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Meehan J, Gray M, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, McLaren D, Turnbull AK. Tissue- and Liquid-Based Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Precision Medicine. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070664. [PMID: 34357131 PMCID: PMC8306523 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, prostate cancer (PC) is the second-most-frequently diagnosed male cancer and the fifth-most-common cause of all cancer-related deaths. Suspicion of PC in a patient is largely based upon clinical signs and the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Although PSA levels have been criticised for a lack of specificity, leading to PC over-diagnosis, it is still the most commonly used biomarker in PC management. Unfortunately, PC is extremely heterogeneous, and it can be difficult to stratify patients whose tumours are unlikely to progress from those that are aggressive and require treatment intensification. Although PC-specific biomarker research has previously focused on disease diagnosis, there is an unmet clinical need for novel prognostic, predictive and treatment response biomarkers that can be used to provide a precision medicine approach to PC management. In particular, the identification of biomarkers at the time of screening/diagnosis that can provide an indication of disease aggressiveness is perhaps the greatest current unmet clinical need in PC management. Largely through advances in genomic and proteomic techniques, exciting pre-clinical and clinical research is continuing to identify potential tissue, blood and urine-based PC-specific biomarkers that may in the future supplement or replace current standard practices. In this review, we describe how PC-specific biomarker research is progressing, including the evolution of PSA-based tests and those novel assays that have gained clinical approval. We also describe alternative diagnostic biomarkers to PSA, in addition to biomarkers that can predict PC aggressiveness and biomarkers that can predict response to certain therapies. We believe that novel biomarker research has the potential to make significant improvements to the clinical management of this disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Duncan McLaren
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Arran K. Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (C.M.-P.); (C.K.); (A.K.T.)
- Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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2
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Basourakos SP, Tzeng M, Lewicki PJ, Patel K, Al Hussein Al Awamlh B, Venkat S, Shoag JE, Gorin MA, Barbieri CE, Hu JC. Tissue-Based Biomarkers for the Risk Stratification of Men With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676716. [PMID: 34123846 PMCID: PMC8193839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk stratification of men with clinically localized prostate cancer has historically relied on basic clinicopathologic parameters such as prostate specific antigen level, grade group, and clinical stage. However, prostate cancer often behaves in ways that cannot be accurately predicted by these parameters. Thus, recent efforts have focused on developing tissue-based genomic tests that provide greater insights into the risk of a given patient's disease. Multiple tests are now commercially available and provide additional prognostic information at various stages of the care pathway for prostate cancer. Indeed, early evidence suggests that these assays may have a significant impact on patient and physician decision-making. However, the impact of these tests on oncologic outcomes remains less clear. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the use of tissue-based biomarkers in the treatment of prostate cancer and identify the existing evidence supporting their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon P. Basourakos
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Tzeng
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patrick J. Lewicki
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Krishnan Patel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Siv Venkat
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Shoag
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael A. Gorin
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburg School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Urology Associates and UPMC Western Maryland, Cumberland, MD, United States
| | - Christopher E. Barbieri
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jim C. Hu
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Devlies W, Eckstein M, Cimadamore A, Devos G, Moris L, Van den Broeck T, Montironi R, Joniau S, Claessens F, Gevaert T. Clinical Actionability of the Genomic Landscape of Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2494. [PMID: 33212909 PMCID: PMC7698403 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted therapies increases treatment options for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. There is a need for strong predictive and prognostic signatures to guide physicians in treating mCRPC patients. In this review we unravel the possible actionability in the AR pathway, PI3K AKT signaling, and DNA repair pathways. Additionally, we make recommendations on biomarker trial design, and the clinical use of this new type of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Devlies
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.M.); (T.V.d.B.); (S.J.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Department of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Gaëtan Devos
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.M.); (T.V.d.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Lisa Moris
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.M.); (T.V.d.B.); (S.J.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.M.); (T.V.d.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60121 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Steven Joniau
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.D.); (L.M.); (T.V.d.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Wang H, Lv YJ, Xu WH, Pang WF, Zhao YY, Yang N, Wang ZP, Lu L, Liu Y, Zhang SY, Yuan XL. The correlation of ESCO1 expression with a prognosis of prostate cancer and anti-tumor effect of ESCO1 silencing. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:950-961. [PMID: 35116834 PMCID: PMC8798848 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.05.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently, it has been reported that establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 1 (ESCO1) is involved in tumorigenesis. However, its role in prostate cancer remains unclear. In the present study, the association between ESCO1 expression and the prognosis of prostate cancer was investigated, and the potential molecular mechanisms underlying its actions in tumor progression were also examined. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect the expression of ESCO1 in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), human prostate cancer, and metastasis tissue samples, and the association between the establishment of ESCO1 expression and the prognosis of prostate cancer was investigated. The effect of ESCO1 expression on the viability, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells in vitro was analyzed, along with the effect of ESCO1 silencing on the growth of prostate tumors in vivo. Results The results demonstrated an increase in the expression of ESCO1 in prostate cancer tissue when compared with BPH, and it was significantly associated with tumor malignancy and poor patient survival. Additionally, knockdown of ESCO1 significantly inhibited the viability and migration of prostate cancer cell. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of ESCO1 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Pathway analysis identified that the silencing of ESCO1 significantly decreased the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B. Conclusions The results of the present study indicate that ESCO1 plays a vital role in the progression of human prostate cancer; furthermore, ESCO1 may potentially serve as a prognostic marker and a novel therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan-Ju Lv
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wan-Hai Xu
- Department of Urology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wei-Feng Pang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shi-Ying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xue-Li Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Biotherapy Center, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.,Department of Urology, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.,Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100142, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
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5
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Prostate-specific loss of UXT promotes cancer progression. Oncotarget 2019; 10:707-716. [PMID: 30774773 PMCID: PMC6366831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitously-expressed, prefoldin-like chaperone (UXT) also called Androgen Receptor Trapped clone-27 (ART-27) is widely expressed in human tissues. Our previous studies showed that UXT regulates transcription repression including androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer. Here we analyzed a tissue microarray consisting of normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and primary prostate cancer cases for UXT protein expression. We found that HGPIN and malignant tumors have significantly decreased UXT expression compared to the normal prostate. Loss of UXT expression in primary prostate cancer is positively associated with high Gleason grade and poor relapse-free survival. We engineered prostate-specific UxtKO mice that developed a hyperplastic phenotype with apparent prostate secretion fluid blockage as well as PIN by 4-6 months. Doubly mutant UxtKO/PtenKO mice developed a more aggressive PIN phenotype. UXT depletion in prostate cancer cells also increased retroelements expression, including LINE-1 and Alu. Consistent with this finding UxtKO mice have increased LINE-1 protein levels in the prostate compared to control mice. In addition, cancer cells with UXT depletion have increased retrotransposition activity and accumulated DNA damage. Our findings demonstrate that loss of UXT is an early event during prostate cancer progression, which may contribute to genome instability.
