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Fattal J, Giljen M, Vargas T, Damme KSF, Calkins ME, Pinkham AE, Mittal VA. A Developmental Perspective on Early and Current Motor Abnormalities and Psychotic-Like Symptoms. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae062. [PMID: 38728386 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are prevalent in the general population and, because they represent a lower end of the psychosis vulnerability spectrum, may be useful in informing mechanistic understanding. Although it is well-understood that motor signs characterize formal psychotic disorders, the developmental trajectory of these features and their relationships with PLEs are less well-understood. STUDY DESIGN Data from 7559 adolescents and young adults (age 11-21) in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort were used to investigate whether early-life milestone-attainment delays relate to current adolescent sensorimotor functioning and positive and negative PLEs. Current sensorimotor functioning was assessed using the Computerized Finger Tapping task (assessing motor slowing) and Mouse Practice task (assessing sensorimotor planning). STUDY RESULTS Early developmental abnormalities were related to current adolescent-aged motor slowing (t(7415.3) = -7.74, corrected-P < .001) and impaired sensorimotor planning (t(7502.5) = 5.57, corrected-P < .001). There was a significant interaction between developmental delays and current sensorimotor functioning on positive and negative PLEs (t = 1.67-4.51), such that individuals with early developmental delays had a stronger positive relationship between sensorimotor dysfunction and PLEs. Importantly, interaction models were significantly better at explaining current PLEs than those treating early and current sensorimotor dysfunction independently (χ2 = 4.89-20.34). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a relationship between early developmental delays and current sensorimotor functioning in psychosis proneness and inform an understanding of heterotypic continuity as well as a neurodevelopmental perspective of motor circuits. Furthermore, results indicate that motor signs are a clear factor in the psychosis continuum, suggesting that they may represent a core feature of psychosis vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fattal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Maksim Giljen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Pinkham
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Baruzzo E, Terruzzi S, Feder B, Papagno C, Smirni D. Verbal and non-verbal recognition memory assessment: validation of a computerized version of the Recognition Memory Test. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1979-1988. [PMID: 38129589 PMCID: PMC11021307 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of computerized devices for neuropsychological assessment (CNADs) as an effective alternative to the traditional pencil-and-paper modality has recently increased exponentially, both in clinical practice and research, especially due to the pandemic. However, several authors underline that the computerized modality requires the same psychometric validity as "in-presence" tests. The current study aimed at building and validating a computerized version of the verbal and non-verbal recognition memory test (RMT) for words, unknown faces and buildings. METHODS Seventy-two healthy Italian participants, with medium-high education and ability to proficiently use computerized systems, were enrolled. The sample was subdivided into six groups, one for each age decade. Twelve neurological patients with mixed aetiology, age and educational level were also recruited. Both the computerized and the paper-and-pencil versions of the RMT were administered in two separate sessions. RESULTS In healthy participants, the computerized and the paper-and-pencil versions of the RMT showed statistical equivalence for words, unknown faces and buildings. In the neurological patients, no statistical difference was found between the performance at the two versions of the RMT. A moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability between the two versions was also found in both samples. Finally, the computerized version of the RMT was perceived as acceptable by both healthy participants and neurological patients at System Usability Scale (SUS). CONCLUSION The computerized version of the RMT can be used as a reliable alternative to the traditional version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Baruzzo
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences-CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Stefano Terruzzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences-CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Beatrice Feder
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences-CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Costanza Papagno
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences-CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Daniela Smirni
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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3
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Miley K, Bronstein MV, Ma S, Lee H, Green MF, Ventura J, Hooker CI, Nahum M, Vinogradov S. Trajectories and predictors of response to social cognition training in people with schizophrenia: A proof-of-concept machine learning study. Schizophr Res 2024; 266:92-99. [PMID: 38387253 PMCID: PMC11005939 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social cognition training (SCT) can improve social cognition deficits in schizophrenia. However, little is known about patterns of response to SCT or individual characteristics that predict response. METHODS 76 adults with schizophrenia randomized to receive 8-12 weeks of remotely-delivered SCT were included in this analysis. Social cognition was measured with a composite of six assessments. Latent class growth analyses identified trajectories of social cognitive response to SCT. Random forest and logistic regression models were trained to predict membership in the trajectory group that showed improvement from baseline measures including symptoms, functioning, motivation, and cognition. RESULTS Five trajectory groups were identified: Group 1 (29 %) began with slightly above average social cognition, and this ability significantly improved with SCT. Group 2 (9 %) had baseline social cognition approximately one standard deviation above the sample mean and did not improve with training. Groups 3 (18 %) and 4 (36 %) began with average to slightly below-average social cognition and showed non-significant trends toward improvement. Group 5 (8 %) began with social cognition approximately one standard deviation below the sample mean, and experienced significant deterioration in social cognition. The random forest model had the best performance, predicting Group 1 membership with an area under the curve of 0.73 (SD 0.24; 95 % CI [0.51-0.87]). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that there are distinct patterns of response to SCT in schizophrenia and that those with slightly above average social cognition at baseline may be most likely to experience gains. Results may inform future research seeking to individualize SCT treatment for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Miley
- HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN, USA.
| | - Michael V Bronstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN, USA
| | - Sisi Ma
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Hyunkyu Lee
- Department of Research and Development, Posit Science Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- VA Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine I Hooker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mor Nahum
- School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN, USA
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Di Sandro A, Moore TM, Zoupou E, Kennedy KP, Lopez KC, Ruparel K, Njokweni LJ, Rush S, Daryoush T, Franco O, Gorgone A, Savino A, Didier P, Wolf DH, Calkins ME, Cobb Scott J, Gur RE, Gur RC. Validation of the cognitive section of the Penn computerized adaptive test for neurocognitive and clinical psychopathology assessment (CAT-CCNB). Brain Cogn 2024; 174:106117. [PMID: 38128447 PMCID: PMC10799332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery is an efficient tool for assessing brain-behavior domains, and its efficiency was augmented via computerized adaptive testing (CAT). This battery requires validation in a separate sample to establish psychometric properties. METHODS In a mixed community/clinical sample of N = 307 18-to-35-year-olds, we tested the relationships of the CAT tests with the full-form tests. We compared discriminability among recruitment groups (psychosis, mood, control) and examined how their scores relate to demographics. CAT-Full relationships were evaluated based on a minimum inter-test correlation of 0.70 or an inter-test correlation within at least 0.10 of the full-form correlation with a previous administration of the full battery. Differences in criterion relationships were tested via mixed models. RESULTS Most tests (15/17) met the minimum criteria for replacing the full-form with the updated CAT version (mean r = 0.67; range = 0.53-0.80) when compared to relationships of the full-forms with previous administrations of the full-forms (mean r = 0.68; range = 0.50-0.85). Most (16/17) CAT-based relationships with diagnostics and other validity criteria were indistinguishable (interaction p > 0.05) from their full-form counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The updated CNB shows psychometric properties acceptable for research. The full-forms of some tests should be retained due to insufficient time savings to justify the loss in precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Di Sandro
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eirini Zoupou
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelly P Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine C Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucky J Njokweni
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sage Rush
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tarlan Daryoush
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olivia Franco
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alesandra Gorgone
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Savino
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paige Didier
