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Kim EY, Kim TW, Awji EG, Lee EB, Park SC. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin C 1, C 1a and C 2 in Healthy and Infected Piglets. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:372. [PMID: 38667048 PMCID: PMC11047434 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is a mixture of therapeutically active C1, C1a, C2 and other minor components. Despite its decades-long use in pigs and other species, its intramuscular (IM) pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PKs/PDs) are unknown in piglets. Furthermore, the PKs of many drugs differ between healthy and sick animals. Therefore, we investigated the PKs of gentamicin after a single IM dose (10 mg/kg) in healthy piglets and piglets that were intranasally co-infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida (PM). The plasma concentrations were measured using validated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The gentamicin exposure was 36% lower based on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and 16% lower based on the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) in the infected piglets compared to the healthy piglets, while it was eliminated faster (shorter half-life and larger clearance) in the infected piglets compared to the healthy piglets. The clearance and volume of distribution were the highest for the C1 component. C1, C1a and C2 accounted for 22-25%, 33-37% and 40-42% of the total gentamicin exposure, respectively. The PK/PD target for the efficacy of aminoglycosides (Cmax/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 10) could be exceeded for PM, with a greater magnitude in the healthy piglets. We suggest integrating this PK information with antibiotic susceptibility data for other bacteria to make informed antibiotic and dosage regimen selections against piglet infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.-Y.K.); (E.G.A.)
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
| | - Elias Gebru Awji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.-Y.K.); (E.G.A.)
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.-Y.K.); (E.G.A.)
- Veterinary Drugs & Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (E.-Y.K.); (E.G.A.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Guarneri F, Romeo C, Scali F, Zoppi S, Formenti N, Maisano AM, Catania S, Gottschalk M, Alborali GL. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in Italian pig farms from 2015 to 2022. Vet Res 2024; 55:48. [PMID: 38594744 PMCID: PMC11005290 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a bacterium frequently associated with porcine pleuropneumonia. The acute form of the disease is highly contagious and often fatal, resulting in significant economic losses for pig farmers. Serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of APP strains circulating in north Italian farms from 2015 to 2022 were evaluated retrospectively to investigate APP epidemiology in the area. A total of 572 strains isolated from outbreaks occurring in 337 different swine farms were analysed. The majority of isolates belonged to serotypes 9/11 (39.2%) and 2 (28.1%) and serotype diversity increased during the study period, up to nine different serotypes isolated in 2022. The most common resistances were against tetracycline (53% of isolates) and ampicillin (33%), followed by enrofloxacin, florfenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (23% each). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was common, with a third of isolates showing resistance to more than three antimicrobial classes. Resistance to the different classes and MDR varied significantly depending on the serotype. In particular, the widespread serotype 9/11 was strongly associated with florfenicol and enrofloxacin resistance and showed the highest proportion of MDR isolates. Serotype 5, although less common, showed instead a concerning proportion of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. Our results highlight how the typing of circulating serotypes and the analysis of their antimicrobial susceptibility profile are crucial to effectively manage APP infection and improve antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - G Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Yang J, Zhang X, Dong J, Zhang Q, Sun E, Chen C, Miao Z, Zheng Y, Zhang N, Tao P. De novo identification of bacterial antigens of a clinical isolate by combining use of proteosurfaceomics, secretomics, and BacScan technologies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274027. [PMID: 38098490 PMCID: PMC10720918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to both human and animal populations. Rapid de novo identification of protective antigens from a clinical isolate and development of an antigen-matched vaccine is a golden strategy to prevent the spread of emerging novel pathogens. Methods Here, we focused on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which poses a serious threat to the pig industry, and developed a general workflow by integrating proteosurfaceomics, secretomics, and BacScan technologies for the rapid de novo identification of bacterial protective proteins from a clinical isolate. Results As a proof of concept, we identified 3 novel protective proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae. Using the protective protein HBS1_14 and toxin proteins, we have developed a promising multivalent subunit vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae. Discussion We believe that our strategy can be applied to any bacterial pathogen and has the potential to significantly accelerate the development of antigen-matched vaccines to prevent the spread of an emerging novel bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Erchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuangxia Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifei Zheng
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Neixiang Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Neixiang Animal Health Supervision, Neixiang Animal Husbandry Bureau, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Soto Perezchica MM, Guerrero Barrera AL, Avelar Gonzalez FJ, Quezada Tristan T, Macias Marin O. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, surface proteins and virulence: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276712. [PMID: 38098987 PMCID: PMC10720984 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is a globally distributed Gram-negative bacterium that produces porcine pleuropneumonia. This highly contagious disease produces high morbidity and mortality in the swine industry. However, no effective vaccine exists to prevent it. The infection caused by App provokes characteristic lesions, such as edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis, that involve different virulence factors. The colonization and invasion of host surfaces involved structures and proteins such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), pili, flagella, adhesins, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), also participates proteases, autotransporters, and lipoproteins. The recent findings on surface structures and proteins described in this review highlight them as potential immunogens for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Soto Perezchica
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alma L. Guerrero Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Avelar Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Teodulo Quezada Tristan
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo Macias Marin
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Lee EB, Abbas MA, Park J, Tassew DD, Park SC. Optimizing tylosin dosage for co-infection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in pigs using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1258403. [PMID: 37808183 PMCID: PMC10556534 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1258403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Formulating a therapeutic strategy that can effectively combat concurrent infections of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) can be challenging. This study aimed to 1) establish minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time kill curve, and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of tylosin against A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida pig isolates and employ the MIC data for the development of epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) values; 2) estimate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of tylosin following its intramuscular (IM) administration (20 mg/kg) in healthy and infected pigs; and 3) establish a PK-pharmacodynamic (PD) integrated model and predict optimal dosing regimens and PK/PD cutoff values for tylosin in healthy and infected pigs. The MIC of tylosin against both 89 and 363 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida strains spread widely, ranging from 1 to 256 μg/mL and from 0.5 to 128 μg/mL, respectively. According to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) ECOFFinder analysis ECOFF value (≤64 µg/mL), 97.75% (87 strains) of the A. pleuropnumoniae isolates were wild-type, whereas with the same ECOFF value (≤64 µg/mL), 99.72% (363 strains) of the P. multicoda isolates were considered wild-type to tylosin. Area under the concentration time curve (AUC), T1/2, and Cmax values were significantly greater in healthy pigs than those in infected pigs (13.33 h × μg/mL, 1.99 h, and 5.79 μg/mL vs. 10.46 h × μg/mL, 1.83 h, and 3.59 μg/mL, respectively) (p < 0.05). In healthy pigs, AUC24 h/MIC values for the bacteriostatic activity were 0.98 and 1.10 h; for the bactericidal activity, AUC24 h/MIC values were 1.97 and 1.99 h for A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida, respectively. In infected pigs, AUC24 h/MIC values for the bacteriostatic activity were 1.03 and 1.12 h; for bactericidal activity, AUC24 h/MIC values were 2.54 and 2.36 h for A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation lead to a 2 μg/mL calculated PK/PD cutoff. Managing co-infections can present challenges, as it often demands the administration of multiple antibiotics to address diverse pathogens. However, using tylosin, which effectively targets both A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida in pigs, may enhance the control of bacterial burden. By employing an optimized dosage of 11.94-15.37 mg/kg and 25.17-27.79 mg/kg of tylosin can result in achieving bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects in 90% of co-infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Aleem Abbas
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- DIVA Bio Incorporation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Haach V, Bastos APA, Gava D, da Fonseca FN, Morés MAZ, Coldebella A, Franco AC, Schaefer R. A polyvalent virosomal influenza vaccine induces broad cellular and humoral immunity in pigs. Virol J 2023; 20:181. [PMID: 37587490 PMCID: PMC10428566 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. METHODS This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. RESULTS A robust humoral and cellular immune response was induced against the three IAV subtypes in pigs after two vaccine doses. The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing activity. Furthermore, it induced a significant maturation of macrophages, and proliferation of B lymphocytes, effector and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T lymphocytes producing interferon-γ. Also, the vaccine demonstrated potential to confer long-lasting immunity until the market age of pigs and proved to be safe and non-cytotoxic to pigs. CONCLUSIONS This virosome platform allows flexibility to adjust the vaccine content to reflect the diversity of circulating IAVs in swine in Brazil. The vaccination of pigs may reduce the impact of the disease on swine production and the risk of swine-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Haach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Francisco Noé da Fonseca
- Embrapa Sede, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70770-901, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rejane Schaefer
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil.
