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El Mubarak HS, Ibrahim SA, Vos HW, Mukhtar MM, Mustafa OA, Wild TF, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Measles virus protein-specific IgM, IgA, and IgG subclass responses during the acute and convalescent phase of infection. J Med Virol 2004; 72:290-8. [PMID: 14695672 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The availability of new generation serological assays allowed re-evaluation of the antibody response to measles virus. IgM, IgA, total IgG, and IgG subclass responses were studied to the three major immunogenic measles virus proteins: the fusion protein (F), haemagglutinin (H), and nucleoprotein (N). Plasma samples were obtained from clinically diagnosed measles cases (n = 146) in Khartoum (Sudan) within a week after onset of the rash. Convalescent phase samples were collected from 32 of 117 laboratory-confirmed measles cases at different time points after onset of rash. Glycoprotein-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody levels correlated well to the N-specific response. For IgG and IgA, responses to F were higher than to H. IgA antibody levels were undetectable in about one third of the laboratory-confirmed cases during the acute phase, but positive in all patients tested 1-4 weeks after infection. IgM levels declined rapidly and were lost 3-6 months after infection. IgA levels declined slowly during the first year but did not return to background levels during the subsequent 2 years. IgG avidity maturation was detected during a 3-6 month period after infection. The predominant IgG subclasses during the acute phase were IgG(1) and IgG(3). The latter was lost in the convalescent phase, while the IgG(4) isotype showed a slight rise afterwards. Interestingly, acute phase IgG(3) and IgA responses were associated, and were only detected in samples with high IgG. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the antibody response to wild-type measles virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S El Mubarak
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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El Mubarak HS, van de Bildt MWG, Mustafa OA, Vos HW, Mukhtar MM, Ibrahim SA, Andeweg AC, El Hassan AM, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses circulating in suburban Khartoum, 1997-2000. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1437-1443. [PMID: 12029159 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains endemic in many East African countries, where it is often associated with high morbidity and mortality. We collected clinical specimens from Sudanese measles patients between July 1997 and July 2000. Sequencing of the 3' 456 nucleotides of the nucleoprotein gene from 33 measles virus (MV) isolates and 8 RNA samples extracted from clinical specimens demonstrated the presence of a single endemic MV strain with little sequence variation over time (overall nucleotide divergence of 0 to 1.3%). This was confirmed by sequencing of the complete H gene of two isolates from 1997 and two from 2000, in which the overall divergence ranged between 0 and 0.5%. Comparison with MV reference strains demonstrated that the viruses belonged to clade B, genotype B3, and were most closely related to a set of viruses recently isolated in Nigeria. Our study demonstrates a remarkable genetic stability of an endemically circulating MV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S El Mubarak
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - M W G van de Bildt
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - O A Mustafa
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - H W Vos
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - M M Mukhtar
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - S A Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - A C Andeweg
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - A M El Hassan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan2
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
| | - R L de Swart
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands1
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Stittelaar KJ, Kuiken T, de Swart RL, van Amerongen G, Vos HW, Niesters HG, van Schalkwijk P, van der Kwast T, Wyatt LS, Moss B, Osterhaus AD. Safety of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in immune-suppressed macaques. Vaccine 2001; 19:3700-9. [PMID: 11395204 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based recombinant viruses have been shown to be potent vaccine candidates for several infectious and neoplastic diseases. Since a major application of these live, replication-deficient vectors would be their use in immunocompromised or potentially immunocompromised individuals, a preclinical safety study was carried out. Macaques were inoculated with high doses of MVA (10(9)) via various routes, after immune-suppression by total-body irradiation, anti-thymocyte globulin treatment, or measles virus (MV) infection. No clinical, haematological or pathological abnormalities related to MVA inoculation were observed during a 13-day follow-up period. The presence of MVA genomes was demonstrated by nested PCR during the course of the experiment in all macaques, but from none of these animals replication competent MVA could be reisolated. These data suggest that MVA can safely be used as a basis for recombinant human vaccines, and that it is also safe for use in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Stittelaar
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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de Swart RL, El Mubarak HS, Vos HW, Mustafa OM, Abdallah A, Groen J, Mukhtar MM, Zijlstra EE, El Hassan AM, Wild TF, Ibrahim SA, Osterhaus AD. Prevention of measles in Sudan: a prospective study on vaccination, diagnosis and epidemiology. Vaccine 2001; 19:2254-7. [PMID: 11257343 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of safe and effective live attenuated vaccines, measles continues to be endemic in many developing countries. Control and elimination of measles will be especially difficult in East Africa, because of its limited infrastructure and political instability. We have studied diagnostic and epidemiological aspects of measles in suburban Khartoum, Sudan. Prospective studies were carried out in a cohort of clinically diagnosed measles cases and in a cohort of newborns, which were both followed up for 2 years. The studies intended to provide a rational basis for improvement of measles vaccination strategies, and strengthen measles research infrastructure in Khartoum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L de Swart