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Al Bashir S, Alzoubi A, Alfaqih MA, Kheirallah K, Smairat A, Haddad H, Al-Dwairy A, Fawwaz BAB, Alzoubi M, Trpkov K. PTEN Loss in a Prostate Cancer Cohort From Jordan. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 28:389-394. [PMID: 30614821 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in prostate cancer has been associated with early biochemical recurrence, increased metastatic potential, and androgen independence. We evaluated the status of PTEN loss in a cohort of prostate cancer patients from Jordan. We investigated 71 patients with prostate cancer and 52 control subjects with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PTEN status was assessed by immunohistochemistry. PTEN mutations on exons 1, 2, 5, and 8 were also evaluated by polymerase chain reaction single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). We found PTEN loss in 42 of 71 (59.2%) evaluated prostate cancer cases by immunohistochemistry. In contrast, 51 of 52 BPH (98.1%) cases had an intact PTEN. In a subset of 24 prostate cancer cases evaluated by PCR-SSCP, we found PTEN mutations in 15 (62.5%) cases, whereas 22 (91.7%) of BPH controls lacked PTEN mutations. Exon 5 was the most frequently mutated exon (37.5%). Although the loss of PTEN was not significantly correlated with the Gleason Score (GS) or the World Health Organization (WHO)-International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group (GG), we found higher frequency of PTEN loss (64%) in patients with GS≥4+3/GG≥3, compared with patients with GS≤3+4/GG≤2 (47.6%). In this first study to address the question of PTEN loss in a predominantly Arab population, we documented the frequency of PTEN loss in prostate cancer patients from Jordan, which was found to be higher than in comparable cohorts from East Asia, and was at the higher end of the range of reported frequency of PTEN loss in respective cohorts from North America and Western Europe. Although there was more frequent PTEN loss in cancers with higher GS/GG, this was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Khalid Kheirallah
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | | | - Mazhar Alzoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Kiril Trpkov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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7
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Alford AV, Brito JM, Yadav KK, Yadav SS, Tewari AK, Renzulli J. The Use of Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Screening and Treatment. Rev Urol 2017; 19:221-234. [PMID: 29472826 PMCID: PMC5811879 DOI: 10.3909/riu0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer screening and diagnosis has been guided by prostate-specific antigen levels for the past 25 years, but with the most recent US Preventive Services Task Force screening recommendations, as well as concerns regarding overdiagnosis and overtreatment, a new wave of prostate cancer biomarkers has recently emerged. These assays allow the testing of urine, serum, or prostate tissue for molecular signs of prostate cancer, and provide information regarding both diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we discuss 12 commercially available biomarker assays approved for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. The results of clinical validation studies and clinical decision-making studies are presented. This information is designed to assist urologists in making clinical decisions with respect to ordering and interpreting these tests for different patients. There are numerous fluid and biopsy-based genomic tests available for prostate cancer patients that provide the physician and patient with different information about risk of future disease and treatment outcomes. It is important that providers be able to recommend the appropriate test for each individual patient; this decision is based on tissue availability and prognostic information desired. Future studies will continue to emphasize the important role of genomic biomarkers in making individualized treatment decisions for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Alford
- 1Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY
| | - Joseph M Brito
- Department of Urology, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital Providence, RI
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY
| | - Shalini S Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY
| | - Joseph Renzulli
- Department of Urology, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital Providence, RI
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Xu X, Chen G, Wu L, Liu L. Association of genetic polymorphisms in PTEN and additional gene-gene interaction with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Chinese Han population. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29:944-949. [PMID: 26541596 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) gene and additional role of gene-gene interaction with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), based on a Chinese case-control study. A total of 871 subjects (420 males and 451 females) were selected, including 425 ESCC cases and 446 controls. Five SNPs were selected for genotyping in the case-control study: rs2735343, rs555895, rs2299939, rs17431184 and rs701848. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between five SNP and ESCC, and additional interaction among five SNP, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confident interval (95%CI) were calculated. All genotypes were distributed according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls. The carriers of homozygous mutant of rs2735343 and rs701848 polymorphism revealed increased ESCC risk than those with wild-type homozygotes, and OR (95%CI) were 1.27 (1.09-2.08) and 1.45 (1.17-1.98), respectively. We also found a potential gene-gene interaction between rs2735343 and rs701848 (P = 0.0010), and a potential gene-gene interaction among all five SNP (P = 0.0107) after covariates adjustment. Subjects with TC or CC of rs2735343 and TC or CC of rs701848 genotype have highest ESCC risk, compared to subjects with TT of rs2735343 and TT of rs701848 genotype, OR (95% CI) was 2.76 (1.37-3.45) after covariates adjustment. The carriers of homozygous mutant of rs2735343 and rs701848 polymorphism revealed increased ESCC risk. We also found a potential gene-gene interaction between rs2735343 and rs701848 and a potential gene-gene interaction among all five SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yixing People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yixing People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - L Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yixing People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yixing People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Yu X, Li T, Xia Y, Lei J, Wang Y, Zhang L. Herpes simplex virus type 1 VP22-mediated intercellular delivery of PTEN increases the antitumor activity of PTEN in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3034-40. [PMID: 27004535 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, studies have revealed that the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein, a tumor suppressor, comprises a potential biological marker and therapeutic target for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). As such, the delivery of the PTEN gene represents a powerful strategy for ESCC therapy. The tegument protein VP22 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been reported to act as a transporter of heterologous proteins across the host cell membrane, thereby enhancing the biological functions of these proteins. In the present study, the intercellular delivery and antitumor activity of the fusion protein PTEN-VP22 were examined in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line Eca109 both in vitro and in vivo. VP22-mediated PTEN intercellular delivery was confirmed in the Eca109 cells by western blot analysis and by quantitation of immunofluorescence. VP22 alone did not exert antiproliferative effects or induce cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, blockage of the Akt and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathways, tumor growth inhibition, or antiangiogenic effects in Eca109 cells. However, compared with PTEN alone, PTEN-VP22 exerted significantly higher antiproliferative effects and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 stage, apoptosis and antiangiogenic effects in Eca109 cells. Together, our findings demonstrate that VP22 alone does not exert antitumor activity directly; however, this protein mediates the intercellular delivery of PTEN and thereby increases its intracellular concentration to achieve a therapeutic steady state, leading to an overall increase in the antitumor activity of PTEN. This study provides further experimental data to confirm the potential of VP22-based intercellular delivery strategies for enhancing the efficacy of gene therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lei
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637007, P.R. China
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10
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Esfahani M, Ataei N, Panjehpour M. Biomarkers for evaluation of prostate cancer prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2601-11. [PMID: 25854335 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, with a lifetime prevalence of one in six men, is the second cause of malignancy-related death and the most prevalent cancer in men in many countries. Nowadays, prostate cancer diagnosis is often based on the use of biomarkers, especially prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which can result in enhanced detection at earlier stage and decreasing in the number of metastatic patients. However, because of the low specificity of PSA, unnecessary biopsies and mistaken diagnoses frequently occur. Prostate cancer has various features so prognosis following diagnosis is greatly variable. There is a requirement for new prognostic biomarkers, particularly to differentiate between inactive and aggressive forms of disease, to improve clinical management of prostate cancer. Research continues into finding additional markers that may allow this goal to be attained. We here selected a group of candidate biomarkers including PSA, PSA velocity, percentage free PSA, TGFβ1, AMACR, chromogranin A, IL-6, IGFBPs, PSCA, biomarkers related to cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, PTEN, androgen receptor, cellular adhesion and angiogenesis, and also prognostic biomarkers with Genomic tests for discussion. This provides an outline of biomarkers that are presently of prognostic interest in prostate cancer investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esfahani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran E-mail :
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11
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Chen M, Nowak DG, Trotman LC. Molecular pathways: PI3K pathway phosphatases as biomarkers for cancer prognosis and therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:3057-63. [PMID: 24928944 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer research has seen tremendous changes over the past decade. Fast progress in sequencing technology has afforded us with landmark genetic alterations, which had immediate impact on clinical science and practice by pointing to new kinase targets, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the EGF receptor, or BRAF. The PI3K pathway for growth control has emerged as a prime example for both oncogene activation and tumor suppressor loss in cancer. Here, we discuss how therapy using PI3K pathway inhibitors could benefit from information on specific phosphatases, which naturally antagonize the kinase targets. This PI3K pathway is found mutated in most cancer types, including prostate, breast, colon, and brain tumors. The tumor-suppressing phosphatases operate at two levels. Lipid-level phosphatases, such as PTEN and INPP4B, revert PI3K activity to keep the lipid second messengers inactive. At the protein level, PHLPP1/2 protein phosphatases inactivate AKT kinase, thus antagonizing mTOR complex 2 activity. However, in contrast with their kinase counterparts the phosphatases are unlikely drug targets. They would need to be stimulated by therapy and are commonly deleted and mutated in cancer. Yet, because they occupy critical nodes in preventing cancer initiation and progression, the information on their status has tremendous potential in outcome prediction, and in matching the available kinase inhibitor repertoire with the right patients. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3057-63. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhan Chen
- Authors' Affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Dawid G Nowak
- Authors' Affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Lloyd C Trotman
- Authors' Affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
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12
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Sun Z, Ji N, Bi M, Wang S, Liu X, Wang Z. PTEN gene is infrequently hypermethylated in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5849-5857. [PMID: 25724185 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether promoter hypermethylation of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) is associated with loss of PTEN expression was not yet elucidated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The methylation status of PTEN gene was evaluated in 74 ESCC specimens and four esophageal cancer cell lines. Its association with clinicopathological factors or the prognosis was investigated by statistical analysis. We further measured messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level of PTEN by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry and studied the role of PTEN hypermethylation in loss of PTEN expression in clinical samples. Next, demethylation of PTEN gene with 5-azaC in EC9706 was performed to confirm the clinical findings. PTEN methylation was only found in 14 (18.9 %) of 74 ESCC tumor samples and one (EC9706) of four esophageal cancer cell lines. PTEN methylation was not statistically associated with clinicopathological factors and the prognosis (p > 0.05). In addition, 41 patients (55.4 %) and 38 patients (51.4 %) showed reduced mRNA level of PTEN and negative expression of PTEN protein in ESCC tumors, respectively. Detailed analysis indicated that PTEN methylation was a possible mechanism of loss of PTEN expression in ESCC, and further 5-azaC demethylation revealed inversed methylation status and increased mRNA or protein level of PTEN in EC9706. However, the role of PTEN methylation in loss of PTEN expression was still limited due to low frequency of methylation in ESCC. PTEN hypermethylation is a rare event and did not play an important role in the prognosis and loss of PTEN expression in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, China
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Prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor collaborates with loss of PTEN to promote prostate cancer progression. Oncogene 2015; 35:1153-62. [PMID: 26028029 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among frequent events in prostate cancer are loss of the tumor-suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and overexpression of prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PSGR), but the potential tumorigenic synergy between these lesions is unknown. Here, we report a new mouse model (PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ)) combining prostate-specific loss of Pten with probasin promoter-driven PSGR overexpression. By 12 months PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ) mice developed invasive prostate tumors featuring Akt activation and extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. PSGR-Pten(Δ/Δ) tumors exhibited E-cadherin loss and increased stromal androgen receptor (AR) expression. PSGR overexpression increased LNCaP proliferation, whereas PSGR short hairpin RNA knockdown inhibited proliferation and migration. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PSGR overexpression synergizes with loss of PTEN to accelerate prostate cancer development, and present a novel bigenic mouse model that mimics the human condition, where both PSGR overexpression and loss of PTEN occur concordantly in the majority of advanced prostate cancers, yielding an environment more relevant to studying human prostate cancer.