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Lee EB, Sayem SAJ, Lee GY, Kim TW, Hossain MA, Park SC. Assessment of Plasma Tylosin Concentrations: A Comparative Study of Immunoassay, Microbiological Assay, and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1023. [PMID: 37370342 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing affordable and uncomplicated sample preparation techniques to recommend the most efficient antibacterial therapy could help reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the suitability of immunoassays and microbiological assays as alternatives for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) in determining plasma tylosin concentrations after intramuscular administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg to both healthy and diseased pigs in clinical veterinary practice. The diseased pigs were confirmed using the target genes Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (apxIVA) and Pasteurella multocida (kmt1). The methods showed good linearity, precision, and accuracy. In both healthy and diseased pigs, a significant correlation was observed between LC/MS and the microbiological assay (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.930, p < 0.001 vs. Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.950, p < 0.001) and between LC/MS and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.933; p < 0.001 vs. Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.976, p < 0.001). A strong correlation was observed between the microbiological assay and the ELISA in both healthy and diseased pigs (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.911; p < 0.001 vs. Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.908, p < 0.001). A Bland-Altman analysis revealed good agreement between the methods, i.e., 95% of the differences were within the limits of agreement. Therefore, the microbiological assay and the ELISA, which demonstrated sufficient precision and accuracy, can be viable alternatives to LC/MS when it is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Al Jawad Sayem
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Akil Hossain
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Zhao F, Xu H, Chen Y, Xiao J, Zhang M, Li Z, Liu J, Qi C. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae FliY and YdjN are involved in cysteine/cystine utilization, oxidative resistance, and biofilm formation but are not determinants of virulence. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1169774. [PMID: 37250053 PMCID: PMC10213525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) is a member of Actinobacillus in family Pasteurellaceae. It is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, which has caused huge economic losses to pig industry over the world. Cysteine is a precursor of many important biomolecules and defense compounds in the cell. However, molecular mechanisms of cysteine transport in A. pleuropneumoniae are unclear. Methods In this study, gene-deleted mutants were generated and investigated, to reveal the roles of potential cysteine/cystine transport proteins FliY and YdjN of A. pleuropneumoniae. Results Our results indicated that the growth of A. pleuropneumoniae was not affected after fliY or ydjN single gene deletion, but absence of both FliY and YdjN decreased the growth ability significantly, when cultured in the chemically defined medium (CDM) supplemented with cysteine or cystine as the only sulfur source. A. pleuropneumoniae double deletion mutant ΔfliYΔydjN showed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Besides, trans-complementation of YdjN into ΔfliYΔydjN and wild type leads to increased biofilm formation in CDM. However, the virulence of ΔfliYΔydjN was not attenuated in mice or pigs. Discussion These findings suggest that A. pleuropneumoniae FliY and YdjN are involved in the cysteine/cystine acquisition, oxidative tolerance, and biofilm formation, but not contribute to the pathogenicity of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Luan T, Wang L, Zhao J, Luan H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Langford PR, Liu S, Zhang W, Li G. A CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted rapid detection platform by biosensing the apxIVA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:928307. [PMID: 36160205 PMCID: PMC9493679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.928307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is an important respiratory pig pathogen that causes substantial losses in the worldwide swine industry. Chronic or subclinical infection with no apparent clinical symptoms poses a challenge for preventing transmission between herds. Rapid diagnostics is important for the control of epidemic diseases. In this study, we formulated an A. pleuropneumoniae species-specific apxIVA-based CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted rapid detection platform (Card) that combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of target DNA and subsequent Cas12a ssDNase activation. Card has a detection limit of 10 CFUs of A. pleuropneumoniae, and there is no cross-reactivity with other common swine pathogens. The detection process can be completed in 1 h, and there was 100% agreement between the conventional apxIVA-based PCR and Card in detecting A. pleuropneumoniae in lung samples. Microplate fluorescence readout enables high-throughput use in diagnostic laboratories, and naked eye and lateral flow test readouts enable use at the point of care. We conclude that Card is a versatile, rapid, accurate molecular diagnostic platform suitable for use in both laboratory and low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunlai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Kardos G, Sárközi R, Laczkó L, Marton S, Makrai L, Bányai K, Fodor L. Genetic Diversity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovars in Hungary. Vet Sci 2022; 9:511. [PMID: 36288125 PMCID: PMC9607985 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes severe pneumonia in pigs, resulting in high economic losses. A total of 114 isolates from pneumonia were characterized by the examination of biotype, serovar, antibiotic resistance genes, and genes of toxin production. Analyzing their genetic relationship, 16 groups of related isolates were found. The genetic diversity was different in the different groups, however. It was remarkably small in the case of serovar 13, which was unusually frequent in Hungary. Therefore, representative isolates of serovar 13 were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, confirming low diversity. Antibiotic resistance was frequently found in isolates of serovar 13 but was less frequent in other serovars. The unusually high frequency and low diversity of serovar 13 suggest a clonal spread in Hungary, which may have been facilitated by a high frequency of resistance to beta-lactams and tetracyclines. Abstract A total of 114 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from porcine hemorrhagic necrotic pleuropneumonia were characterized by the examination of biotype, serovar, antibiotic resistance genes, and genes of toxin production. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to analyze their genetic relationship, which identified 16 clusters. Serovar 2 (50 isolates), serovar 13 (25 isolates), serovar 9 (11 isolates), and serovar 16 (7 isolates) were the most frequent serovars. Serovar 2 formed nine distinguishable clusters; serovar 13 and serovar 16 were less diverse, exhibiting two potentially related subclusters; serovar 9 was represented by a single cluster. Remarkably small differences were seen in the core genome when nine representative isolates of serovar 13 were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Tetracycline resistance was relatively frequent in the two clusters of serovar 13; one of them was also frequently resistant against beta-lactams. Resistance in other serovars was sporadic. All isolates carried the apxIV gene. The toxin profiles of serovar 2 were characterized by the production of ApxII and ApxIII toxins, except for a small cluster of three isolates: serovar 9 and serovar 16 isolates produced ApxI and ApxII toxins. Serovar 13 carried apxII and apxIBD genes, indicating the production of the ApxII toxin, but not of ApxI or ApxIII. The unusually high frequency and low diversity of serovar 13 are not explained by its virulence properties, but the high frequency of resistance to beta-lactams and tetracyclines may have played a role in its spread. The emergence of serovar 16 may be facilitated by its high virulence, also explaining its high clonality.
