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Sallam TA, Al-Jaufy AY, Al-Shaibany KS, Ghauth AB, Best JM. Prevalence of antibodies to measles and rubella in Sana’a, Yemen. Vaccine 2006; 24:6304-8. [PMID: 16815602 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of antibodies to measles and rubella was tested in sera collected from 1368 subjects in urban and rural Sana'a. Overall, 11.7% had no antibodies to measles and 14.6% had no antibodies to rubella, despite the fact that measles but not rubella vaccine is included in the vaccination program in Yemen. Of 89 children <5 years of age 49 (55.1%) had no detectable antibodies to measles, demonstrating that supplementary measles immunization campaigns are required to prevent virus circulation. Assessment of measles immune status among infants in the first year of life is required to determine the optimum age for measles vaccination. Rubella vaccination should be considered with care in Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Sallam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen
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IBRAHIM S, ABDALLAH A, SALEH E, OSTERHAUS A, DE SWART R. Measles virus-specific antibody levels in Sudanese infants: a prospective study using filter-paper blood samples. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:79-85. [PMID: 16409653 PMCID: PMC2870356 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805004620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective birth cohort study in rural Sudan to assess measles virus (MV)-specific antibody levels at different time points in infancy. Dried blood spots were collected on filter paper at birth (cord blood) and at ages 6, 12 and 24 months (heel-prick). Maternally derived MV-specific antibody levels were high in cord blood samples, but at the age of 6 months had dropped below cut-off values in half of the infants. By extrapolation it was concluded that the current Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) target age for measles vaccination of 9 months was an appropriate choice for this area. At the age of 24 months acquired MV-specific antibodies were detected in 65-85% of the cohort, which corresponded well with the 79% of infants reported to be vaccinated by this age. This study demonstrates the usefulness of filter paper blood samples for seroepidemiological studies in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. IBRAHIM
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A. ABDALLAH
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. A. SALEH
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - R. L. DE SWART
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence: Dr R. L. de Swart, Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ()
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Tran TNT, de Vries PJ, Hoang LP, Phan GT, Le HQ, Tran BQ, Vo CMT, Nguyen NV, Kager PA, Nagelkerke N, Groen J. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for dengue virus IgM and IgG antibodies in serum and filter paper blood. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:13. [PMID: 16436203 PMCID: PMC1403783 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reproducibilty of dengue IgM and IgG ELISA was studied in serum and filter paper blood spots from Vietnamese febrile patients. METHODS 781 pairs of acute (t0) and convalescent sera, obtained after three weeks (t3) and 161 corresponding pairs of filter paper blood spots were tested with ELISA for dengue IgG and IgM. 74 serum pairs were tested again in another laboratory with similar methods, after a mean of 252 days. RESULTS Cases were classified as no dengue (10 %), past dengue (55%) acute primary (7%) or secondary (28%) dengue. Significant differences between the two laboratories' results were found leading to different diagnostic classification (kappa 0.46, p < 0.001). Filter paper results correlated poorly to serum values, being more variable and lower with a mean (95% CI) difference of 0.82 (0.36 to 1.28) for IgMt3, 0.94 (0.51 to 1.37) for IgGt0 and 0.26 (-0.20 to 0.71) for IgGt3. This also led to differences in diagnostic classification (kappa value 0.44, p < 0.001) The duration of storage of frozen serum and dried filter papers, sealed in nylon bags in an air-conditioned room, had no significant effect on the ELISA results. CONCLUSION Dengue virus IgG antibodies in serum and filter papers was not affected by duration of storage, but was subject to inter-laboratory variability. Dengue virus IgM antibodies measured in serum reconstituted from blood spots on filter papers were lower than in serum, in particular in the acute phase of disease. Therefore this method limits its value for diagnostic confirmation of individual patients with dengue virus infections. However the detection of dengue virus IgG antibodies eluted from filter paper can be used for sero-prevalence cross sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nga T Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, the Netherlands Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology, Cho Ray Hospital, 102 B Nguyen Chi Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Peter J de Vries
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, the Netherlands Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lan Phuong Hoang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, the Netherlands Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Cho Ray Hospital, 102 B Nguyen Chi Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Giao T Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, the Netherlands Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Cho Ray Hospital, 102 B Nguyen Chi Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hung Q Le
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, the Netherlands Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Cho Ray Hospital, 102 B Nguyen Chi Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Binh Q Tran
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Cho Ray Hospital, 102 B Nguyen Chi Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chi Mai T Vo
- Department of Microbiology, Cho Ray Hospital, 102 B Nguyen Chi Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam V Nguyen
- Binh Thuan Malaria and Goiter Control Center, 133A Hai Thuong Lan Ong, Phan Thiet, Vietnam
| | - Piet A Kager
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, the Netherlands Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Nagelkerke
- Dept of Community Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666 Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jan Groen
- Department of Clinical Virology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Focus Diagnostics, Cypress CA, USA