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Stittelaar KJ, Wyatt LS, de Swart RL, Vos HW, Groen J, van Amerongen G, van Binnendijk RS, Rozenblatt S, Moss B, Osterhaus AD. Protective immunity in macaques vaccinated with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based measles virus vaccine in the presence of passively acquired antibodies. J Virol 2000; 74:4236-43. [PMID: 10756037 PMCID: PMC111939 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.9.4236-4243.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoding the measles virus (MV) fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) (MVA-FH) glycoproteins, was evaluated in an MV vaccination-challenge model with macaques. Animals were vaccinated twice in the absence or presence of passively transferred MV-neutralizing macaque antibodies and challenged 1 year later intratracheally with wild-type MV. After the second vaccination with MVA-FH, all the animals developed MV-neutralizing antibodies and MV-specific T-cell responses. Although MVA-FH was slightly less effective in inducing MV-neutralizing antibodies in the absence of passively transferred antibodies than the currently used live attenuated vaccine, it proved to be more effective in the presence of such antibodies. All vaccinated animals were effectively protected from the challenge infection. These data suggest that MVA-FH should be further tested as an alternative to the current vaccine for infants with maternally acquired MV-neutralizing antibodies and for adults with waning vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Stittelaar
- The Institute of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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el Mubarak HS, Van De Bildt MW, Mustafa OA, Vos HW, Mukhtar MM, Groen J, el Hassan AM, Niesters HG, Ibrahim SA, Zijlstra EE, Wild TF, Osterhaus AD, De Swart RL. Serological and virological characterization of clinically diagnosed cases of measles in suburban Khartoum. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:987-91. [PMID: 10698984 PMCID: PMC86319 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.987-991.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles continues to be a major childhood disease in terms of global morbidity and mortality. In the main areas of its endemicity the only available means of diagnosis are based on clinical criteria: the presence of a maculopapular rash and fever accompanied by cough, coryza, and/or conjunctivitis. We have studied 38 clinically diagnosed cases of measles in Khartoum, Sudan, by means of serology, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) on throat swabs and virus isolation from lymphocytes. On the basis of serology, 28 patients were diagnosed as having an acute measles virus (MV) infection, while in 10 cases the clinical symptoms proved to have other causes. It was shown that in cases with low serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, an additional measurement of IgG or virus-neutralizing antibodies was necessary to discriminate between patients with an acute MV infection sampled during an early stage of the disease and patients who had experienced an MV infection in the more distant past. The serological laboratory diagnosis was validated by an MV-specific RT-PCR: for all confirmed measles cases tested a fragment of the correct size which hybridized with a third MV-specific primer could be amplified, while all serologically negative cases were also RT-PCR negative. MV could be isolated from 17 out of 23 of the serologically confirmed cases, demonstrating that virus isolation is less reliable as a diagnostic tool than serology or RT-PCR. This study stresses the urgent need for a rapid diagnostic field test for measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S el Mubarak
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Hartter HK, de Swart RL, Hanses F, Vos HW, Bouche FB, Osterhaus AD, Schneider F, Muller CP. Evaluation of different measles IgG assays based on recombinant proteins using a panel of low-titre sera. J Virol Methods 2000; 84:191-200. [PMID: 10680969 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During the WHO campaign to eradicate measles, accurate discrimination between immune and non-immune individuals will become increasingly important. Due to waning immunity in vaccinated populations, the performance of a measles IgG assay depends mainly on its ability to detect reliably seronegative individuals among many vaccinees with low antibody levels. New serological tests based on recombinant proteins detect only a fraction of the total measles virus (MV) specific antibodies. Therefore, several assays based on recombinant MV-haemagglutinin (ELISA and flow cytometry) or MV-fusion protein (flow cytometry) as well as neutralisatlon and haemagglutination test have been evaluated using a large panel of low-titre and negative sera. Since such an evaluation is highly dependent on threshold values for positivity, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied. The H-FACS and the H-ELISA showed the best performing characteristics (specificity: 97.4 and 96.1%, respectively; sensitivity: 88.1 and 89.6%, respectively) and may be an alternative to the neutralisation assay. The number of undefined/grey zone sera was significantly lower compared to a commercial whole virus-based ELISA and therefore fewer individuals would be vaccinated unnecessarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Hartter