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14
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Targeting PTEN using small molecule inhibitors. Methods 2015; 77-78:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Sun Z, Ji N, Bi M, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang Z. Negative expression of PTEN identifies high risk for lymphatic-related metastasis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:3024-32. [PMID: 25963289 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is mainly attributed to higher lymphatic-related metastatic ability. Whether the loss of expression of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is associated with lymphatic-related metastasis needs elucidation. In the present study, we assessed the mRNA and protein level of PTEN in ESCC by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results showed PTEN mRNA level in tumors was significantly lower than that in corresponding non-tumor esophageal epitheliums (p<0.001), while 38 (51.4%) tumor samples were negative for expression of PTEN in ESCC tumors. Then the association between negative expression of PTEN and lymphatic-related metastasis (lymph node metastasis/3-year postoperative lymphatic metastatic recurrence) was evaluated. The proportion of PTEN-negative expression was significantly higher in positive lymph node metastasis (pN+) than that in negative lymph node metastasis (pN0) (p=0.021). The negative expression of PTEN was not an independent risk factor for the lymphatic recurrence rate in multivariate analysis (p=0.498), however, the lymphatic recurrence rate (60.5%) in PTEN-negative expression group was higher than that (36.1%) in PTEN-positive expression group (p=0.019). Furthermore, PTEN expression was stably silenced by lentiviral-vectored shRNA (Lenti-shRNA) in Eca109 (ESCC-derived cell line) to study functional effect of PTEN in vitro and in vivo. The laboratory study indicated increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and more rapid growth rate of xenograft tumors in vivo after stable silencing of PTEN expression. Moreover, we proved that FAK/pFAK were not the main factors mediating the mechanism of metastasis in ESCC. In conclusion, negative expression of PTEN could be a useful biomarker to predict high risk for lymphatic-related metastasis in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Na Ji
- Faculty of Health Science, Southampton University, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - Mingming Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Lowes LE, Allan AL. Recent advances in the molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:595-624. [PMID: 24633084 PMCID: PMC3980613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were first observed over a century ago, lack of sensitive methodology precluded detailed study of these cells until recently. However, technological advances have now facilitated the identification, enumeration, and characterization of CTCs using a variety of methods. The majority of evidence supporting the use of CTCs in clinical decision-making has been related to enumeration using the CellSearch® system and correlation with prognosis. Growing evidence also suggests that CTC monitoring can provide an early indication of patient treatment response based on comparison of CTC levels before and after therapy. However, perhaps the greatest potential that CTCs hold for oncology lies at the level of molecular characterization. Clinical treatment decisions may be more effective if they are based on molecular characteristics of metastatic cells rather than on those of the primary tumor alone. Molecular characterization of CTCs (which can be repeatedly isolated in a minimally invasive fashion) provides the opportunity for a "real-time liquid biopsy" that allows assessment of genetic drift, investigation of molecular disease evolution, and identification of actionable genomic characteristics. This review focuses on recent advances in this area, including approaches involving immunophenotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), multiplex RT-PCR, microarray, and genomic sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori E Lowes
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
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Tombal B, Alcaraz A, James N, Valdagni R, Irani J. Can we improve the definition of high-risk, hormone naïve, non-metastatic prostate cancer? BJU Int 2014; 113:189-99. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Tombal
- Department of Urology; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc; Brussels Belgium
| | - Antonio Alcaraz
- Department of Urology; IDIBAPS; Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Nicholas James
- Department of Clinical Oncology; School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Prostate Cancer Program and Department of Radiation Oncology; Fondazione IRCCS; Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Jacques Irani
- Department of Urology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Miletrie; Poitiers France
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Novel dual-color immunohistochemical methods for detecting ERG-PTEN and ERG-SPINK1 status in prostate carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:835-48. [PMID: 23348902 PMCID: PMC3672354 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of new molecular markers has led to the molecular classification of prostate cancer based on driving genetic lesions. The translation of these discoveries for clinical use necessitates the development of simple, reliable and rapid detection systems to screen patients for specific molecular aberrations. We developed two dual-color immunohistochemistry-based assays for the simultaneous assessment of ERG-PTEN and ERG-SPINK1 in prostate cancer. A total of 232 cases from 184 localized and 48 metastatic prostate cancers were evaluated for ERG-PTEN and 284 cases from 228 localized and 56 metastatic prostate cancers were evaluated for ERG-SPINK1. Of the 232 cases evaluated for ERG-PTEN, 81 (35%) ERG-positive and 77 (33%) PTEN-deleted cases were identified. Of the 81 ERG-positive cases, PTEN loss was confirmed in 35 (15%) cases by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). PTEN status was concordant in 203 cases (sensitivity 90% and specificity 87%; P<0.0001) by both immunohistochemisty and FISH; however, immunohistochemisty could not distinguish between heterozygous and homozygous deletion status of PTEN. Of the 284 cases evaluated for ERG-SPINK1, 111 (39%) cases were positive for ERG. In the remaining 173 ERG-negative cases, SPINK1 was positive in 26 (9%) cases. SPINK1 expression was found to be mutually exclusive with ERG expression; however, we identified two cases, of which one showed concomitant expression of ERG and SPINK1 in the same tumor foci, and in the second case ERG and SPINK1 were seen in two independent foci of the same tumor nodule. Unlike the homogenous ERG staining in cancer tissues, heterogeneous SPINK1 staining was observed in the majority of the cases. Further studies are required to understand the molecular heterogeneity of cases with concomitant ERG-SPINK1 expression. Automated dual ERG-PTEN and ERG-SPINK1 immunohistochemisty assays are simple, reliable and portable across study sites for the simultaneous assessment of these proteins in prostate cancer.