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Cobb Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Philadelphia VA Medical Center, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abplanalp SJ, Braff DL, Light GA, Joshi YB, Nuechterlein KH, Green MF. Clarifying directional dependence among measures of early auditory processing and cognition in schizophrenia: leveraging Gaussian graphical models and Bayesian networks. Psychol Med 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38287656 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research using latent variable models demonstrates that pre-attentive measures of early auditory processing (EAP) and cognition may initiate a cascading effect on daily functioning in schizophrenia. However, such models fail to account for relationships among individual measures of cognition and EAP, thereby limiting their utility. Hence, EAP and cognition may function as complementary and interacting measures of brain function rather than independent stages of information processing. Here, we apply a data-driven approach to identifying directional relationships among neurophysiologic and cognitive variables. METHODS Using data from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia 2, we estimated Gaussian Graphical Models and Bayesian networks to examine undirected and directed connections between measures of EAP, including mismatch negativity and P3a, and cognition in 663 outpatients with schizophrenia and 630 control participants. RESULTS Chain structures emerged among EAP and attention/vigilance measures in schizophrenia and control groups. Concerning differences between the groups, object memory was an influential variable in schizophrenia upon which other cognitive domains depended, and working memory was an influential variable in controls. CONCLUSIONS Measures of EAP and attention/vigilance are conditionally independent of other cognitive domains that were used in this study. Findings also revealed additional causal assumptions among measures of cognition that could help guide statistical control and ultimately help identify early-stage targets or surrogate endpoints in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Abplanalp
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David L Braff
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Light
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yash B Joshi
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Punchaichira TJ, Kukshal P, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Effect of rs1108580 of DBH and rs1006737 of CACNA1C on Cognition and Tardive Dyskinesia in a North Indian Schizophrenia Cohort. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6826-6839. [PMID: 37493923 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic perturbations in dopamine neurotransmission and calcium signaling pathways are implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. We aimed to test the association of a functional splice variant each in Dopamine β-Hydroxylase (DBH; rs1108580) and Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C; rs1006737) genes in these pathways with schizophrenia (506 cases, 443 controls); Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores in subjects assessed for tardive dyskinesia (76 TD-positive, 95 TD-negative) and Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB) scores (334 cases, 234 controls). The effect of smoking status and SNP genotypes on AIMS scores were assessed using ANOVA; health status and SNP genotypes on three performance functions of PennCNB cognitive domains were assessed by ANCOVA with age and sex as covariates. Association with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores in the TD cohort and cognitive scores in healthy controls of the cognition cohort were tested by linear regression. None of the markers were associated with schizophrenia. Smoking status [F(2, 139) = 10.6; p = 5 × 10-5], rs1006737 [F(2, 139) = 7.1; p = 0.001], TD status*smoking [F(2, 139) = 8.0; p = 5.0 × 10-4] and smoking status*rs1006737 [F(4, 139) = 2.7; p = 0.03] had an effect on AIMS score. Furthermore, rs1006737 was associated with orofacial [F(2, 139) = 4.6; p = 0.01] and limb-truncal TD [(F(2, 139) = 3.8; p = 0.02]. Main effect of rs1108580 on working memoryprocessing speed [F(2, 544) = 3.8; p = 0.03] and rs1006737 on spatial abilityefficiency [F(1, 550) = 9.4; p = 0.02] was identified. Health status*rs1006737 interaction had an effect on spatial memoryprocessing speed [F(1, 550) = 6.9; p = 0.01]. Allelic/genotypic association (p = 0.01/0.03) of rs1006737 with disorganized/concrete factor and allelic association of rs1108580 (p = 0.04) with a depressive factor of PANSS was observed in the TD-negative subcohort. Allelic association of rs1006737 with sensorimotor dexterityaccuracy (p = 0.03), attentionefficiency (p = 0.05), and spatial abilityefficiency (p = 0.02); allelic association of rs1108580 with face memoryaccuracy (p = 0.05) and emotionefficiency (p = 0.05); and allelic/genotypic association with emotionaccuracy (p = 0.003/0.009) were observed in healthy controls of the cognition cohort. These association findings may have direct implications for personalized medicine and cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
- Sri Sathya Sai Sanjeevani International Centre for Child Heart Care & Research, Palwal, Haryana, 121102, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research-Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Baba Kharak Singh Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Smita Neelkanth Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research-Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Baba Kharak Singh Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Kraljević N, Langner R, Küppers V, Raimondo F, Patil KR, Eickhoff SB, Müller VI. Network and State Specificity in Connectivity-Based Predictions of Individual Behavior. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.11.540387. [PMID: 37215048 PMCID: PMC10197703 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.11.540387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Predicting individual behavior from brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns can contribute to our understanding of human brain functioning. This may apply in particular if predictions are based on features derived from circumscribed, a priori defined functional networks, which improves interpretability. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that task-based FC data may yield more successful predictions of behavior than resting-state FC data. Here, we comprehensively examined to what extent the correspondence of functional network priors and task states with behavioral target domains influences the predictability of individual performance in cognitive, social, and affective tasks. To this end, we used data from the Human Connectome Project for large-scale out-of-sample predictions of individual abilities in working memory (WM), theory-of-mind cognition (SOCIAL), and emotion processing (EMO) from FC of corresponding and non-corresponding states (WM/SOCIAL/EMO/resting-state) and networks (WM/SOCIAL/EMO/whole-brain connectome). Using root mean squared error and coefficient of determination to evaluate model fit revealed that predictive performance was rather poor overall. Predictions from whole-brain FC were slightly better than those from FC in task-specific networks, and a slight benefit of predictions based on FC from task versus resting state was observed for performance in the WM domain. Beyond that, we did not find any significant effects of a correspondence of network, task state, and performance domains. Together, these results suggest that multivariate FC patterns during both task and resting states contain rather little information on individual performance levels, calling for a reconsideration of how the brain mediates individual differences in mental abilities.
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Wilcox RR, Barbey AK. Connectome-based predictive modeling of fluid intelligence: evidence for a global system of functionally integrated brain networks. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10322-10331. [PMID: 37526284 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience continues to advance our understanding of the neural foundations of human intelligence, with significant progress elucidating the role of the frontoparietal network in cognitive control mechanisms for flexible, intelligent behavior. Recent evidence in network neuroscience further suggests that this finding may represent the tip of the iceberg and that fluid intelligence may depend on the collective interaction of multiple brain networks. However, the global brain mechanisms underlying fluid intelligence and the nature of multi-network interactions remain to be well established. We therefore conducted a large-scale Connectome-based Predictive Modeling study, administering resting-state fMRI to 159 healthy college students and examining the contributions of seven intrinsic connectivity networks to the prediction of fluid intelligence, as measured by a state-of-the-art cognitive task (the Bochum Matrices Test). Specifically, we aimed to: (i) identify whether fluid intelligence relies on a primary brain network or instead engages multiple brain networks; and (ii) elucidate the nature of brain network interactions by assessing network allegiance (within- versus between-network connections) and network topology (strong versus weak connections) in the prediction of fluid intelligence. Our results demonstrate that whole-brain predictive models account for a large and significant proportion of variance in fluid intelligence (18%) and illustrate that the contribution of individual networks is relatively modest by comparison. In addition, we provide novel evidence that the global architecture of fluid intelligence prioritizes between-network connections and flexibility through weak ties. Our findings support a network neuroscience approach to understanding the collective role of brain networks in fluid intelligence and elucidate the system-wide network mechanisms from which flexible, adaptive behavior is constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey R Wilcox
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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Hitczenko K, Segal Y, Keshet J, Goldrick M, Mittal VA. Speech characteristics yield important clues about motor function: Speech variability in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia (Heidelb) 2023; 9:60. [PMID: 37717025 PMCID: PMC10505148 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Motor abnormalities are predictive of psychosis onset in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and are tied to its progression. We hypothesize that these motor abnormalities also disrupt their speech production (a highly complex motor behavior) and predict CHR individuals will produce more variable speech than healthy controls, and that this variability will relate to symptom severity, motor measures, and psychosis-risk calculator risk scores. STUDY DESIGN We measure variability in speech production (variability in consonants, vowels, speech rate, and pausing/timing) in N = 58 CHR participants and N = 67 healthy controls. Three different tasks are used to elicit speech: diadochokinetic speech (rapidly-repeated syllables e.g., papapa…, pataka…), read speech, and spontaneously-generated speech. STUDY RESULTS Individuals in the CHR group produced more variable consonants and exhibited greater speech rate variability than healthy controls in two of the three speech tasks (diadochokinetic and read speech). While there were no significant correlations between speech measures and remotely-obtained motor measures, symptom severity, or conversion risk scores, these comparisons may be under-powered (in part due to challenges of remote data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic). CONCLUSION This study provides a thorough and theory-driven first look at how speech production is affected in this at-risk population and speaks to the promise and challenges facing this approach moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Hitczenko
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Département d'Études Cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France.
