1
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Biava M, Notari S, Grassi G, Bordi L, Tartaglia E, Agrati C, Cimini E, Sberna G, Nicastri E, Antinori A, Girardi E, Vaia F, Maggi F, Lalle E. In Vitro and In Vivo Crosstalk between Type I IFN and IL-8 Responses in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2787. [PMID: 38004798 PMCID: PMC10672883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 patients show characteristic over-expression of different cytokines that may interfere with the interferon (IFN) response, delaying its production. Within the overexpressed cytokines, IL-8 plays a key role, and it may impede IFN-I activation. PBMC from eight healthy donors were exposed to 2019-nCoV/Italy-INMI1 isolate and supernatants/cells were collected at different time points; the production of either IFN-alpha or IL-8 was assessed. The same analysis was performed on plasma samples obtained from 87 COVID-19 patients. Antagonism between IFN-alpha and IL-8 was observed, since in those PBMC with medium or high IL-8 levels, IFN-α levels were low. The same scenario was observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients that were divided into three groups based on IL-8 low, medium and high levels; the correlation between low levels of IFN-α and high levels of IL-8 was statistically significant in both the IL-8 medium and IL-8 high group. Overall, our results showed a crosstalk/antagonism between IL-8 and IFN-alpha in PBMC from healthy donors challenged with SARS-CoV-2 and inversely proportional IFN-alpha levels to IL-8 concentrations detected in plasma samples from COVID-19 patients, suggesting that the impairment of the innate immune response in COVID-19 patients may be linked to a dysregulated cytokine response, namely through IL-8 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Biava
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (G.S.)
| | - Stefania Notari
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Grassi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (G.S.)
| | - Eleonora Tartaglia
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Unit of Pathogen Specific Immunity, Ospedale Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sberna
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (G.S.)
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical and Research Department, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical and Research Department, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vaia
- General and Health Management Direction, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (G.S.)
| | - Eleonora Lalle
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute of Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy (G.S.)
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2
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Kazmierski J, Friedmann K, Postmus D, Emanuel J, Fischer C, Jansen J, Richter A, Bosquillon de Jarcy L, Schüler C, Sohn M, Sauer S, Drosten C, Saliba A, Sander LE, Müller MA, Niemeyer D, Goffinet C. Non‐productive exposure of
PBMCs
to
SARS‐CoV
‐2 induces cell‐intrinsic innate immune responses. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10961. [PMID: 35975552 PMCID: PMC9382356 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202210961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell‐intrinsic responses mounted in PBMCs during mild and severe COVID‐19 differ quantitatively and qualitatively. Whether they are triggered by signals emitted by productively infected cells of the respiratory tract or result from physical interaction with virus particles remains unclear. Here, we analyzed susceptibility and expression profiles of PBMCs from healthy donors upon ex vivo exposure to SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2. In line with the absence of detectable ACE2 receptor expression, human PBMCs were refractory to productive infection. RT–PCR experiments and single‐cell RNA sequencing revealed JAK/STAT‐dependent induction of interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs) but not proinflammatory cytokines. This SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific response was most pronounced in monocytes. SARS‐CoV‐2‐RNA‐positive monocytes displayed a lower ISG signature as compared to bystander cells of the identical culture. This suggests a preferential invasion of cells with a low ISG baseline profile or delivery of a SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific sensing antagonist upon efficient particle internalization. Together, nonproductive physical interaction of PBMCs with SARS‐CoV‐2‐ and, to a much lesser extent, SARS‐CoV particles stimulate JAK/STAT‐dependent, monocyte‐accentuated innate immune responses that resemble those detected in vivo in patients with mild COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kazmierski
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health 10178 Berlin Germany
| | - Kirstin Friedmann
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Dylan Postmus
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health 10178 Berlin Germany
| | - Jackson Emanuel
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Cornelius Fischer
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Jenny Jansen
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health 10178 Berlin Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Laure Bosquillon de Jarcy
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin Germany
| | - Christiane Schüler
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health 10178 Berlin Germany
| | - Madlen Sohn
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Scientific Genomics Platforms, Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Antoine‐Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA‐based Infection Research (HIRI) Helmholtz‐Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg Germany
| | - Leif Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin Germany
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, associated partner Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology Campus Charité Mitte, Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health 10178 Berlin Germany
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3
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Haga K, Takai-Todaka R, Matsumura Y, Song C, Takano T, Tojo T, Nagami A, Ishida Y, Masaki H, Tsuchiya M, Ebisudani T, Sugimoto S, Sato T, Yasuda H, Fukunaga K, Sawada A, Nemoto N, Murata K, Morimoto T, Katayama K. Nasal delivery of single-domain antibody improves symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an animal model. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009542. [PMID: 34648602 PMCID: PMC8516304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the disease COVID-19 can lead to serious symptoms, such as severe pneumonia, in the elderly and those with underlying medical conditions. While vaccines are now available, they do not work for everyone and therapeutic drugs are still needed, particularly for treating life-threatening conditions. Here, we showed nasal delivery of a new, unmodified camelid single-domain antibody (VHH), termed K-874A, effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 titers in infected lungs of Syrian hamsters without causing weight loss and cytokine induction. In vitro studies demonstrated that K-874A neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in both VeroE6/TMPRSS2 and human lung-derived alveolar organoid cells. Unlike other drug candidates, K-874A blocks viral membrane fusion rather than viral attachment. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed K-874A bound between the receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain of the virus S protein. Further, infected cells treated with K-874A produced fewer virus progeny that were less infective. We propose that direct administration of K-874A to the lung could be a new treatment for preventing the reinfection of amplified virus in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsumura
- Safety Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihong Song
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Takuto Tojo
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagami
- Safety Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishida
- Safety Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshiki Ebisudani
