCT) with values of 1.7 ± 0.3, 1.2 ± 0.5, and 1.9 ± 0.3 µg/mL, respectively. PESE had no cytotoxicity to the human normal bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B), and alpha mouse liver (AML-12) cells up to 100 and 50 µg/mL, respectively. However, 10 µg/mL of the extract was cytotoxic to non-malignant breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). PESE and PIC were found to be capable of protecting cultured human cells from the oxidative stress caused by the carcinogen NNKOAc at 100 µM. The in vitro evidence of the inhibition of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and DPP-4 enzymes as well as antioxidant and antiglycation activities, warrants further investigation of the antidiabetic potential of P. edulis seeds and PIC.
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Aleem A, Shahnaz S, Javaid S, Ashraf W, Rasool MF, Ahmad T, F.Alotaibi A, Albeshri KS, Alqahtani F, Imran I. Chronically administered Agave americana var. marginata extract ameliorates diabetes mellitus, associated behavioral comorbidities and biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1373-1386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Siao WZ, Lin TK, Huang JY, Tsai CF, Jong GP. The association between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and incident dementia: A nationwide population-based longitudinal cohort study. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022; 19:14791641221098168. [PMID: 35549730 PMCID: PMC9109279 DOI: 10.1177/14791641221098168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and incident dementia remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of incident dementia with the use of SGLT2 inhibitor. METHODS This is a population-based cohort study utilizing Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Each patient who took SGLT2 inhibitors was assigned to the SGLT2 inhibitor group, whereas 1:1 propensity score-matched randomly selected patients who were nonusers of SGLT2 inhibitors were assigned to the non-SGLT2 inhibitor group. The study outcome was incident dementia. RESULTS A total of 976,972 patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) between 2011 and 2018 were included in this study. After the patients' propensity score matching by age, sex, duration of DM, comorbidities and drug index date of the patients, a total of 103,247 patients in the SGLT2 inhibitor group and 103,247 in the non-SGLT2 inhibitor group were enrolled for analysis. The SGLT2 inhibitor group was associated with a lower risk of incident dementia (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.89, 95% confidence interval: 0.82-0.96; p = .0021). Diabetic complications were significantly lower in the SGLT2 inhibitor group compared with the non-SGLT2 group. Sensitivity analysis was also consistent with the main analysis. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 DM who were prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of incident dementia compared with those not prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors in real-world practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Zhih Siao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Kun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Feng Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ping Jong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Cheng D, Yang S, Zhao X, Wang G. The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA) in Diabetes-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:665-684. [PMID: 35340338 PMCID: PMC8943601 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s348055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical guidelines have emphasized the importance of screening for cognitive impairment in older adults with diabetes, however, there is still a lack of understanding about the drug therapy. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and potential applications may include the treatment of obesity as well as the adjunctive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus in combination with insulin. Growing evidence suggests that GLP-1 RA has the potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in diabetes-related Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 RA in diabetes-related degenerative diseases, including AD and PD, and their potential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihe Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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33
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Alghamdi BS. The Effect of Melatonin and Exercise on Social Isolation-Related Behavioral Changes in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:828965. [PMID: 35211007 PMCID: PMC8861461 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.828965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social isolation (SI) is well established as an environmental factor that negatively influences different behavioral parameters, including cognitive function, anxiety, and social interaction, depending on the age of isolation. Aging is a physiological process that is associated with changes in cognitive function, locomotor activity, anxiety and emotional responses. Few studies have investigated the effect of SI in senescence, or possible interventions. In the current study, we investigated the possible complementary effects of melatonin (MLT) and exercise (Ex) in improving SI-related behavioral changes in aged rats. Forty aged Wistar rats (24 months old) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 per group): Control (group housing), SI (individual housing for 7 weeks), SI + MLT (SI rats treated with 0.4 mg MLT/ml in drinking water), SI + Ex (SI rats treated with 60 min of swimming), and SI + MLT + Ex (SI rats treated with both MLT and Ex). Different behavioral tasks were conducted in the following sequence: open field test, elevated plus maze test, sucrose preference test, Y maze test, and Morris water maze test. Locomotor activities measured by total distance moved and velocity revealed that SI + Ex (P = 0.0038; P = 0.0015) and SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0003) significantly improved the locomotor activity compared with SI rats but SI + MLT (P = 0.0599; P = 0.0627) rats showed no significant change. Anxiety index score was significantly improved in SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0256) compared with SI rats while SI + MLT (P > 0.9999) and SI + Ex (P = 0.2943) rats showed no significant change. Moreover, latency to reach the platform in Morris water maze was significantly reduced at day 5 in SI + MLT + Ex (P = 0.0457) compared with SI rats but no change was detected in SI + MLT (P = 0.7314) or SI + Ex (P = 0.1676) groups. In conclusion, this study supports the possible potential of MLT in combination with Ex in improving physical activity, anxiety, and cognitive functions in aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrah Saeed Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Badrah Saeed Alghamdi, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-3609
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34
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Botchway BOA, Okoye FC, Chen Y, Arthur WE, Fang M. Alzheimer Disease: Recent Updates on Apolipoprotein E and Gut Microbiome Mediation of Oxidative Stress, and Prospective Interventional Agents. Aging Dis 2022; 13:87-102. [PMID: 35111364 PMCID: PMC8782546 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a current public health challenge and will remain until the development of an effective intervention. However, developing an effective treatment for the disease requires a thorough understanding of its etiology, which is currently lacking. Although several studies have shown the association between oxidative damage and AD, only a few have clarified the specific mechanisms involved. Herein, we reviewed recent preclinical and clinical studies that indicated the significance of oxidative damage in AD, as well as potential antioxidants. Although several factors regulate oxidative stress in AD, we centered our investigation on apolipoprotein E and the gut microbiome. Apolipoprotein E, particularly apolipoprotein E-ε4, can impair the structural facets of the mitochondria. This, in turn, can minimize the mitochondrial functionality and result in the progressive build-up of free radicals, eventually leading to oxidative stress. Similarly, the gut microbiome can influence oxidative stress to a significant degree via its metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide. Given the various roles of these two factors in modulating oxidative stress, we also discuss the possible relationship between them and provide future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson OA Botchway
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Favour C Okoye
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yili Chen
- Neurosurgery Department, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - William E Arthur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Regional Hospital, Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Marong Fang
- Gastroenterology Department, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Yang J, Sui H, Jiao R, Zhang M, Zhao X, Wang L, Deng W, Liu X. Random-Forest-Algorithm-Based Applications of the Basic Characteristics and Serum and Imaging Biomarkers to Diagnose Mild Cognitive Impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:76-83. [PMID: 35088670 PMCID: PMC9189735 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220128120927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered the early stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The purpose of our study was to analyze the basic characteristics and serum and imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of MCI patients as a more objective and accurate approach. Methods
The Montreal Cognitive Test was used to test 119 patients aged ≥65. Such serum biomarkers were detected as preprandial blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and P-tau. All the subjects were scanned with 1.5T MRI (GE Healthcare, WI, USA) to obtain DWI, DTI, and ASL images. DTI was used to calculate the anisotropy fraction (FA), DWI was used to calculate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and ASL was used to calculate the cerebral blood flow (CBF). All the images were then registered to the SPACE of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). In 116 brain regions, the medians of FA, ADC, and CBF were extracted by automatic anatomical labeling. The basic characteristics included gender, education level, and previous disease history of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. The data were randomly divided into training sets and test ones. The recursive random forest algorithm was applied to the diagnosis of MCI patients, and the recursive feature elimination (RFE) method was used to screen the significant basic features and serum and imaging biomarkers. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated, respectively, and so were the ROC curve and the area under the curve (AUC) of the test set. Results
When the variable of the MCI diagnostic model was an imaging biomarker, the training accuracy of the random forest was 100%, the correct rate of the test was 86.23%, the sensitivity was 78.26%, and the specificity was 100%. When combining the basic characteristics, the serum and imaging biomarkers as variables of the MCI diagnostic model, the training accuracy of the random forest was found to be 100%; the test accuracy was 97.23%, the sensitivity was 94.44%, and the specificity was 100%. RFE analysis showed that age, Aβ1-40, and cerebellum_4_6 were the most important basic feature, serum biomarker, imaging biomarker, respectively. Conclusion
Imaging biomarkers can effectively diagnose MCI. The diagnostic capacity of the basic trait biomarkers or serum biomarkers for MCI is limited, but their combination with imaging biomarkers can improve the diagnostic capacity, as indicated by the sensitivity of 94.44% and the specificity of 100% in our model. As a machine learning method, a random forest can help diagnose MCI effectively while screening important influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital,Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Haijing Sui