| | - Yael Segal
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Keshet
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Matthew Goldrick
- Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Cognitive Science Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Cognitive Science Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA
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Ruiz SG, Brazil IA, Baskin-Sommers A. Distinct neurocognitive fingerprints reflect differential associations with risky and impulsive behavior in a neurotypical sample. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11782. [PMID: 37479846 PMCID: PMC10362008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Engagement in risky and impulsive behavior has long been associated with deficits in neurocognition. However, we have a limited understanding of how multiple subfunctions of neurocognition co-occur within individuals and which combinations of neurocognitive subfunctions are most relevant for risky and impulsive behavior. Using the neurotypical Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample (N = 673), we applied a Bayesian latent feature learning model-the Indian Buffet Process-to identify nuanced, individual-specific profiles of multiple neurocognitive subfunctions and examine their relationship to risky and impulsive behavior. All features were within a relatively normative range of neurocognition; however, there was subtle variability related to risky and impulsive behaviors. The relatively overall poorer neurocognition feature correlated with greater affective impulsivity and substance use patterns/problems. The poorer episodic memory and emotion feature correlated with greater trait externalizing and sensation-seeking. The poorer attention feature correlated with increased trait externalizing and negative urgency but decreased positive urgency and substance use. Finally, the average or mixed features negatively correlated with various risky and impulsive behaviors. Estimating nuanced patterns of co-occurring neurocognitive functions can inform our understanding of a continuum of risky and impulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia G Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Inti A Brazil
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Wootton O, Dalvie S, MacGinty R, Ngqengelele L, Susser ES, Gur RC, Stein DJ. Predictors of within-individual variability in cognitive performance in schizophrenia in a South African case-control study. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37340804 PMCID: PMC10733548 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia may be assessed by measuring within-individual variability (WIV) in performance across a range of cognitive tests. Previous studies have found increased WIV in people with schizophrenia, but no studies have been conducted in low- to middle-income countries where the different sociocultural context may affect WIV. We sought to address this gap by exploring the relationship between WIV and a range of clinical and demographic variables in a large study of people with schizophrenia and matched controls in South Africa. METHODS 544 people with schizophrenia and 861 matched controls completed an adapted version of The University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB). Demographic and clinical information was collected using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Diagnoses. Across-task WIV for performance speed and accuracy on the PennCNB was calculated. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relationship between WIV and a diagnosis of schizophrenia in the whole sample, and WIV and selected demographic and clinical variables in people with schizophrenia. RESULTS Increased WIV of performance speed across cognitive tests was significantly associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In people with schizophrenia, increased speed WIV was associated with older age, a lower level of education and a lower score on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Increased accuracy WIV was significantly associated with a younger age in people with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of WIV of performance speed can add to the knowledge gained from studies of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda Ngqengelele
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ezra S. Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, South Africa
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Aneni K, Gomati de la Vega I, Jiao MG, Funaro MC, Fiellin LE. Evaluating the validity of game-based assessments measuring cognitive function among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Brain Res 2023; 279:1-36. [PMID: 37661161 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Games offer advantages over traditional methods of assessing cognitive function among children and adolescents. However, the validity of game-based assessments has not been systematically evaluated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the validity of game-based assessments measuring cognitive function among children and adolescents. We systematically searched several databases using pre-defined inclusion criteria. For papers that met the criteria, we extracted and analyzed the cognitive functions measured by each study, the correlation coefficients between game-based and traditional assessments, and factors that could influence the validity of game-based assessments. Our review identified 19 articles featuring 20 studies, 18 games, and 378 unique correlations between game-based and traditional assessments of cognitive function. Game-based assessments yielded significant correlations (n=282, 75%) with traditional assessments, over half of which were in the low to medium range in strength (r=0.3-0.69, n=227, 80%). Factors related to the child, such as age, gender, and prior gaming experience, may influence the validity of game-based assessments by modifying performance on game-based assessments. In addition, we found that game-based assessments that measured cognitive functions across more than one neurocognitive domain and used a prediction model for scoring were more likely to yield significant correlations. In contrast, including a narrative storyline in a game-based assessment was less likely to yield significant correlations. Most studies were of good quality, although the lack of sample size justification was a limiting factor. Further research is needed to elucidate the influence of identified factors on the validity of game-based assessment to justify the wide adoption of game-based assessments of cognitive function among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kammarauche Aneni
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Megan G Jiao
- McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa C Funaro
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lynn E Fiellin
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.
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13
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Garzón B, Kurth-Nelson Z, Bäckman L, Nyberg L, Guitart-Masip M. Investigating associations of delay discounting with brain structure, working memory, and episodic memory. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1669-1678. [PMID: 35488441 PMCID: PMC9977379 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delay discounting (DD), the preference for smaller and sooner rewards over larger and later ones, is an important behavioural phenomenon for daily functioning of increasing interest within psychopathology. The neurobiological mechanisms behind DD are not well understood and the literature on structural correlates of DD shows inconsistencies. METHODS Here we leveraged a large openly available dataset (n = 1196) to investigate associations with memory performance and gray and white matter correlates of DD using linked independent component analysis. RESULTS Greater DD was related to smaller anterior temporal gray matter volume. Associations of DD with total cortical volume, subcortical volumes, markers of white matter microscopic organization, working memory, and episodic memory scores were not significant after controlling for education and income. CONCLUSION Effects of size comparable to the one we identified would be unlikely to be replicated with sample sizes common in many previous studies in this domain, which may explain the incongruities in the literature. The paucity and small size of the effects detected in our data underscore the importance of using large samples together with methods that accommodate their statistical structure and appropriate control for confounders, as well as the need to devise paradigms with improved task parameter reliability in studies relating brain structure and cognitive abilities with DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Garzón
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 17 165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zeb Kurth-Nelson
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, 10-12 Russell Square, WC1B 5EH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 17 165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, 3A, 2tr, Norrlands universitetssjukhus, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 7, 907 36, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, H, Biologihuset, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marc Guitart-Masip
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 17 165, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, 10-12 Russell Square, WC1B 5EH, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Moore TM, Di Sandro A, Scott JC, Lopez KC, Ruparel K, Njokweni LJ, Santra S, Conway DS, Port AM, D'Errico L, Rush S, Wolf DH, Calkins ME, Gur RE, Gur RC. Construction of a computerized adaptive test (CAT-CCNB) for efficient neurocognitive and clinical psychopathology assessment. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 386:109795. [PMID: 36657647 PMCID: PMC9892357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional paper-and-pencil neurocognitive evaluations and semi-structured mental health interviews can take hours to administer and score. Computerized assessment has decreased that burden substantially, and contemporary psychometric tools such as item response theory and computerized adaptive testing (CAT) allow even further abbreviation. NEW METHOD The goal of this paper was to describe the application of CAT and related methods to the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB) and a well-validated clinical assessment in order to increase efficiency in assessment and relevant domain coverage. To calibrate item banks for CAT, N = 5053 participants (63% female; mean age 45 years, range 18-80) were collected from across the United States via crowdsourcing, providing item parameters that were then linked to larger item banks and used in individual test construction. Tests not amenable to CAT were abbreviated using complementary short-form methods. RESULTS The final "CAT-CCNB" battery comprised 21 cognitive tests (compared to 14 in the original) and five adaptive clinical scales (compared to 16 in the original). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This new battery, derived with contemporary psychometric approaches, provides further improvements over existing assessments that use collections of fixed-length tests developed for stand-alone administration. The CAT-CCNB provides an improved version of the CNB that shows promise as a maximally efficient tool for neuropsychiatric assessment. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate CAT-CCNB will help satisfy the clear need for broad yet efficient measurement of cognitive and clinical domains, facilitating implementation of large-scale, "big science" approaches to data collection, and potential widespread clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Akira Di Sandro
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Cobb Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Philadelphia VA Medical Center, 19104, USA
| | - Katherine C Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucky J Njokweni
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Satrajit Santra
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David S Conway
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison M Port
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lisa D'Errico
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sage Rush
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Abstract