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Nemoto
- Epsilon Molecular Engineering Inc., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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4
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Mirtaleb MS, Mirtaleb AH, Nosrati H, Heshmatnia J, Falak R, Zolfaghari Emameh R. Potential therapeutic agents to COVID-19: An update review on antiviral therapy, immunotherapy, and cell therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111518. [PMID: 33774315 PMCID: PMC7962551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2020 and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) was later announced as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since then, several studies have been conducted on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 by potential vaccines and drugs. Although, the governments and global population have been attracted by some vaccine production projects, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral drugs would be an urge necessity in parallel with the efficient preventive vaccines. Various nonspecific drugs produced previously against other bacterial, viral, and parasite infections were recently evaluated for treating patients with COVID-19. In addition to therapeutic properties of these anti-COVID-19 compounds, some adverse effects were observed in different human organs as well. Not only several attentions were paid to antiviral therapy and treatment of COVID-19, but also nanomedicine, immunotherapy, and cell therapy were conducted against this viral infection. In this review study, we planned to introduce the present and potential future treatment strategies against COVID-19 and define the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadat Mirtaleb
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Mirtaleb
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Nosrati
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jalal Heshmatnia
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Falak
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161 Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Singh MK, Mobeen A, Chandra A, Joshi S, Ramachandran S. A meta-analysis of comorbidities in COVID-19: Which diseases increase the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Comput Biol Med 2021; 130:104219. [PMID: 33486379 PMCID: PMC7836641 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Comorbidities in COVID-19 patients often lead to more severe outcomes. The disease-specific molecular events, which may induce susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, are being investigated. To assess this, we retrieved array-based gene expression datasets from patients of 30 frequently occurring acute, chronic, or infectious diseases. Comparative analyses of the datasets were performed after quantile normalization and log2 transformation. Among the 78 host genes prominently implicated in COVID-19 infection, ACE2 (receptor for SARS-CoV-2) was positively regulated in several cases, namely, leukemia, psoriasis, lung cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), breast cancer, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). FURIN was positively regulated in some cases, such as leukemia, psoriasis, NAFLD, lung cancer, and type II diabetes (T2D), while TMPRSS2 was positively regulated in only 3 cases, namely, leukemia, lung cancer, and T2D. Genes encoding various interferons, cytokines, chemokines, and mediators of JAK-STAT pathway were positively regulated in leukemia, NAFLD, and T2D cases. Among the 161 genes that are positively regulated in the lungs of COVID-19 patients, 99–111 genes in leukemia (including various studied subtypes), 77 genes in NAFLD, and 48 genes in psoriasis were also positively regulated. Because of the high similarity in gene expression patterns, the patients of leukemia, NAFLD, T2D, psoriasis, and PAH may need additional preventive care against acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infections. Further, two genes CARBONIC ANHYDRASE 11 (CA11) and CLUSTERIN (CLU) were positively regulated in the lungs of patients infected with either SARS-CoV-2, or SARS-CoV or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ahmed Mobeen
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amit Chandra
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Xiao D, Li X, Su X, Mu D, Qu Y. Could SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury be attenuated by vitamin D? Int J Infect Dis 2021; 102:196-202. [PMID: 33129966 PMCID: PMC7591873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) has been confirmed as having the capacity to transmit from humans to humans, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is known to be expressed on type II pneumocytes. As a counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), ACE2 plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of ARDS and acute lung injury. The affinity of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 for human ACE2 (hACE2) largely determines the degree of clinical symptoms after infection by SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies have shown that regulating the ACE2/RAS system is effective in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-induced ARDS and acute lung injury. Since ACE2 is the host cell receptor for both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, regulating the ACE2/RAS system may alleviate ARDS and acute lung injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV. Vitamin D was found to affect ACE2, the target of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, we propose that vitamin D might alleviate ARDS and acute lung injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 by modulating ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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7
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Anka AU, Tahir MI, Abubakar SD, Alsabbagh M, Zian Z, Hamedifar H, Sabzevari A, Azizi G. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): An overview of the immunopathology, serological diagnosis and management. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12998. [PMID: 33190302 PMCID: PMC7744910 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. These uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to local and systemic tissue damage. In patients with severe COVID-19, eosinopenia and lymphopenia with a severe reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells are a common feature. COVID-19 severity hinges on the development of cytokine storm characterized by elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IgG-, IgM- and IgA-specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most patients, along with the viral RNA, forming the basis for assays that aid in patient diagnosis. Elucidating the immunopathological outcomes due to COVID-19 could provide potential targets for immunotherapy and are important for choosing the best clinical management by consultants. Currently, along with standard supportive care, therapeutic approaches to COVID-19 treatment involve the use of antiviral agents that interfere with the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle to prevent further viral replication and utilizing immunomodulators to dampen the immune system in order to prevent cytokine storm and tissue damage. While current therapeutic options vary in efficacy, there are several molecules that were either shown to be effective against other viruses such as HIV or show promise in vitro that could be added to the growing arsenal of agents used to control COVID-19 severity and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Umar Anka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Ibrahim Tahir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sharafudeen Dahiru Abubakar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Alsabbagh
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zeineb Zian
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Haleh Hamedifar
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of medical sciences, Karaj, Iran.,CinnaGen Research and production Co, Alborz, Iran
| | - Araz Sabzevari
