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Nzabanita D, Shen H, Grist S, Lewis PJ, Hampton JO, Firestone SM, Hufschmid J, Nugegoda D. Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in Australian Waterbirds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:736-747. [PMID: 38085117 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
There is growing worldwide recognition of the threat posed by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to wildlife populations. We aimed to measure exposure levels to POPs in a Southern Hemisphere aquatic waterbird species, the nomadic gray teal (Anas gracilis), which is found across Australia. We collected wings from 39 ducks harvested by recreational hunters at two sites (one coastal, one inland) in Victoria, southeastern Australia, in 2021. We examined three groups of POPs: nine congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs were detected at quantifiable levels in 13%, 72%, and 100% of birds, respectively. Of the congeners we tested for in PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs, 33%, 38%, and 100% were detected at quantifiable levels, respectively. The highest levels of exposure to POPs that we found were to the PAH benzo[b]fluoranthene, occurring at a concentration range of 1.78 to 161.05 ng/g wet weight. There were some trends detected relating to differences between geographical sites, with higher levels of several PAHs at the coastal versus inland site. There were several strong, positive associations among PAHs found. We discuss potential sources for the POPs detected, including industrial and agricultural sources, and the likely role of large-scale forest fires in PAH levels. Our results confirm that while Australian waterbirds are exposed to a variety of POPs, exposure levels are currently relatively low. Additional future investigations are required to further characterize POPs within Australian waterbird species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:736-747. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Nzabanita
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hao Shen
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Grist
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phoebe J Lewis
- Applied Sciences Division, Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Macleod, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jordan O Hampton
- Faculty of Science, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Faculty of Science, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jasmin Hufschmid
- Faculty of Science, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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McDougall FK, Speight N, Funnell O, Boardman WSJ, Power ML. Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance Carriage in Koalas (Phascolarctos Cinereus) and Pteropid Bats (Pteropus Poliocephalus) Before, During and After Wildfires. Microb Ecol 2024; 87:39. [PMID: 38332161 PMCID: PMC10853082 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02351-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In the 2019-2020 summer, wildfires decimated the Australian bush environment and impacted wildlife species, including koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and grey headed flying fox pups (Pteropid bats, Pteropus poliocephalus). Consequently, hundreds of koalas and thousands of bat pups entered wildlife hospitals with fire-related injuries/illness, where some individuals received antimicrobial therapy. This study investigated the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pre-fire, fire-affected and post-fire koalas and Pteropid bat pups. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to screen DNA samples extracted from faeces (koalas and bats) and cloacal swabs (koalas) for class 1 integrons, a genetic determinant of AMR, and to identify integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes. Class 1 integrons were detected in 25.5% of koalas (68 of 267) and 59.4% of bats (92 of 155). Integrons contained genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim and beta-lactams. Samples were also screened for blaTEM (beta-lactam) resistance genes, which were detected in 2.6% of koalas (7 of 267) and 25.2% of bats (39 of 155). Integron occurrence was significantly higher in fire-affected koalas in-care compared to wild pre-fire koalas (P < 0.0001). Integron and blaTEM occurrence were not significantly different in fire-affected bats compared to pre-fire bats (P > 0.05), however, their occurrence was significantly higher in fire-affected bats in-care compared to wild fire-affected bats (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0488 respectively). The observed shifts of AMR dynamics in wildfire-impacted species flags the need for judicious antibiotic use when treating fire-affected wildlife to minimise unwanted selective pressure and negative treatment outcomes associated with carriage of resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K McDougall
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Natasha Speight
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Oliver Funnell
- Zoos South Australia, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Wayne S J Boardman
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Michelle L Power
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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McDougall FK, Boardman WS, Speight N, Stephenson T, Funnell O, Smith I, Graham PL, Power ML. Carriage of antibiotic resistance genes to treatments for chlamydial disease in koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus): A comparison of occurrence before and during catastrophic wildfires. One Health 2023; 17:100652. [PMID: 38024267 PMCID: PMC10665209 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing reports of diverse antibiotic resistance genes in wildlife species around the world symbolises the extent of this global One Health issue. The health of wildlife is threatened by antimicrobial resistance in situations where wildlife species develop disease and require antibiotics. Chlamydial disease is a key threat for koalas in Australia, with infected koalas frequently entering wildlife hospitals and requiring antibiotic therapy, typically with chloramphenicol or doxycycline. This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of target chloramphenicol and doxycycline resistance genes (cat and tet respectively) in koala urogenital and faecal microbiomes. DNA was extracted from 394 urogenital swabs and 91 faecal swabs collected from koalas in mainland Australia and on Kangaroo Island (KI) located 14 km off the mainland, before (n = 145) and during (n = 340) the 2019-2020 wildfires. PCR screening and DNA sequencing determined 9.9% of samples (95%CI: 7.5% to 12.9%) carried cat and/or tet genes, with the highest frequency in fire-affected KI koalas (16.8%) and the lowest in wild KI koalas sampled prior to fires (6.5%). The diversity of cat and tet was greater in fire-affected koalas (seven variants detected), compared to pre-fire koalas (two variants detected). Fire-affected koalas in care that received antibiotics had a significantly higher proportion (p < 0.05) of cat and/or tet genes (37.5%) compared to koalas that did not receive antibiotics (9.8%). Of the cat and/or tet positive mainland koalas, 50.0% were Chlamydia-positive by qPCR test. Chloramphenicol and doxycycline resistance genes in koala microbiomes may contribute to negative treatment outcomes for koalas receiving anti-chlamydial antibiotics. Thus a secondary outcome of wildfires is increased risk of acquisition of cat and tet genes in fire-affected koalas that enter care, potentially exacerbating the already significant threat of chlamydial disease on Australia's koalas. This study highlights the importance of considering impacts to wildlife health within the One Health approach to AMR and identifies a need for greater understanding of AMR ecology in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K. McDougall
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Wayne S.J. Boardman
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Natasha Speight
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Tamsyn Stephenson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Oliver Funnell
- Zoos South Australia, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Ian Smith
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
- Zoos South Australia, Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Petra L. Graham
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Power
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Dole HE, Villamarin-Cortez S, Richards LA. Facing the flames: insect responses to megafires and changing fire regimes. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2023; 60:101129. [PMID: 37802150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The rise of megafires and extreme fire behaviors poses a significant threat to insect populations, affecting their survival and postfire recolonization. Megafires threaten the entire insect communities by changing fire regimes and habitats. These fires are now burning non-fire-prone ecosystems, endangering non-fire-adapted insects and habitats. While implementing prescribed burn programs can reduce the chances of megafires from developing, some megafires will be unpreventable. Land managers can mitigate the fire impacts by creating refugia and promoting heterogeneity in burn severity through fire control measures. Last, these post-megafire landscapes can provide an opportunity to restore historical fire regimes through subsequent prescribed burn management. This will revitalize ecosystems, benefit insects, and reduce the likelihood of future megafires and subsequent insect loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Dole