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Zhang L, Zhao F, Xu H, Chen Y, Qi C, Liu J. HtrA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a virulence factor that confers resistance to heat shock and oxidative stress. Gene 2022; 841:146771. [PMID: 35905850 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, which is a severe and often fatal disease that results in significant economic loss. The means by which A. pleuropneumoniae survives within the host are not clear. High temperature requirement A (HtrA) proteases have been shown to affect cell viability during stressful conditions and are virulence factors in many bacterial species. In this study, we examined the biological role of HtrA during A. pleuropneumoniae infection by analyzing the impact of htrA mutation on virulence-associated phenotypes. We found that htrA mutation had a dramatic impact on stress tolerance. The htrA mutant (ΔhtrA) displayed a lethal phenotype at elevated temperature (42°C). Further, ΔhtrA exhibited increased susceptibility to H2O2-induced oxidative stress when compared to the parental strain (SLW01) and a complementation strain (ΔhtrA-Compl). Animal infection assays demonstrated that absence of HtrA led to decreased in vivo colonization ability, and ΔhtrA is less virulent in pigs relative to SLW01. Furthermore, pig competitive infection assays demonstrated fewer blood associated CFUs with ΔhtrA infection than with SLW01. These results demonstrate HtrA plays a significant role in the survival and growth of A. pleuropneumoniae during stressful conditions, and that immune escape and invasiveness are important to the process of A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yubing Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
| | - Jinlin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
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da Silva Andrade J, Loiko MR, Schmidt C, Vidalett MR, Lopes BC, Cerva C, Varela APM, Tochetto C, Maciel ALG, Bertagnolli AC, Rodrigues RO, Roehe PM, Lunge VR, Mayer FQ. Molecular survey of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex pathogens in Brazilian wild boars. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sarkar R, Roychoudhury P, Kumar S, Dutta S, Konwar N, Subudhi PK, Dutta TK. Rapid detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae targeting the apxIVA gene for diagnosis of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia in pigs by Polymerase Spiral Reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:442-449. [PMID: 35616177 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the primary etiological agent of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia associated with serious economic impact on pig husbandry worldwide. Diagnosis of the disease by existing techniques including isolation and identification bacteria followed by serotyping, serological techniques, conventional PCR, real-time PCR and LAMP assays are cumbersome, time consuming, costly and not suitable for rapid field application. A novel isothermal polymerase chain reaction (PSR) technique is standardized for all the reagents, incubation time and incubation temperature against A. pleuropneumoniae. Sensitivity of the assay was determined against various dilutions of purified DNA and total bacterial count. Specificity of the assay was determined against 11 closely related bacterial isolates. The relative sensitivity and specificity was compared with bacterial isolation, conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays. The PSR assay for specific detection was standardized at 64o C for 30 minutes incubation in a water bath. The result was visible by the naked eye after centrifugation of the reaction mixture or after incorporation of SYBR Green dye as yellow-green fluorescence. The technique was found to be 100% specific and equally sensitive with real-time PCR and 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The PSR assay could be applicable in detection of the organisms in porcine nasal swabs spiked with A. pleuropneumoniae. This is the first ever report on development of PSR for specific detection of A. pleuropneumoniae and can be applied for early diagnosis at field level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sarkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - P Roychoudhury
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - S Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - N Konwar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - P K Subudhi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
| | - T K Dutta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram-796 014, India
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Stringer OW, Li Y, Bossé JT, Forrest MS, Hernandez-Garcia J, Tucker AW, Nunes T, Costa F, Mortensen P, Velazquez E, Penny P, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Georgiou P, Langford PR. Rapid Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae From Clinical Samples Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:805382. [PMID: 35400111 PMCID: PMC8990124 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.805382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, resulting in high economic impact worldwide. There are currently 19 known serovars of APP, with different ones being predominant in specific geographic regions. Outbreaks of pleuropneumonia, characterized by sudden respiratory difficulties and high mortality, can occur when infected pigs are brought into naïve herds, or by those carrying different serovars. Good biosecurity measures include regular diagnostic testing for surveillance purposes. Current gold standard diagnostic techniques lack sensitivity (bacterial culture), require expensive thermocycling machinery (PCR) and are time consuming (culture and PCR). Here we describe the development of an isothermal point-of-care diagnostic test - utilizing recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for the detection of APP, targeting the species-specific apxIVA gene. Our APP-RPA diagnostic test achieved a sensitivity of 10 copies/μL using a strain of APP serovar 8, which is the most prevalent serovar in the UK. Additionally, our APP-RPA assay achieved a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 84.3 and 100%, respectively, across 61 extracted clinical samples obtained from farms located in England and Portugal. Using a small subset (n = 14) of the lung tissue samples, we achieved a clinical sensitivity and specificity of 76.9 and 100%, respectively) using lung imprints made on FTA cards tested directly in the APP-RPA reaction. Our results demonstrate that our APP-RPA assay enables a suitable rapid and sensitive screening tool for this important veterinary pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W. Stringer
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine T. Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juan Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W. Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago Nunes
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Saúde Animal, Algés, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Paul Penny
- Ceva Animal Health Ltd., Amersham, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Srijuntongsiri G, Mhoowai A, Samngamnim S, Assavacheep P, Bossé JT, Langford PR, Posayapisit N, Leartsakulpanich U, Songsungthong W. Novel DNA Markers for Identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2022;:e0131121. [PMID: 34985298 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01311-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes porcine pleuropneumonia, an important disease in the pig industry. Accurate and sensitive diagnostics such as DNA-based diagnostics are essential for preventing or responding to an outbreak. The specificity of DNA-based diagnostics depends on species-specific markers. Previously, an insertion element was found within an A. pleuropneumoniae-specific gene commonly used for A. pleuropneumoniae detection, prompting the need for additional species-specific markers. Herein, 12 marker candidates highly conserved (99 - 100% identity) among 34 A. pleuropneumoniae genomes (covering 13 serovars) were identified to be A. pleuropneumoniae-specific in silico, as these sequences are distinct from 30 genomes of 13 other Actinobacillus and problematic [Actinobacillus] species and more than 1700 genomes of other bacteria in the Pasteurellaceae family. Five marker candidates are within the apxIVA gene, a known A. pleuropneumoniae-specific gene, validating our in silico marker discovery method. Seven other A. pleuropneumoniae-specific marker candidates within the eamA, nusG, sppA, xerD, ybbN, ycfL, and ychJ genes were validated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to be specific to 129 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae (covering all 19 serovars), but not to four closely related Actinobacillus species, four [Actinobacillus] species, or seven other bacterial species. This is the first study to identify A. pleuropneumoniae-specific markers through genome mining. Seven novel A. pleuropneumoniae-specific DNA markers were identified by a combination of in silico and molecular methods and can serve as additional or alternative targets for A. pleuropneumoniae diagnostics, potentially leading to better control of the disease. IMPORTANCE Species-specific markers are crucial for infectious disease diagnostics. Mutations within a marker sequence can lead to false-negative results, inappropriate treatment, and economic loss. The availability of several species-specific markers is therefore desirable. In this study, 12 DNA markers specific to A. pleuropneumoniae, a pig pathogen, were simultaneously identified. Five marker candidates are within a known A. pleuropneumoniae-specific gene. Seven novel markers can be used as additional targets in DNA-based diagnostics, which in turn can expedite disease diagnosis, assist farm management, and lead to better animal health and food security. The marker discovery strategy outlined herein requires less time, effort, and cost, and results in more markers compared with conventional methods. Identification of species-specific markers of other pathogens and corresponding infectious disease diagnostics are possible, conceivably improving health care and the economy.
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Zhao D, Yang B, Yuan X, Shen C, Zhang D, Shi X, Zhang T, Cui H, Yang J, Chen X, Hao Y, Zheng H, Zhang K, Liu X. Advanced Research in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Co-infection With Other Pathogens in Swine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:699561. [PMID: 34513970 PMCID: PMC8426627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.699561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the pathogen causing epidemics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and is present in every major swine-farming country in the world. Previous studies have demonstrated that PRRSV infection leads to a range of consequences, such as persistent infection, secondary infection, and co-infection, and is common among pigs in the field. In recent years, coinfection of PRRSV and other porcine pathogens has occurred often, making it more difficult to define and diagnose PRRSV-related diseases. The study of coinfections may be extremely suitable for the current prevention and control in the field. However, there is a limited understanding of coinfection. Therefore, in this review, we have focused on the epidemiology of PRRSV coinfection with other pathogens in swine, both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengshuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huimei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
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Dao HT, Shin W, Do VT, Truong QL, Choi J, Hahn T. A Multivalent Vaccine Containing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Antigens Elicits Strong Immune Responses and Promising Protection in Pigs. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2021; 15:164-174. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) cause porcine pleuropneumonia and mycoplasmal pneumonia, respectively, and have serious impacts on the swine industry because they retard the growth of pigs. To protect pigs against these diseases, we have developed a multivalent vaccine consisting of App bacterins, APP RTX toxins (Apx toxins), and Mhp bacterin and adhesin protein. This vaccine induced the production of higher levels of antibodies against App and Mhp than the commercial vaccine (Nisseiken Swine APM Inactivated Vaccine). Furthermore, the vaccine efficiently protected pigs against virulent App challenge, showing promise as an efficient vaccine for the prevention of two important respiratory diseases, porcine pleuropneumonia and mycoplasmal pneumonia.