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PTEN losses exhibit heterogeneity in multifocal prostatic adenocarcinoma and are associated with higher Gleason grade. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:435-47. [PMID: 23018874 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic adenocarcinoma is an epithelial malignancy characterized by marked histological heterogeneity. It most often has a multifocal distribution within the gland, and different Gleason grades may be present within different foci. Data from our group and others have shown that the genomic deletion of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene and the disruption of the ETS gene family have a central role in prostate cancer and are likely to be associated with Gleason grade. In this study, prostate cancer samples were systematically analyzed to determine whether there was concordance between PTEN losses and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion rearrangements, within or between foci in multifocal disease, using well-annotated tissue microarrays (TMAs) consisting of 724 cores derived from 142 radical prostatectomy specimens. Three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of both the PTEN deletion and the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was used to precisely map genetic heterogeneity, both within and between tumor foci represented on the TMA. PTEN deletion was observed in 56 of 134 (42%) patients (hemizygous=42 and homozygous=14). TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was observed in 63 of 139 (45%) patients. When analyzed by Gleason pattern for a given TMA core, PTEN deletions were significantly associated with Gleason grades 4 or 5 over grade 3 (P<0.001). Although TMPRSS2-ERG fusions showed a strong relationship with PTEN deletions (P=0.007), TMPRSS2-ERG fusions did not show correlation with Gleason grade. The pattern of genetic heterogeneity of PTEN deletion was more diverse than that observed for TMPRSS2-ERG fusions in multifocal disease. However, the marked interfocal discordance for both TMPRSS2-ERG fusions and PTEN deletions was consistent with the concept that multiple foci of prostate cancer arise independently within the same prostate, and that individual tumor foci can have distinct patterns of genetic rearrangements.
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20
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Chaux A, Peskoe SB, Gonzalez-Roibon N, Schultz L, Albadine R, Hicks J, De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Netto GJ. Loss of PTEN expression is associated with increased risk of recurrence after prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1543-9. [PMID: 22684219 PMCID: PMC4380219 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) is one of the most frequently lost tumor suppressor genes in human cancers and it has been described in more than two-thirds of patients with advanced/aggressive prostate cancer. Previous studies suggest that, in prostate cancer, genomic PTEN loss is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Thus, we evaluated whether immunohistochemical PTEN expression in prostate cancer glands was associated with higher risk of recurrence, using a nested case-control study that included 451 men who recurred and 451 men who did not recur with clinically localized prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy. Recurrence was defined as biochemical recurrence (serum prostate-specific antigen >0.2 ng/ml) or clinical recurrence (local recurrence, systemic metastases, or prostate cancer-related death). Cases and controls were matched on pathological T stage, Gleason score, race/ethnicity, and age at surgery. Odds ratios of recurrence and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using conditional logistic regression to account for the matching factors and to adjust for year of surgery, preoperative prostate-specific antigen concentrations, and status of surgical margins. Men who recurred had a higher proportion of PTEN negative expression (16 vs 11%, P=0.05) and PTEN loss (40 vs 31%, P=0.02) than controls. Men with markedly decreased PTEN staining had a higher risk of recurrence (odds ratio=1.67; 95% confidence intervals 1.09, 2.57; P=0.02) when compared with all other men. In summary, in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated by prostatectomy, decreased PTEN expression was associated with an increased risk of recurrence, independent of known clinicopathological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcides Chaux
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Norte University School of Medicine, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Sarah B Peskoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nilda Gonzalez-Roibon
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luciana Schultz
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roula Albadine
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rowlands MA, Tilling K, Holly JMP, Metcalfe C, Gunnell D, Lane A, Davis M, Donovan J, Hamdy F, Neal DE, Martin RM. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in active monitoring of localized prostate cancer: a population-based observational study. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 24:39-45. [PMID: 23085814 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Active monitoring of prostate cancer requires the selection of low-risk cancers and subsequent identification of disease progression. Our objective was to determine whether serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 or IGFBP-3 at diagnosis (potential biomarkers of prognosis), and repeated measures of IGFBP-2 (potential biomarker of tumour growth), were associated with annual change in PSA and PSA doubling time (PSADT), proxies for disease progression. METHODS We investigated associations of circulating IGFs and IGFBPs with PSA measures using multilevel models, in 909 men (recruited between 1999 and 2009) with PSA-detected clinically localized prostate cancer undergoing active monitoring in the United Kingdom. Each man had an average of 14 measurements of PSA during a mean of 4-year follow-up. RESULTS IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 were not associated with baseline PSA. There was weak evidence that IGF-I at diagnosis was positively associated with a rapid post-diagnosis PSADT (≤4 years vs. >4 years): OR 1.34 (95 % CI 0.98, 1.81) per SD increase in IGF-I. IGFBP-2 increased by 2.1 % (95 % CI 1.4, 2.8) per year between 50 and 70 years, with no association between serial IGFBP-2 levels and PSADT. There was no evidence that serum IGF-II, IGFBP-2, or IGFBP-3, or post-diagnosis IGFBP-2, were associated with PSA kinetics in men with PSA-detected localized prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS The weak association of IGF-I with PSADT requires replication in larger datasets, and more definitive evidence will be provided on the maturity of long-term active monitoring cohorts with relevant clinical outcomes (metastasis and prostate cancer mortality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Anne Rowlands
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, UK.
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Nishimura J, Handa R, Yamamoto H, Tanaka F, Shibata K, Mimori K, Takemasa I, Mizushima T, Ikeda M, Sekimoto M, Ishii H, Doki Y, Mori M. microRNA-181a is associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2221-6. [PMID: 23023298 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by degradation of mRNA and translational repression. Recent studies have shown that miR-181a is dysregulated in several types of cancer; however, the clinical significance of miR‑181a in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. We addressed this question by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to analyze miR-181a expression in 162 CRC patients. There was no significant difference in miR-181a expression in normal colon vs. colorectal cancer tissue. The cancer tissue samples were categorized into a low and high expression group based on miR-181a expression. Comparison of the clinicopathological factors and prognosis in these two groups showed that the high expression group had a significantly poorer prognosis than the low expression group (P=0.011). Multivariate analysis indicated that high miR-181a expression was an independent significant prognostic factor for CRC. However, there no correlation was observed between miR-181a expression and clinicopathological parameters. In vitro analysis revealed that the overexpression of miR-181a repressed the expression of the tumor suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) located on chromosome 10, at the mRNA level. These data suggest that miR-181a may be a new independent prognostic factor for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Bismar TA, Yoshimoto M, Duan Q, Liu S, Sircar K, Squire JA. Interactions and relationships of PTEN, ERG, SPINK1 and AR in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Histopathology 2012; 60:645-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Squire JA, Park PC, Yoshimoto M, Alami J, Williams JL, Evans A, Joshua AM. Prostate cancer as a model system for genetic diversity in tumors. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 112:183-216. [PMID: 21925305 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387688-1.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This chapter will summarize novel understandings of the early molecular events in prostatic carcinogenesis that may underlie both the genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Areas covered include preneoplasia, stem cell concepts, telomere abnormalities, and the nature of tumor-stromal interactions. The oncogenomics of prostate cancer is reviewed with emphasis on androgen signaling, ETS gene family aberrations, and PTEN deletion. The notion that "field cancerization," coupled with genomic instability may explain both the occurrence of multifocal disease, and the recent observations of genetic diversity of ERG alteration in individual tumors are discussed. Collectively, genomic studies are rapidly moving human prostate cancer closer to the promise of personalized medicine, so that specific genetic profiles of individual tumors will determine the best therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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25
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Rowlands MA, Holly JMP, Gunnell D, Donovan J, Lane JA, Hamdy F, Neal DE, Oliver S, Smith GD, Martin RM. Circulating insulin-like growth factors and IGF-binding proteins in PSA-detected prostate cancer: the large case-control study ProtecT. Cancer Res 2011; 72:503-15. [PMID: 22106399 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been studied extensively in prostate cancer, but there is still little information about IGFs and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) in cancers detected by the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. Here, we report the findings of a U.K.-based case-control study to investigate circulating IGFs and IGFBPs in PSA-detected prostate cancer with regard to their potential associations with different cancer stages or grades. PSA testing was offered to 110,000 men aged 50 to 69 years from 2002 to 2009. Participants with an elevated level of PSA (≥3.0 ng/mL) underwent prostate biopsy and measurements of blood serum IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 obtained at recruitment. We found that serum levels of IGF-II (OR per SD increase: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.08-1.24; P(trend) < 0.001), IGFBP-2 (1.18; 1.06-1.31; P(trend) < 0.01) and IGFBP-3 (1.27; 1.19-1.36; P(trend) < 0.001), but not IGF-I (0.99; 0.93-1.04; P(trend) = 0.62), were associated with PSA-detected prostate cancer. After controlling for IGFBP-3, IGF-II was no longer associated (0.99; 0.91-1.08; P(trend) = 0.62) and IGF-I was inversely associated (0.85; 0.79-0.91; P(trend) < 0.001) with prostate cancer. In addition, no strong associations existed with cancer stage or grade. Overall, these findings suggest potentially important roles for circulating IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 in PSA-detected prostate cancer, in support of recent in vitro evidence. Although our findings for IGF-I agree with previous results from PSA screening trials, they contrast with positive associations in routinely detected disease, suggesting that reducing levels of circulating IGF-I might not prevent the initiation of prostate cancer but might, nonetheless, prevent its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Anne Rowlands