- University of Nevada-Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Santiago Villamarin-Cortez
- University of Nevada-Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Dirección de Posgrado, Numa Pompilio Llona y Yaguachi, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lora A Richards
- University of Nevada-Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Lane MR, Lowe A, Vukcevic J, Clark RG, Madani G, Higgins DP, Silver L, Belov K, Hogg CJ, Marsh KJ. Health Assessments of Koalas after Wildfire: A Temporal Comparison of Rehabilitated and Non-Rescued Resident Individuals. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2863. [PMID: 37760263 PMCID: PMC10525633 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) required rehabilitation after the 2019/20 Australian megafires. Little is known about how the post-release health of rehabilitated koalas compares to non-rescued resident koalas. We evaluated health parameters in rehabilitated koalas and resident koalas in burnt and unburnt habitat in southern New South Wales, Australia. Health checks were undertaken within six weeks of fire (rehabilitated group), 5-9 months post-fire and 12-16 months post-fire. Body condition improved significantly over time in rehabilitated koalas, with similar condition between all groups at 12-16 months. Rehabilitated koalas therefore gained body condition at similar rates to koalas who remained and survived in the wild. The prevalence of Chlamydia pecorum was also similar between groups and timepoints, suggesting wildfire and rehabilitation did not exacerbate disease in this population. While there was some variation in measured serum biochemistry and haematology parameters between groups and timepoints, most were within normal reference ranges. Our findings show that koalas were generally healthy at the time of release and when recaptured nine months later. Landscapes in the Monaro region exhibiting a mosaic of burn severity can support koalas, and rehabilitated koala health is not compromised by returning them to burnt habitats 4-6 months post-fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murraya R. Lane
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Arianne Lowe
- Stromlo Veterinary Services, P.O. Box 3963, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia;
| | | | - Robert G. Clark
- Research School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Statistics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - George Madani
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Damien P. Higgins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Luke Silver
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (L.S.); (K.B.); (C.J.H.)
| | - Katherine Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (L.S.); (K.B.); (C.J.H.)
| | - Carolyn J. Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (L.S.); (K.B.); (C.J.H.)
| | - Karen J. Marsh
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
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Nzabanita D, Hampton JO, Toop SD, Bengsen AJ, Specht AJ, Flesch JS, Hufschmid J, Nugegoda D. Expanding the use of portable XRF to monitor lead exposure in an Australian duck species two decades after a ban on lead shot. Sci Total Environ 2023; 869:161803. [PMID: 36708833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is growing worldwide recognition of the threat posed by toxic lead for wildlife and humans. Lead toxicity from ammunition has been shown to be a threat to waterbirds across the globe. Lead shot was banned for all waterfowl hunting in Victoria, Australia, in 2002. However, no assessments of lead exposure in Australian waterfowl have been published since the 1990s. Our aim was to estimate contemporary lead exposure via measuring bone lead concentrations in a harvested dabbling duck, the Pacific black duck (Anas superciliosa). We collected wings from 77 Pacific black ducks, spanning 2018 (n = 30) and 2021 (n = 47), from nine sites with long-term histories of regular waterfowl hunting. We sought to validate portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for this purpose by taking a piece of humerus bone from each bird, and measuring lead concentration (mg/kg), first via non-destructive XRF and then via destructive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and validated the relationship via regression analysis. Portable XRF bone lead measurement demonstrated a strong correlation with ICP-MS results using root-transformed regression (R2 = 0.85). Greater than 92 % of ducks had only background lead exposure (<10 mg/kg). When compared to historical studies in the same species at similar field sites from the 1990s, lead exposure levels were considerably lower, with mean lead concentrations ∼2-fold lower (3.7 c.f. 7.7 mg/kg), and the frequency of birds with severe lead exposure (>20 mg/kg) ∼3-fold lower (2.6 c.f. 7.5 %). Our results confirm that portable XRF is a useful option for measurement of bone lead in Australasian waterbird species. Our findings also demonstrate that a ban on the use of lead shot around 20 years ago has been associated with a substantial reduction in lead exposure in at least one species of waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Nzabanita
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Jordan O Hampton
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Simon D Toop
- Game Management Authority, Bourke St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Bengsen
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; Biosphere Environmental Consultants, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia
| | - Aaron J Specht
- Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Jason S Flesch
- Game Management Authority, Bourke St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jasmin Hufschmid
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Hohnen R, James AI, Jennings P, Murphy BP, Berris K, Legge SM, Dickman CR, Woinarski JCZ. Abundance and detection of feral cats decreases after severe fire on Kangaroo Island, Australia. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Hohnen
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Northwest Territories Casurina Australia
- NRM South Tasmania South Hobart Australia
| | - Alex I. James
- Kangaroo Island Landscape Board South Australia Kingscote Australia
| | - Paul Jennings
- Kangaroo Island Landscape Board South Australia Kingscote Australia
| | - Brett P. Murphy
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Northwest Territories Casurina Australia
| | - Karleah Berris
- Kangaroo Island Landscape Board South Australia Kingscote Australia
| | - Sarah M. Legge
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Northwest Territories Casurina Australia
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub University of Queensland Queensland St. Lucia Australia
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Fenner School of Society and Environment The Australian National University Australian Capital Territory Canberra Australia
| | - Chris R. Dickman
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney New South Wales Camperdown Australia
| | - John C. Z. Woinarski
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Northwest Territories Casurina Australia
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Hogg CJ, Silver L, McLennan EA, Belov K. Koala Genome Survey: An Open Data Resource to Improve Conservation Planning. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030546. [PMID: 36980819 PMCID: PMC10048327 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing is a powerful tool that can inform the management of threatened species. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are a globally recognized species that captured the hearts and minds of the world during the 2019/2020 Australian megafires. In 2022, koalas were listed as ‘Endangered’ in Queensland, New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory. Populations have declined because of various threats such as land clearing, habitat fragmentation, and disease, all of which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we present the Koala Genome Survey, an open data resource that was developed after the Australian megafires. A systematic review conducted in 2020 demonstrated that our understanding of genomic diversity within koala populations was scant, with only a handful of SNP studies conducted. Interrogating data showed that only 6 of 49 New South Wales areas of regional koala significance had meaningful genome-wide data, with only 7 locations in Queensland with SNP data and 4 locations in Victoria. In 2021, we launched the Koala Genome Survey to generate resequenced genomes across the Australian east coast. We have publicly released 430 koala genomes (average coverage: 32.25X, range: 11.3–66.8X) on the Amazon Web Services Open Data platform to accelerate research that can inform current and future conservation planning.