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghong Jiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- hcit.ai Co., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenping Deng
- Huawei Technology Co., Ltd Co, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital,Shanghai, 201299, China
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Ding H, Liu C, Zhang S, Li B, Xu Q, Shi B, Li S, Dong S, Ma X, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Zhang G. Sleeve gastrectomy attenuated diabetes-related cognitive decline in diabetic rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1015819. [PMID: 36407319 PMCID: PMC9669300 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1015819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on diabetes-related cognitive decline (DCD) in rats with diabetic mellitus (DM). METHODS AND METHODS Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (CON) group (n=10), diabetes mellitus (DM) group (n=10), sham operation (SHAM) group (n=10) and SG group (n=10). DM model was established by high-fat diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ). Behavioral evaluation was given using Morris water maze test and Y-maze. In addition, PET-CT, TUNEL assay, histological analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the alleviating effects and potential mechanisms of SG on DCD in DM rats. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, SG induced significant improvement in the metabolic indices such as blood glucose and body weight. Besides, it could attenuate the insulin resistance compared with SHAM group. In addition, SG could improve the cognitive function of DM rats, which were featured by significant decrease in the escape latency (P<0.05), and significant increase in the time in target quadrant and platform crossings (P<0.05) compared with the SHAM group. SG induced significant elevation in the spontaneous alternation compared with SHAM group (P<0.05). Moreover, SG could improve the arrangement and biosynthesis of hippocampus neuron. Moreover, SG triggered the inhibition of apoptosis of hippocampus neurons, and Western blot analysis showed SG induced significant increase in the ratios of Bcl-2/Bax and Caspase3/cleaved Caspase 3. TEM demonstrated SG could significantly improve the microstructure of hippocampus neurons compared with the SHAM group. Western blot and IHC confirmed the significant decrease in the phosphorylation of tau at Ser404 and Ser396 sites in the SG group. Furthermore, SG activated the PI3K signaling pathway by elevating the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt and GSK3β compared with the SHAM group. CONCLUSION SG attenuated the DCD in DM rats, which may be related to the activation of PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuxuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingjun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Songhan Li
- Department of Breast Disease, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuohui Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyong Zhang,
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Zhao Y, Xie L, Zhang H, Zhou S, Liu Y, Chen J, Wang L, Wang L, Zhuo L, Wang Y, Ou N, Shao F. Tolerability, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of SY-004, a Glucokinase Activator, in Healthy Chinese Adults: A Randomized, Phase Ia, Single-Ascending Dose Study. Clin Ther 2022; 44:269-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang L, Chen D, Tu Y, Sang T, Pan T, Lin H, Cai C, Jin X, Wu F, Xu L, Chen Y. Vitexin attenuates autoimmune hepatitis in mouse induced by syngeneic liver cytosolic proteins via activation of AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 917:174720. [PMID: 34953801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic progressive liver disease that currently does not have a successful therapeutic option. Vitexin, a bioflavonoid isolated from various medicinal plants, possesses a variety of activities; however, whether vitexin protects against AIH remains unclear. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effects and mechanism of action of vitexin in both an experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) mouse model and in D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced hepatocyte injury. Syngeneic liver antigen S100 was used to establish EAH. Vitexin treatment significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammatory and CD4+ T cells in the liver, reduced ALT and AST levels in the serum and attenuated hepatic injury due to oxidative stress. Moreover, vitexin mitigated the upregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and the downregulation of Bcl-2 in the livers of AIH mice. These regulations were accompanied by not only increased phosphorylation of AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β but also activation of Nrf2. Furthermore, vitexin inhibited apoptosis and the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines in D-GalN/LPS-treated AML12 cells. In addition, vitexin enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK, AKT and GSK-3β. When AML12 cells were treated with an inhibitor of AMPK/AKT or specific siRNA targeting Nrf2, vitexin did not further induce the activation of Nrf2/HO-1. A molecular docking study confirmed that vitexin could interact with AMPK through hydrogen bonding interactions. In conclusion, vitexin ameliorated hepatic injury in EAH mice through activation of the AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and upregulation of the Nrf2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Dazhi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Peking University, BeiJing, 100032, China
| | - Yulu Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Sang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Tongtong Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Xiaozhi Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Faling Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325006, China.