- MRC Centre for Causal Analysis in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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26
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Yoshimoto M, Ludkovski O, DeGrace D, Williams JL, Evans A, Sircar K, Bismar TA, Nuin P, Squire JA. PTEN genomic deletions that characterize aggressive prostate cancer originate close to segmental duplications. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 51:149-60. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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27
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Khamis ZI, Iczkowski KA, Sang QXA. Metastasis suppressors in human benign prostate, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer: their prospects as therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:1026-77. [PMID: 22886631 DOI: 10.1002/med.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, development of metastases remains a major clinical challenge. Research efforts are dedicated to overcome this problem by understanding the molecular basis of the transition from benign cells to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), localized carcinoma, and metastatic cancer. Identification of proteins that inhibit dissemination of cancer cells will provide new perspectives to define novel therapeutics. Development of antimetastatic drugs that trigger or mimic the effect of metastasis suppressors represents new therapeutic approaches to improve patient survival. This review focuses on different biochemical and cellular functions of metastasis suppressors known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and progression. Ten putative metastasis suppressors implicated in prostate cancer are discussed. CD44s is decreased in both PIN and cancer; Drg-1, E-cadherin, KAI-1, RKIP, and SSeCKS show similar expression between benign epithelia and PIN, but are downregulated in invasive cancer; whereas, maspin, MKK4, Nm23 and PTEN are upregulated in PIN and downregulated in cancer. Moreover, the potential role of microRNA in prostate cancer progression, the understanding of the cellular distribution and localization of metastasis suppressors, their mechanism of action, their effect on prostate invasion and metastasis, and their potential use as therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I Khamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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Kaneko A, Satoh Y, Tokuda Y, Fujiyama C, Udo K, Uozumi J. Effects of adipocytes on the proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cells in a 3-D culture model. Int J Urol 2010; 17:369-76. [PMID: 20409231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how the mechanism of adipocyte-prostate cancer cell interaction affects the proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cells. METHODS An androgen-dependent cell line (LNCaP), two androgen-independent cell lines (PC-3, DU145), and mature adipocytes harvested from male Wistar rats were used. Cancer cells were co-cultured with the isolated mature adipocytes in 3-D collagen gel matrix culture. The morphology and proliferative ability of the prostate cancer cells were examined. With regard to the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), Akt and Bad were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LNCaP cells co-cultured with adipocytes formed larger clusters than those of the control. PC-3 cells co-cultured with adipocytes did not form larger clusters, but formed spherical and spindle-shaped cells. The phosphorylation of Akt in PC-3 cells was greater in the co-cultured group compared with the controls, but there were no significant differences in the phosphorylation of Akt with regard to LNCaP and DU145 cells. CONCLUSIONS Adipocytes could modulate the proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cell lines. Activation of the PI3K pathway might be involved in the prostate cancer cell-adipocyte interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Kaneko
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
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Bismar TA, Yoshimoto M, Vollmer RT, Duan Q, Firszt M, Corcos J, Squire JA. PTEN genomic deletion is an early event associated with ERG gene rearrangements in prostate cancer. BJU Int 2010; 107:477-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Barwick BG, Abramovitz M, Kodani M, Moreno CS, Nam R, Tang W, Bouzyk M, Seth A, Leyland-Jones B. Prostate cancer genes associated with TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion and prognostic of biochemical recurrence in multiple cohorts. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:570-6. [PMID: 20068566 PMCID: PMC2822948 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have indicated that prostate cancer patients with the TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusion have a higher risk of recurrence. To identify markers associated with TMPRSS2–ERG fusion and prognostic of biochemical recurrence, we analysed a cohort of 139 men with prostate cancer for 502 molecular markers. Methods: RNA from radical prostatectomy tumour specimens was analysed using cDNA-mediated, annealing, selection, extension and ligation (DASL) to determine mRNAs associated with TMPRSS2–ERG T1/E4 fusion and prognostic of biochemical recurrence. Differentially expressed mRNAs in T1/E4-positive tumours were determined using significance analysis of microarrays (false discovery rate (FDR) <5%). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression determined genes, gene signatures and clinical factors prognostic of recurrence (P-value <0.05, log–rank test). Analysis of two prostate microarray studies (GSE1065 and GSE8402) validated the findings. Results: In the 139 patients from this study and from a 455-patient Swedish cohort, 15 genes in common were differentially regulated in T1/E4 fusion-positive tumours (FDR <0.05). The most significant mRNAs in both cohorts coded ERG. Nine genes were found prognostic of recurrence in this study and in a 596-patient Minnesota cohort. A molecular recurrence score was significant in prognosticating recurrence (P-value 0.000167) and remained significant in multivariate analysis of a mixed clinical model considering Gleason score and TMPRSS2–ERG fusion status. Conclusions: TMPRSS2–ERG T1/E4 fusion-positive tumours had differentially regulated mRNAs observed in multiple studies, the most significant one coded for ERG. Several mRNAs were consistently associated with biochemical recurrence and have potential clinical utility but will require further validation for successful translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Barwick
- Emory Biomarker Service Center, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Dowling RJO, Pollak M, Sonenberg N. Current status and challenges associated with targeting mTOR for cancer therapy. BioDrugs 2009; 23:77-91. [PMID: 19489650 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200923020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular growth, survival, and proliferation. Inappropriate activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling can promote a cellular environment that is favorable for transformation. In fact, dysregulation of this pathway, as a result of genetic mutations and amplifications, is implicated in a variety of human cancers. Therefore, mTOR has emerged as a key target for the treatment of cancer, particularly in the treatment of tumors that exhibit increased mTOR signaling as a result of genetic lesions. The immunosuppressant sirolimus (rapamycin) directly inhibits mTOR activity and suppresses the growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. As a result, a number of sirolimus derivatives have been developed as anti-cancer therapies, and these compounds are currently under investigation in phase I-III clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the use of sirolimus derivatives in clinical trials and address some of the challenges associated with targeting mTOR for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J O Dowling
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chen RQ, Yang QK, Lu BW, Yi W, Cantin G, Chen YL, Fearns C, Yates JR, Lee JD. CDC25B mediates rapamycin-induced oncogenic responses in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2663-8. [PMID: 19276368 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is commonly deregulated in human cancer, mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and its derivatives, are being actively tested in cancer clinical trials. Clinical updates indicate that the anticancer effect of these drugs is limited, perhaps due to rapamycin-dependent induction of oncogenic cascades by an as yet unclear mechanism. As such, we investigated rapamycin-dependent phosphoproteomics and discovered that 250 phosphosites in 161 cellular proteins were sensitive to rapamycin. Among these, rapamycin regulated four kinases and four phosphatases. A siRNA-dependent screen of these proteins showed that AKT induction by rapamycin was attenuated by depleting cellular CDC25B phosphatase. Rapamycin induces the phosphorylation of CDC25B at Serine375, and mutating this site to Alanine substantially reduced CDC25B phosphatase activity. Additionally, expression of CDC25B (S375A) inhibited the AKT activation by rapamycin, indicating that phosphorylation of CDC25B is critical for CDC25B activity and its ability to transduce rapamycin-induced oncogenic AKT activity. Importantly, we also found that CDC25B depletion in various cancer cell lines enhanced the anticancer effect of rapamycin. Together, using rapamycin phosphoproteomics, we not only advance the global mechanistic understanding of the action of rapamycin but also show that CDC25B may serve as a drug target for improving mTOR-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Qiang Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Absence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusions and PTEN losses in prostate cancer is associated with a favorable outcome. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:1451-60. [PMID: 18500259 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions and PTEN deletions are the most common genomic aberrations in prostate cancer. Recent work has suggested that the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion is associated with a more aggressive phenotype. Similarly, PTEN deletion has been associated with biochemical recurrence and lymph node metastasis. To date, there has been no systematic analysis of the combined influence of genomic PTEN deletion with TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusions on clinical parameters of prostate cancer progression. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 125 prostate cancers with known clinical outcome using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect the relative prevalence of TMPRSS2:ERG rearrangements and/or PTEN genomic deletions. TMPRSS2:ERG rearrangement was found in 60 of 125 (48%) prostate cancers. Duplication of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion was observed in seven (6%) tumors. Gleason grade (P=0.0002)/score (P=0.001), median tumor volume (P=0.0024), preoperative PSA (P=0.001) and perineural invasion (P=0.0304) were significantly associated with biochemical recurrence by univariate analysis with TMPRSS2:ERG approaching significance (P=0.0523). By multivariate analysis, relevant factors associated with recurrence were Gleason scores 7 (P=0.001) and 8-10 (P=0.015), PTEN homozygous deletion (P=0.013) and concurrent TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and PTEN deletion (P=0.036). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the presence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion was marginally less favorable in comparison to no fusion. Duplication of fusion gene showed worse prognosis. It was possible to determine the relative frequencies of PTEN deletion and/or TMPRSS2:ERG fusions in 82 of 125 prostate cancers. With biochemical recurrence as an endpoint, the genomic biomarkers identified three patient groups: (1) 'poor genomic grade' characterized by both PTEN deletion and TMPRSS2:ERG fusions (23/82, 28%); (2) 'intermediate genomic grade' with either PTEN deletion or TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (35/82, 43%) and (3) 'favorable genomic grade' in which neither rearrangement was present (24/82, 29%). Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis indicate that TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and PTEN loss together are a predictor of earlier biochemical recurrence of disease.