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Knipler ML, Gracanin A, Mikac KM. Conservation genomics of an endangered arboreal mammal following the 2019-2020 Australian megafire. Sci Rep 2023; 13:480. [PMID: 36627361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of a changing climate threaten species, populations and ecosystems. Despite these significant and large-scale impacts on threatened species, many remain understudied and have little to no genetic information available. The greater glider, Petauroides volans, is an endangered species highly sensitive to the predicted changes in temperature under a changing climate and was recently severely impacted by a megafire natural disaster (85% estimated population loss). Baseline genetic data is essential for conservation management and for detecting detrimental changes in fire-effected populations. We collected genetic samples within 2 years post the 2019-2020 catastrophic Australian bushfires to examine adaptive potential, baseline genetic diversity and population structure, across their southern range in the state of New South Wales. Population genomic analyses were conducted using 8493 genome-wide SNPs for 86 greater glider individuals across 14 geographic locations. Substantial genetic structure was detected across locations, with low genetic diversity and effective population sizes observed in isolated areas. Additionally, we found signals of putative adaptation in response to temperature in greater gliders using a genotype-environment association analysis. These findings have important implications for the management of greater glider populations by identifying at-risk populations and identifying adaptive potential. We demonstrate the importance of baseline genetic information for endangered species as a practical approach to conservation. This is particularly important given the threat that changes in temperatures and megafire events, as predicted under a changing climate, poses for this species.
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Zylstra P. Quantifying the direct fire threat to a critically endangered arboreal marsupial using biophysical, mechanistic modelling. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Zylstra
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
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Tunstill K, Grogan LF, Morrison C, McCallum H, Lanctôt C. Effects of two firefighting chemical formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on striped marsh frog (Limodynastes peronii) tadpole survival, growth, development and behaviour. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 252:106326. [PMID: 36270184 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global wildfire events are projected to become more frequent and severe due to the continual threat of climate change, resulting in increasing demand for effective fire mitigation methods. Firefighting chemicals (FFCs), including retardants, foams and water enhancers, are often used to prevent the spread of wildfires. However, the impact of FFCs on wildlife and ecosystems is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of two common FFC formulations, Phos-Chek LC95W and BlazeTamer380, on tadpole survival, growth, development and swimming behaviour. Tadpoles of the striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) were exposed to two concentrations of either Phos-Chek (0.25 and 1 g/L) or BlazeTamer (0.05 and 0.2 g/L) for 16 days. The highest concentration of Phos-Chek was lethal to tadpoles, with mortalities gradually increasing over time and only 8% of animals surviving to day 16. Both FFCs influenced the growth and development of tadpoles, though effects were more severe in tadpoles exposed to the Phos-Chek formulation. Phos-Chek was found to completely stop tadpole growth and development over the 16-day exposure, whereas BlazeTamer significantly delayed growth and development in comparison to controls. Nevertheless, treatments had no apparent effect on tadpole movement patterns and swimming activity. Greater toxicity caused by the Phos-Chek treatment likely relates to the increased ammonia and altered water quality parameters. Runoff or accidental application of commonly used FFCs into small waterways may therefore have important ramifications for aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tunstill
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Clare Morrison
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Chantal Lanctôt
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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Ward M, Carwardine J, Watson JEM, Pintor A, Stuart S, Possingham HP, Rhodes JR, Carey AR, Auerbach N, Reside A, Yong CJ, Tulloch AIT. How to prioritize species recovery after a megafire. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13936. [PMID: 35561069 PMCID: PMC9804514 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to climate change, megafires are increasingly common and have sudden, extensive impacts on many species over vast areas, leaving decision makers uncertain about how best to prioritize recovery. We devised a decision-support framework to prioritize conservation actions to improve species outcomes immediately after a megafire. Complementary locations are selected to extend recovery actions across all fire-affected species' habitats. We applied our method to areas burned in the 2019-2020 Australian megafires and assessed its conservation advantages by comparing our results with outcomes of a site-richness approach (i.e., identifying areas that cost-effectively recover the most species in any one location). We found that 290 threatened species were likely severely affected and will require immediate conservation action to prevent population declines and possible extirpation. We identified 179 subregions, mostly in southeastern Australia, that are key locations to extend actions that benefit multiple species. Cost savings were over AU$300 million to reduce 95% of threats across all species. Our complementarity-based prioritization also spread postfire management actions across a wider proportion of the study area compared with the site-richness method (43% vs. 37% of the landscape managed, respectively) and put more of each species' range under management (average 90% vs. 79% of every species' habitat managed). In addition to wildfire response, our framework can be used to prioritize conservation actions that will best mitigate threats affecting species following other extreme environmental events (e.g., floods and drought).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ward
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- World Wide Fund for Nature–AustraliaBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - James E. M. Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Anna Pintor
- School of Marine and Tropical BiologyJames Cook UniversityCairnsQueenslandAustralia
| | - Stephanie Stuart
- Saving our Species Program, Department of Planning, Industry and EnvironmentParramattaNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jonathan R. Rhodes
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alexander R. Carey
- Saving our Species Program, Department of Planning, Industry and EnvironmentParramattaNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Darwin UniversityCasuarinaNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Nancy Auerbach
- Saving our Species Program, Department of Planning, Industry and EnvironmentParramattaNew South WalesAustralia
| | - April Reside
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Chuan Ji Yong
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ayesha I. T. Tulloch
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
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13
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Crates R, Watson DM, Albery GF, Bonnet T, Murphy L, Rayner L, Stojanovic D, Timewell C, Meney B, Roderick M, Ingwersen D, Heinsohn R. Mistletoes could moderate drought impacts on birds, but are themselves susceptible to drought-induced dieback. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220358. [PMID: 35858071 PMCID: PMC9277258 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistletoes are hemiparasitic plants and keystone species in many ecosystems globally. Given predicted increases in drought frequency and intensity, mistletoes may be crucial for moderating drought impacts on community structure. Dependent on host vascular flows, mistletoes can succumb to stress when water availability falls, making them susceptible to mortality during drought. We counted mistletoe across greater than 350 000 km2 of southeastern Australia and conducted standardized bird surveys between 2016 and 2021, spanning a major drought event in 2018-2019. We aimed to identify predictors of mistletoe abundance and mortality and determine whether mistletoes might moderate drought impacts on woodland birds. Live mistletoe abundance varied with tree species composition, land use and presence of mistletoebirds. Mistletoe mortality was widespread, consistent with high 2018/2019 summer temperatures, low 2019/2020 summer rainfall and the interaction between summer temperatures and rainfall in 2019/2020. The positive association between surviving mistletoes and woodland birds was greatest in the peak drought breeding seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, particularly for small residents and insectivores. Paradoxically, mistletoes could moderate drought impacts on birds, but are themselves vulnerable to drought-induced mortality. An improved understanding of the drivers and dynamics of mistletoe mortality is needed to address potential cascading trophic impacts associated with mistletoe die-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Crates
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - David M. Watson
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Timothée Bonnet
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Liam Murphy
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Laura Rayner
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Dejan Stojanovic