Women are thought to fare better in verbal abilities, especially in verbal-fluency and verbal-memory tasks. However, the last meta-analysis on sex/gender differences in verbal fluency dates from 1988. Although verbal memory has only recently been investigated meta-analytically, a comprehensive meta-analysis is lacking that focuses on verbal memory as it is typically assessed, for example, in neuropsychological settings. On the basis of 496 effect sizes and 355,173 participants, in the current meta-analysis, we found that women/girls outperformed men/boys in phonemic fluency (ds = 0.12-0.13) but not in semantic fluency (ds = 0.01-0.02), for which the sex/gender difference appeared to be category-dependent. Women/girls also outperformed men/boys in recall (d = 0.28) and recognition (ds = 0.12-0.17). Although effect sizes are small, the female advantage was relatively stable over the past 50 years and across lifetime. Published articles reported stronger female advantages than unpublished studies, and first authors reported better performance for members of their own sex/gender. We conclude that a small female advantage in phonemic fluency, recall, and recognition exists and is partly subject to publication bias. Considerable variance suggests further contributing factors, such as participants' language and country/region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hirnstein
- Department of Biological and Medical
Psychology, University of Bergen
| | - Josephine Stuebs
- Department of Biological and Medical
Psychology, University of Bergen
- Department of Neuropsychology and
Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University
- Institute of Clinical Medicine,
University of Oslo
| | - Angelica Moè
- Department of General Psychology,
University of Padua
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16
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Sudit E, Luby J, Gilbert K. Sad, Sadder, Saddest: Recognition of Sad and Happy Emotional Intensity, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Depressive Symptoms in Preschoolers. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1221-1230. [PMID: 34117580 PMCID: PMC8664896 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES) have repeatedly been associated with depression. The ability to differentiate emotional intensity is a protective factor for psychopathology and in the context of life stressors, poor negative emotion differentiation (ED) is associated with depressive symptoms. However, little is known about whether the ability to recognize negative emotional intensity, a theorized developmental prerequisite of ED, influences the relationship between ACES and depressive symptoms in early childhood. The current study examined the interactive effects of ACES, the ability to recognize emotional intensity and depressive symptoms in 249 preschoolers enriched for depression. Findings demonstrated that when experiencing ACES, sad (not happy) emotion recognition was associated with elevated depressive symptoms. Specifically, when facing multiple ACEs, preschoolers with poor and moderate ability to recognize sad emotional intensity exhibited elevated depressive symptoms. Findings demonstrate that when experiencing elevated ACES, sad emotion recognition may be a protective factor for depression in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Sudit
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
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17
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Moore TM, Calkins ME, Rosen AFG, Butler ER, Ruparel K, Fusar-Poli P, Koutsouleris N, McGuire P, Cannon TD, Gur RC, Gur RE. Development of a probability calculator for psychosis risk in children, adolescents, and young adults. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3159-3167. [PMID: 33431073 PMCID: PMC8273212 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of risks of illnesses has been an important part of medicine for decades. We now have hundreds of 'risk calculators' for illnesses, including brain disorders, and these calculators are continually improving as more diverse measures are collected on larger samples. METHODS We first replicated an existing psychosis risk calculator and then used our own sample to develop a similar calculator for use in recruiting 'psychosis risk' enriched community samples. We assessed 632 participants age 8-21 (52% female; 48% Black) from a community sample with longitudinal data on neurocognitive, clinical, medical, and environmental variables. We used this information to predict psychosis spectrum (PS) status in the future. We selected variables based on lasso, random forest, and statistical inference relief; and predicted future PS using ridge regression, random forest, and support vector machines. RESULTS Cross-validated prediction diagnostics were obtained by building and testing models in randomly selected sub-samples of the data, resulting in a distribution of the diagnostics; we report the mean. The strongest predictors of later PS status were the Children's Global Assessment Scale; delusions of predicting the future or having one's thoughts/actions controlled; and the percent married in one's neighborhood. Random forest followed by ridge regression was most accurate, with a cross-validated area under the curve (AUC) of 0.67. Adjustment of the model including only six variables reached an AUC of 0.70. CONCLUSIONS Results support the potential application of risk calculators for screening and identification of at-risk community youth in prospective investigations of developmental trajectories of the PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adon F. G. Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellyn R. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- OASIS service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Germany
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Feraco T, Cona G. Differentiation of general and specific abilities in intelligence. A bifactor study of age and gender differentiation in 8- to 19-year-olds. Intelligence 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Greenwood TA. Genetic Influences on Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:291-314. [PMID: 36029459 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and debilitating psychotic disorder that is highly heritable and relatively common in the population. The clinical heterogeneity associated with schizophrenia is substantial, with patients exhibiting a broad range of deficits and symptom severity. Large-scale genomic studies employing a case-control design have begun to provide some biological insight. However, this strategy combines individuals with clinically diverse symptoms and ignores the genetic risk that is carried by many clinically unaffected individuals. Consequently, the majority of the genetic architecture underlying schizophrenia remains unexplained, and the pathways by which the implicated variants contribute to the clinically observable signs and symptoms are still largely unknown. Parsing the complex, clinical phenotype of schizophrenia into biologically relevant components may have utility in research aimed at understanding the genetic basis of liability. Cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia that is associated with impaired quality of life and poor functional outcome. Here, we examine the value of quantitative measures of cognitive dysfunction to objectively target the underlying neurobiological pathways and identify genetic variants and gene networks contributing to schizophrenia risk. For a complex disorder, quantitative measures are also more efficient than diagnosis, allowing for the identification of associated genetic variants with fewer subjects. Such a strategy supplements traditional analyses of schizophrenia diagnosis, providing the necessary biological insight to help translate genetic findings into actionable treatment targets. Understanding the genetic basis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia may thus facilitate the development of novel pharmacological and procognitive interventions to improve real-world functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Kuo SS, Musket CW, Rupert PE, Almasy L, Gur RC, Prasad KM, Roalf DR, Gur RE, Nimgaonkar VL, Pogue-Geile MF. Age-dependent patterns of schizophrenia genetic risk affect cognition. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:39-48. [PMID: 35709646 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognition shares substantial genetic overlap with schizophrenia, yet it remains unclear whether such genetic effects become significant during developmental periods of elevated risk for schizophrenia, such as the peak age of onset. We introduce an investigative framework integrating epidemiological, developmental, and genetic approaches to determine whether genetic effects shared between schizophrenia and cognition are significant across periods of differing risk for schizophrenia onset, and whether these effects are shared with depression. 771 European-American participants, including 636 (ages 15-84 years) from families with at least two first-degree relatives with schizophrenia and 135 unrelated controls, were divided into three age-risk groups based on ages relative to epidemiological age of onset patterns for schizophrenia: Pre-Peak (before peak age-of-onset: 15 to 22 years), Post-Peak (after peak age-of-onset: 23-42 years), and Plateau (during plateau of age-of-onset: over 42 years). For general cognition and 11 specific cognitive traits, we estimated genetic correlations with schizophrenia and with depression within each age-risk group. Genetic effects shared between deficits in general cognition and schizophrenia were nonsignificant before peak age of onset, yet were high and significant after peak age of onset and during the plateau of onset. These age-dependent genetic effects were largely consistent across specific cognitive traits and not transdiagnostically shared with depression. Schizophrenia genetic effects appear to influence cognitive traits in an age-dependent manner, supporting late developmental and perhaps neurodegenerative models that hypothesize increased expression of schizophrenia risk genes during and after the peak age of risk. Our findings underscore the utility of cognitive traits for tracking schizophrenia genetic effects across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Kuo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, United States of America; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Christie W Musket
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Petra E Rupert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Konasale M Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Veteran Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, United States of America
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Michael F Pogue-Geile
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
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Ono T, Sakurai T, Kasuno S, Murai T. Novel 3-D action video game mechanics reveal differentiable cognitive constructs in young players, but not in old. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11751. [PMID: 35864114 PMCID: PMC9304325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Video game research predominantly uses a “one game-one function” approach—researchers deploy a constellation of task-like minigames to span multiple domains or consider a complex video game to essentially represent one cognitive construct. To profile cognitive functioning in a more ecologically valid setting, we developed a novel 3-D action shooter video game explicitly designed to engage multiple cognitive domains. We compared gameplay data with results from a web-based cognitive battery (WebCNP) for 158 participants (aged 18–74). There were significant negative main effects on game performance from age and gender, even when controlling for prior video game exposure. Among younger players, game mechanics displayed significant and unique correlations to cognitive constructs such as aim accuracy with attention and stealth with abstract thinking within the same session. Among older players the relation between game components and cognitive domains was unclear. Findings suggest that while game mechanics within a single game can be deconstructed to correspond to existing cognitive metrics, how game mechanics are understood and utilized likely differs between the young and old. We argue that while complex games can be utilized to measure distinct cognitive functions, the translation scheme of gameplay to cognitive function should not be one-size-fits-all across all demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomihiro Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital, Yoshida konoe cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,BonBon Inc., Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- BonBon Inc., Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Thammachai A, Sapbamrer R, Rohitrattana J, Tongprasert S, Hongsibsong S, Wangsan K. The reliability of neurobehavioral tests in a thai adult population. Dement Neuropsychol 2022; 16:324-331. [PMID: 36619834 PMCID: PMC9762389 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2021-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of decline in neurobehavioral (NB) performance requires reliable methods of testing. Although NB tests have been shown to be consistent and reliable in Western countries, there has been limited research in Asian populations. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of NB tests in a Thai adult population and examine the impact of demographic data on NB tests. The aspects of the tests chosen were memory, attention, hand-eye coordination, motor speed, and dexterity. Methods The three NB tests used were digit span, Purdue Pegboard, and visual-motor integration. All three were administered to a population of 30 Thai adults. Results The outcomes of all Pearson's correlation coefficient tests (r) were positive and greater than 0.60, and subtest-retest reliability correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 (p<0.001) to 0.81 (p<0.001). Interestingly, the outcomes of all of these tests were not affected by demographic data, with the exception of the Purdue Pegboard test, in which performance on the preferred hand and both hands assessment was weakly associated with age (β=-0.09, p<0.001 and β=-0.08, p<0.05, respectively). Conclusions NB tests have adequate reliability and are useful for the evaluation of clinical memory, attention, hand-eye coordination, motor speed, and dexterity in Thai adults. These tests were not affected by demographic data. However, further studies to measure the validity of the digit span, Purdue Pegboard, and visual-motor integration tests are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajchamon Thammachai
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of
Community Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of
Community Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Siam Tongprasert
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of
Rehabilitation Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences,
School of Health Sciences Research, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kampanat Wangsan
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of
Community Medicine, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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23
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Abstract
Episodic memory is supported by a distributed network of brain regions, and this complex network of regions does not operate in isolation. To date, neuroscience research in this area has typically focused on the activation levels in specific regions or pairwise connectivity between such regions. However, research has yet to investigate how the complex interactions of structural brain networks influence episodic memory abilities. We applied graph theory methods to diffusion-based anatomical networks in order to examine the structural architecture of the medial temporal lobe needed to support effective episodic memory functioning. We examined the relationship between performance on tests of verbal and non-verbal episodic memory with node strength, which indexes how well connected a brain region is in the network. Findings mapped onto the Posterior Medial memory system, subserved by the parahippocampal cortex and overlapped with findings of previous studies of episodic memory employing different methodologies. This expands our current understanding by providing independent evidence for the importance of identified regions and suggesting the particular manner in which these regions support episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Matyi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey M. Spielberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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24
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Lok R, Joyce DS, Zeitzer JM. Impact of daytime spectral tuning on cognitive function. J Photochem Photobiol B 2022; 230:112439. [PMID: 35398657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light at night can improve alertness and cognition. Exposure to daytime light, however, has yielded less conclusive results. In addition to direct effects, daytime light may also mitigate the impact of nocturnal light exposure on alertness. To examine the impact of daytime lighting on daytime cognitive performance, and evening alertness, we studied nine healthy individuals using a within subject crossover design. On four visits, participants were exposed to one of four lighting conditions for 10 h (dim fluorescent, room fluorescent, broad-spectrum LED, standard white LED; the latter three conditions were matched for 100 lx) followed by an exposure to bright evening light. Cognitive performance, subjective and objective measures of alertness were regularly obtained. While daytime alertness was not impacted by light exposure, the broad-spectrum LED light improved several aspects of daytime cognition. The impact of evening light on alertness was not mitigated by the pre-exposure to different daytime lighting conditions. Results suggest that daytime exposure to white light with high melanopic efficacy has the potential to improve daytime cognitive function and that such improvements are likely to be direct rather than a consequence of light-induced changes in alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Lok
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Daniel S Joyce
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, United States of America
| | - Jamie M Zeitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States of America.
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25
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Haddad NM, Hortêncio L, Andrade JC, Serpa MH, Alves TM, van de Bilt MT, Rössler W, Gattaz WF, Loch AA. Cognitive Patterns and Conversion in a Representative Sample of Individuals at Risk for Psychosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:335-341. [PMID: 34731093 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals belong to a heterogeneous group, of which only a few will cross the threshold for a clinical diagnosis. Cognitive disturbances are present in CHR subjects and may be indicative of transition. Our study aims to identify such deficits in a representative CHR for psychosis sample. Our sample comprised 92 CHR individuals and 54 controls from a representative cohort of the general population. They were followed up for a mean of 2.5 years, with 15 individuals converting to schizophrenia or other Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition diagnoses. Neurocognitive assessment was performed with the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neuropsychological Testing, and CHR status was assessed with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS). Baseline scores were entered in a latent profile analysis model. Our study brought forward a four-class model on cognitive performance. One class displayed better performance, whereas the other three performed worse, all compared with controls. The class with lower executive function also had the highest score on disorganized communication (SIPS P5 = 1.36, p < 0.05), although unrelated to conversion. Among the low performers, the class significantly related to conversion (p = 0.023) had the highest score in decreased expression of emotion (SIPS N3 = 0.85, p < 0.05). Our study brings new and relevant data on non-help-seeking CHR individuals and the relationship between cognitive patterns and conversion. We have highlighted a specific cognitive signature, associated with negative symptoms, which represents a stable trait with presumed lower conversion to a psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mansur Haddad
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo
| | - Lucas Hortêncio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo
| | - Julio Cesar Andrade
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo
| | | | - Tania Maria Alves
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo
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26
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Udochi AL, Blain SD, Sassenberg TA, Burton PC, Medrano L, DeYoung CG. Activation of the default network during a theory of mind task predicts individual differences in agreeableness and social cognitive ability. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2022; 22:383-402. [PMID: 34668171 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Social cognitive processes, such as emotion perception and empathy, allow humans to navigate complex social landscapes and are associated with specific neural systems. In particular, theory of mind (ToM), which refers to our ability to decipher the mental states of others, is related to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction, which include portions of the default network. Both social cognition and the default network have been linked to the personality trait Agreeableness. We hypothesized that default network activity during a ToM task would positively predict social cognitive abilities and Agreeableness. In a 3T fMRI scanner, participants (N = 1050) completed a ToM task in which they observed triangles displaying random or social (i.e., human-like) movement. Participants also completed self-report measures of Agreeableness and tests of intelligence and social cognitive ability. In each participant, average blood oxygen level dependent responses were calculated for default network regions associated with social cognition, and structural equation modeling was used to test associations of personality and task performance with activation in those brain regions. Default network activation in the dorsal medial subsystem was greater for social versus random animations. Default network activation in response to social animations predicted better performance on social cognition tasks and, to a lesser degree, higher Agreeableness. Neural response to social stimuli in the default network may be associated with effective social processing and could have downstream effects on social interactions. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications of this work for social and personality neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha L Udochi
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Elliott Hall, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.
| | - Scott D Blain
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Elliott Hall, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.
| | - Tyler A Sassenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Elliott Hall, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Philip C Burton
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Elliott Hall, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Leroy Medrano
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Elliott Hall, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Colin G DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Elliott Hall, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
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27