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El Mubarak HS, Yüksel S, Mustafa OM, Ibrahim SA, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Surveillance of measles in the Sudan using filter paper blood samples. J Med Virol 2004; 73:624-30. [PMID: 15221910 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dried blood spots collected on filter paper are considered potential clinical specimens for measles surveillance because of their ease of collection, storage, and transport. The usefulness of these samples for surveillance of measles was evaluated in a field setting. Blood spots were collected by finger-prick from 316 clinically diagnosed measles patients in suburban Khartoum, mostly within a week after onset of the rash. Samples were collected between October, 2000 and April, 2003, and stored at 4 degrees C. Measles virus-specific IgM antibodies were detected in 200 (63%) of the samples using an "in-house" IgM capture ELISA. For 201 samples reconstitution and IgM measurement was repeated 1 year after initial testing with essentially the same results, showing the stability of IgM in the filter paper under these conditions. In a limited number of samples (n = 38) measles virus-specific IgM was also tested with a commercial indirect IgM ELISA. Although the results of the two assays correlated well, the "in-house" IgM capture ELISA proved slightly more sensitive. Measles virus-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplicons were obtained from 16 of 57 (28%) samples tested. Sequencing of the 3' 456 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein gene showed the continued endemic circulation of genotype B3 viruses identified previously in this region. Although problems related to limited sample quantities were encountered, the present study confirms the usefulness of dried blood spots for measles surveillance. The results also demonstrate that measles continues to be endemic in the Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S El Mubarak
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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El Mubarak HS, Ibrahim SA, Vos HW, Mukhtar MM, Mustafa OA, Wild TF, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Measles virus protein-specific IgM, IgA, and IgG subclass responses during the acute and convalescent phase of infection. J Med Virol 2004; 72:290-8. [PMID: 14695672 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The availability of new generation serological assays allowed re-evaluation of the antibody response to measles virus. IgM, IgA, total IgG, and IgG subclass responses were studied to the three major immunogenic measles virus proteins: the fusion protein (F), haemagglutinin (H), and nucleoprotein (N). Plasma samples were obtained from clinically diagnosed measles cases (n = 146) in Khartoum (Sudan) within a week after onset of the rash. Convalescent phase samples were collected from 32 of 117 laboratory-confirmed measles cases at different time points after onset of rash. Glycoprotein-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody levels correlated well to the N-specific response. For IgG and IgA, responses to F were higher than to H. IgA antibody levels were undetectable in about one third of the laboratory-confirmed cases during the acute phase, but positive in all patients tested 1-4 weeks after infection. IgM levels declined rapidly and were lost 3-6 months after infection. IgA levels declined slowly during the first year but did not return to background levels during the subsequent 2 years. IgG avidity maturation was detected during a 3-6 month period after infection. The predominant IgG subclasses during the acute phase were IgG(1) and IgG(3). The latter was lost in the convalescent phase, while the IgG(4) isotype showed a slight rise afterwards. Interestingly, acute phase IgG(3) and IgA responses were associated, and were only detected in samples with high IgG. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the antibody response to wild-type measles virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S El Mubarak
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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El Mubarak HS, van de Bildt MWG, Mustafa OA, Vos HW, Mukhtar MM, Ibrahim SA, Andeweg AC, El Hassan AM, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses circulating in suburban Khartoum, 1997-2000. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1437-1443. [PMID: 12029159 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains endemic in many East African countries, where it is often associated with high morbidity and mortality. We collected clinical specimens from Sudanese measles patients between July 1997 and July 2000. Sequencing of the 3' 456 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein gene from 33 measles virus (MV) isolates and 8 RNA samples extracted from clinical specimens demonstrated the presence of a single endemic MV strain with little sequence variation over time (overall nucleotide divergence of 0 to 1.3%). This was confirmed by sequencing of the complete H gene of two isolates from 1997 and two from 2000, in which the overall divergence ranged between 0 and 0.5%. Comparison with MV reference strains demonstrated that the viruses belonged to clade B, genotype B3, and were most closely related to a set of viruses recently isolated in Nigeria. Our study demonstrates a remarkable genetic stability of an endemically circulating MV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S El Mubarak
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - M W G van de Bildt
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - O A Mustafa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - H W Vos
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - M M Mukhtar
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - S A Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - A C Andeweg
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - A M El Hassan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - R L de Swart
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
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Ibrahim SA, Mustafa OM, Mukhtar MM, Saleh EA, El Mubarak HS, Abdallah A, El-Hassan AM, Osterhaus ADME, Groen J, De Swart RL, Zijlstra EE. Measles in suburban Khartoum: an epidemiological and clinical study. Trop Med Int Health 2002; 7:442-9. [PMID: 12000654 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological data were collected from 187 clinically diagnosed measles patients in Haj Yousif area, suburban Khartoum. Laboratory tests confirmed the diagnosis in 141 (75%) of the cases, but demonstrated that in 46 (25%) patients the clinical symptoms were not caused by an acute measles virus (MV) infection. According to their vaccination card, 59% of the laboratory-confirmed measles cases had been vaccinated for measles. Compared with non-measles rash disease cases, confirmed measles cases more often had severe illness (P < 0.0001), were dehydrated (P=0.01) at presentation and less likely to recover without complications [OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.09, 0.39)]. There was no difference in death rate (P=0.20). Underweight [weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) <or= -2 SD] was an independent predictor of recovery with complications [OR 0.4 (95% CI 0.2, 0.99)]. Severe measles cases (those who developed diarrhoea, pneumonia, otitis media, encephalitis or haemorrhagic rash) had similar vaccination rates and time intervals since vaccination as uncomplicated measles cases. Although severe measles had lower WAZ-scores (P=0.004), none of the nutritional parameters studied were predictive of outcome. Mortality was higher in the severe measles group [OR 8.8 (95% CI 1.7, 85.2)]. In 11 of 141 confirmed measles cases serological evidence of a recent infection with another virus was found, most commonly varicella zoster virus and dengue virus; spotted fever and rubella were among the most frequent diagnoses in 17 of 47 cases of the non-measles cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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