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of medical sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Orchid pharmed Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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8
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Lin F, Wang L, Duan Y, Li K, Zhou J, Guang Z, Wang Y, Yang M, Qin Q, Wang Q. Expression and subcellular analyses of CCR8a/b genes with the identification of response to SGIV viral infect in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:628-639. [PMID: 32853761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are a superfamily of seven transmembrane domain G-coupled receptors, and they play important roles in immune surveillance, inflammation, and development. Recently, nine CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) were identified and cloned from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and annotated by phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. We detected mRNA transcripts for CCRs in healthy tissues of E. coioides, and CCR genes were highly expressed in the immune-relevant tissues. Analysis of gene expression after Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection indicated that CCR genes are regulated in a gene-specific manner. CCR8a and CCR8b were significantly upregulated in the spleen and liver of resistant fish, indicating potential roles in immunity against the pathogen. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that CCR8a and CCR8b were expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of CCR8a and CCR8b in grouper cells significantly inhibited the replication of SGIV, demonstrating that they delayed the occurrence of cytopathic effects induced by SGIV infection and inhibited viral gene transcription. CCR8a and CCR8b overexpression also significantly increased the expression of interferon (IFN)-related cytokines and activated IFN response element and IFN promoter activities. These results demonstrated that CCR8a and CCR8b might have an antiviral function against SGIV infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Lin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchuang Duan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqi Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxin Zhou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Guang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Huarte E, O'Connor RS, Peel MT, Nunez-Cruz S, Leferovich J, Juvekar A, Yang YO, Truong L, Huang T, Naim A, Milone MC, Smith PA. Itacitinib (INCB039110), a JAK1 Inhibitor, Reduces Cytokines Associated with Cytokine Release Syndrome Induced by CAR T-cell Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:6299-6309. [PMID: 32998963 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are a promising cancer immunotherapy. Such targeted therapies have shown long-term relapse-free survival in patients with B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. However, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) represents a serious, potentially life-threatening side effect often associated with CAR T-cell therapy. CRS manifests as a rapid (hyper)immune reaction driven by excessive inflammatory cytokine release, including IFNγ and IL6. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Many cytokines implicated in CRS are known to signal through the JAK-STAT pathway. Here we study the effect of blocking JAK pathway signaling on CAR T-cell proliferation, antitumor activity, and cytokine levels in in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS We report that itacitinib, a potent, selective JAK1 inhibitor, was able to significantly and dose-dependently reduce levels of multiple cytokines implicated in CRS in several in vitro and in vivo models. Importantly, we also report that at clinically relevant doses that mimic human JAK1 pharmacologic inhibition, itacitinib did not significantly inhibit proliferation or antitumor killing capacity of three different human CAR T-cell constructs (GD2, EGFR, and CD19). Finally, in an in vivo model, antitumor activity of CD19-CAR T cells adoptively transferred into CD19+ tumor-bearing immunodeficient animals was unabated by oral itacitinib treatment. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that itacitinib has potential as a prophylactic agent for the prevention of CAR T cell-induced CRS, and a phase II clinical trial of itacitinib for prevention of CRS induced by CAR T-cell therapy has been initiated (NCT04071366).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roddy S O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Leferovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yan-Ou Yang
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Lisa Truong
- Incyte Research Institute, Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | - Ahmad Naim
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Michael C Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Sinderewicz E, Czelejewska W, Jezierska-Wozniak K, Staszkiewicz-Chodor J, Maksymowicz W. Immune Response to COVID-19: Can We Benefit from the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Pandemic Experience? Pathogens 2020; 9:E739. [PMID: 32916812 PMCID: PMC7559562 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global range and high fatality rate of the newest human coronavirus (HCoV) pandemic has made SARS-CoV-2 the focus of the scientific world. Next-generation sequencing of the viral genome and a phylogenetic analysis have shown the high homology of SARS-CoV-2 to other HCoVs that have led to local epidemics in the past. The experience acquired in SARS and MERS epidemics may prove useful in understanding the SARS-CoV-2 pathomechanism and lead to effective treatment and potential vaccine development. This study summarizes the immune response to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 and focuses on T cell response, humoral immunity, and complement system activation in different stages of HCoVs infections. The study also presents the quantity and frequency of T cell responses, particularly CD4+ and CD8+; the profile of cytokine production and secretion; and its relation to T cell type, disease severity, and utility in prognostics of the course of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 outbreaks. The role of interferons in the therapy of these infections is also discussed. Moreover, the kinetics of specific antibody production, the correlation between humoral and cellular immune response and the immunogenicity of the structural HCoVs proteins and their utility in the development of a vaccine against SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 has been updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Sinderewicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland; (W.C.); (K.J.-W.); (J.S.-C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland;
| | - Wioleta Czelejewska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland; (W.C.); (K.J.-W.); (J.S.-C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Jezierska-Wozniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland; (W.C.); (K.J.-W.); (J.S.-C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland;
| | - Joanna Staszkiewicz-Chodor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland; (W.C.); (K.J.-W.); (J.S.-C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Maksymowicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Warszawska, Poland;
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11
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McClafferty B, Umer I, Fye G, Kepko D, Kalayanamitra R, Shahid Z, Ramgobin D, Cai A, Groff A, Bhandari A, Aggarwal CS, Patel R, Bhatt D, Polimera H, Sahu N, Vunnam R, Golamari R, Kumar A, Jain R. Approach to critical illness myopathy and polyneuropathy in the older SARS-CoV-2 patients. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 79:241-245. [PMID: 33070904 PMCID: PMC7380205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the major concerns of the health care community and the public surrounding the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the availability and use of ventilators. Unprecedented surges of patients presented to intensive care units across the country, with older adults making up a large proportion of the patient population. This paper illustrates contemporary approaches to critical illness myopathy (CIM), critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP), and critical illness polyneuromyopathy (CIPNM) in older patients, including incidence, risk factors, mechanisms for pathology, diagnosis, contemporary treatment approaches, and outcomes. We hope that the following analysis may help educate clinicians and ultimately decrease the duration of the mechanical ventilation required by these patients, resulting in improved clinical outcomes and an increase in ventilator availability for other patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim Umer