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Wu X, Kong X, Vatansever D, Liu Z, Zhang K, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Feng J, Thompson P, Zhang J. Dynamic changes in brain lateralization correlate with human cognitive performance. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001560. [PMID: 35298460 PMCID: PMC8929635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemispheric lateralization constitutes a core architectural principle of human brain organization underlying cognition, often argued to represent a stable, trait-like feature. However, emerging evidence underlines the inherently dynamic nature of brain networks, in which time-resolved alterations in functional lateralization remain uncharted. Integrating dynamic network approaches with the concept of hemispheric laterality, we map the spatiotemporal architecture of whole-brain lateralization in a large sample of high-quality resting-state fMRI data (N = 991, Human Connectome Project). We reveal distinct laterality dynamics across lower-order sensorimotor systems and higher-order associative networks. Specifically, we expose 2 aspects of the laterality dynamics: laterality fluctuations (LF), defined as the standard deviation of laterality time series, and laterality reversal (LR), referring to the number of zero crossings in laterality time series. These 2 measures are associated with moderate and extreme changes in laterality over time, respectively. While LF depict positive association with language function and cognitive flexibility, LR shows a negative association with the same cognitive abilities. These opposing interactions indicate a dynamic balance between intra and interhemispheric communication, i.e., segregation and integration of information across hemispheres. Furthermore, in their time-resolved laterality index, the default mode and language networks correlate negatively with visual/sensorimotor and attention networks, which are linked to better cognitive abilities. Finally, the laterality dynamics are associated with functional connectivity changes of higher-order brain networks and correlate with regional metabolism and structural connectivity. Our results provide insights into the adaptive nature of the lateralized brain and new perspectives for future studies of human cognition, genetics, and brain disorders. Hemispheric lateralization constitutes a core architectural principle of human brain organization, often argued to represent a stable, trait-like feature, but how does this fit with our increasing appreciation of the inherently dynamic nature of brain networks? This neuroimaging study reveals the dynamic nature of functional brain lateralization at resting-state and its relationship with language function and cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Wu
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deniz Vatansever
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaowen Liu
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Abstract
Background Paranoia is associated with a multitude of social cognitive deficits, observed in both clinical and subclinical populations. Empathy is significantly and broadly impaired in schizophrenia, yet its relationship with subclinical paranoia is poorly understood. Furthermore, deficits in emotion recognition - a very early component of empathic processing - are present in both clinical and subclinical paranoia. Deficits in emotion recognition may therefore underlie relationships between paranoia and empathic processing. The current investigation aims to add to the literature on social cognition and paranoia by: (1) characterizing the relationship between paranoia and empathy, and (2) testing whether there is an indirect effect of emotion recognition on the relationship between empathy and paranoia. Methods Paranoia, empathy, and emotion recognition were assessed in a non-clinical sample of adults (n = 226) from the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland (NKI-Rockland) dataset. Paranoia was measured using the Peters Delusions Inventory-21 (PDI-21). Empathy was measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), a self-report instrument designed to assess empathy using four subscales: Personal Distress, Empathic Concern, Perspective Taking, and Fantasy. Emotion recognition was assessed using the Penn Emotion Recognition Test (ER-40). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to estimate relationships between paranoia, the four measures of empathy and emotion recognition. Results Paranoia was associated with the Fantasy subscale of the IRI, such that higher Fantasy was associated with more severe paranoia (p < 0.001). No other empathy subscales were associated with paranoia. Fantasy was also associated with the emotion recognition of fear, such that higher Fantasy was correlated with better recognition of fear (p = 0.008). Paranoia and emotion recognition were not significantly associated. The Empathic Concern subscale was negatively associated with emotion recognition, with higher empathic concern related to worse overall emotion recognition (p = 0.002). All indirect paths through emotion recognition were non-significant. Discussion These results suggest that imaginative perspective-taking contributes to paranoia in the general population. These data do not, however, point to robust global relationships between empathy and paranoia or to emotion recognition as an underlying mechanism. Deficits in empathy and emotion recognition observed in schizophrenia may be associated with the broader pathology of schizophrenia, and therefore not detectable with subclinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Beals
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sarah H. Sperry
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julia M. Sheffield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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29
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Casario K, Howard K, Cordoza M, Hermosillo E, Ibrahim L, Larson O, Nasrini J, Basner M. Acceptability of the Cognition Test Battery in Astronaut and Astronaut-Surrogate Populations. Acta Astronaut 2022; 190:14-23. [PMID: 34803193 PMCID: PMC8601114 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained high levels of astronaut cognitive performance are a prerequisite for mission success. A neuropsychological battery of 10 brief cognitive tests (Cognition) covering a range of cognitive domains was specifically developed for high performing astronauts to objectively assess cognitive performance. Extended mission durations require repeated cognitive testing and thus high acceptability of the Cognition software to the astronaut population. The aim of this qualitative study was to evaluate acceptability of Cognition to astronauts and astronaut surrogate populations. METHODS Cognition was administered repeatedly to N=87 subjects (mean age ±SD 35.1 ±8.7 years, 52.8% male) on a laptop or iPad across five individual studies on the International Space Station or in space analog environments on Earth. Following completion of each study, participants were interviewed regarding their experience using Cognition in a semi-structured debrief. Participant comments were analyzed using a qualitative conventional content analysis approach. RESULTS The majority of participants' comments (86.1%) were coded as positive or neutral in valence, with most positive comments relating to software usability, engagement, and overall design. Among the 10 Cognition tests, subjects liked the Visual Object Learning Test most (28 likes, 32.2% of participants), while the Emotion Recognition Test was liked least (44 dislikes, 50.6% of participants). Some subjects (36.8%) were frustrated with the level of difficulty of some of the 10 Cognition tests, especially during early administrations, which was by design to avoid ceiling effects in repeated administrations of high-performers. Technical difficulties were rare (20.7% of participants), and most often observed in environments with restricted internet access. Most participants (82.3% of those who commented) liked the feedback provided by Cognition after each test, which includes a graph showing performance history. CONCLUSION Cognition was found to be acceptable to astronaut and astronaut-surrogate populations across a variety of settings and mission durations. Participant feedback provided was used to further improve Cognition and increase its acceptability during sustained space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Casario
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Howard
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Cordoza
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E Hermosillo
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - L Ibrahim
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - O Larson
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J Nasrini
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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30
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Hoffman SN, Taylor CT, Campbell-Sills L, Thomas ML, Sun X, Naifeh JA, Kessler RC, Ursano RJ, Gur RC, Jain S, Stein MB. Association between neurocognitive functioning and suicide attempts in U.S. Army Soldiers. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 145:294-301. [PMID: 33190841 PMCID: PMC8102646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a serious public health problem, including among U.S. Army personnel. There is great interest in discovering objective predictors of suicide and non-fatal suicidal behaviors. The current study examined the association between neurocognitive functioning and pre-military history of suicide attempts (SA) and post-enlistment onset of SA. METHODS New Soldiers reporting for Basic Combat Training (N = 38,507) completed a comprehensive computerized neurocognitive assessment battery and self-report questionnaires. A subset of Soldiers (n = 6216) completed a follow-up survey, including assessment of lifetime SA, 3-7 years later. RESULTS Six hundred eighty-nine Soldiers indicated lifetime SA at baseline and 210 Soldiers indicated new-onset SA at follow-up. Regression analyses, adjusted for demographic variables, revealed significant bivariate associations between neurocognitive performance on measures of sustained attention, impulsivity, working memory, and emotion recognition and lifetime SA at baseline. In a multivariable model including each of these measures as predictors, poorer impulse control and quicker response times on an emotion recognition measure were significantly and independently associated with increased odds of lifetime SA. A second model predicted new-onset SA at follow-up for Soldiers who did not indicate a history of SA at baseline. Poorer impulse control on a measure of sustained attention was predictive of new-onset SA. LIMITATIONS Effect sizes are small and of unlikely clinical predictive utility. CONCLUSIONS We simultaneously examined multiple neurocognitive domains as predictors of SA in a large, representative sample of new Army Soldiers. Impulsivity most strongly predicted past and future SA over and beyond other implicated cognitive-emotional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Hoffman
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoying Sun
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - James A. Naifeh
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Robert J. Ursano
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Sonia Jain
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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31
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Feng L, Bi X, Zhang H. Brain Regions Identified as Being Associated with Verbal Reasoning through the Use of Imaging Regression via Internal Variation. J Am Stat Assoc 2021; 116:144-158. [PMID: 34955572 DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2020.1766468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain-imaging data have been increasingly used to understand intellectual disabilities. Despite significant progress in biomedical research, the mechanisms for most of the intellectual disabilities remain unknown. Finding the underlying neurological mechanisms has been proved difficult, especially in children due to the rapid development of their brains. We investigate verbal reasoning, which is a reliable measure of individuals' general intellectual abilities, and develop a class of high-order imaging regression models to identify brain subregions which might be associated with this specific intellectual ability. A key novelty of our method is to take advantage of spatial brain structures, and specifically the piecewise smooth nature of most imaging coefficients in the form of high-order tensors. Our approach provides an effective and urgently needed method for identifying brain subregions potentially underlying certain intellectual disabilities. The idea behind our approach is a carefully constructed concept called Internal Variation (IV). The IV employs tensor decomposition and provides a computationally feasible substitution for Total Variation (TV), which has been considered in the literature to deal with similar problems but is problematic in high order tensor regression. Before applying our method to analyze the real data, we conduct comprehensive simulation studies to demonstrate the validity of our method in imaging signal identification. Then, we present our results from the analysis of a dataset based on the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort for which we preprocessed the data including re-orienting, bias-field correcting, extracting, normalizing and registering the magnetic resonance images from 978 individuals. Our analysis identified a subregion across the cingulate cortex and the corpus callosum as being associated with individuals' verbal reasoning ability, which, to the best of our knowledge, is a novel region that has not been reported in the literature. This finding is useful in further investigation of functional mechansims for verbal reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University