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | | | - Beau Meney
- BirdLife Australia, Carlton, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert Heinsohn
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra 2601, Australia
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14
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Germino MJ, Anthony CR, Kluender CR, Ellsworth E, Moser AM, Applestein C, Fisk MR. Relationship of greater sage‐grouse to natural and assisted recovery of key vegetation types following wildfire: insights from scat. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Germino
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 970 S. Lusk Street Boise ID 83706
| | - Christopher R. Anthony
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 970 S. Lusk Street Boise ID 83706
| | - Chad R. Kluender
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 970 S. Lusk Street Boise ID 83706
| | - Ethan Ellsworth
- Bureau of Land Management Idaho State Office, 1387 S. Vinnell Way Boise ID 83709
| | - Ann M. Moser
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game 600 S. Walnut, P.O. Box 25 Boise ID 83707
| | - Cara Applestein
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 970 S. Lusk Street Boise ID 83706
| | - Matthew R. Fisk
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 970 S. Lusk Street Boise ID 83706
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15
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Pyke DA, Shaff SE, Chambers JC, Schupp EW, Newingham BA, Gray ML, Ellsworth LM. Ten‐year ecological responses to fuel treatments within semiarid Wyoming big sagebrush ecosystems. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Pyke
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Scott E. Shaff
- U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Jeanne C. Chambers
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno Nevada USA
| | - Eugene W. Schupp
- Department of Wildland Resources/Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Beth A. Newingham
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit Reno Nevada USA
| | - Margaret L. Gray
- Department of Wildland Resources/Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Lisa M. Ellsworth
- Fisheries and Wildlife Department Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
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16
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Jolly CJ, Dickman CR, Doherty TS, van Eeden LM, Geary WL, Legge SM, Woinarski JCZ, Nimmo DG. Animal mortality during fire. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:2053-2065. [PMID: 34989061 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Earth's rapidly warming climate is propelling us towards an increasingly fire-prone future. Currently, knowledge of the extent and characteristics of animal mortality rates during fire remains rudimentary, hindering our ability to predict how animal populations may be impacted in the future. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a global systematic review of the direct effects of fire on animal mortality rates, based on studies that unequivocally determined the fate of animals during fire. From 31 studies spanning 1984-2020, we extracted data on the direct impacts of fire on the mortality of 31 species from 23 families. From these studies, there were 43 instances where direct effects were measured by reporting animal survival from pre- to post-fire. Most studies were conducted in North America (52%) and Oceania (42%), focused largely on mammals (53%) and reptiles (30%), and reported mostly on animal survival in planned (82%) and/or low severity (70%) fires. We found no studies from Asia, Europe or South America. Although there were insufficient data to conduct a formal meta-analysis, we tested the effect of fire type, fire severity, fire regime, animal body mass, ecological attributes and class on survival. Only fire severity affected animal mortality, with a higher proportion of animals being killed by high than low severity fires. Recent catastrophic fires across the globe have drawn attention to the plight of animals exposed to wildfire. Yet, our systematic review suggests that a relatively low proportion of animals (mean predicted mortality [95% CI] = 3% [1%-9%]) are killed during fire. However, our review also underscores how little we currently know about the direct effects of fire on animal mortality, and highlights the critical need to understand the effects of high severity fire on animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Jolly
- Institute for Land, Water and Society, School of Environmental Science, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris R Dickman
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim S Doherty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lily M van Eeden
- Department of Environment Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - William L Geary
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch, Biodiversity Division, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah M Legge
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - John C Z Woinarski
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale G Nimmo
- Institute for Land, Water and Society, School of Environmental Science, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Stenhouse A, Perry T, Grützner F, Rismiller P, Koh LP, Lewis M. COVID restrictions impact wildlife monitoring in Australia. Biol Conserv 2022; 267:109470. [PMID: 35136243 PMCID: PMC8814614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has imposed restrictions on people's movement, work and access to places at multiple international, national and sub-national scales. We need a better understanding of how the varied restrictions have impacted wildlife monitoring as gaps in data continuity caused by these disruptions may limit future data use and analysis. To assess the effect of different levels of COVID-19 restrictions on both citizen science and traditional wildlife monitoring, we analyse observational records of a widespread and iconic monotreme, the Australian short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), in three states of Australia. We compare citizen science to observations from biodiversity data repositories across the three states by analysing numbers of observations, coverage in protected areas, and geographic distribution using an index of remoteness and accessibility. We analyse the effect of restriction levels by comparing these data from each restriction level in 2020 with corresponding periods in 2018-2019. Our results indicate that stricter and longer restrictions reduced numbers of scientific observations while citizen science showed few effects, though there is much variation due to differences in restriction levels in each state. Geographic distribution and coverage of protected and non-protected areas were also reduced for scientific monitoring while citizen science observations were little affected. This study shows that citizen science can continue to record accurate and widely distributed species observational data, despite pandemic restrictions, and thus demonstrates the potential value of citizen science to other researchers who require reliable data during periods of disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Stenhouse
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tahlia Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Frank Grützner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Peggy Rismiller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Megan Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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18
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Nimmo DG, Andersen AN, Archibald S, Boer MM, Brotons L, Parr CL, Tingley MW. Fire ecology for the 21st century: Conserving biodiversity in the age of megafire. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dale G. Nimmo
- Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Albury New South Wales Australia
| | - Alan N. Andersen
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Ellengown Drive Brinkin Northern Territory Australia
| | - Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Matthias M. Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales Australia
| | - Lluís Brotons
- CTFC Solsona Spain
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- CSIC Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Catherine L. Parr
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Wits South Africa
| | - Morgan W. Tingley
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California – Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
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19
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Hogg CJ, Ottewell K, Latch P, Rossetto M, Biggs J, Gilbert A, Richmond S, Belov K. Threatened Species Initiative: Empowering conservation action using genomic resources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115643118. [PMID: 35042806 PMCID: PMC8795520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115643118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, 15,521 animal species are listed as threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, and of these less than 3% have genomic resources that can inform conservation management. To combat this, global genome initiatives are developing genomic resources, yet production of a reference genome alone does not conserve a species. The reference genome allows us to develop a suite of tools to understand both genome-wide and functional diversity within and between species. Conservation practitioners can use these tools to inform their decision-making. But, at present there is an implementation gap between the release of genome information and the use of genomic data in applied conservation by conservation practitioners. In May 2020, we launched the Threatened Species Initiative and brought a consortium of genome biologists, population biologists, bioinformaticians, population geneticists, and ecologists together with conservation agencies across Australia, including government, zoos, and nongovernment organizations. Our objective is to create a foundation of genomic data to advance our understanding of key Australian threatened species, and ultimately empower conservation practitioners to access and apply genomic data to their decision-making processes through a web-based portal. Currently, we are developing genomic resources for 61 threatened species from a range of taxa, across Australia, with more than 130 collaborators from government, academia, and conservation organizations. Developed in direct consultation with government threatened-species managers and other conservation practitioners, herein we present our framework for meeting their needs and our systematic approach to integrating genomics into threatened species recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Hogg