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Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is responsible for high economic losses in swine herds across the globe. Pleuropneumonia is characterized by severe respiratory distress and high mortality. The knowledge about the interaction between bacterium and host within the porcine respiratory tract has improved significantly in recent years. A. pleuropneumoniae expresses multiple virulence factors, which are required for colonization, immune clearance, and tissue damage. Although vaccines are used to protect swine herds against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, they do not offer complete coverage, and often only protect against the serovar, or serovars, used to prepare the vaccine. This review will summarize the role of individual A. pleuropneumoniae virulence factors that are required during key stages of pathogenesis and disease progression, and highlight progress made toward developing effective and broadly protective vaccines against an organism of great importance to global agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Nahar
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Conny Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Greg Tram
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is one of the causative agents of porcine pleuropneumonia, which is an economically important respiratory disease of pig production. Clinical signs vary based on the severity of disease and lung lesions present, but include fever and severe respiratory signs including coughing and laboured breathing. Numerous serotypes exist which vary in their virulence, and virulence of serotypes has also been shown to be vary between countries. It is important to establish which serotypes are present and active on a farm as well as carrying out seroprofiling to determine the correct time for implementation of control measures such as vaccination. Understanding of transmission routes is vital, including the role of carrier animals on the farm which are persistently infected and can shed the bacteria, therefore infecting other animals. Therefore, as with all infectious diseases, good standards of internal and external biosecurity are important in controlling the disease on farm. Vaccination has been shown to be effective on affected farms in preventing outbreaks, reducing clinical signs if they occur, and most important to the farmer, preventing losses in mortality, feed conversion ratio and growth. Therefore, vaccines are often a good choice for controlling pleuropneumonia on farm and reducing the need for treatment using antimicrobials.
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Watt AE, Browning GF, Markham PF, Marenda MS. Detection of naturally aerosolized Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae on pig farms by cyclonic air sampling and qPCR. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108856. [PMID: 33007607 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae have a large impact on commercial pig farms globally. As current vaccines have limited efficacy, animal care and air hygiene are critical for disease control. Here we used a Coriolis μ cyclonic air sampler and an A. pleuropneumoniae-specific apxIV gene qPCR assay to detect the organism. Air samples were collected into a liquid medium by the Coriolis μ sampler for A. pleuropneumoniae detection by plate culture and qPCR assay. The method was validated by comparing the Coriolis μ sampler and a plate impactor (Millipore Air-T) in a specially designed aerosolization chamber. Two commercial farms, housing pigs between 3 and 21 weeks of age, were tested. On one farm, A. pleuropneumoniae was detected in low numbers (1000 organisms/m3 air) by qPCR, but not by culture, from sheds containing 8, 12, 16, and 18 weeks-old pigs. To our knowledge this is the first successful detection of naturally aerosolised A. pleuropneumoniae in commercial farms with the Coriolis μ air sampler, potentially allowing the identification of sub-clinically infected populations of pigs in the field.
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Dao HT, Do VT, Truong QL, Hahn TW. Enhancement of Apx Toxin Production in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotypes 1, 2, and 5 by Optimizing Culture Condition. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1037-1043. [PMID: 32238774 PMCID: PMC9745662 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1912.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine for APP is necessary. Here, we optimized the culture medium and conditions to enhance the production yields of Apx toxins in APP serotype 1, 2, and 5 cultures. The use of Mycoplasma Broth Base (PPLO) medium improved both the quantity and quality of the harvested Apx toxins compared with Columbia Broth medium. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) was first demonstrated as a stimulation factor for the production of Apx toxins in APP serotype 2 cultures. Cultivation of APP serotype 2 in PPLO medium supplemented with 10 μg/ml of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and 20 mM CaCl2 yielded the highest levels of Apx toxins. These findings suggest that the optimization of the culture medium and conditions increases the concentration of Apx toxins in the supernatants of APP serotype 1, 2, and 5 cultures and may be applied for the development of vaccines against APP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai Thu Dao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Tan Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Quang Lam Truong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea,Innovac Co., Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-33-2508671 Fax: +82-33-2595625 E-mail:
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Gao L, Zhang L, Xu H, Zhao F, Ke W, Chen J, Yang J, Qi C, Liu J. The Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae sulfate-binding protein is required for the acquisition of sulfate and methionine, but is not essential for virulence. Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sahoo M, Baloni S, Thakor JC, M D, Bhutediya J, Qureshi S, Dhama K, Dubal ZB, Singh K, Singh R. Localization of Pasteurella multocida antigens in the brains of pigs naturally infected with Pasteurellosis revealing a newer aspect of pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2020; 140:103968. [PMID: 31927003 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is an economically important respiratory pathogen of pigs confronting swine industry worldwide. Despite extensive research over the decades, its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Recent reports have demonstrated the nervous system affection as a newer aspect of pathogenesis by Pasteurella multocida type B:2 in Haemorrhagic Septicemia, but there are no reports of the involvement of nervous system by P. multocida in pigs. Therefore, the study was aimed to explore the neurovirulence of Pasteurella multocida in naturally infected pigs. A total of 15 brains were collected from the natural cases of pig mortality suggestive of Pasteurellosis. Grossly, the leptomeninges were markedly congested and brains were oedematously swollen. Histologically, there was moderate to severe fibrinohaemorrhagic and mononuclear cells exudates present in the leptomeningeal tissue and cerebrospinal spaces. Similar vascular inflammatory lesions (perivascular and perineuronal) along with gliosis, neuronal degeneration and necrosis were noted in various subanatomical sites of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord). The culture and biochemical tests showed the presence of P. multocida within the brain tissue. P. multocida type specific antibody staining in the brain tissues revealed intense distribution of antigens in the inflammatory exudates of meningeal vessels, neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells of the blood vessels contributing its association with neuropathological lesions. Pasteurella multocida specific PCR amplification of capsular polysaccharide gene yielded 460 bp and multiplex PCR showed the involvement of capsular serogroups A &D. All the isolates showed the presence of 10 genes for virulence factors. The disease confirmation of both serotypes was proven by Koch's postulates using Swiss albino mice. Further, histopathological brain lesions along with the immunohistochemical detection of bacterial antigens were corroborated with natural cases of P. multocida as described above. To the best of our knowledge, we first time report the neuroinvasion of P. multocida in naturally infected pigs.