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, United States
| | - Gary Fye
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, United States
| | - Douglas Kepko
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, United States
| | | | - Zainab Shahid
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, United States
| | | | - Alice Cai
- Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | | | - Abani Bhandari
- Department of Internal Medicine, KISTMC, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, India
| | | | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Dhirisha Bhatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Hyma Polimera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Nitasa Sahu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Ramarao Vunnam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Reshma Golamari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
| | - Rohit Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, United States
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12
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Abstract
Background: In December 2019, the viral pandemic of respiratory illness caused by COVID-19 began sweeping its way across the globe. Several aspects of this infectious disease mimic metabolic events shown to occur during latent subclinical magnesium deficiency. Hypomagnesemia is a relatively common clinical occurrence that often goes unrecognized since magnesium levels are rarely monitored in the clinical setting. Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium. It is involved in >600 enzymatic reactions in the body, including those contributing to the exaggerated immune and inflammatory responses exhibited by COVID-19 patients.Methods: A summary of experimental findings and knowledge of the biochemical role magnesium may play in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is presented in this perspective. The National Academy of Medicine's Standards for Systematic Reviews were independently employed to identify clinical and prospective cohort studies assessing the relationship of magnesium with interleukin-6, a prominent drug target for treating COVID-19.Results: Clinical recommendations are given for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Constant monitoring of ionized magnesium status with subsequent repletion, when appropriate, may be an effective strategy to influence disease contraction and progression. The peer-reviewed literature supports that several aspects of magnesium nutrition warrant clinical consideration. Mechanisms include its "calcium-channel blocking" effects that lead to downstream suppression of nuclear factor-Kβ, interleukin-6, c-reactive protein, and other related endocrine disrupters; its role in regulating renal potassium loss; and its ability to activate and enhance the functionality of vitamin D, among others.Conclusion: As the world awaits an effective vaccine, nutrition plays an important and safe role in helping mitigate patient morbidity and mortality. Our group is working with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to collect patient-level data from intensive care units across the United States to better understand nutrition care practices that lead to better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Wallace
- Think Healthy Group, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.,Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, Hawaii, USA
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13
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Baradaran Ghavami SH, Shahrokh SH, Hossein-Khannazer N, Shpichka A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Timashev P, Vosough M. IBD Patients Could Be Silent Carriers for Novel Coronavirus and Less Prone to its Severe Adverse Events: True or False? Cell J 2020; 22:151-154. [PMID: 32779446 PMCID: PMC7481906 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The goal of IBD treatment is to reduce the inflammation period and induce long-term remission. Use of anti-inflammatory drugs including corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and biologicals, is often the first step in the treatment of IBD. Therefore, IBD patients in pandemic of infectious diseases are considered a high-risk group. The public believes that IBD patients are at a higher risk in the current coronavirus 2 pandemic. Nevertheless, these patients may experience mild or moderate complications compared to healthy people. This might be because of particular anti-TNF-α treatment or any immunosuppressant that IBD patients receive. Moreover, these patients might be silent carrier for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Habnam Shahrokh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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14
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Chastain DB, Stitt TM, Ly PT, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C, Osae SP. Countermeasures to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Are Immunomodulators Rational Treatment Options-A Critical Review of the Evidence. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa219. [PMID: 32691007 PMCID: PMC7313774 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with higher concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines that lead to lung damage, respiratory failure, and resultant increased mortality. Immunomodulatory therapy has the potential to inhibit cytokines and quell the immune dysregulation. Controversial data found improved oxygenation after treatment with tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 inhibitor, sparking a wave of interest and resultant clinical trials evaluating immunomodulatory therapies. The purpose of this article is to assess potential proinflammatory targets and review the safety and efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies in managing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tia M Stitt
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, Georgia, USA
- Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, Georgia, USA
| | - Phong T Ly
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, Georgia, USA
- Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, México
| | - Sharmon P Osae
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, Georgia, USA
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15
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Egloff C, Vauloup-Fellous C, Picone O, Mandelbrot L, Roques P. Evidence and possible mechanisms of rare maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104447. [PMID: 32425663 PMCID: PMC7233246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread rapidly worldwide, data remains scarce about the natural history of infection in pregnant women and the risk of mother-to-fetal transmission. Current data indicates that viral RNA levels in maternal blood are low and there is no evidence of placental infection with SARS-CoV-2. Published reports to date suggest that perinatal transmission of SARSCoV- 2 can occur but is rare. Among 179 newborns tested for SARS-CoV2 at birth from mothers with COVID-19, transmission was suspected in 8 cases, 5 with positive nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and 3 with SARS-CoV-2 IgM. However, these cases arise from maternal infection close to childbirth and there are no information about exposition during first or second trimester of pregnancy. Welldesigned prospective cohort studies with rigorous judgement criteria are needed to determine the incidence and risk factors for perinatal transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Egloff
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, Université de PARIS, IAME INSERM U1137, Paris, France; IDMIT, CEA, IMVA INSERM U1184, Université Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France.