- School of Life & Environmental Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Kym Ottewell
- Conservation Science Centre, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, & Attractions, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Peter Latch
- Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water & Environment, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Maurizio Rossetto
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - James Biggs
- Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | | | | | - Katherine Belov
- School of Life & Environmental Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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20
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Hoecker TJ, Turner MG. Combined effects of climate and fire‐driven vegetation change constrain the distributions of forest vertebrates during the 21st century. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Hoecker
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Forest Management Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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21
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Khan SJ. Ecological consequences of Australian "Black Summer" (2019-20) fires: A synthesis of Australian Commonwealth Government report findings. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:1136-1140. [PMID: 34028954 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the summer of 2019-2020, more than 15 000 wildfires burned up to 19 million hectares of forest and woodland regions across Australia. These fires culminated in the worst Australian fire season on record, producing what has come to be known as the Australian "Black Summer." The fires have been described as an "ecological disaster," but the scale of the impacts is so extensive that the full ecological consequence may take years to assess. In the immediate aftermath of the Black Summer fires, two major national investigations were established by the Australian Commonwealth Government. By reviewing reports produced by these two investigations, high-level insights into the scale of the ecological consequences of the Black Summer fires have been obtained and are summarized here. Through these insights, the urgency for action to reduce the occurrence, and improve the management, of future comparable fire events is made clear. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1136-1140. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Khan
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Kreling SE, Gaynor KM, McInturff A, Calhoun KL, Brashares JS. Site fidelity and behavioral plasticity regulate an ungulate's response to extreme disturbance. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15683-15694. [PMID: 34824782 PMCID: PMC8601917 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With rapid global change, the frequency and severity of extreme disturbance events are increasing worldwide. The ability of animal populations to survive these stochastic events depends on how individual animals respond to their altered environments, yet our understanding of the immediate and short-term behavioral responses of animals to acute disturbances remains poor. We focused on animal behavioral responses to the environmental disturbance created by megafire. Specifically, we explored the effects of the 2018 Mendocino Complex Fire in northern California, USA, on the behavior and body condition of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). We predicted that deer would be displaced by the disturbance or experience high mortality post-fire if they stayed in the burn area. We used data from GPS collars on 18 individual deer to quantify patterns of home range use, movement, and habitat selection before and after the fire. We assessed changes in body condition using images from a camera trap grid. The fire burned through half of the study area, facilitating a comparison between deer in burned and unburned areas. Despite a dramatic reduction in vegetation in burned areas, deer showed high site fidelity to pre-fire home ranges, returning within hours of the fire. However, mean home range size doubled after the fire and corresponded to increased daily activity in a severely resource-depleted environment. Within their home ranges, deer also selected strongly for patches of surviving vegetation and woodland habitat, as these areas provided forage and cover in an otherwise desolate landscape. Deer body condition significantly decreased after the fire, likely as a result of a reduction in forage within their home ranges, but all collared deer survived for the duration of the study. Understanding the ways in which large mammals respond to disturbances such as wildfire is increasingly important as the extent and severity of such events increases across the world. While many animals are adapted to disturbance regimes, species that exhibit high site fidelity or otherwise fixed behavioral strategies may struggle to cope with increased climate instability and associated extreme disturbance events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E.S. Kreling
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- School of Environmental and Forest ScienceUniversity of Washington SeattleSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kaitlyn M. Gaynor
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and SynthesisUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alex McInturff
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Bren School of Environmental Science & ManagementUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kendall L. Calhoun
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Justin S. Brashares
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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23
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Dickman CR. Ecological consequences of Australia's "Black Summer" bushfires: Managing for recovery. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021; 17:1162-1167. [PMID: 34289252 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fire has long been a part of the Australian environment and remains a potent force in shaping the adaptations of species, the dynamics of populations, and the structure of ecological communities. However, the fire regime is changing. Fire seasons are longer, wet vegetation types that do not usually burn are now at risk, and fire intensity and severity are greater than in the recent past. A particularly widespread event occurred in the forest and woodland regions of Australia over the summer of 2019-2020. Termed the "Black Summer" bushfires, remotely sensed data indicate that over 30 million hectares of vegetation were burned, including an unprecedented large area of forest. The extraordinary geographical scale of the Black Summer fires, including the intensity and speed of fire spread, has led to widespread concern about the ecological damage that occurred. Recent estimates suggest that almost three billion vertebrates and up to 240 trillion invertebrates were affected by the fires. Fires were experienced in part of the geographical ranges of 832 vertebrate species and 37 threatened ecological communities, with some of these entities feared to be at risk of extinction. Field assessments of ecological recovery have been slowed by COVID-19 restrictions and by a diminution in ecological monitoring capacity that occurred before the last fire season. This paper assesses the dire ecological consequences of the Black Summer bushfires and proposes a series of steps to help achieve recovery of biodiversity and mitigate the effects of future mega-fires. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1162-1167. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Dickman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Cristescu RH, Gardiner R, Terraube J, McDonald K, Powell D, Levengood AL, Frère CH. Difficulties of assessing the impacts of the 2019–2020 bushfires on koalas. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romane H Cristescu
- Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Riana Gardiner
- Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Julien Terraube
- Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Kye McDonald
- Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Dan Powell
- Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Alexis L. Levengood
- Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
| | - Céline H Frère
- Global Change Ecology Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
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25
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Legge S, Woinarski JCZ, Scheele BC, Garnett ST, Lintermans M, Nimmo DG, Whiterod NS, Southwell DM, Ehmke G, Buchan A, Gray J, Metcalfe DJ, Page M, Rumpff L, Leeuwen S, Williams D, Ahyong ST, Chapple DG, Cowan M, Hossain MA, Kennard M, Macdonald S, Moore H, Marsh J, McCormack RB, Michael D, Mitchell N, Newell D, Raadik TA, Tingley R. Rapid assessment of the biodiversity impacts of the 2019–2020 Australian megafires to guide urgent management intervention and recovery and lessons for other regions. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Legge
- Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation Science University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - John C. Z. Woinarski
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Mark Lintermans
- Centre for Applied Water Science University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Dale G. Nimmo
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | | | - Darren M. Southwell
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | | | - Anne Buchan
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch, Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | | | | | - Manda Page
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science Moggill Qld Australia
| | - Libby Rumpff
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Stephen Leeuwen
- School of Molecular & Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA Australia
| | - Dick Williams
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Shane T. Ahyong
- Australian Museum Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - David G. Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton, Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Mitch Cowan
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - Md Anwar Hossain
- Climatic and Metabolic Ecology Lab Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Mark Kennard
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffiths University Nathan Qld Australia
| | | | - Harry Moore
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - Jessica Marsh
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Robert B. McCormack
- Australian Crayfish Project Australian Aquatic Biological Pty Ltd Swan Bay NSW Australia
- Section of Invertebrate Zoology Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Damian Michael
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - Nicola Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - David Newell
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering Southern Cross University East Lismore NSW Australia
| | - Tarmo A. Raadik
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Arthur Rylah Institute Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Reid Tingley
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton, Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Southwell D, Legge S, Woinarski J, Lindenmayer D, Lavery T, Wintle B. Design considerations for rapid biodiversity reconnaissance surveys and long‐term monitoring to assess the impact of wildfire. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Southwell
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Sarah Legge
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland St Lucia QLD Australia
| | - John Woinarski
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - David Lindenmayer
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Tyrone Lavery
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Brendan Wintle
- National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Recovery Hub School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
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27
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Hampton JO, Specht AJ, Pay JM, Pokras MA, Bengsen AJ. Portable X-ray fluorescence for bone lead measurements of Australian eagles. Sci Total Environ 2021; 789:147998. [PMID: 34051503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) toxicity from ammunition has been shown to be a threat to scavenging birds across the globe. Toxic levels of lead have recently been found in Australia's largest bird of prey, the wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax), through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of liver and bone samples. However, ICP-MS is consumptive (causing damage to archived specimens), time-consuming, and expensive. For these reasons, portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) devices have been optimized to measure bone lead in North American avian species, humans, and other environmental samples. In this study, we assessed portable XRF for bone lead measurement in Australian raptors in two parts. First, we validated the method using tissues from wedge-tailed eagles from Tasmania (A. a. fleayi), analysing bone samples taken from sites on the femur immediately adjacent to sites for which we had ICP-MS data (n = 89). Second, we measured lead via portable XRF in the skulls of wedge-tailed eagles from south-eastern mainland Australia (A. a. audax) collected during a criminal prosecution (n = 92). Portable XRF bone lead measurement demonstrated an excellent correlation with ICP-MS results using root-transformed regression (R2 = 0.88). Calculated equivalent ICP-MS values revealed that greater than 50% of the eagles from mainland Australia had elevated lead levels (>10 mg/kg) and 13% had severe lead exposure (>20 mg/kg). Our results support previous studies of North American avian species and suggest that portable XRF could be a useful and inexpensive option for measurement of bone lead in Australian scavenger species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan O Hampton
- Game Management Authority, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Aaron J Specht
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - James M Pay
- University of Tasmania, Churchill Ave, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Mark A Pokras
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, N. Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Andrew J Bengsen
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
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Graham AM, Pringle KJ, Pope RJ, Arnold SR, Conibear LA, Burns H, Rigby R, Borchers‐Arriagada N, Butt EW, Kiely L, Reddington C, Spracklen DV, Woodhouse MT, Knote C, McQuaid JB. Impact of the 2019/2020 Australian Megafires on Air Quality and Health. Geohealth 2021; 5:e2021GH000454. [PMID: 34723045 PMCID: PMC8536818 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Australian 2019/2020 bushfires were unprecedented in their extent and intensity, causing a catastrophic loss of habitat, human and animal life across eastern-Australia. We use a regional air quality model to assess the impact of the bushfires on particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) concentrations and the associated health impact from short-term population exposure to bushfire PM2.5. The mean population Air Quality Index (AQI) exposure between September and February in the fires and no fires simulations indicates an additional ∼437,000 people were exposed to "Poor" or worse AQI levels due to the fires. The AQ impact was concentrated in the cities of Sydney, Newcastle-Maitland, Canberra-Queanbeyan and Melbourne. Between October and February 171 (95% CI: 66-291) deaths were brought forward due to short-term exposure to bushfire PM2.5. The health burden was largest in New South Wales (NSW) (109 (95% CI: 41-176) deaths brought forward), Queensland (15 (95% CI: 5-24)), and Victoria (35 (95% CI: 13-56)). This represents 38%, 13% and 30% of the total deaths brought forward by short-term exposure to all PM2.5. At a city-level 65 (95% CI: 24-105), 23 (95% CI: 9-38) and 9 (95% CI: 4-14) deaths were brought forward from short-term exposure to bushfire PM2.5, accounting for 36%, 20%, and 64% of the total deaths brought forward from all PM2.5. Thus, the bushfires caused substantial AQ and health impacts across eastern-Australia. Climate change is projected to increase bushfire risk, therefore future fire management policies should consider this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard J. Pope
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | | | - Helen Burns
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Centre for Environmental Modelling and ComputationUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Richard Rigby
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Centre for Environmental Modelling and ComputationUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Edward W. Butt
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Laura Kiely
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | | | - Matthew T. Woodhouse
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationAspendaleVICAustralia
| | - Christoph Knote
- Model‐Based Environmental Exposure Science, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Augsburg GermanyAugsburgGermany
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29
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Gibson‐Roy P, Hancock N, Broadhurst L, Driver M. Australian native seed sector characteristics and perceptions indicate low capacity for upscaled ecological restoration: insights from the Australian Native Seed Report. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gibson‐Roy
- Kalbar Operations 48 Bailey Bairnsdale Victoria Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Nola Hancock
- Department of Biological Science Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Linda Broadhurst
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research CSIRO National Research Collections Australia Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Martin Driver
- Australian Network for Plant Conservation Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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30