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Akakura S, Huang C, Nelson PJ, Foster B, Gelman IH. Loss of the SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 gene results in prostatic hyperplasia. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5096-103. [PMID: 18593908 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (SSeCKS) is a kinase scaffolding protein that encodes metastasis-suppressor activity through the suppression of Src-mediated oncogenic signaling and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. SSeCKS expression is down-regulated in Src- and Ras-transformed fibroblasts, in human cancer cell lines and in several types of human cancer, including prostate. Normal human and mouse prostates express abundant SSeCKS in secretory epithelial cells and, to a lesser extent, in the surrounding mesenchyme. Here, we show that the loss of SSeCKS results in prostatic hyperplasia in the anterior and ventral lobes as well as increased levels of apoptosis throughout the prostate. Dysplastic foci were observed less frequently but were associated with the loss of E-cadherin staining and the loss of high molecular weight cytokeratin-positive basal epithelial cells. SSeCKS-null prostate tissues expressed significantly higher relative levels of AKT(poS473) compared with wild-type controls, suggesting that SSeCKS attenuates phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signaling. The data suggest that SSeCKS-null mice have increased susceptibility for oncogenic transformation in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Akakura
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Morgan TM, Pitts TE, Gross TS, Poliachik SL, Vessella RL, Corey E. RAD001 (Everolimus) inhibits growth of prostate cancer in the bone and the inhibitory effects are increased by combination with docetaxel and zoledronic acid. Prostate 2008; 68:861-71. [PMID: 18361409 PMCID: PMC3162313 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION mTOR activity is increased in advanced prostate cancer (CaP) as a result of a high rate of PTEN mutations. RAD001 (Everolimus) is a new orally available mTOR inhibitor. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of RAD001 on the growth of CaP in the bone, both alone and in combination with docetaxel and zoledronic acid. METHODS C4-2 CaP cells were injected into tibiae of mice and the animals were treated with RAD001, docetaxel, and zoledronic acid alone or in combination. Histomorphometrical analysis, serum PSA measurements, bone mineral density (BMD), and microCT were used to determine the effects of treatment on tumor and bone. RESULTS All three agents alone decreased tumor volume, and RAD001 and docetaxel also decreased levels of serum PSA by 68% and 65%, respectively (both P < 0.01). Combinations of the agents were more effective in decreasing tumor volume than single agents. Three-drug treatment showed the greatest effect: 64% inhibition versus control (P < 0.01). Treatment with RAD001 interfered with the weight loss associated with growth of this tumor in the bone (non-RAD001 groups: 4.0% decrease in body weight, P = 0.0014; RAD001 groups: increase of 3.6% in body weight, P = 0.0037). CONCLUSIONS RAD001 inhibited growth of C4-2 cells in bone, an effect augmented by addition of docetaxel and zoledronic acid. Moreover RAD001 had a significant impact on maintenance of body weight. RAD001 may hold promise for its effects on both metastatic CaP and the important syndrome of tumor cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tiffany E.M. Pitts
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ted S. Gross
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sandra L. Poliachik
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert L. Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Correspondence to: Eva Corey, Department of Urology, 1959 NE Pacific street, BB-1115, Box 356510, Seattle, WA 98195.
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Samaratunga H, Epstein JI. What is the molecular pathology of low-risk prostate cancer? World J Urol 2008; 26:431-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chang D, Wang TY, Li HC, Wei JC, Song JX. Prognostic significance of PTEN expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma from Linzhou City, a high incidence area of northern China. Dis Esophagus 2007; 20:491-6. [PMID: 17958724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decreased expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN has been reported to be a poor prognostic indicator in a variety of human malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the roles of PTEN in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the prognostic significance of PTEN protein expression. Sixty-four patients from a high incidence area of northern China who underwent esophagectomy for ESCC between January 1998 and December 1999 enrolled in this study. PTEN expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 64 primary cancers and 64 paired normal esophageal epithelium tissues. The positive rate and staining grade of PTEN protein expression was lower in the esophageal cancers than in paired adjacent normal esophageal epithelium (P < 0.001). PTEN expression correlated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.001), tumor infiltration depth (P = 0.015) and pTNM staging (P = 0.048). The 5-year survival rate in patients with PTEN positive expression was 82% compared to 39% in patients with PTEN negative expression (P = 0.0019). Our results show that the expression of PTEN is decreased in ESCC compared to normal esophageal epithelium. Therefore, PTEN may play an important role in carcinogenesis and the progression of ESCC in a high incidence area of northern China, and PTEN could serve as an important factor to predict clinical outcome and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand-R4 decoy receptor expression is correlated with high Gleason scores, prostate-specific antigen recurrence, and decreased survival in patients with prostate carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2007; 26:158-65. [PMID: 18312935 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) has recently been investigated because of its ability to selectively kill cancer cells. Despite recent publications mainly focusing on TRAIL resistance in cancer cells, little is known about how TRAIL contributes to the carcinogenesis process. Because the expression patterns of TRAIL and its receptors in patients with prostate carcinoma have recently been reported, this study investigated the significance of TRAIL and TRAIL receptor expression in connection to serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason scoring. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 98 patients were included in the study. Gleason scores, PSA, TRAIL, and TRAIL receptor expressions were used for the comparison purposes. The Spearman rho correlation test was administered to reveal the correlations among the variants. The Kruskal Wallis-Mann Whitney U or Friedman-Wilcoxon signed ranks test determined the statistical significance between the pairs. Multinomial and/or multiple binary logistic regression analyses were deployed to test whether TRAIL markers were independent variables to predict the prognosis of prostate cancer. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to determine the survival rates. RESULTS High-serum PSA levels were correlated with higher levels of TRAIL and TRAIL receptor expressions. Patients with high Gleason scores had higher levels of TRAIL-R4 decoy receptor expression but lower levels of TRAIL death ligand expression. CONCLUSIONS TRAIL-R4 decoy receptor expression is strongly correlated with PSA recurrence, which is suggestive of poor prognosis. High levels of TRAIL-R4 expression but low levels of TRAIL death ligand expression are connected to decreased survival.