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Ranneh Y, Abu Bakar MF, Ismail NA, Kormin F, Mohamed M, Md Akim A, Isha A. Anti-aging and antioxidant of four traditional malaysian plants using simplex centroid mixture design approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6711-6720. [PMID: 34866970 PMCID: PMC8626306 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a naturally biological process with adverse effects. The continuous accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigger cellular and tissue damage by activating several aging enzymes. The antioxidant properties of traditional medicinal plants used by Jakun aborigine's community are a promising approach to alleviate aging process and prevent Alzheimer. The aim of the current investigation was to optimize a novel anti-aging formulation from traditional plants (Cnestis palala stem, Urceola micrantha stem, Marantodes pumilum stem and Microporus xanthopus fruiting bodies) using simplex centroid mixture design (SCMD). After selecting the optimal formulations based on desirability function of antioxidant activity (DPPḢ, ABTS ˙ + and FRAP), they were further examined against the activity of aging-related-enzymes (collagenase, tyrosinase, acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase). The single extracts of C. palala, U. micrantha and the binary mixture of C. palala and U. micrantha were the optimal formulations with high antioxidant activities. Single extract of U. micrantha showed the highest inhibition towards matrix metalloproteinase-1 (49.44 ± 4.11 %), while C. palala water extract showed highest inhibitions towards tyrosinase (14.06 ± 0.31%), acetylcholinesterase (32.92 ± 2.13%) and butyrylcholinesterase (34.89 ± 2.84%) enzymes. The single extracts of C. palala and U. micrantha displayed better activity as compared to the binary mixture formulation. In conclusion, these findings could be a baseline for further exploration of novel anti-aging agents from natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Ranneh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)- Pagoh Campus, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)- Pagoh Campus, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amalina Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)- Pagoh Campus, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Kormin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)- Pagoh Campus, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Maryati Mohamed
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)- Pagoh Campus, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abdah Md Akim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azizul Isha
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Faqih NT, Ashoor AF, Alshaikh SA, Maglan AF, Jastaniah N. Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Insulin Resistance in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah. Cureus 2021; 13:e19811. [PMID: 34956794 PMCID: PMC8693831 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) and insulin resistance (IR) are common in the elderly. IR reduces the ability of insulin to work effectively on target tissues. This results in hyperglycemia, increased triglyceride levels, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, elevated blood pressure, and central obesity, a condition known as metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS eventually affects cognition, but its relationship with AD is unclear. Therefore, we studied the association between AD and IR and the relation between AD and diabetic patients treated with insulin. Methods This was a record-based retrospective cohort study using data from King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Ministry of National Guards-Health Affairs. for all patients with dementia and AD, from 2009 to 2018. We examined 354 patient files. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index was used for the assessment of IR. Results There was no significant association between patients' demographic data, glycated hemoglobin, and co-morbidities and developing AD. Statistical models showed that, after adjustment for age, patients with IR had a significantly higher likelihood of AD (adjusted OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.01-2.33). After multivariate adjustment, patients with IR still had a 20% higher probability of developing AD than others (adjusted OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0-3.1). Conclusion These results suggest that AD is associated with IR. Moreover, the association may be confounded by many patient-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sahl A Alshaikh
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Alaa F Maglan
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Nisreen Jastaniah
- Geriatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
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Chiang TI, Yu YH, Lin CH, Lane HY. Novel Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Based Upon N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Hypoactivation and Oxidative Stress. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2021; 19:423-433. [PMID: 34294612 PMCID: PMC8316669 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is important. The current treatment for early AD is acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEIs); however, the efficacy is poor. Besides, AChEI did not show efficacy in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits have been regarded to be highly related to the pathogenesis of AD. However, many clinical trials aiming at the clearance of Aβ deposits failed to improve the cognitive decline of AD, even at its early phase. There should be other important mechanisms unproven in the course of AD and MCI. Feasible biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of AD are lacking to date. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation plays an important role in learning and memory. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been regarded to contribute to aging with the assumption that free radicals damage cell constituents and connective tissues. Our recent study found that an NMDAR enhancer, sodium benzoate (the pivotal inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase [DAAO]), improved the cognitive and global function of patients with early-phase AD. Further, we found that peripheral DAAO levels were higher in patients with MCI and AD than healthy controls. We also found that sodium benzoate was able to change the activity of antioxidant. These pieces of evidence suggest that the NMDAR function is associated with anti-oxidation, and have potential to be biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-I Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ettcheto M, Sánchez-Lopez E, Cano A, Carrasco M, Herrera K, Manzine PR, Espinosa-Jimenez T, Busquets O, Verdaguer E, Olloquequi J, Auladell C, Folch J, Camins A. Dexibuprofen ameliorates peripheral and central risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease in metabolically stressed APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:141. [PMID: 34294142 PMCID: PMC8296685 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies stablished a relationship between metabolic disturbances and Alzheimer´s disease (AD) where inflammation plays a pivotal role. However, mechanisms involved still remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate central and peripheral effects of dexibuprofen (DXI) in the progression of AD in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) female mice, a familial AD model, fed with high fat diet (HFD). Animals were fed either with conventional chow or with HFD, from their weaning until their sacrifice, at 6 months. Moreover, mice were divided into subgroups to which were administered drinking water or water supplemented with DXI (20 mg kg-1 d-1) for 3 months. Before sacrifice, body weight, intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance test (IP-ITT) were performed to evaluate peripheral parameters and also behavioral tests to determine cognitive decline. Moreover, molecular studies such as Western blot and RT-PCR were carried out in liver to confirm metabolic effects and in hippocampus to analyze several pathways considered hallmarks in AD. RESULTS Our studies demonstrate that DXI improved metabolic alterations observed in transgenic animals fed with HFD in vivo, data in accordance with those obtained at molecular level. Moreover, an improvement of cognitive decline and neuroinflammation among other alterations associated with AD were observed such as beta-amyloid plaque accumulation and unfolded protein response. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, evidence suggest that chronic administration of DXI prevents the progression of AD through the regulation of inflammation which contribute to improve hallmarks of this pathology. Thus, this compound could constitute a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of AD in a combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Unitat de Farmacologia I Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27/31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Sánchez-Lopez
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE. Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - International University of Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Carrasco
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Katherine Herrera
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia R Manzine
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Triana Espinosa-Jimenez
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neurosciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City (10461), USA
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Carme Auladell
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Jiang H, Wang J, Levin BE, Baumel BS, Camargo CJ, Signorile JF, Rundek T. Retinal Microvascular Alterations as the Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease: Are We There Yet? J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:251-260. [PMID: 33136677 PMCID: PMC8079547 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder with an insidious onset and slowly progressive disease course. To date, there are no effective treatments, but biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression offer a promising first step in developing and testing potential interventions. Cerebral vascular imaging biomarkers to assess the contributions of vascular dysfunction to AD are strongly recommended to be integrated into the current amyloid-β (Aβ) [A], tau [T], and neurodegeneration [(N)]-the "AT(N)" biomarker system for clinical research. However, the methodology is expensive and often requires invasive procedures to document cerebral vascular dysfunction. The retina has been used as a surrogate to study cerebral vascular changes. There is growing interest in the identification of retinal microvascular changes as a safe, easily accessible, low cost, and time-efficient approach to enhancing our understanding of the vascular pathogenesis associated with AD. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systemic review of the literature was performed regarding retinal vascular changes in AD and its prodromal stages, focusing on functional and structural changes of large retinal vessels (vessels visible on fundus photographs) and microvasculature (precapillary arterioles, capillary, and postcapillary venules) that are invisible on fundus photographs. RESULTS Static and dynamic retinal microvascular alterations such as retinal arterial wall motion, blood flow rate, and microvascular network density were reported in AD, mild cognitive impairment, and even in the preclinical stages of the disease. The data are somewhat controversial and inconsistent among the articles reviewed and were obtained based on cross-sectional studies that used different patient cohorts, equipment, techniques, and analysis methods. CONCLUSIONS Retinal microvascular alterations exist across the AD spectrum. Further large scale, within-subject longitudinal studies using standardized imaging and analytical methods may advance our knowledge concerning vascular contributions to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie E. Levin