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Christensen H, Bossé J, Angen Ø, Nørskov-lauritsen N, Bisgaard M. Immunological and molecular techniques used for determination of serotypes in Pasteurellaceae. J Microbiol Methods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Frey J. RTX Toxins of Animal Pathogens and Their Role as Antigens in Vaccines and Diagnostics. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120719. [PMID: 31835534 PMCID: PMC6950323 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exotoxins play a central role in the pathologies caused by most major bacterial animal pathogens. The large variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in the animal kingdom is reflected by a large variety of bacterial pathogens and toxins. The group of repeats in the structural toxin (RTX) toxins is particularly abundant among bacterial pathogens of animals. Many of these toxins are described as hemolysins due to their capacity to lyse erythrocytes in vitro. Hemolysis by RTX toxins is due to the formation of cation-selective pores in the cell membrane and serves as an important marker for virulence in bacterial diagnostics. However, their physiologic relevant targets are leukocytes expressing β2 integrins, which act as specific receptors for RTX toxins. For various RTX toxins, the binding to the CD18 moiety of β2 integrins has been shown to be host specific, reflecting the molecular basis of the host range of RTX toxins expressed by bacterial pathogens. Due to the key role of RTX toxins in the pathogenesis of many bacteria, antibodies directed against specific RTX toxins protect against disease, hence, making RTX toxins valuable targets in vaccine research and development. Due to their specificity, several structural genes encoding for RTX toxins have proven to be essential in modern diagnostic applications in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Frey
- Vetsuisse Facutly, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Tenzin S, Ogunniyi AD, Khazandi M, Ferro S, Bartsch J, Crabb S, Abraham S, Deo P, Trott DJ. Decontamination of aerosolised bacteria from a pig farm environment using a pH neutral electrochemically activated solution (Ecas4 anolyte). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222765. [PMID: 31553747 PMCID: PMC6760800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An electrochemically activated solution (ECAS), generated by electrolysis of a dilute sodium chloride solution in a four-chamber electrolytic cell (Ecas4), was tested as a sanitising aerosol in eliminating bacteria from the environment of a weaning room vacated 24-48h earlier, at a continuous flow pig farm. An ultrasonic humidifier was used to fill the environment with a fog (droplets with diameters of 1–5 μm) containing 0.25 ppm of hypochlorous acid. The weaning room was fogged for 3 min at 30 min intervals during five hours of aerosol disinfection. An innovative sample treatment with propidium monoazide dye in conjunction with cyclonic air sampling was optimised and adapted for discerning live/dead bacteria in subsequent molecular quantification steps. Without fogging, total bacterial load ranged from 5.06 ± 0.04 to 5.75 ± 0.04 Log10 CFU/m3. After the first hour of fogging, a 78% total bacterial reduction was observed, which further increased to > 97% after the second hour, > 99.4% after the third and 99.8% after the fourth hour, finally resulting in a 99.99% reduction from the farm environment over five hours. Unlike the current formaldehyde spray disinfection protocol, which requires a long empty period because of its hazardous properties, this economically viable and environmentally friendly disinfection protocol may significantly lower downtime. Moreover, ECAS fogging can be easily adapted to a variety of applications, including the elimination of pathogens from livestock farm air environment for disease prevention, as well as decontamination after disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangay Tenzin
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy SA, Australia
- * E-mail: (DJT); (ST)
| | - Abiodun David Ogunniyi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy SA, Australia
| | - Manouchehr Khazandi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy SA, Australia
| | - Sergio Ferro
- Ecas4 Australia Pty. Ltd., Mile End South SA, Australia
| | | | - Simon Crabb
- Ecas4 Australia Pty. Ltd., Mile End South SA, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA, Australia
| | - Permal Deo
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Playford P1-25, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Darren J. Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy SA, Australia
- * E-mail: (DJT); (ST)
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Xiong J, Zhu Q, Yang S, Zhao Y, Cui L, Zhuang F, Qiu Y, Cao J. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in healthy pigs and pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:257-263. [PMID: 31208293 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1633434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of tilmicosin, administered orally at a single dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight, in healthy pigs and in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Methods: Twelve healthy crossbred pigs, aged approximately 8 weeks, were randomly assigned to uninfected and infected groups, with six pigs per group. Pigs in the infected group were inoculated intranasally with a bacterial suspension of A. pleuropneumoniae containing approximately 108 cfu. Each pig received a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg bodyweight of tilmicosin, given 3-4 hours after inoculation in infected pigs. Blood samples were collected before drug administration and up to 48 hours after tilmicosin administration. Concentrations of tilmicosin in plasma samples were determined by HPLC. Throughout the experimental period pigs were observed for signs of inappetence and clinical abnormalities. After sampling was complete pigs were subject to euthanasia and samples collected for gross and histopathology as well as microbiology. Results: Infected pigs showed signs of bradykinesia, nasal discharge dyspnoea, and coughing 1 hours after inoculation and A. pleuropneumoniae was cultured from the lungs of all infected pigs postmortem. Comparing pharmacokinetic parameters in uninfected and infected pigs, the maximum plasma concentration of tilmicosin was higher in uninfected pigs (1.17 (SD 0.17) vs. 0.96 (SD 0.17) µg/mL), the time to reach maximum concentration was shorter (1.53 (SD 0.23) vs. 2.40 (SD 0.37) hours), and the half-life of the absorption phase and half-life of the elimination phase were both shorter (0.66 (SD 0.08) vs. 1.00 (SD 0.27) hours) and (12.93 (SD 0.96) vs. 16.53 (SD 0.55) hours), respectively. The apparent volume of distribution was smaller in uninfected than infected pigs (1.91 (SD 0.22) vs. 2.16 (SD 0.21) L/kg). The relative bioavailability of tilmicosin in infected relative to uninfected pigs was 108.6 (SD 9.71)%. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The results of this study indicate that A. pleuropneumoniae infection significantly changed certain pharmacokinetic parameters of tilmicosin in pigs. In infected pigs tilmicosin exhibited a longer drug persistence and a better extent of absorption. These results indicate that it is necessary to monitor and adjust the dose of tilmicosin administration during the presence of pleuropneumonia. It is expected that this can optimise clinical efficacy and help avoid the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiong
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Q Zhu
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - S Yang
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhao
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - L Cui
- b Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - F Zhuang
- c Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Y Qiu
- c Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - J Cao
- a Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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Li R, Wang J, Liu L, Zhang R, Hao X, Han Q, Wang J, Yuan W. Direct detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine lungs and tonsils by real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 45:14-18. [PMID: 30930280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine contagious pleuropneumoniae, which is distributed globally and associated with severe economic losses in the pig rearing industry. In this study, a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay (real-time RPA) based on the apxIVA gene was developed to rapid detect A. pleuropneumoniae. Real-time RPA was performed successfully in Genie III at the constant temperature of 39 °C for 20 min. The developed assay was highly specific for A. pleuropneumoniae, and the sensitivity at 95% probability was 536 fg of A. pleuropneumoniae genomic DNA. The real-time RPA for A. pleuropneumoniae was further evaluated on the 112 clinical swine lung and tonsil samples, and 25 (22.3%), 27 (24.1%), and 12 (10.7%) samples were positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by the real-time RPA, real-time PCR and bacterial isolation, respectively. With a real-time PCR as the reference method, the real-time RPA showed a diagnostic specificity of 98.8%, a diagnostic sensitivity of 88.9%, a positive predicative value of 96.0%, a negative predictive value of 96.5%, and a kappa value of 0.900. The above data demonstrated the well potentiality and usefulness of the developed real-time RPA assay in the reliable detection of A. pleuropneumoniae, especially in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China; Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang, 050050, China
| | - Xuepiao Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Qingan Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang, 050050, China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China; Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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29
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Kim S, Oh MW, Bin Park W, Yoo HS. Global Gene Networks in 3D4/31 Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Treated with Antigenic Epitopes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA, IIA, and IVA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5269. [PMID: 30918280 PMCID: PMC6437162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Although App produces several virulence factors, Apx toxins, the primary App virulence factors, have been the focus of numerous studies. However, the host response against the Apx toxins has not been elucidated at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, in this study, we examined the response of an immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (IPAM 3D4/31) to four antigenic epitopes of the App exotoxins, ApxIA, IIA and IVA. The antigenic epitopes of the Apx toxins (ApxIA Ct, ApxIIA Nt, ApxIVA C1 and ApxIV C2) were determined by an in-silico antigenicity prediction analysis. Gene expression in IPAMs was analyzed by RNA-Seq after treatment with the four proteins for 24 h. A total of 15,269 DEGs were observed to be associated with cellular and metabolic processes in the GO category Biological Process and nuclear receptors and apoptosis signaling in IPA analyses. These DEGs were also related to M2 macrophage polarization and apoptosis in IPAMs. These host transcriptional analyses present novel global gene networks of the host response to treatment with Apx toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Whan Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Sugie K, Komatsu T, Watando E, Inaba N, Kato K, Takamatsu D, Ito H, Shibahara T. Septicemic Actinobacillus suis infection in a neonatal piglet with multifocal necrotic glossitis. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:274-278. [PMID: 30606907 PMCID: PMC6395219 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-day-old neonatal piglets presented with debilitation and ananastasia. At the
necropsy of one piglet, the apex of the tongue was found to be discolored dark red, and
disseminated white foci were found on the cut surface. Many white foci were also found in
the lungs and on the serosa of the liver and spleen. Histopathological findings revealed
multifocal necrotic glossitis and pneumonia with Gram-negative bacilli. The bacilli were
identified as Actinobacillus suis through immunohistochemical,
biochemical, and genetic tests, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Although A.