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse, AP-HP, Inserm U 1193, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, Université de PARIS, IAME INSERM U1137, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, Université de PARIS, IAME INSERM U1137, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- IDMIT, CEA, IMVA INSERM U1184, Université Paris Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France.
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16
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Chaidos A, Katsarou A, Mustafa C, Milojkovic D, Karadimitris A. Interleukin 6-blockade treatment for severe COVID-19 in two patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:e9-e11. [PMID: 32369612 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Chaidos
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexia Katsarou
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chira Mustafa
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dragana Milojkovic
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anastasios Karadimitris
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Hugh and Josseline Langmuir Centre for Myeloma Research, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105954. [PMID: 32234467 PMCID: PMC7118634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1163] [Impact Index Per Article: 290.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2019, a viral pneumonia, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), from Wuhan, China, has swept the world. Although the case fatality rate is not high, the number of people infected is large and there is still a large number of patients dying. With the collation and publication of more and more clinical data, a large number of data suggest that there are mild or severe cytokine storms in severe patients, which is an important cause of death. Therefore, treatment of the cytokine storm has become an important part of rescuing severe COVID-19 patients. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in cytokine release syndrome. If it is possible to block the signal transduction pathway of IL-6, it is expected to become a new method for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. Tocilizumab is an IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) blocker that can effectively block the IL-6 signal transduction pathway and thus is likely to become an effective drug for patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gui-Qiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Liver Disease, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China.
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18
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Colavita F, Bordoni V, Caglioti C, Biava M, Castilletti C, Bordi L, Quartu S, Iannetta M, Ippolito G, Agrati C, Capobianchi MR, Lalle E. ZIKV Infection Induces an Inflammatory Response but Fails to Activate Types I, II, and III IFN Response in Human PBMC. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:2450540. [PMID: 29967565 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2450540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic in the Americas caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), Asian lineage, spurred the research towards a better understanding of how ZIKV infection affects the host immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Asian and East African ZIKV strain infection on the induction of IFN and proinflammatory and Th2 cytokines in human PBMC. We reported a slight modulation of type II IFN in PBMC exposed to Asian strain, but not to African strain, and a complete lack of type I and III IFN induction by both strains, suggesting the ability of ZIKV to evade the IFN system not only inhibiting the antiviral IFN response but also IFN production. Moreover, we highlighted a polyfunctional immune activation only in PBMC exposed to Asian strain, due to the induction of an inflammatory profile (IL-6, IL-8) and of a Th9 (IL-9) response. Overall, our data show a different ability of the ZIKV Asian strain, with respect to the African strain, to activate host immune response that may have pathogenetic implications for virus spread in vivo, including mother-to-child transmission and induction of severe fetal complications, as birth defects and neurological disorders.
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19
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Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are key cytokines with multifaceted antiviral and cell-modulatory properties. Three distinct types of IFN are recognized (I-III) based on structural features, receptor usage, cellular source and biological activities. The action of IFNs is mediated by a complex, partially overlapping, transcriptional program initiated by the interaction with specific receptors. Genetic diversity, with polymorphisms and mutations, can modulate the extent of IFN responses and the susceptibility to infections. Almost all viruses developed mechanisms to subvert the IFN response, involving both IFN induction and effector mechanisms. Interactions between IFN types may occur, for both antiviral and cell-modulatory effects, in a complex interplay, involving both synergistic and antagonistic effects. Interferon-associated diseases, not related to virus infections may occur, some of them frequently observed in IFN-treated patients. On the whole, IFNs are pleiotropic biologic response modifiers, that, upon activation of thousands genes, induce a broad spectrum of activities, regulating cell cycle, differentiation, plasma membrane molecules, release of mediators, etc., that can be relevant for cell proliferation, innate and adaptive immunity, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and other body functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Uleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Caglioti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Via Portuense 292, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonina Dolei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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20
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Vervelde L, Matthijs MG, van Haarlem DA, de Wit JJ, Jansen CA. Rapid NK-cell activation in chicken after infection with infectious bronchitis virus M41. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 151:337-41. [PMID: 23245429 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and play an important role in the early defence against viruses. In this study we focussed on NK cell and interferon (IFN) responses after infection with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Based on surface expression of CD107+, enhanced activation of lung NK cells was observed at 1 dpi, whereas in blood prolonged NK-cell activation was found. IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA and proteins were not rapidly induced whereas IFN-γ production in lung, measured by Elispot assay, increased over time at 2 and 4 dpi. In contrast, IFN-γ production in blood was highest at 1 dpi and decreased over time down to levels comparable to uninfected birds at 4 dpi. Collectively, infection with IBV-M41 resulted in activation of NK cells in the lung and blood and rapid production of IFN-γ and not IFN-α and IFN-β compared to uninfected birds.