- Department of Immunology and WHO Collaborating Center for Measles, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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de Swart RL, Vos HW, UytdeHaag FG, Osterhaus AD, van Binnendijk RS. Measles virus fusion protein- and hemagglutinin-transfected cell lines are a sensitive tool for the detection of specific antibodies by a FACS-measured immunofluorescence assay. J Virol Methods 1998; 71:35-44. [PMID: 9628219 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A FACS-measured immunofluorescence assay was developed for the detection of antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) glycoproteins of measles virus (MV). Human melanoma cell lines transfected with either the MV H or F genes, which showed a high surface expression of the respective proteins in their native conformation, were used as target cells. The cells were incubated with diluted plasma samples, and stained subsequently with FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies. The FACS-measured fluorescence signals correlated directly with the amount of specific immunoglobulins over a wide concentration range. The use of different conjugates enabled the separate detection of MV-specific IgG, IgM, IgA and IgG subclasses, with relatively low backgrounds. Hemagglutinin-specific IgG, IgM and IgA fluorescence signals were shown to correlate well with MV-specific IgG ELISA titers and MV-specific IgM or IgA capture ELISA OD450-values, respectively. The polyclonal conjugates with specificity for human immunoglobulins offered sufficient cross-reactivity to detect MV-specific IgG, IgM and IgA in plasma samples of cynomolgus macaques, making this technique a useful tool for studying serological responses in vaccination and challenge experiments in non-human primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L de Swart
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 1,042 marine mammals off the coast of Alaska (USA) and Russia during the period 1978 to 1994. Eight species of pinnipeds were represented. Sera were tested for presence of neutralizing antibodies to both the PB84 isolate of phocid herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1) and the 7848/Han90 strain of phocid herpesvirus-2 (PhHV-2). Species-specific antibody prevalences ranged from 22% to 77% for PhHV-1 and 11% to 50% for PhHV-2. Species-specific antibody prevalences for PhHV-1 were greater than or equal to prevalences for PhHV-2. For both viruses and each host species, differences in antibody prevalences were not related to: (1) sex, (2) location of capture, or (3) year of collection. Antibody prevalence of PhHV-1 in walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) could be quantitatively predicted as a function of age. These two viruses have distinct biological properties and based on current data the epizootiology of the two viruses is different, as well. No evidence of herpesvirus-induced mortality has been detected in areas included in this survey. Based on results of this survey, neither PhHV-1 nor PhHV-2 are considered significant mortality factors in mammals which inhabit the marine environment off the coast of Alaska or Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Zarnke
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks 99701-1599, USA
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de Swart RL, Harder TC, Ross PS, Vos HW, Osterhaus AD. Morbilliviruses and morbillivirus diseases of marine mammals. Infect Agents Dis 1995; 4:125-30. [PMID: 8548190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, serious disease outbreaks among seals and dolphins were attributed to infection with established or newly recognized morbilliviruses. The first identification of a morbillivirus as causative agent of mass mortality among marine mammals was in 1988, when the previously unrecognized phocine distemper virus (PDV) caused the death of 20,000 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in northwestern Europe. A similar epizootic among Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) in Siberia in 1987 was later attributed to infection with canine distemper virus (CDV). A morbillivirus isolated from stranded harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) between 1988 and 1990 proved to be yet another new member of the genus Morbillivirus, distinct from PDV and CDV and more closely related to rinderpest virus and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus: porpoise morbillivirus. A similar virus, dolphin morbillivirus, was the primary cause of mass mortality among striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Mediterranean from 1990 to 1992. In this review, current knowledge of the genetic and antigenic relationships of these viruses is presented, and the origin and epizootiological aspects of the newly discovered morbilliviruses are discussed. In addition, the possible contributory role of environmental contaminant-related immunosuppression in the severity and extent of the different disease outbreaks is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L de Swart
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Center, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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De Swart RL, Ross PS, Timmerman HH, Vos HW, Reijnders PJ, Vos JG, Osterhaus AD. Impaired cellular immune response in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on environmentally contaminated herring. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 101:480-6. [PMID: 7664495 PMCID: PMC1553226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In a 2.5-year immunotoxicological study, two groups of captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were fed herring from the heavily polluted Baltic Sea or from the relatively uncontaminated Atlantic Ocean. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals, and functional immunological parameters were monitored. T cell mitogen and mixed lymphocyte-induced proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from seals fed Baltic herring were significantly reduced over the course of experiment. Upon immunization with rabies virus antigen (RV) and tetanus toxoid (TT), specific proliferative responses of PBMC from the seals fed Baltic herring were also significantly reduced. Impairment of T cell-mediated immune responses became especially apparent during the second year on the respective diets, and correlated significantly to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent levels in blubber biopsies taken from the seals after 2 years on the respective diets. Humoral immune responses, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lymphoproliferative responses, in vitro immunoglobulin production by PBMC, as well as RV-, TT-and poliovirus-specific serum antibody responses following immunization, remained largely unaffected. We conclude that suppression of the cellular immune response in the seals fed Baltic herring was induced by the chronic exposure to immunotoxic environmental contaminants accumulated through the food chain. Since cellular immune responses are known to be of crucial importance in the clearance of morbillivirus infections, these results suggest that environmental pollution-related immunosuppression may have contributed to the severity and extent of recent morbillivirus-related mass mortalities among marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L De Swart