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bernard S. Baumel
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christian J. Camargo
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Tania Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Shi J, Jia J, Tian S, Zhang H, An K, Zhu W, Cao W, Yuan Y, Wang S. Increased Plasma Level of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Polymorphism of CYP46A1 SNP (rs754203) Are Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:619916. [PMID: 34054500 PMCID: PMC8155290 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.619916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal cholesterol metabolism is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and causes dementia. Cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) converts cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) and maintains cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Objective This study aimed to investigate the roles of 24-OHC and the CYP46A1 (rs754203) polymorphism in patients with T2DM and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods A total of 193 Chinese patients with T2DM were recruited into two groups according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Demographic and clinical data were collected, and neuropsychological tests were conducted. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Seqnome method were used to detect the concentration of plasma 24-OHC and the CYP46A1 rs754203 genotype, respectively. Results Compared with 118 healthy cognition participants, patients with MCI (n = 75) displayed a higher plasma level of 24-OHC and total cholesterol concentration (all p = 0.031), while no correlation was found between them. In the overall diabetes population, the plasma level of 24-OHC was negatively correlated with MoCA (r = −0.150, p = 0.039), and it was further proved to be an independent risk factor of diabetic MCI (OR = 1.848, p = 0.001). Additionally, patients with MCI and the CC genotype of CYP46A1 rs754203 showed the highest plasma level of 24-OHC even though the difference was not statistically significant, and they obtained low scores in both the verbal fluency test and Stroop color and word test A (p = 0.008 and p = 0.029, respectively). Conclusion In patients with T2DM, high plasma level of 24-OHC and the CC genotype carrier of CYP46A1 rs754203 may portend a high risk of developing early cognitive impairment, including attention and executive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhong Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Siyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suqian, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuyou Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Amanzadeh Jajin E, Esmaeili A, Rahgozar S, Noorbakhshnia M. Quercetin-Conjugated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Protect AlCl 3-Induced Neurotoxicity in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease via Antioxidant Genes, APP Gene, and miRNA-101. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:598617. [PMID: 33716639 PMCID: PMC7947204 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.598617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress in neurons is considered as a reason for development of AD. Antioxidant agents such as quercetin slow down AD progression, but the usage of this flavonoid has limitations because of its low bioavailability. We hypothesized that quercetin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (QT-SPIONs) have a better neuroprotective effect on AD than free quercetin and regulates the antioxidant, apoptotic, and APP gene, and miRNA-101. In this study, male Wistar rats were subjected to AlCl3, AlCl3 + QT, AlCl3 + SPION, and AlCl3 + QT-SPION for 42 consecutive days. Behavioral tests and qPCR were used to evaluate the efficiency of treatments. Results of behavioral tests revealed that the intensity of cognitive impairment was decelerated at both the middle and end of the treatment period. The effect of QT-SPIONs on learning and memory deficits were closely similar to the control group. The increase in expression levels of APP gene and the decrease in mir101 led to the development of AD symptoms in rats treated with AlCl3 while these results were reversed in the AlCl3 + QT-SPIONs group. This group showed similar results with the control group. QT-SPION also decreased the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes along with increases in expression levels of anti-apoptotic genes. Accordingly, the antioxidant effect of QT-SPION inhibited progression of cognitive impairment via sustaining the balance of antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus of AD model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Amanzadeh Jajin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Esmaeili
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Noorbakhshnia
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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46