suis usually causes inflammation in thoracic and abdominal organs, lesions were
also found in the tongue in the present case. This study is the first report of glossitis
caused by A. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Sugie
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Komatsu
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Eri Watando
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Nanami Inaba
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Tochigi Prefectural Central Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, 6-8 Hiraide-kogyodanchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ito
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Müllebner A, Sassu EL, Ladinig A, Frömbling J, Miller I, Ehling-Schulz M, Hennig-Pauka I, Duvigneau JC. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae triggers IL-10 expression in tonsils to mediate colonisation and persistence of infection in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:17-23. [PMID: 30458998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) persisting in clinically healthy pigs may be the causative agent of sudden outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in swine herds. During the course of acute disease, the pathogen is eliminated from inflamed lung tissue, which is characterized by the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an influx of neutrophils. However, if clearance by the porcine immune system fails, APP may switch to a persistent form. At later stages of infection, the pathogen may reside in tonsillar tissue without being eliminated by the host immune defence. To better understand the host immune response at different stages of infection, expression pattern of cytokines in tonsils and lung were recorded. In contrast to lung tissue, in which APP presence was associated with a pronounced pro-inflammatory character, APP presence in the tonsils elicited an increased IL-10 expression. In both organs of infected animals, a marked reciprocal correlation of the pro-inflammatory IL-17A and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was found, supporting the idea that both cytokines are produced in highly associated, but reciprocal differentiated cell types, possibly APP-specific Th17 subsets. It appears that a persistent phenotype of APP triggers the anti-inflammatory immune response in tonsillar tissue in an attempt to evade the porcine immune defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Müllebner
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Janna Frömbling
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Donà V, Perreten V. Comparative Genomics of the First and Complete Genome of " Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum" Supports the Novel Species Hypothesis. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:5261719. [PMID: 30363939 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5261719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
“Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum” is considered a nonpathogenic member of the Pasteurellaceae family, which phenotypically resembles the pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Previous studies suggested that “A. porcitonsillarum” may represent a new species closely related to Actinobacillus minor, yet no full genome has been sequenced so far. We implemented the Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing technologies to obtain the highly accurate and complete genome sequence of the “A. porcitonsillarum” strain 9953L55. After validating our de novo assembly strategy by comparing the A. pleuropneumoniae S4074T genome sequence obtained by Oxford Nanopore Technology combined with Illumina reads with a PacBio-sequenced S4074T genome from the NCBI database, we performed comparative analyses of the 9953L55 genome with the A. minor type strain NM305T, A. minor strain 202, and A. pleuropneumoniae S4074T. The 2,263,191 bp circular genome of 9953L55 consisted of 2168 and 2033 predicted genes and proteins, respectively. The lipopolysaccharide cluster resembled the genetic organization of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 9, and 11, possibly explaining the positive reactions observed previously in serotyping tests. In contrast to NM305T, we confirmed the presence of a complete apxIICABD operon in 9953L55 and 202 accounting for their hemolytic phenotype and Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen (CAMP) reaction positivity. Orthologous gene cluster analysis provided insight into the differential ability of strains of the A. minor/“porcitonsillarum” complex and A. pleuropneumoniae to ferment lactose, raffinose, trehalose, and mannitol. The four strains showed distinct and shared transposable elements, CRISPR/Cas systems, and integrated prophages. Genome comparisons based on average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed the close relationship among strains belonging to the A. minor/“porcitonsillarum” complex compared to other Actinobacillus spp., but also suggested that 9953L55 and 202 belong to the same novel species closely related to A. minor, namely, “A. porcitonsillarum.” Recognition of the taxon as a separate species would improve diagnostics and control strategies of pig pleuropneumonia.
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Liu J, Cao Y, Gao L, Zhang L, Gong S, Yang J, Zhao H, Yang D, Zhao J, Meng J, Gao Q, Qi C. Outer Membrane Lipoprotein Lip40 Modulates Adherence, Colonization, and Virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1472. [PMID: 30018613 PMCID: PMC6038445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are a set of membrane proteins with various functions; many of which are virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the role of an outer membrane lipoprotein Lip40 in the pathogenesis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. A mutant strain (Δlip40) lacking Lip40 and a complemented strain (CΔlip40) were constructed. Δlip40 exhibited reduced adherence to the St. Jude porcine lung cells. The ability of the Δlip40 mutant to colonize the mouse lung tissues was significantly impaired compared to that of the wild type and complementation strains. Furthermore, an infection assay revealed that pigs infected with Δlip40 showed fewer clinical signs and lung lesions, indicating that Lip40 contributed to the development of porcine pleuropneumonia. Collectively, our data suggest that Lip40 is involved in the virulence of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yurou Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siying Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dengfu Yang
- Lichuan Municipal Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Lichuan, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianzhong Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qishuang Gao
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Cell Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Xiong J, Li K, Ahmed S, Hong L, Chen P, He Q, Cao J. Clinical Efficacy and Residue Depletion of 10% Enrofloxacin Enteric-Coated Granules in Pigs. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28588496 PMCID: PMC5440587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, more palatable formulation of 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules was investigated to evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect in plasma, the residue elimination in tissues and the clinical efficacy against Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) and Mycoplasam suis (MS) in pigs. In this study, the enrofloxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with phosphate buffer (pH = 3) and acetonitrile. The pharmacokinetics and elimination of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules were performed after oral administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 5 mg/kg twice per day for 5 consecutive days, respectively. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy and clinical effectiveness of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against APP and MS were assayed at 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, compared with tiamulin (8 mg/kg) based on establishment of APP and MS infection models. 56 APP strains were selected and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules. The main parameters of elimination half-life (t1/2β), Tmax, and area under the curve (AUC) were 14.99 ± 4.19, 3.99 ± 0.10, and 38.93 ± 1.52 μg h/ml, respectively, revealing that the enrofloxacin concentration remained high and with a sustainable distribution in plasma. Moreover, the analysis on the evaluation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in muscle, fat, liver and kidney showed that the recovery were more than 84% recovery in accordance with the veterinary drug residue guidelines of United States pharmacopeia, and the withdrawal periods were 4.28, 3.81, 4.84, and 3.51 days, respectively, suggesting that the withdrawal period was 5 d after oral administration of 5 mg/kg twice per day. The optimal dosage of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against APP and MS was 5 mg/kg, with over 90% efficacy, which was significantly different (p < 0.05) to the 2.5 mg/kg group, but not to the 10 mg/kg group or the positive control group (tiamulin). In conclusion, 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules had significant potential for treating APP and MS, and it provided an alternative enrofloxacin palatability formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liping Hong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Pin Chen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
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Sassu EL, Ladinig A, Talker SC, Stadler M, Knecht C, Stein H, Frömbling J, Richter B, Spergser J, Ehling-Schulz M, Graage R, Hennig-Pauka I, Gerner W. Frequency of Th17 cells correlates with the presence of lung lesions in pigs chronically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Res 2017; 48:4. [PMID: 28166835 PMCID: PMC5294905 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) remains one of the major causes of poor growth performance and respiratory disease in pig herds. While the role of antibodies against APP has been intensely studied, the porcine T cell response remains poorly characterized. To address this, pigs were intranasally infected with APP serotype 2 and euthanized during the acute phase [6-10 days post-infection (dpi)] or the chronic phase of APP infection (27-31 dpi). Lymphocytes isolated from blood, tonsils, lung tissue and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were analyzed by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for IL-17A, IL-10 and TNF-α production after in vitro stimulation with crude capsular extract (CCE) of the APP inoculation strain. This was combined with cell surface staining for the expression of CD4, CD8α and TCR-γδ. Clinical records, microbiological investigations and pathological findings confirmed the induction of a subclinical APP infection. ICS-assays revealed the presence of APP-CCE specific CD4+CD8αdim IL-17A-producing T cells in blood and lung tissue in most infected animals during the acute and chronic phase of infection and a minor fraction of these cells co-produced TNF-α. APP-CCE specific IL-17A-producing γδ T cells could not be found and APP-CCE specific IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells were present in various organs but only in a few infected animals. The frequency of identified putative Th17 cells (CD4+CD8αdimIL-17A+) in lung and blood correlated positively with lung lesion scores and APP-specific antibody titers during the chronic phase. These results suggest a potential role of Th17 cells in the immune pathogenesis of APP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie C Talker
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heiko Stein
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janna Frömbling
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Richter
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Graage
- Division of Swine Medicine, Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Porcine pleuropneumonia inflicts important economic losses on most commercial herds. Detection of subclinical or chronic infection in animals still remains a challenge, as isolation and identification of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes is difficult and quantification of the bacteria on agar plates is often almost impossible. The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a serotype-specific quantitative TaqMan probe-based PCR for detection of serotype 2 in pig lungs, tonsils, and nasal swabs.