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Garcia LC, Szabo JK, de Oliveira Roque F, de Matos Martins Pereira A, Nunes da Cunha C, Damasceno-Júnior GA, Morato RG, Tomas WM, Libonati R, Ribeiro DB. Record-breaking wildfires in the world's largest continuous tropical wetland: Integrative fire management is urgently needed for both biodiversity and humans. J Environ Manage 2021; 293:112870. [PMID: 34052615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the Brazilian Pantanal, wildfire occurrence has increased, reaching record highs of over 40,000 km2 in 2020. Smoke from wildfires worsened the situation of isolated, as well as urban communities, already under an increasing toll of COVID-19. Here we review the impacts and the possible causes of the 2020 mega-fires and recommend improvements for public policies and fire management in this wetland. We calculated the amount of area burnt annually since 2003 and describe patterns in precipitation and water level measurements of the Paraguay River. Our analyses revealed that the 2020 wildfires were historically unprecedented, as 43% of the area (over 17,200 km2) had not been burnt previously in the last two decades. The extent of area affected in 2020 represents a 376% increase compared to the annual average of the area burnt annually in the last two decades, double than the value in 2019. Potential factors responsible for this increase are (i) severe drought decreased water levels, (ii) the fire corridor was located in the Paraguay River flood zone, (iii) constraints on firefighters, (iv) insufficient fire prevention strategy and agency budget reductions, and (v) recent landscape changes. Climate and land use change will further increase the frequency of these extreme events. To make fire management more efficient and cost-effective, we recommend the implementation of an Integrated Fire Management program in the Pantanal. Stakeholders should use existing traditional, local ecological, and scientific knowledge to form a collective strategy with clear, achievable, measurable goals, considering the socio-ecological context. Permanent fire brigades, including indigenous members, should conduct year-round fire management. Communities should cooperate to create a collaborative network for wildfire prevention, the location and characteristics (including flammability) of infrastructures should be (re)planned in fire-prone environments considering and managing fire-catalysed transitions, and depending on the severity of wildfires. The 2020 wildfires were tackled in an ad-hoc fashion and prioritisation of areas for urgent financial investment, management, protection, and restoration is necessary to prevent this catastrophe from happening again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Couto Garcia
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Judit K Szabo
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, BA, Brazil; College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Fabio de Oliveira Roque
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Catia Nunes da Cunha
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Do Pantanal, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Áreas Úmidas, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Libonati
- Departamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bandini Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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31
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Brannelly LA, Webb RJ, Jiang Z, Berger L, Skerratt LF, Grogan LF. Declining amphibians might be evolving increased reproductive effort in the face of devastating disease. Evolution 2021; 75:2555-2567. [PMID: 34383313 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The devastating infectious disease chytridiomycosis has caused declines of amphibians across the globe, yet some populations are persisting and even recovering. One understudied effect of wildlife disease is changes in reproductive effort. Here, we aimed to understand if the disease has plastic effects on reproduction and if reproductive effort could evolve with disease endemism. We compared the effects of experimental pathogen exposure (trait plasticity) and population-level disease history (evolution in trait baseline) on reproductive effort using gametogenesis as a proxy in the declining and endangered frog Litoria verreauxii alpina. We found that unexposed males from disease-endemic populations had higher reproductive effort, which is consistent with an evolutionary response to chytridiomycosis. We also found evidence of trait plasticity, where males and females were affected differently by infection: pathogen exposed males had higher reproductive effort (larger testes), whereas females had reduced reproductive effort (smaller and fewer developed eggs) regardless of the population of origin. Infectious diseases can cause plastic changes in the reproductive effort at an individual level, and population-level disease exposure can result in changes to baseline reproductive effort; therefore, individual- and population-level effects of disease should be considered when designing management and conservation programs for threatened and declining species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Brannelly
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Webb
- One Health Research Group, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhixuan Jiang
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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32
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Calhoun KL, Chapman M, Tubbesing C, McInturff A, Gaynor KM, Van Scoyoc A, Wilkinson CE, Parker‐Shames P, Kurz D, Brashares J. Spatial overlap of wildfire and biodiversity in California highlights gap in non‐conifer fire research and management. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall L. Calhoun
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Carmen Tubbesing
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Alex McInturff
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Kaitlyn M. Gaynor
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Amy Van Scoyoc
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Christine E. Wilkinson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Phoebe Parker‐Shames
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - David Kurz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Justin Brashares
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA
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33
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Crates R, Rayner L, Stojanovic D, Scheele BC, Roff A, MacKenzie J, Heinsohn R. Poor‐quality monitoring data underestimate the impact of Australia's megafires on a critically endangered songbird. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Crates
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Laura Rayner
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Parks and Conservation Service ACT Government Coombs Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Dejan Stojanovic
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Adam Roff
- New South Wales Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Newcastle New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Robert Heinsohn
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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34
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Hermoso V, Regos A, Morán-Ordóñez A, Duane A, Brotons L. Tree planting: A double-edged sword to fight climate change in an era of megafires. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:3001-3003. [PMID: 33797836 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate regulation strategies based on forest restoration could pose an increase in fire risk, especially under drier and warmer conditions over large regions of Europe, impacting climate, the environment and human health. Climate-smarter options, such as wetlands restoration or recovery of grassland, that provide similar benefits for climate but also develop less flammable landscape is a more suitable option for these regions in Europe and elsewhere facing similar challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Hermoso
- Centre de Ciència i Tecnología Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Solsona, Spain
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
| | - Adrián Regos
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- InBIO/CIBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - Andrea Duane
- Centre de Ciència i Tecnología Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Solsona, Spain
| | - Lluís Brotons
- Centre de Ciència i Tecnología Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Solsona, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
- CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M. Wood
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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36
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Miller JED, Weill AM, Villella J. Epiphytic macrolichen communities take decades to recover after high‐severity wildfire in chaparral shrublands. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Jones
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Albuquerque NM USA
| | - H. A. Kramer
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - W. J. Berigan
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - S. A. Whitmore
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - R. J. Gutiérrez
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - M. Z. Peery
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
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38
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Geary WL, Buchan A, Allen T, Attard D, Bruce MJ, Collins L, Ecker TE, Fairman TA, Hollings T, Loeffler E, Muscatello A, Parkes D, Thomson J, White M, Kelly E. Responding to the biodiversity impacts of a megafire: A case study from south‐eastern Australia’s Black Summer. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William L. Geary
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - Anne Buchan
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Teigan Allen
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - David Attard
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Matthew J. Bruce
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Luke Collins
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg Vic. Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - Tiarne E. Ecker
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Thomas A. Fairman
- Forests, Fire and Regions Group Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Tracey Hollings
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Ella Loeffler
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Angela Muscatello