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Guo Y, Fang X, Zheng B, Gao W, Yu H, Chen Z, Roman RJ, Fan F. Reduced pericyte and tight junction coverage in old diabetic rats are associated with hyperglycemia-induced cerebrovascular pericyte dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H549-H562. [PMID: 33306445 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00726.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the primary pathological factors that contributes to aging-related cognitive impairments, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We recently reported that old DM rats exhibited impaired myogenic responses of the cerebral arteries and arterioles, poor cerebral blood flow autoregulation, enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and cognitive impairments. These changes were associated with diminished vascular smooth muscle cell contractile capability linked to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced ATP production. In the present study, using a nonobese T2DN DM rat, we isolated parenchymal arterioles (PAs), cultured cerebral microvascular pericytes, and examined whether cerebrovascular pericyte in DM is damaged and whether pericyte dysfunction may play a role in the regulation of cerebral hemodynamics and BBB integrity. We found that ROS and mitochondrial superoxide production were elevated in PAs isolated from old DM rats and in high glucose (HG)-treated α-smooth muscle actin-positive pericytes. HG-treated pericytes displayed decreased contractile capability in association with diminished mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. Additionally, the expression of advanced glycation end products, transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibronectin were enhanced, but claudin 5 and integrin β1 was reduced in the brain of old DM rats and HG-treated pericytes. Further, endothelial tight junction and pericyte coverage on microvessels were reduced in the cortex of old DM rats. These results demonstrate our previous findings that the impaired cerebral hemodynamics and BBB leakage and cognitive impairments in the same old DM model are associated with hyperglycemia-induced cerebrovascular pericyte dysfunction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that the loss of contractile capability in pericytes in diabetes is associated with enhanced ROS and reduced ATP production. Enhanced advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in diabetes accompany with reduced pericyte and endothelial tight junction coverage in the cortical capillaries of old diabetic rats. These results suggest our previous findings that the impaired cerebral hemodynamics, BBB leakage, and cognitive impairments in old DM model are associated with hyperglycemia-induced cerebrovascular pericyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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47
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Eiser AR, Fulop T. Extra-cranial factors in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147076. [PMID: 32853641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) likely involves dysfunction in more than one extra-cranial organ system. AD appears to depend on several functional organ impairments that develops frequently during aging: lack of normal hepatic synthesis, defective detoxification of ammonia, gut microbiome dysbiosis, the development of insulin resistance, diminished adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone, nutrient depletion, impaired immune processes with persistent chronic neuro-inflammation, and persistent infectious processes are important components of this system-wide disorder. By reviewing these abnormalities in different organ systems, this review intends to suggest that clinical research into the prevention of dementia needs to take this interplay of organ system dysfunction into account. The design of therapeutic interventions needs to address dysfunction in more than one system at a time. We have singled out one aberrant signaling pathway, NF-kB, that seems common to several of the dysfunctional organ systems and suggest some potential interventions that may be effective when combined with others. Clinical research may need to shift from single factor interventions to studies that include multiple simultaneous interventions that restore health in multiple impaired organ systems in the aging human in order to avert future epidemics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold R Eiser
- Adjunct Senior Fellow, Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3641 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Professor of Medicine and Geriatrics, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Li Y, Zhang J, Wan J, Liu A, Sun J. Melatonin regulates Aβ production/clearance balance and Aβ neurotoxicity: A potential therapeutic molecule for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110887. [PMID: 33254429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with multiple predisposing factors and complicated pathogenesis. Aβ peptide is one of the most important pathogenic factors in the etiology of AD. Accumulating evidence indicates that the imbalance of Aβ production and Aβ clearance in the brain of AD patients leads to Aβ deposition and neurotoxic Aβ oligomer formation. Melatonin shows a potent neuroprotective effect and can prevent or slow down the progression of AD, supporting the view that melatonin is a potential therapeutic molecule for AD. Melatonin modulates the regulatory network of secretase expression and affects the function of secretase, thereby inhibiting amyloidogenic APP processing and Aβ production. Additionally, melatonin ameliorates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and probably promotes Aβ clearance through glymphatic-lymphatic drainage, BBB transportation and degradation pathways. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of melatonin against Aβ-dependent AD pathogenesis. We explore the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of melatonin on Aβ production and assembly, Aβ clearance, Aβ neurotoxicity and circadian cycle disruption. We summarize multiple clinical trials of melatonin treatment in AD patients, showing that melatonin has a promising effect on improving sleep quality and cognitive function. This review aims to stimulate further research on melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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49