Material and Methods: The primers were designed from the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis genes of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. PCR specificity and sensitivity were evaluated using reference strains and several other bacterial species commonly isolated from pigs.
Results: The real-time qPCR for detection of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 was highly specific and gave no false positives with other serotypes or different bacterial species of pig origin. The detection limit for pure culture was 1.2 × 104 CFU/mL, for lung tissue and nasal swabs it was 1.2 × 105 CFU/mL, and for tonsils - 1.2 × 105 CFU/mL.
Conclusion: The method can be used to serotype A. pleuropneumoniae isolates obtained during cultivation and to detect and identify A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 directly in nasal swabs and tonsil scrapings obtained from live pigs or lung tissue and tonsils collected post-mortem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Li Y, Bossé JT, Williamson SM, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 8 predominates in England and Wales. Vet Rec 2016; 179:276. [PMID: 27531715 PMCID: PMC5036230 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - S M Williamson
- APHA-Bury St Edmunds, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX, UK
| | - D J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - A W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - B W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - A N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - P R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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Abstract
The introduction into a naïve herd of animals sub-clinically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is frequently the cause of clinical pleuropneumonia and the identification of such infected herds is a priority in the control of disease. Different serological tests for App have been developed and a number of these are routinely used. Some are species-specific whereas others identify more specifically the serotype/serogroup involved which requires updated information about important serotypes recovered from diseased pigs in a given area/country. Serotyping methods based on molecular techniques have been developed lately and are ready to be used by most diagnostic laboratories. When non-conclusive serological results are obtained, direct detection of App from tonsils is sometimes attempted. This review addresses different techniques and approaches used to monitor herds sub-clinically infected by this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Center (CRIPA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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Yang X, Cheng YT, Tan MF, Zhang HW, Liu WQ, Zou G, Zhang LS, Zhang CY, Deng SM, Yu L, Hu XY, Li L, Zhou R. Overexpression of Porcine Beta-Defensin 2 Enhances Resistance to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infection in Pigs. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2836-43. [PMID: 25916992 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.03101-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the need for antibiotics in animal production, alternative approaches are needed to control infection. We hypothesized that overexpression of native defensin genes will provide food animals with enhanced resistance to bacterial infections. In this study, recombinant porcine beta-defensin 2 (PBD-2) was overexpressed in stably transfected PK-15 porcine kidney cells. PBD-2 antibacterial activities against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, an important respiratory pathogen causing porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, were evaluated on agar plates. Transgenic pigs constitutively overexpressing PBD-2 were produced by a somatic cell cloning method, and their resistance to bacterial infection was evaluated by direct or cohabitation infection with A. pleuropneumoniae. Recombinant PBD-2 peptide that was overexpressed in the PK-15 cells showed antibacterial activity against A. pleuropneumoniae. PBD-2 was overexpressed in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and jejunum of the transgenic pigs, which showed significantly lower bacterial loads in the lungs and reduced lung lesions after direct or cohabitation infection with A. pleuropneumoniae. The results demonstrate that transgenic overexpression of PBD-2 in pigs confers enhanced resistance against A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
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Abstract
Species of the family Pasteurellaceae play an important role as primary or opportunistic, predominantly respiratory, pathogens in domestic and wild animals. Some of them cause severe disease with high economic losses in commercial animal husbandry. Hence, rapid and accurate differentiation of Pasteurellaceae is important and signifies a particular challenge to diagnostic laboratories. Identification and differentiation of Pasteurellaceae is mostly done using phenotypic tests or genetic identification based on sequence similarity of housekeeping genes, such as the rrs gene encoding the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA). Both approaches are time consuming, laborious, and costly, therefore often delaying the final diagnosis of disease or epidemics. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry represents an alternative rapid and reliable method for the differentiation of most members of the family Pasteurellaceae. It is able to differentiate within a few minutes the currently known 18 genera and most of the over 60 species and subspecies of Pasteurellaceae including many members encountered in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. A few closely related species and subspecies that cannot be discriminated by MALDI-TOF are easily identified further by complementary simple tests, such as hemolysis done simultaneously or routinely during pathogen isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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Sibila M, Aragón V, Fraile L, Segalés J. Comparison of four lung scoring systems for the assessment of the pathological outcomes derived from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae experimental infections. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:165. [PMID: 25038822 PMCID: PMC4112831 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, four lung lesion scoring methods (Slaughterhouse Pleurisy Evaluation System [SPES], Consolidation Lung Lesion Score [LLS], Image analyses [IA] and Ratio of lung weight/body weight [LW/BW]) were compared for the assessment of the different pathological outcomes derived from an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) experimental infection model. Moreover, pathological data was coupled with clinical (fever, inappetence and clinical score), production (average daily weigh gain [ADWG]) and diagnostic (PCR, ELISA and bacterial isolation) parameters within the four infection outcomes (peracute, acute, subclinically infected and non-infected). RESULTS From the 61 inoculated animals, 9 were classified as peracute (presence of severe App-like clinical signs and lesions and sudden death or euthanasia shortly after inoculation), 31 as acutely affected (presence of App-like clinical signs and lesions and survival until the end of the experiment), 12 as subclinically infected (very mild or no clinical signs but App infection confirmed) and 9 as non-infected animals (lack of App-like clinical signs and lack of evidence of App infection). A significant correlation between all lung lesion scoring systems was found with the exception of SPES score versus LW/BW. SPES showed a statistically significant association with all clinical, production and diagnostic (with the exception of PCR detection of App in the tonsil) variables assessed. LLS and IA showed similar statistically significant associations as SPES, with the exception of seroconversion against App at necropsy. In contrast, LW/BW was statistically associated only with App isolation in lungs, presence of App-like lesions and ELISA OD values at necropsy. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, SPES, LLS and IA are economic, fast and easy-to-perform lung scoring methods that, in combination with different clinical and diagnostic parameters, allow the characterization of different outcomes after App infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
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Coelho CF, Zlotowski P, Andrade CPD, Borowski SM, Gaggini TS, Almeida LLD, Driemeier D, Barcellos DED. Pericardite em suínos ao abate no Rio Grande Sul: avaliação de agentes bacterianos e lesões associadas. Pesq Vet Bras 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a frequência de lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas e dos agentes bacterianos envolvidos em pericardites em suínos no abate no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram coletadas em frigoríficos de suínos com Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) entre fevereiro a outubro de 2010 e a condenação por pericardite dos animais acompanhados foi de 3,9% (299/7.571). No total foram investigados 91 casos de pericardites, 89% deles foram classificados como crônicos por histopatologia e pleurite crônica foi observada em 47% dos pulmões correspondentes, todavia não houve associação significativa entre as duas lesões. Os agentes bacterianos isolados a partir dos corações foram Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis e Streptococcus suis. DNA bacterianos mais detectados pela PCR foram de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Houve associação significativa entre isolamento de P. multocida e Streptococcus sp. nos corações e pulmões correspondentes. Esses resultados sugerem que a infecção no pulmão possa ter servido de porta de entrada para a colonização do pericárdio adjacente. Apesar de M. hyopneumoniae ter sido o agente detectado com maior frequência pela PCR em corações e pulmões correspondentes, não houve associação significativa da detecção dos agentes nos órgãos. Isto sugere que as infecções foram eventos independentes. Os demais agentes investigados não apresentaram associação significativa entre isolamento ou detecção de DNA em coração e pulmão correspondente. Outro achado importante foi a presença de coinfecções bacterianas em 2% dos corações e por PCR foi detectado DNA bacteriano de dois ou mais agentes em 16,5% dos corações. Esses resultados sugerem que as coinfecções em pericardites precisam ser melhor estudadas.