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Yoshimoto M, Cunha IW, Coudry RA, Fonseca FP, Torres CH, Soares FA, Squire JA. FISH analysis of 107 prostate cancers shows that PTEN genomic deletion is associated with poor clinical outcome. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:678-85. [PMID: 17700571 PMCID: PMC2360375 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the clinical impact of PTEN genomic deletions using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis of 107 prostate cancers, with follow-up information covering a period of up to 10 years. Tissue microarray analysis using interphase FISH indicated that hemizygous PTEN losses were present in 42/107 (39%) of prostatic adenocarcinomas, with a homozygous PTEN deletion observed in 5/107 (5%) tumours. FISH analysis using closely linked probes centromeric and telomeric to the PTEN indicated that subband microdeletions accounted for ∼70% genomic losses. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of PTEN genomic losses (hemizygous and homozygous deletion vs not deleted) identified subgroups with different prognosis based on their time to biochemical relapse after surgery, and demonstrated significant association between PTEN deletion and an earlier onset of disease recurrence (as determined by prostate-specific antigen levels). Homozygous PTEN deletion was associated with a much earlier onset of biochemical recurrence (P=0.002). Furthermore, PTEN loss at the time of prostatectomy correlated with clinical parameters of more advanced disease, such as extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion. Collectively, our data indicates that haploinsufficiency or PTEN genomic loss is an indicator of more advanced disease at surgery, and is predictive of a shorter time to biochemical recurrence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshimoto
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - I W Cunha
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa, Hospital do Câncer, A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, 01509 010, Brazil
| | - R A Coudry
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa, Hospital do Câncer, A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, 01509 010, Brazil
| | - F P Fonseca
- Serviço de Urologia, Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica, Hospital do Câncer, A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, 01509 010, Brazil
| | - C H Torres
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01509 010, Brazil
| | - F A Soares
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa, Hospital do Câncer, A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, 01509 010, Brazil
| | - J A Squire
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital. 610 University Avenue, Room 9-721, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada. E-mail:
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Bedolla R, Prihoda TJ, Kreisberg JI, Malik SN, Krishnegowda NK, Troyer DA, Ghosh PM. Determining risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer by immunohistochemical detection of PTEN expression and Akt activation. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3860-7. [PMID: 17606718 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A considerable fraction of patients who undergo radical prostatectomy as treatment for primary prostate cancer experience biochemical recurrence detected by elevated serum levels of prostate-specific antigen. In this study, we investigate whether loss of expression of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and the phosphorylated form of the cell survival protein Akt (pAkt) predicts biochemical recurrence. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of PTEN and pAkt was detected by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded prostate cancer tissue obtained from men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Outcome was determined by 60-month follow-up determining serum prostate-specific antigen levels. RESULTS By itself, PTEN was not a good predictor of biochemical recurrence; however, in combination with pAkt, it was a better predictor of the risk of biochemical recurrence compared with pAkt alone. Ninety percent of all cases with high pAkt and negative PTEN were recurrent whereas 88.2% of those with low pAkt and positive PTEN were nonrecurrent. In addition, high Gleason scores resulted in reduced protection from decreased pAkt and increased PTEN. By univariate logistic regression, pAkt alone gives an area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve of 0.82 whereas the area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve for the combination of PTEN, pAkt, and Gleason based on a stepwise selection model is 0.89, indicating excellent discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that loss of PTEN expression, together with increased Akt phosphorylation and Gleason score, is of significant predictive value for determining, at the time of prostatectomy, the risk of biochemical recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roble Bedolla
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 1785:156-81. [PMID: 17237035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. This report considers incidence data through 2003 and mortality data through 2004. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,444,920 new cancer cases and 559,650 deaths for cancers are projected to occur in the United States in 2007. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates include stabilization of the age-standardized, delay-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers combined in men from 1995 through 2003; a continuing increase in the incidence rate by 0.3% per year in women; and a 13.6% total decrease in age-standardized cancer death rates among men and women combined between 1991 and 2004. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. While the absolute number of cancer deaths decreased for the second consecutive year in the United States (by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004) and much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- Cancer Occurrence, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Paliouras M, Borgono C, Diamandis EP. Human tissue kallikreins: the cancer biomarker family. Cancer Lett 2007; 249:61-79. [PMID: 17275179 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikreins (KLKs) are attracting increased attention due to their role as biomarkers for the screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of various cancers including those of the prostate, ovarian, breast, testicular, and lung. Human tissue kallikrein genes represent the largest contiguous group of proteases within the human genome. Originally thought to consist of three genes, the identification of the human kallikrein locus has expanded this number to fifteen. These genes, and their encoded proteins, share a high degree of homology and are expressed in different tissues. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the most commonly known kallikrein, is a useful biomarker for prostate cancer. Several other kallikreins, including kallikreins 2 (KLK2) and 11 (KLK11) are emerging as complementary prostate cancer biomarkers. Along with these kallikreins, several others have been implicated in the other cancers. For example, KLK5, 6, 7, 10, 11, and 14 are emerging biomarkers for ovarian cancer. The identification of kallikrein substrates and the development of proteolytic cascade models implicate kallikrein proteins in cancer progression. This review describes the current status of kallikreins as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltiadis Paliouras
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Yoshimoto M, Cutz JC, Nuin PAS, Joshua AM, Bayani J, Evans AJ, Zielenska M, Squire JA. Interphase FISH analysis of PTEN in histologic sections shows genomic deletions in 68% of primary prostate cancer and 23% of high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 169:128-37. [PMID: 16938570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is characterized by the accumulation of both genetic and epigenetic alterations that transform premalignant lesions to invasive carcinoma. However, the molecular events underlying this critical transition are poorly understood. One of the important genes that might play a role in CaP development is the PTEN gene. At the present time, there has been no systematic analysis of the incidence of genomic PTEN deletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in CaP and associated preneoplastic histologic lesions. This study assesses the frequency of PTEN deletion by interphase FISH analysis in CaP and prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN). Dual-color FISH was performed using DNA probes for bands 10q23.3 (PTEN locus) and chromosome 10 centromere using 35 radical prostatectomy specimens. PTEN deletions were not found in 3/3 of stroma, 6/6 samples of benign glandular epithelium, and 12/12 samples of low-grade PIN. However, PTEN deletions were found in 3/13 (23%) of high-grade PIN and 24/35 (68%) of CaP. Concordance was observed between PTEN deletion status and the overall cellular PTEN protein expression levels, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. The high frequency of PTEN deletion observed in CaP versus precursor lesions implicates a pivotal role for PTEN haploinsufficiency in the transition from preneoplastic PIN to CaP. Moreover, this observation is an important consideration for novel therapeutic trials in CaP in which biologic efficacy is influenced by the activity level of PTEN. These findings draw attention to the usefulness of this relatively simple FISH assay for future applications in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Yoshimoto
- Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, 610 University Ave., Room 9-721, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9 Canada
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Faivre S, Kroemer G, Raymond E. Current development of mTOR inhibitors as anticancer agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:671-88. [PMID: 16883305 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase that functions as a master switch between catabolic and anabolic metabolism and as such is a target for the design of anticancer agents. The most established mTOR inhibitors--rapamycin and its derivatives--showed long-lasting objective tumour responses in clinical trials, with CCI-779 being a first-in-class mTOR inhibitor that improved the survival of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. This heralded the beginning of extensive clinical programmes to further evaluate mTOR inhibitors in several tumour types. Here we review the clinical development of this drug class and look at future prospects for incorporating these agents into multitarget or multimodality strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Faivre
- Service Inter Hospitalier de Cancrologie, Beaujon University Hospital, 100 Boulevard du General Leclerc, 92118 Clichy Cedex, France