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Li Y, Chen M, Cao H, Zhu Y, Zheng J, Zhou H. Extraordinary GU-rich single-strand RNA identified from SARS coronavirus contributes an excessive innate immune response. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:88-95. [PMID: 23123977 PMCID: PMC7110875 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A dangerous cytokine storm occurs in the SARS involving in immune disorder, but many aspects of the pathogenetic mechanism remain obscure since its outbreak. To deeply reveal the interaction of host and SARS-CoV, based on the basic structural feature of pathogen-associated molecular pattern, we created a new bioinformatics method for searching potential pathogenic molecules and identified a set of SARS-CoV specific GU-rich ssRNA fragments with a high-density distribution in the genome. In vitro experiments, the result showed the representative SARS-CoV ssRNAs had powerful immunostimulatory activities to induce considerable level of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-12 release via the TLR7 and TLR8, almost 2-fold higher than the strong stimulatory ssRNA40 that was found previously from other virus. Moreover, SARS-CoV ssRNA was able to cause acute lung injury in mice with a high mortality rate in vivo experiment. It suggests that SARS-CoV specific GU-rich ssRNA plays a very important role in the cytokine storm associated with a dysregulation of the innate immunity. This study not only presents new evidence about the immunopathologic damage caused by overactive inflammation during the SARS-CoV infection, but also provides a useful clue for a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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22
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Cimini E, Bonnafous C, Bordoni V, Lalle E, Sicard H, Sacchi A, Berno G, Gioia C, D’Offizi G, Visco Comandini U, Vlassi C, Capobianchi MR, Martini F, Agrati C. Interferon-α improves phosphoantigen-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells interferon-γ production during chronic HCV infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37014. [PMID: 22629350 PMCID: PMC3358305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic HCV infection, treatment failure and defective host immune response highly demand improved therapy strategies. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells may inhibit HCV replication in vitro through IFN-γ release after Phosphoantigen (PhAg) stimulation. The aim of our work was to analyze Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell functionality during chronic HCV infection, studying the role of IFN-α on their function capability. IFN-γ production by Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells was analyzed in vitro in 24 HCV-infected patients and 35 healthy donors (HD) after PhAg stimulation with or without IFN-α. The effect of in vivo PhAg/IFN-α administration on plasma IFN-γ levels was analyzed in M. fascicularis monkeys. A quantitative analysis of IFN-γ mRNA level and stability in Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells was also evaluated. During chronic HCV infection, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells showed an effector/activated phenotype and were significantly impaired in IFN-γ production. Interestingly, IFN-α was able to improve their IFN-γ response to PhAg both in vitro in HD and HCV-infected patients, and in vivo in Macaca fascicularis primates. Finally, IFN-α increased IFN-γ-mRNA transcription and stability in PhAg-activated Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells. Altogether our results show a functional impairment of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells during chronic HCV infection that can be partially restored by using IFN-α. A study aimed to evaluate the antiviral impact of PhAg/IFN-α combination may provide new insight in designing possible combined strategies to improve HCV infection treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Bordoni
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lalle
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Berno
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Gioia
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Visco Comandini
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Chrysoula Vlassi
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Martini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S, Rome, Italy
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23
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Dhanushkodi NR, Mohankumar V, Pokkali S, Raju R. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits Sindbis virus-induced IP-10 release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:237-43. [PMID: 21668365 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a pivotal role in the innate response to both bacterial and viral infections, and in mixed infections. To determine chemokine responses to Sindbis virus (SIN) in a co-infection model, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy volunteers were exposed to SIN in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culture supernatants recovered at 2, 24, and 72 h post-exposure were evaluated for virus replication and analyzed for chemokines by ELISA. None of the PBMC cultures showed new virus release, GFP reporter expression, or viral RNA synthesis. While SIN had little effect on the induction of IL-8 and RANTES, the chemokines MCP-1, MIP1-α (p < 0.001), and MIP1-β (p < 0.0004) were drastically upregulated by SIN as well as LPS. Both live and UV-inactivated SIN induced secretion of IP-10 and I-TAC. Although LPS did not induce release of IP-10, it sharply inhibited (p = 0.004) SIN-mediated IP-10 secretion. On the contrary, the release of SLC was blocked by SIN. The adjuvant activity of IP-10, its antiangiogenic function, and antagonism between SIN and LPS for the release of select chemokines may be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of mixed infections, cross-talk between cellular pathways, and may have applications in cancer and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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24
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Maggina P, Christodoulou I, Papaevangelou V, Tsolia M, Papadopoulos NG. Dendritic cells in viral bronchiolitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:271-82. [PMID: 20477005 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells that constitute a link between innate and adaptive immune responses, and are critical in the processes of control and elimination of viral infections. On the other hand, there is a large body of data strongly implicating respiratory viruses in morbidity during infancy through the induction of lower respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis, and later on in childhood and adult life, mainly due to their association with asthma exacerbations. Little is known, however, about the precise role of DCs in human respiratory tract infections. This review focuses on current data, both from in vivo and in vitro studies, that highlight the interplay between DCs and the viral causes of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Maggina
- Allergy Research Centre, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, Medical School, University of Athens, 41 Fidippidou Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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25
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Chen IY, Chang SC, Wu HY, Yu TC, Wei WC, Lin S, Chien CL, Chang MF. Upregulation of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 via a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike-ACE2 signaling pathway. J Virol 2010; 84:7703-12. [PMID: 20484496 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02560-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was identified to be the causative agent of SARS with atypical pneumonia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the major receptor for SARS-CoV. It is not clear whether ACE2 conveys signals from the cell surface to the nucleus and regulates expression of cellular genes upon SARS-CoV infection. To understand the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, human type II pneumocyte (A549) cells were incubated with the viral spike protein or with SARS-CoV virus-like particles containing the viral spike protein to examine cytokine modulation in lung cells. Results from oligonucleotide-based microarray, real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicated an upregulation of the fibrosis-associated chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) by the viral spike protein and the virus-like particles. The upregulation of CCL2 by SARS-CoV spike protein was mainly mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and AP-1 but not the IkappaBalpha-NF-kappaB signaling pathway. In addition, Ras and Raf upstream of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway were involved in the upregulation of CCL2. Furthermore, ACE2 receptor was activated by casein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation in cells pretreated with the virus-like particles containing spike protein. These results indicate that SARS-CoV spike protein triggers ACE2 signaling and activates fibrosis-associated CCL2 expression through the Ras-ERK-AP-1 pathway.