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Marois-Créhan C, Lacouture S, Jacques M, Fittipaldi N, Kobisch M, Gottschalk M. Development of two real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-9-11 and serovar 2. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:146-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713519090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two real-time, or quantitative, polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were developed to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-9-11 (highly related serovars with similar virulence potential) and serovar 2, respectively. The specificity of these assays was verified on a collection of 294 strains, which included all 16 reference A. pleuropneumoniae strains (including serovars 5a and 5b), 263 A. pleuropneumoniae field strains isolated between 1992 and 2009 in different countries, and 15 bacterial strains other than A. pleuropneumoniae. The detection levels of both qPCR tests were evaluated using 10-fold dilutions of chromosomal DNA from reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 1 and 2, and the detection limit for both assays was 50 fg per assay. The analytical sensitivities of the qPCR tests were also estimated by using pure cultures and tonsils experimentally spiked with A. pleuropneumoniae. The detection threshold was 2.5 × 104 colony forming units (CFU)/ml and 2.9 × 105 CFU/0.1 g of tonsil, respectively, for both assays. These specific and sensitive tests can be used for the serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae in diagnostic laboratories to control porcine pleuropneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Marois-Créhan
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Mario Jacques
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Marylène Kobisch
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
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Giménez-Lirola LG, Jiang YH, Sun D, Hoang H, Yoon KJ, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. Simultaneous detection of antibodies against Apx toxins ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV in pigs with known and unknown Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exposure using a multiplexing liquid array platform. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 21:85-95. [PMID: 24226091 DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00451-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance for the presence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in a population plays a central role in controlling the disease. In this study, a 4-plex fluorescent microbead-based immunoassay (FMIA), developed for the simultaneous detection of IgG antibodies to repeat-in-toxin (RTX) toxins (ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV) of A. pleuropneumoniae, was evaluated using (i) blood serum samples from pigs experimentally infected with each of the 15 known A. pleuropneumoniae serovars or with Actinobacillus suis, (ii) blood serum samples from pigs vaccinated with a bacterin containing A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1, 3, 5, or 7, and (iii) blood serum samples from pigs with an unknown A. pleuropneumoniae exposure status. The results were compared to those obtained in a previous study where a dual-plate complement fixation test (CFT) and three commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were conducted on the same sample set. On samples from experimentally infected pigs, the 4-plex Apx FMIA detected specific seroconversion to Apx toxins as early as 7 days postinfection in a total of 29 pigs inoculated with 14 of the 15 A. pleuropneumoniae serovars. Seroconversion to ApxII and ApxIII was detected by FMIA in pigs inoculated with A. suis. The vaccinated pigs showed poor humoral responses against ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV. In the field samples, the humoral response to ApxIV and the A. pleuropneumoniae seroprevalence increased with age. This novel FMIA (with a sensitivity of 82.7% and a specificity of 100% for the anti-ApxIV antibody) was found to be more sensitive and accurate than current tests (sensitivities, 9.5 to 56%; specificity, 100%) and is potentially an improved tool for the surveillance of disease and for monitoring vaccination compliance.
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Opriessnig T, Hemann M, Johnson JK, Heinen S, Giménez-Lirola LG, O'Neill KC, Hoang H, Yoon KJ, Gottschalk M, Halbur PG. Evaluation of diagnostic assays for the serological detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae on samples of known or unknown exposure. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:61-71. [PMID: 23293160 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712469607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of exposure to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is important for maintaining negative farms. In the present study, the ability of a dual-plate complement fixation (CF) assay and 3 commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs; quad-plate ELISA-1, single-plate ELISA-2, and single-plate ELISA-3) in detecting serological evidence of A. pleuropneumoniae exposure was compared using serum samples of experimentally infected or vaccinated pigs, or field samples from the United States. Forty-two pigs were divided into groups of 2 pigs and were inoculated with 1 of 15 A. pleuropneumoniae strains representing all known serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae, or with Actinobacillus suis, or were vaccinated with a bacterin containing A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1, 3, 5, or 7. Serum samples collected at the day of inoculation or vaccination and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days later were used to compare the assays. On samples from experimentally infected pigs, the dual-plate CF assay, quad-plate ELISA-1, single-plate ELISA-2, and single-plate ELISA-3 had sensitivities of 0.46, 0.74, 0.13, and 0.13 and specificities of 0.90, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.0, respectively. Vaccinated pigs were identified only by the dual-plate CF assay and the quad-plate ELISA-1. In addition, 90 serum samples with unknown A. pleuropneumoniae exposure collected under field conditions were tested with all assays. The agreement of the 4 assays on field samples was slight to fair. While several assays are available for demonstration of A. pleuropneumoniae exposure, differences in assay targets complicate test choices. Decisions on which assay or combination of assays to use depend on the specific reasons for running the assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Seo KW, Kim SH, Park J, Son Y, Yoo HS, Lee KY, Jang YS. Nasal immunization with major epitope-containing ApxIIA toxin fragment induces protective immunity against challenge infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a murine model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Loera-Muro A, Avelar-González FJ, Loera-Muro VM, Jacques M, Guerrero-Barrera AL. Presence of <i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus parasuis and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i> in upper respiratory tract of swine in farms from Aguascalientes, Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2013.32020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eamens GJ, Gonsalves JR, Whittington AM, Turner B. Evaluation of serovar-independent ELISA antigens ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaein pigs following vaccination or experimental challenge with respiratory pathogens and naturalA. pleuropneumoniaeserovar 1 challenge. Aust Vet J 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- GJ Eamens
- Industry & Investment NSW; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Camden; New South Wales; 2570; Australia
| | - JR Gonsalves
- Industry & Investment NSW; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Camden; New South Wales; 2570; Australia
| | - A-M Whittington
- Industry & Investment NSW; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Camden; New South Wales; 2570; Australia
| | - B Turner
- Industry & Investment NSW; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Camden; New South Wales; 2570; Australia
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Ji H, Li H, Zhu L, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zuo Z, Guo W, Xu Z. Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based the dsbE-like gene. Pesq Vet Bras 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Ji
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Wanzhu Guo
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, P.R. China
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Eamens GJ, Gonsalves JR, Whittington AM, Turner B. Evaluation of serovar-independent ELISA antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs, following experimental challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:225-34. [PMID: 22632286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the sensitivity and specificity of six serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on serovar-independent antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and investigate cross-reactivity in disease-free pigs challenged with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. DESIGN Five experimental pig trials using direct challenge with App serovars 1, 7 or 15 or direct challenge with M. hyopneumoniae and/or various dose rates of P. multocida. PROCEDURE A 39-kDa outer membrane protein antigen and five recombinant antigens from the apxIVA gene of App were evaluated. The latter were derived from the ApxIVA N-terminus (ApxIVA-N, ApxIVA-NP, ApxIVA-NPS) or C-terminus (ApxIVA-C, ApxIVA-CP). Pigs were sampled after challenge and clinical and necropsy findings evaluated. RESULTS The 39-kDa ELISA had high sensitivity but lacked specificity, with significantly increased cross-reactivity following P. multocida challenge. ELISAs based on ApxIVA N-terminus antigens were significantly more sensitive than C-terminus antigens for the detection of App-induced disease. Although ApxIVA-N and ApxIVA-NP ELISAs had increased reactivity following P. multocida challenge, they retained high specificity for App-induced disease (90-93%). Affinity purified ApxIVA-NP antigen had marginally better specificity than ApxIVA-N, without reduced sensitivity. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae did not affect serological cross-reactivity. In disease-free pigs, the specificity of the ApxIVA-NPS ELISA may be adversely affected by nasal carriage of apparently low-virulence App strains. CONCLUSIONS ApxIVA-N-based ELISAs can be used for evaluating App status in commercial herds, but some appear limited by high carriage rates of low-virulence App. The 39-kDa antigen is only of merit in exclusion of App disease by negative serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Eamens
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden New South Wales, 2570, Australia.
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