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Kong Y, Wang F, Wang J, Liu C, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Zhang C, Sun B, Guan Y. Pathological Mechanisms Linking Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease: the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE). Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:217. [PMID: 32774301 PMCID: PMC7388912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) place a significant burden on health care systems in the world and its aging populations. These diseases have long been regarded as separate entities; however, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the receptors for AGEs (RAGE) may be a link between diabetes and AD. In our study, mice injected with AGEs through stereotaxic surgery showed significant AD-like features: behavior showed decreased memory; immunofluorescence showed increased phosphorylated tau and APP. These results suggest links between diabetes and AD. Patients with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing AD, and the possible underlying molecular components of this association are now beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fushuai Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengqin Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Guan
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Sinan KI, Chiavaroli A, Orlando G, Bene K, Zengin G, Cziáky Z, Jekő J, Fawzi Mahomoodally M, Picot-Allain MCN, Menghini L, Recinella L, Brunetti L, Leone S, Ciferri MC, Di Simone S, Ferrante C. Evaluation of Pharmacological and Phytochemical Profiles Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan Stem Bark Extracts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040516. [PMID: 32231150 PMCID: PMC7226170 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem bark (SB) of Piptadeniastrum africanum (PA) has been extensively used in African traditional medicinal systems. However, there is a dearth of scientific information regarding its possible activity in the management of type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and skin hyperpigmentation disorders. This study therefore attempted to elucidate the in vitro inhibitory action of ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of P. africanum stem bark (PA-SB) on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase. Cell viability, catecholamine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine levels of hypothalamic HypoE22 cells exposed to PA-SB extracts were also investigated. The phytochemical profiles of the extracts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and antioxidant properties were investigated. Saponin (867.42 mg quillaja equivalent/g) and tannin (33.81 mg catechin equivalent/g) contents were higher in the methanol extract. Multiple dihydroxy-trimethoxy(iso)flavone isomers, loliolide, eriodictyol, naringenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, apigenin, and liquiritigenin, were characterized from PA-SB extracts using HPLC. The methanol extract of PA-SB showed highest inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (4.88 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g extract), butyrylcholinesterase (5.37 mg GALAE/g extract), and tyrosinase (154.86 mg kojic acid equivalent/g extract) while α-glucosidase was effectively inhibited by the ethyl acetate extract (15.22 mmol acarbose equivalent/g extract). The methanol extract of PA-SB also showed potent antioxidant properties (493.87, 818.12, 953.07, and 732.19 mg Trolox equivalent/g extract, for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively). PA-SB extracts exhibited antioxidant activity and promising inhibition against key enzymes related to type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and skin hyperpigmentation disorders. Additionally, all extracts were able to contrast hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, in HypoE22 cells, thus restoring basal catecholamine and 3-hydroxykinurenine levels, whereas only methanol and water extracts stimulated basal dopamine release. Overall, data from the present study contribute to the biological assessment of P. africanum that appears to be a promising source of natural compounds with protective and neuromodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Konya 42130, Turkey;
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.O.); (G.Z.)
| | - Kouadio Bene
- Laboratoire de Botanique et Phytothérapie, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences de la Nature, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan 00225, Ivory Coast;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Konya 42130, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (G.O.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (Z.C.); (J.J.)
| | - József Jekő
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (Z.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 230, Mauritius;
| | | | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria Chiara Ciferri
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Simonetta Di Simone
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.C.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.B.); (S.L.); (M.C.C.); (S.D.S.); (C.F.)
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