| | - Xuan Bi
- Information and Decision Sciences, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota
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32
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Callahan BL, Plamondon A, Gill S, Ismail Z. Contribution of vascular risk factors to the relationship between ADHD symptoms and cognition in adults and seniors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24276. [PMID: 34930996 PMCID: PMC8688479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood have been found to be predictive of compromised cognitive function, and possibly even dementia, in later adulthood. This study aimed to test vascular risk as a hypothesized moderator or mediator of this association, because individuals with elevated ADHD symptoms frequently have comorbid vascular disease or risk factors which are recognized to contribute to later-life cognitive decline. Data from 1,092 adults aged 18–85 were drawn from the Enhanced Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. Childhood ADHD symptoms (assessed using the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale) were assessed as predictors of cognitive functioning in adulthood (assessed using subtests from the University of Pennsylvania Computerized Neurocognitive Battery, the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System, and the Wechsler Memory Scale). Vascular risk factors (including diabetes, tobacco use, obesity, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia) were tested as both a moderator and mediator of this relationship. Childhood ADHD symptoms and vascular risk factors were both independently associated with later-life cognition, but vascular risk was not a significant moderator or mediator of relationships between ADHD symptoms and cognition in statistical models. Results from this large community sample suggest that the relationship between ADHD symptoms and cognition is not accounted for by vascular risk. This question should also be investigated in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy L Callahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - André Plamondon
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sascha Gill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry and Community Health Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Hartle L, Mendes-Santos L, Barbosa E, Balboni G, Charchat-Fichman H. Evidence of the validity of a novel version of the computerized cognitive screening battery CompCog. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:485-496. [PMID: 35509793 PMCID: PMC9018081 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the availability of the computer-based assessment has increased over the years, neuropsychology has not carried out a significant paradigm shift since the personal computer’s popularization in the 1980s. To keep up with the technological advances of healthcare and neuroscience in general, more efforts must be made in the field of clinical neuropsychology to develop and validate new and more technology-based instruments, especially considering new variables and paradigms when compared to paper and pencil tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Hartle
- Department of Psychology, Brazil; Department of Philosophy, Italy
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Loch AA, Ara A, Hortêncio L, Hatagami Marques J, Talib LL, Andrade JC, Serpa MH, Sanchez L, Alves TM, van de Bilt MT, Rössler W, Gattaz WF. Use of a Bayesian Network Model to predict psychiatric illness in individuals with 'at risk mental states' from a general population cohort. Neurosci Lett 2021; 770:136358. [PMID: 34822962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The 'at risk mental state' (ARMS) paradigm has been introduced in psychiatry to study prodromal phases of schizophrenia. With time it was seen that the ARMS state can also precede mental disorders other than schizophrenia, such as depression and anxiety. However, several problems hamper the paradigm's use in preventative medicine, such as varying transition rates across studies, the use of non-naturalistic samples, and the multifactorial nature of psychiatric disorders. To strengthen ARMS predictive power, there is a need for a holistic model incorporating-in an unbiased fashion-the small-effect factors that cause mental disorders. Bayesian networks, a probabilistic graphical model, was used in a populational cohort of 83 ARMS individuals to predict conversion to psychiatric illness. Nine predictors-including state, trait, biological and environmental factors-were inputted. Dopamine receptor 2 polymorphism, high private religiosity, and childhood trauma remained in the final model, which reached an 85.51% (SD = 0.1190) accuracy level in predicting conversion. This is the first time a robust model was produced with Bayesian networks to predict psychiatric illness among at risk individuals from the general population. This could be an important tool to strengthen predictive measures in psychiatry which should be replicated in larger samples to provide the model further learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Ara
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas Hortêncio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Hatagami Marques
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leda Leme Talib
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Andrade
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Henriques Serpa
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Brazil; Laboratorio de Neuroimagem em Psiquiatria (LIM 21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Alves
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martinus Theodorus van de Bilt
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Brazil
| | - Wulf Rössler
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wagner Farid Gattaz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Brazil
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Letang SK, Lin SSH, Parmelee PA, McDonough IM. Ethnoracial disparities in cognition are associated with multiple socioeconomic status-stress pathways. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:64. [PMID: 34626254 PMCID: PMC8502192 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic racism can have broad impacts on health in ethnoracial minorities. One way is by suppressing socioeconomic status (SES) levels through barriers to achieve higher income, wealth, and educational attainment. Additionally, the weathering hypothesis proposes that the various stressful adversities faced by ethnoracial minorities lead to greater wear and tear on the body, known as allostatic load. In the present study, we extend these ideas to cognitive health in a tri-ethnic sample of young adults-when cognition and brain health is arguably at their peak. Specifically, we tested competing mediation models that might shed light on how two key factors caused by systemic racism-SES and perceived stress-intersect to explain ethnoracial disparities in cognition. We found evidence for partial mediation via a pathway from SES to stress on episodic memory, working memory capacity, and executive function in Black Americans relative to non-Hispanic White Americans. Additionally, we found that stress partially mediated the ethnoracial disparities in working memory updating for lower SES Black and Hispanic Americans relative to non-Hispanic White Americans, showing that higher SES can sometimes reduce the negative effects stress has on these disparities in some cognitive domains. Overall, these findings suggest that multiple pathways exist in which lower SES creates a stressful environment to impact ethnoracial disparities cognition. These pathways differ depending on the specific ethnoracial category and cognitive domain. The present results may offer insight into strategies to help mitigate the late-life risk for neurocognitive disorders in ethnoracial minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Letang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Shayne S-H Lin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Patricia A Parmelee
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, Tuscaloosa, USA
| | - Ian M McDonough
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, BOX 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, Tuscaloosa, USA.
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da Motta C, Pato MT, Barreto Carvalho C, Castilho P. The neurocognitive and functional profile of schizophrenia in a genetically homogenous European sample. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114140. [PMID: 34340130 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex heritable brain disorder that entails significant social, neurocognitive, and functional deficits, and significant psychosocial challenges to affected and unaffected family members. In this cross-sectional study, we explore impairments in specific neurocognitive and social cognition processes in patients affected with schizophrenia, unaffected relatives, and in controls to provide a characterization of a genetically homogenous European sample from an endophenotypic and functional standpoint. A sample of 38 affected patients, 28 first-degree relatives, and 97 controls performed a series of computerized and skills-based assessments. Samples were compared across several neurocognitive, social, and functional domains. Significant impairments in episodic memory, executive function, social cognition, complex cognition, sensorimotor domains were found in patients and first-degree relatives. Findings also showed increased processing speed in memory and other complex cognitive processes relevant to autonomous living. A discriminant function analysis yielded 2 functions allowing 79% of correct group classifications based on social cognition and functional skills, neurocognition, and age. The study highlights the importance of resourcing to wide-ranging assessment methodologies, of developing research efforts to further understand the decline of social and neurocognitive processes, and the need for designing more targeted intervention strategies to be implemented both with affected patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina da Motta
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Portugal; Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-Lab); Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Michele T Pato
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Célia Barreto Carvalho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Human sciences, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Knowles EEM, Peralta JM, Almasy L, Nimgaonkar V, McMahon FJ, McIntosh AM, Thomson P, Mathias SR, Gur RC, Curran JE, Raventós H, Contreras J, Jablensky A, Badcock J, Blangero J, Gur RE, Glahn DC. Genetic Overlap Profiles of Cognitive Ability in Psychotic and Affective Illnesses: A Multisite Study of Multiplex Pedigrees. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:373-84. [PMID: 33975707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a key feature of psychiatric illness, making cognition an important tool for exploring of the genetics of illness risk. It remains unclear which measures should be prioritized in pleiotropy-guided research. Here, we generate profiles of genetic overlap between psychotic and affective disorders and cognitive measures in Caucasian and Hispanic groups. METHODS Data were from 4 samples of extended pedigrees (N = 3046). Coefficient of relationship analyses were used to estimate genetic overlap between illness risk and cognitive ability. Results were meta-analyzed. RESULTS Psychosis was characterized by cognitive impairments on all measures with a generalized profile of genetic overlap. General cognitive ability shared greatest genetic overlap with psychosis risk (average endophenotype ranking value [ERV] across samples from a random-effects meta-analysis = 0.32), followed by verbal memory (ERV = 0.24), executive function (ERV = 0.22), and working memory (ERV = 0.21). For bipolar disorder, there was genetic overlap with processing speed (ERV = 0.05) and verbal memory (ERV = 0.11), but these were confined to select samples. Major depressive disorder was characterized by enhanced working and face memory performance, as reflected in significant genetic overlap in 2 samples. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial genetic overlap between risk for psychosis and a range of cognitive abilities (including general intelligence). Most of these effects are largely stable across of ascertainment strategy and ethnicity. Genetic overlap between affective disorders and cognition, on the other hand, tends to be specific to ascertainment strategy, ethnicity, and cognitive test battery.