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - David Parkes
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Jim Thomson
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Matt White
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Ella Kelly
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning East Melbourne Vic. Australia
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39
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Smith I, Velasquez E, Pickering C. Quantifying potential effect of 2019 fires on national parks and vegetation in South‐East Queensland. Ecol Manag Restor 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Hampton JO, Hyndman TH, Allen BL, Fischer B. Animal Harms and Food Production: Informing Ethical Choices. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1225. [PMID: 33922738 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Consideration of animal welfare in food choices has become an influential contemporary theme. Traditional animal welfare views about food have been largely restricted to direct and intentional harms to livestock in intensive animal agriculture settings. However, many harms to animals arising from diverse food production practices in the world are exerted indirectly and unintentionally and often affect wildlife. Here we apply a qualitative analysis of food production by considering the breadth of harms caused by different food production systems to wild as well as domestic animals. Production systems are identified that produce relatively few and relatively many harms. The ethical implications of these findings are discussed for consumers concerned with the broad animal welfare impacts of their food choices. Abstract Ethical food choices have become an important societal theme in post-industrial countries. Many consumers are particularly interested in the animal welfare implications of the various foods they may choose to consume. However, concepts in animal welfare are rapidly evolving towards consideration of all animals (including wildlife) in contemporary approaches such as “One Welfare”. This approach requires recognition that negative impacts (harms) may be intentional and obvious (e.g., slaughter of livestock) but also include the under-appreciated indirect or unintentional harms that often impact wildlife (e.g., land clearing). This is especially true in the Anthropocene, where impacts on non-human life are almost ubiquitous across all human activities. We applied the “harms” model of animal welfare assessment to several common food production systems and provide a framework for assessing the breadth (not intensity) of harms imposed. We considered all harms caused to wild as well as domestic animals, both direct effects and indirect effects. We described 21 forms of harm and considered how they applied to 16 forms of food production. Our analysis suggests that all food production systems harm animals to some degree and that the majority of these harms affect wildlife, not livestock. We conclude that the food production systems likely to impose the greatest overall breadth of harms to animals are intensive animal agriculture industries (e.g., dairy) that rely on a secondary food production system (e.g., cropping), while harvesting of locally available wild plants, mushrooms or seaweed is likely to impose the least harms. We present this conceptual analysis as a resource for those who want to begin considering the complex animal welfare trade-offs involved in their food choices.
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Abstract
In mixed-conifer forests inhabited by California spotted owls, land managers hypothesize that without human intervention natural conifer regeneration will take many decades or longer to begin within interior areas of large high-severity fire patches, due to long distances from live tree seed sources. As a result, widespread post-fire logging, followed by sprayed application of herbicides and planting of conifer seedlings, are used to create tree plantations. These are activities routinely conducted in spotted owl territories following fires, despite current data that indicate this approach has adverse impacts on spotted owl occupancy. Land managers acknowledge such impacts, but continue these forest management practices, assuming they are a necessary harm, one that is warranted to ensure the later return of mature conifer forests used by spotted owls for nesting and roosting. However, few data have been gathered to test this hypothesis. At 5 years post-fire, we surveyed field plots on a grid within large high-severity fire patches in spotted owl habitat within the Rim fire of 2013 in the Sierra Nevada, California. In our analysis the percentage of plots lacking conifer regeneration decreased significantly with larger plot sizes, a finding contrary to previous studies which assumed vast “deforested” areas in wildland fires, a bias created by small plot size. We found higher conifer regeneration closer to live-tree edges, but we consistently found natural post-fire conifer regeneration at all distances into interior spaces of large high-severity fire patches, including >300 m from the nearest live trees. Distance from live-tree edges did not affect pine dominance in post-fire regeneration. The post-fire natural conifer regeneration reported in our results suggests that the adverse effects of current post-fire management in spotted owl habitat are not necessary practices that can be justified.
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Kelly LT, Giljohann KM, Duane A, Aquilué N, Archibald S, Batllori E, Bennett AF, Buckland ST, Canelles Q, Clarke MF, Fortin MJ, Hermoso V, Herrando S, Keane RE, Lake FK, McCarthy MA, Morán-Ordóñez A, Parr CL, Pausas JG, Penman TD, Regos A, Rumpff L, Santos JL, Smith AL, Syphard AD, Tingley MW, Brotons L. Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Science 2021; 370:370/6519/eabb0355. [PMID: 33214246 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fire has been a source of global biodiversity for millions of years. However, interactions with anthropogenic drivers such as climate change, land use, and invasive species are changing the nature of fire activity and its impacts. We review how such changes are threatening species with extinction and transforming terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation of Earth's biological diversity will be achieved only by recognizing and responding to the critical role of fire. In the Anthropocene, this requires that conservation planning explicitly includes the combined effects of human activities and fire regimes. Improved forecasts for biodiversity must also integrate the connections among people, fire, and ecosystems. Such integration provides an opportunity for new actions that could revolutionize how society sustains biodiversity in a time of changing fire activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke T Kelly
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Andrea Duane
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Núria Aquilué
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain.,Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Enric Batllori
- CREAF, Edifici C. Autonomous, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew F Bennett
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stephen T Buckland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Quim Canelles
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain
| | - Michael F Clarke
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | | | - Sergi Herrando
- Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, 08019 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert E Keane
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
| | - Frank K Lake
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Michael A McCarthy
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Catherine L Parr
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Earth, Ocean & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), 46113 Montcada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Trent D Penman
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Adrián Regos
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Fisica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, ECOCHANGE Group, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Libby Rumpff
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Julianna L Santos
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Annabel L Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia.,Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alexandra D Syphard
- Vertus Wildfire, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA.,San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.,Conservation Biology Institute, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Morgan W Tingley
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lluís Brotons
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), 25280 Solsona, Lleida, Spain.,CREAF, Edifici C. Autonomous, University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada. .,Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA), Universidad de Granada, 18006, Granada, Spain
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Universität Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Juli G Pausas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), 46113 Montcada, Valencia, Spain
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Rowley JJL, Callaghan CT, Cornwell WK. Widespread short‐term persistence of frog species after the 2019–2020 bushfires in eastern Australia revealed by citizen science. Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J. L. Rowley
- Australian Museum Research Institute; Australian Museum Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Corey T. Callaghan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - William K. Cornwell
- Centre for Ecosystem Science; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Ecology & Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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