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Paliouras M, Diamandis EP. Coordinated steroid hormone-dependent and independent expression of multiple kallikreins in breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 102:7-18. [PMID: 16897430 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression by steroid hormones plays an important role in the normal development and function of many organs, as well in the pathogenesis of endocrine-related cancers. Previous experiments have shown that many kallikrein genes are under steroid hormone regulation in breast cancer cell lines. We here examine the coordinated expression of multiple kallikrein genes in several breast cancer cell lines after steroid hormone stimulation. Breast cancer cell lines were treated with various steroid hormones and kallikrein (KLK/hK) expression of hK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), hK5, hK6, hK7, hK8, hK10, hK11, hK13, and hK14 was analyzed at the RNA level via RT-PCR and at the protein level by immunofluorometric ELISA assays. We identified several distinct hK hormone-dependent and hormone-independent expression patterns. Hormone-specific modulation of expression was seen for several kallikreins in BT-474, MCF-7, and T-47D cell lines. hK6 was specifically up-regulated upon estradiol treatment in all three cell lines whereas PSA expression was induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and norgestrel stimulation in BT-474 and T-47D. hK10, hK11, hK13, and hK14 were specifically up-regulated by DHT in T-47D and by estradiol in BT-474 cells. Bioinformatic analysis of upstream proximal promoter sequences for these hKs did not identify any recognizable hormone-response elements (HREs), suggesting that the coordinated activation of these four hKs represents a unique expression "cassette", utilizing a common hormone-dependent mechanism. We conclude that groups of human hKs are coordinately expressed in a steroid hormone-dependent manner. Our data supports clinical observations linking expression of multiple hKs with breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltiadis Paliouras
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., M5G 1X5 Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mulholland DJ, Dedhar S, Wu H, Nelson CC. PTEN and GSK3beta: key regulators of progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer. Oncogene 2006; 25:329-37. [PMID: 16421604 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is characterized by progression from an androgen-dependent phenotype to one that is inevitably androgen independent (AI) and lethal. Recent evidence strongly suggests that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) and androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathways provide prostatic epithelium with the necessary signalling events to escape the apoptotic response associated with androgen withdrawal therapy. Silencing of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and glycogen synthase kinase beta (GSK3beta) are frequently associated with advanced PrCa systems and likely serve critical roles in promoting AR and PI3K/Akt gain-of-function. That PTEN negatively regulates AR and is sufficient to promote metastatic PrCa in murine models strongly implies its role as a gatekeeper of progressive PrCa. In human PrCa, PTEN loss is correlated with substantial increases in Akt(Ser473) and integrin-linked kinase expression, both of which promote Ser(9) phospho-inhibition of GSK3beta and inactivation of apoptotic factors. Sufficient evidence also suggests that GSK3beta is not only a critical regulator of proproliferative signalling but also a promiscuous one as PI3K/Akt pools of GSK3beta are, at least in part, functionally interchangeable with those of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Thus, GSK3beta may serve not only as a mediator of PI3K/Akt activation but may also regulate the potent transactivation and proproliferative effects that Wnt3a and beta-catenin confer upon AR. These data suggest that prostate-specific activation of GSK3beta may serve as a viable pharmacological option. Thus, in this review, we emphasize that temporal changes in GSK3beta and PTEN expression during progression to AI PrCa are important factors when considering the potential for therapies targeting the oncogenic contributions of PI3K/Akt and AR signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mulholland
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abdel-Rahman MH, Yang Y, Zhou XP, Craig EL, Davidorf FH, Eng C. High frequency of submicroscopic hemizygous deletion is a major mechanism of loss of expression of PTEN in uveal melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 24:288-95. [PMID: 16344319 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.02.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although cytogenetic aberrations at 10q have been reported in up to 27% of uveal melanomas, the role of PTEN in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma is largely unknown. Our aim was to determine the frequency and clinical significance of PTEN alterations in uveal melanomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined PTEN expression using immunohistochemistry in 75 sporadic uveal melanomas, with an average follow-up of 89 months. Molecular cytogenetic alterations were studied using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Genotyping was carried out using an intragenic PTEN marker and two flanking markers. Mutational analysis of PTEN was also carried out. RESULTS Of the 75 tumors, 12 (16%) showed no PTEN immunostaining, 32 (42.7%) showed weak to moderate staining and the remaining 31 (38.2%) showed staining similar to the normal internal controls. Using CGH, only two (15.4%) of 13 samples showed any loss of 10q. However, in the 38 tumors with informative genotyping, we found that 29 (76.3%) had loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of at least one PTEN marker, and 15 (39.5%) showed LOH of at least two markers. Mutations in the coding region of PTEN were identified in four (11.4%) of 35 tumors. Further, loss of cytoplasmic PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry was associated with shortened disease-free survival (P = .029). CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that PTEN is a tumor suppressor involved in uveal melanoma pathogenesis and may be associated with clinical outcome. Our data also suggest that submicroscopic deletion, but not large deletions, is the major mechanism of loss of PTEN expression in uveal melanomas.
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Koksal IT, Yasar D, Dirice E, Usta MF, Karauzum S, Luleci G, Baykara M, Sanlioglu S. Differential PTEN protein expression profiles in superficial versus invasive bladder cancers. Urol Int 2005; 75:102-6. [PMID: 16123561 DOI: 10.1159/000085933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognostic significance of PTEN protein loss in bladder cancer is not well established. The objective of this study was to investigate the PTEN expression profile in superficial noninvasive papillary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) versus invasive TCC and compared the results with pathological and clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bladder tumor samples were obtained from 29 patients who underwent surgery for superficial (n=11) and invasive (n=18) bladder cancers at the Akdeniz University Hospital. The patient profile including sex, age, histological grade and the stage, presence of carcinoma in situ, cystoscopy findings (tumor size, location, multiplicity) were obtained by examining the patients' medical records. No patient received anticancer agents prior to the operation. Western blotting was performed using bladder carcinoma samples in order to determine the level of PTEN protein expression for each patient. RESULTS Only 4 (13.7%) patients with bladder carcinoma manifested a decrease in the level of PTEN expression. Regarding the correlation between tumor stage and the PTEN expression, with the exception of patient 23 all patients who displayed a reduction in PTEN expression had muscle-invasive TCC. CONCLUSION Future studies with a clinical follow-up will be needed to determine if those superficial tumors with decreased PTEN expression are going to progress to a later stage. Based on our results PTEN by itself does not seem to be a good candidate as an independent marker to predict the behavior of bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Turker Koksal
- Human Gene Therapy Unit, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
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Tantivejkul K, Loberg RD, Mawocha SC, Day LL, John LS, Pienta BA, Rubin MA, Pienta KJ. PAR1-mediated NFkappaB activation promotes survival of prostate cancer cells through a Bcl-xL-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:641-52. [PMID: 16052512 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1 or thrombin receptor) is over-expressed in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines compared to prostate epithelial cells. In this study, we examined 1,074 prostate biopsies by tissue microarray analysis and demonstrated that PAR1 expression is significantly increased in prostate cancer compared to normal prostate epithelial cells and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We hypothesized that PAR1 activation contributed to prostate cancer cell progression. We demonstrated that stimulation of PAR1 by thrombin or thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP6), in androgen-independent DU145 and PC-3 cells resulted in increased DNA binding activity of the NFkappaB p65 subunit. IL-6 and IL-8 levels were also elevated in conditioned media by at least two-fold within 4-6 h of PAR1 activation. This induction of cytokine production was abrogated by pretreatment of cells with the NFkappaB inhibitor caffeic acid phorbol ester. The p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling cascades were also activated by PAR1 stimulation, whereas the SAPK/JNK pathway was unaffected. Inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 by SB-203589 and PD-098059, respectively, did not abrogate NFkappaB activity, suggesting an independent induction of NFkappaB by PAR1 stimulation. Furthermore, TUNEL assay showed that activation of PAR1 attenuated docetaxel induced apoptosis through the upregulation of the Bcl-2 family protein Bcl-xL. Akt activation was not observed, suggesting that drug resistance induced by PAR1 was independent of PI3K signaling pathway. Because thrombin and PAR1 are over-expressed in prostate cancer patients, targeting the inhibition of their interaction may attenuate NFkappaB signaling transduction resulting in decreased drug resistance and subsequent survival of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanchanit Tantivejkul
- Department of Urology, The Michigan Urology Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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