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26
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de Lang A, Baas T, Smits SL, Katze MG, Osterhaus AD, Haagmans BL. Unraveling the complexities of the interferon response during SARS-CoV infection. Future Virol 2009; 4:71-78. [PMID: 19885368 DOI: 10.2217/17460794.4.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses employ different strategies to circumvent the antiviral actions of the innate immune response. SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a virus that causes severe lung damage, encodes an array of proteins able to inhibit induction and signaling of type-I interferons. However, recent studies have demonstrated that interferons are produced during SARS-CoV infection in humans and macaques. Furthermore, nuclear translocation of activated STAT1 and a range of interferon-stimulated genes could be demonstrated in the lungs of SARS-CoV-infected macaques. In line with these observations, plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been shown to produce interferons upon SARS-CoV infection in vitro. Given the pivotal role of interferons during viral infections, (differential) induction of interferons may affect the outcome of the infection. Therefore, the functional implication of interferon production during SARS-CoV infection remains to be re-investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna de Lang
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Ariaans MP, van de Haar PM, Hensen EJ, Vervelde L. Infectious Bronchitis Virus induces acute interferon-gamma production through polyclonal stimulation of chicken leukocytes. Virology 2008; 385:68-73. [PMID: 19070879 PMCID: PMC7103388 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis Virus, a member of the Coronaviridae, is a respiratory pathogen in poultry. We found that in vitro stimulation with IBV resulted in ChIFN-gamma production in splenocytes of both infected birds and uninfected birds. The non-specific stimulation did not occur when other avian viruses or other coronaviruses were used or when mammalian cells were stimulated with IBV. Inactivation of IBV reduced ChIFN-gamma production, but ChIFN-gamma remained elevated compared to unstimulated cells. An increase in ChIFN-gamma mRNA was detected in splenocytes from IBV-infected and uninfected chickens as early as 1 h after stimulation with IBV. These results indicate that IBV acts as a polyclonal stimulus, inducing a rapid production of IFN-gamma even without previous exposure to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Ariaans
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
The modulation of the immune response is a common practice of many highly pathogenic viruses. The emergence of the highly pathogenic coronavirus severe acute respiratory virus (SARS-CoV) serves as a robust model system to elucidate the virus-host interactions that mediate severe end-stage lung disease in humans and animals. Coronaviruses encode the largest positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 30 kb, encode a variety of replicase and accessory open reading frames that are structurally unique, and encode novel enzymatic functions among RNA viruses. These viruses have broad or specific host ranges, suggesting the possibility of novel strategies for targeting and regulating host innate immune responses following virus infection. Using SARS-CoV as a model, we review the current literature on the ability of coronaviruses to interact with and modify the host intracellular environment during infection. These studies are revealing a rich set of novel viral proteins that engage, modify, and/or disrupt host cell signaling and nuclear import machinery for the benefit of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Frieman
- University of North Carolina, 210 McGaveran-Greenberg Hall, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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29
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Scagnolari C, Trombetti S, Cicetti S, Antonelli S, Selvaggi C, Perrone L, Visca M, Romano S, Antonelli G. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus elicits a weak interferon response compared to traditional interferon-inducing viruses. Intervirology 2008; 51:217-23. [PMID: 18781076 PMCID: PMC7179525 DOI: 10.1159/000154258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate changes of interferon (IFN) production occurring over the first 48 h after infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) and to compare these changes to those induced by well-established IFN-inducing viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and Newcastle viruses (NDV). Experiments have been carried out using PBMCs of 10 different healthy donors. The results showed that the antiviral activity of IFN contained in the supernatant of SARS-CoV-infected PBMCs was lower than those induced by VSV and NDV. Consequently, SARS-CoV induces a lower synthesis of IFN-alpha, -beta and -gamma compared to VSV and NDV. Characterization of the profile of IFN-alpha subtypes genes expression in SARS-CoV-infected PBMCs demonstrated that the level of IFN-alpha2 and -6 subtypes were higher compared to other IFN-alpha subtypes namely, IFN-alpha5, -8, -10, -13/1, -17, and -21. In conclusion, SARS-CoV induces IFNs to a less extent compared to VSV and NDV, thus suggesting that the IFN system does play a limited role in early host defense against SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Experimental Medicine - Virology Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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30
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Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, Danesh A, Bermejo-Martin JF, Cameron CM, Muller MP, Gold WL, Richardson SE, Poutanen SM, Willey BM, DeVries ME, Fang Y, Seneviratne C, Bosinger SE, Persad D, Wilkinson P, Greller LD, Somogyi R, Humar A, Keshavjee S, Louie M, Loeb MB, Brunton J, McGeer AJ, Kelvin DJ. Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol 2007; 81:8692-706. [PMID: 17537853 PMCID: PMC1951379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00527-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not understood how immune inflammation influences the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). One area of strong controversy is the role of interferon (IFN) responses in the natural history of SARS. The fact that the majority of SARS patients recover after relatively moderate illness suggests that the prevailing notion of deficient type I IFN-mediated immunity, with hypercytokinemia driving a poor clinical course, is oversimplified. We used proteomic and genomic technology to systematically analyze host innate and adaptive immune responses of 40 clinically well-described patients with SARS during discrete phases of illness from the onset of symptoms to discharge or a fatal outcome. A novel signature of high IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IFN-stimulated chemokine levels, plus robust antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, accompanied early SARS sequelae. As acute illness progressed, SARS patients entered a crisis phase linked to oxygen saturation profiles. The majority of SARS patients resolved IFN responses at crisis and expressed adaptive immune genes. In contrast, patients with poor outcomes showed deviated ISG and immunoglobulin gene expression levels, persistent chemokine levels, and deficient anti-SARS spike antibody production. We contend that unregulated IFN responses during acute-phase SARS may culminate in a malfunction of the switch from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. The potential for the use of the gene signatures we describe in this study to better assess the immunopathology and clinical management of severe viral infections, such as SARS and avian influenza (H5N1), is therefore worth careful examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cameron