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Several disease outbreaks, which have caused the deaths of many thousands of seals and dolphins during the last decade, have now been attributed to infections with newly identified Morbilliviruses. Outbreaks in the late eighties amongst harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in northwestern Europe and amongst baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) in Siberia were caused by the newly discovered phocine distemper virus and by a strain of canine distemper virus, respectively. Although closely related these two viruses were not identical. They were more distantly related to the viruses which caused mass mortality amongst striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Mediterranean sea in the early nineties. This dolphin morbillivirus was shown to be closely related to a virus that was found in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) which had stranded at the coasts of northwestern Europe in the late eighties: porpoise morbillivirus. The present knowledge of the genetic and antigenic relationships of these apparently new members of the genus Morbillivirus with the established members of the genus is presented. In addition, the origin and epizootiological aspects of these newly discovered viruses are discussed. Finally experimental evidence that environmental pollution may have contributed to the severity and extent of these infections in recent years is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Osterhaus
- Department of Virology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Visser IK, Vedder EJ, Vos HW, van de Bildt MW, Osterhaus AD. Continued presence of phocine distemper virus in the Dutch Wadden Sea seal population. Vet Rec 1993; 133:320-2. [PMID: 8236669 DOI: 10.1136/vr.133.13.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I K Visser
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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Visser IK, Van Bressem MF, de Swart RL, van de Bildt MW, Vos HW, van der Heijden RW, Saliki JT, Orvell C, Kitching P, Kuiken T. Characterization of morbilliviruses isolated from dolphins and porpoises in Europe. J Gen Virol 1993; 74 ( Pt 4):631-41. [PMID: 8468554 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-4-631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously unidentified morbillivirus was isolated from two harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) that had died in the Dutch Waddensea (North Sea) in 1990. This porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) and a dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), which had recently caused a heavy mortality in Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), were compared antigenically with other members of the genus Morbillivirus, including the newly recognized phocine distemper virus type 1. DMV and PMV proved to be similar but distinct morbillivurses, closely related to rinderpest virus and peste-des-petitsruminants virus. Cell cultures of cetacean, pinniped, ruminant and canine origin showed a different pattern of susceptibility to DMV and PMV infection. Ruminants and dogs proved to be susceptible to experimental infection with DMV and PMV, which both caused a transient leukopenia most pronounced in the ruminants. Pre-exposure of dogs to DMV and PMV protected them from developing CDV viraemia and clinical signs upon challenge infection with virulent CDV. A serological survey among stranded animals of different cetacean species in Europe indicated that infections with DMV- and PMV-like morbilliviruses are not uncommon among these aquatic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Visser
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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Osterhaus AD, Broeders HW, Teppema JS, Kuiken T, House JA, Vos HW, Visser IK. Isolation of a virus with rhabdovirus morphology from a white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Arch Virol 1993; 133:189-93. [PMID: 8240009 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A virus with rhabdovirus morphology which proved to be antigenically distinct from rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus was isolated from a dolphin that had beached on the Dutch coast. Neutralizing antibodies to this virus were found in several European marine mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Osterhaus
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Vos HW, Rietveld GGA, MacLean C, Velthorst NH. Ion-pair formation of the carbanions of xanthene and thioxanthene, studied by their absorption and fluorescence spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1039/f29767201636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vos HW, MaClean C, Velthorst NH. Structure of contact ion pairs in the ground and first excited states. Aromatic closed-shell anions containing a five-membered ring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1039/f29767200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vos HW, Bakker YW, MacLean C, Velthorst NH. The NMR spectra of the carbanions of xanthene and thioxanthene. Evidence for paratropism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1270060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vos HW, Blom HH, Velthorst NH, MacLean C. A spectroscopic study of carbanions and corresponding nitranions: ion pair formation in the ground state and the first excited state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1039/p29720000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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