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, University Health Network, MaRS Centre, 3-916 TMDT, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Abstract
The emergence of the highly pathogenic SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has reignited interest in coronavirus biology and pathogenesis. An emerging theme in coronavirus pathogenesis is that the interaction between specific viral genes and the host immune system, specifically the innate immune system, functions as a key determinant in regulating virulence and disease outcomes. Using SARS-CoV as a model, we will review the current knowledge of the interplay between coronavirus infection and the host innate immune system in vivo, and then discuss the mechanisms by which specific gene products antagonize the host innate immune response in cell culture models. Our data suggests that the SARS-CoV uses specific strategies to evade and antagonize the sensing and signaling arms of the interferon pathway. We summarize by identifying future points of consideration that will contribute greatly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing coronavirus pathogenesis and virulence, and the development of severe disease in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Frieman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A, Muller MP, Kelvin DJ. Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res 2007; 133:13-9. [PMID: 17374415 PMCID: PMC7114310 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Progressive immune-associated injury is a hallmark of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Viral evasion of innate immunity, hypercytokinemia and systemic immunopathology in the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV) infected host have been suggested as possible mechanisms for the cause of severe pathology and morbidity in SARS patients. The molecular and cellular basis for how SARS CoV impacts the host immune system resulting in severe SARS, however, has not been elucidated. The variable clinical course of SARS may be the result of complex programs of host responses against the infectious agent. Therefore, the systematic analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS CoV is imperative in building as complete an immunological model as possible of host immunity and inflammatory responses during illness. Here we review recent advances in SARS immunopathogenesis research and present a summary of our findings regarding host responses in SARS patients. We contend that dysregulated type I and II interferon (IFN) responses during SARS may culminate in a failure of the switch from hyper-innate immunity to protective adaptive immune responses in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cameron
- University Health Network, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Amici C, Caro AD, Ciucci A, Chiappa L, Castilletti C, Martella V, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C, Capobianchi MR, Santoro MG. Indomethacin Has a Potent Antiviral Activity against Sars Coronavirus. Antivir Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350601100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging, highly transmissible and fatal disease caused by a previously unknown coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Existing in non-identified animal reservoirs, SARS-CoV continues to represent a threat to humans because there is no effective specific antiviral therapy for coronavirus infections. Objectives Starting from the observation that cyclopentenone cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites are active against several RNA viruses, we investigated the effect of the COX inhibitor indomethacin on coronavirus replication. Methods Work involving infectious SARS-CoV was performed in biosafety level 3 facilities. SARS-CoV was grown in monkey VERO cells and human lung epithelial A549 cells, while canine coronavirus (CCoV) was grown in A72 canine cells. Antiviral activity was analysed by determining infective virus titres by TCID50, viral RNA synthesis by Northern blot analysis and real-time RT-PCR, and viral protein synthesis by SDS-PAGE analysis after 35S-methio-nine-labelling. Antiviral efficacy in vivo was determined by evaluating virus titres in CCoV-infected dogs treated orally with 1 mg/kg body weight indomethacin (INDO). Results Unexpectedly, we found that INDO has a potent direct antiviral activity against the coronaviruses SARS-CoV and CCoV. INDO does not affect coronavirus binding or entry into host cells, but acts by blocking viral RNA synthesis at cytoprotective doses. This effect is independent of cyclooxygenase inhibition. INDO's potent antiviral activity (>1,000-fold reduction in virus yield) was confirmed in vivo in CCoV-infected dogs. Conclusions The results identify INDO as a potent inhibitor of coronavirus replication and suggest that, having both anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity, INDO could be beneficial in SARS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Amici
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Chiappa
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’, Rome, Italy
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34
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Poccia F, Agrati C, Castilletti C, Bordi L, Gioia C, Horejsh D, Ippolito G, Chan PKS, Hui DSC, Sung JJY, Capobianchi MR, Malkovsky M. Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus immune responses: the role played by V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1244-9. [PMID: 16586361 PMCID: PMC7110256 DOI: 10.1086/502975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) strain. Analyses of T cell repertoires in health care workers who survived SARS-CoV infection during the 2003 outbreak revealed that their effector memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cell populations were selectively expanded ∼3 months after the onset of disease. No such expansion of their αβ T cell pools was detected. The expansion of the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell population was associated with higher anti–SARS-CoV immunoglobulin G titers. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells display an interferon-γ–dependent anti–SARS-CoV activity and are able to directly kill SARS-CoV–infected target cells. These findings are compatible with the possibility that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells play a protective role during SARS
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Poccia
- Unit of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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