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Bulubas L, Goerigk S, Gomes JS, Brem AK, Carvalho JB, Pinto BS, Elkis H, Gattaz WF, Padberg F, Brunoni AR, Valiengo L. Cognitive outcomes after tDCS in schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms: Results from the placebo-controlled STARTS trial. Schizophr Res 2021; 235:44-51. [PMID: 34304146 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in schizophrenia are associated with poor functional outcomes and limited in terms of treatment. The Schizophrenia Treatment With Electric Transcranial Stimulation (STARTS) trial has shown efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving negative symptoms. In this secondary analysis, we investigate its effects on cognitive performance. In STARTS, a double-blinded, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial, patients were treated with twice-daily, 20-min, 2-mA fronto-temporal tDCS over 5 days or sham-tDCS. In 90 patients, we evaluated the cognitive performance up to 12 weeks post-treatment. We found that active-tDCS showed no beneficial effects over sham-tDCS in any of the tests. Based on a 5-factor cognitive model, improvements of executive functions and delayed memory were observed in favor of sham-tDCS. Overall, the applied active-tDCS protocol, primarily designed to improve negative symptoms, did not promote cognitive improvement. We discuss possible protocol modification potentially required to increase tDCS effects on cognition. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02535676.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bulubas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Goerigk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychological Methodology and Assessment, LMU, Munich, Germany; Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - July S Gomes
- Schizophrenia Program, Dep. of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neuropsychology, Lucerne Psychiatry, Switzerland; Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana B Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca S Pinto
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helio Elkis
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Andre R Brunoni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Valiengo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gowin JL, Manza P, Ramchandani VA, Volkow ND. Neuropsychosocial markers of binge drinking in young adults. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4931-43. [PMID: 32398720 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking is associated with disease and death, and developing tools to identify risky drinkers could mitigate its damage. Brain processes underlie risky drinking, so we examined whether neural and psychosocial markers could identify binge drinkers. Reward is the most widely studied neural process in addiction, but processes such as emotion, social cognition, and self-regulation are also involved. Here we examined whether neural processes apart from reward contribute to predicting risky drinking behaviors. From the Human Connectome Project, we identified 177 young adults who binged weekly and 309 nonbingers. We divided the sample into a training and a testing set and used machine-learning algorithms to classify participants based on psychosocial, neural, or both (neuropsychosocial) data. We also developed separate models for each of the seven fMRI tasks used in the study. An ensemble model developed in the training dataset was then applied to the testing dataset. Model performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and differences between models were assessed using DeLong's test. The three models performed better than chance in the test sample with the neuropsychosocial (AUC = 0.86) and psychosocial (AUC = 0.84) performing better than the neural model (AUC = 0.64). Two fMRI-based models predicted binge drinking status better than chance, corresponding to the social and language tasks. Models developed with psychosocial and neural variables could contribute as diagnostic tools to help classify risky drinkers. Since social and language fMRI tasks performed best among the neural discriminators (including those from gambling and emotion tasks), it suggests the involvement of a broader range of brain processes than those traditionally associated with binge drinking in young adults.
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Stark GF, Avery EW, Rosenberg MD, Greene AS, Gao S, Scheinost D, Todd Constable R, Chun MM, Yoo K. Using functional connectivity models to characterize relationships between working and episodic memory. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02105. [PMID: 34142458 PMCID: PMC8413720 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Working memory is a critical cognitive ability that affects our daily functioning and relates to many cognitive processes and clinical conditions. Episodic memory is vital because it enables individuals to form and maintain their self-identities. Our study analyzes the extent to which whole-brain functional connectivity observed during completion of an N-back memory task, a common measure of working memory, can predict both working memory and episodic memory. METHODS We used connectome-based predictive models (CPMs) to predict 502 Human Connectome Project (HCP) participants' in-scanner 2-back memory test scores and out-of-scanner working memory test (List Sorting) and episodic memory test (Picture Sequence and Penn Word) scores based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected both during rest and N-back task performance. We also analyzed the functional brain connections that contributed to prediction for each of these models. RESULTS Functional connectivity observed during N-back task performance predicted out-of-scanner List Sorting scores and to a lesser extent out-of-scanner Picture Sequence scores, but did not predict out-of-scanner Penn Word scores. Additionally, the functional connections predicting 2-back scores overlapped to a greater degree with those predicting List Sorting scores than with those predicting Picture Sequence or Penn Word scores. Functional connections with the insula, including connections between insular and parietal regions, predicted scores across the 2-back, List Sorting, and Picture Sequence tasks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings validate functional connectivity observed during the N-back task as a measure of working memory, which generalizes to predict episodic memory to a lesser extent. By building on our understanding of the predictive power of N-back task functional connectivity, this work enhances our knowledge of relationships between working memory and episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigi F Stark
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily W Avery
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abigail S Greene
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Siyuan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marvin M Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kwangsun Yoo
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
Steep delay discounting is associated with problems such as addiction, obesity, and risky sexual behavior that are frequently described as reflecting impulsiveness and lack of self-control, but it may simply indicate poor cognitive functioning. The present investigation took advantage of the unique opportunity provided by the Human Connectome Project (N=1,206) to examine the relation between delay discounting and 11 cognitive tasks as well as the Big Five fundamental personality traits. With income level and education statistically controlled, discounting was correlated with only four of the 11 cognitive abilities evaluated, although the rs were all small (<.20). Importantly, the two discounting measures loaded on their own factor. Discounting was not correlated with Neuroticism or Conscientiousness, traits related to psychometric impulsiveness and self-control. These findings suggest that steep delay discounting is not simply an indicator of poor cognitive functioning or psychometric impulsiveness but an important individual difference characteristic in its own right.
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Taylor SC, Steeman S, Gehringer BN, Dow HC, Langer A, Rawot E, Perez L, Goodman M, Smernoff Z, Grewal M, Eshraghi O, Pallathra AA, Oksas C, Mendez M, Gur RC, Rader DJ, Bucan M, Almasy L, Brodkin ES. Heritability of quantitative autism spectrum traits in adults: A family-based study. Autism Res 2021; 14:1543-1553. [PMID: 34245229 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a multi-dimensional set of quantitative behavioral traits expressed along a continuum in autistic and neurotypical individuals. ASD diagnosis-a dichotomous trait-is known to be highly heritable and has been used as the phenotype for most ASD genetic studies. But less is known about the heritability of autism spectrum quantitative traits, especially in adults, an important prerequisite for gene discovery. We sought to measure the heritability of many autism-relevant quantitative traits in adults high in autism spectrum traits and their extended family members. Among adults high in autism spectrum traits (n = 158) and their extended family members (n = 245), we calculated univariate and bivariate heritability estimates for 19 autism spectrum traits across several behavioral domains. We found nearly all tested autism spectrum quantitative traits to be significantly heritable (h2 = 0.24-0.79), including overall ASD traits, restricted repetitive behaviors, broader autism phenotype traits, social anxiety, and executive functioning. The degree of shared heritability varied based on method and specificity of the assessment measure. We found high shared heritability for the self-report measures and for most of the informant-report measures, with little shared heritability among performance-based cognition tasks. These findings suggest that many autism spectrum quantitative traits would be good, feasible candidates for future genetics studies, allowing for an increase in the power of autism gene discovery. Our findings suggest that the degree of shared heritability between traits depends on the assessment method (self-report vs. informant-report vs. performance-based tasks), as well as trait-specificity. LAY SUMMARY: We found that the scores from questionnaires and tasks measuring different types of behaviors and abilities related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were heritable (strongly influenced by gene variants passed down through a family) among autistic adults and their family members. These findings mean that these scores can be used in future studies interested in identifying specific genes and gene variants that are associated with different behaviors and abilities related with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Samantha Steeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brielle N Gehringer
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Holly C Dow
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Allison Langer
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Eric Rawot
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Leat Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Matthew Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Zoe Smernoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mahip Grewal
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Oceania Eshraghi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ashley A Pallathra
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Catherine Oksas
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa Mendez
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Maja Bucan
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Lifespan Brain Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bhatia T, Gujral S, Sharma V, Kumari N, Wood J, Wesesky MA, Jones J, Davis LW, Iyenger S, Haas GL, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN. Adjunctive yoga training for persons with schizophrenia: who benefits? Acta Neuropsychiatr 2021; 33:113-20. [PMID: 33292873 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2020.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with acceptability and efficacy of yoga training (YT) for improving cognitive dysfunction in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS We analysed data from two published clinical trials of YT for cognitive dysfunction among Indians with SZ: (1) a 21-day randomised controlled trial (RCT, N = 286), 3 and 6 months follow-up and (2) a 21-day open trial (n = 62). Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the association of baseline characteristics (age, sex, socio-economic status, educational status, duration, and severity of illness) with improvement in cognition (i.e. attention and face memory) following YT. Factors associated with acceptability were identified by comparing baseline demographic variables between screened and enrolled participants as well as completers versus non-completers. RESULTS Enrolled participants were younger than screened persons who declined participation (t = 2.952, p = 0.003). No other characteristics were associated with study enrollment or completion. Regarding efficacy, schooling duration was nominally associated with greater and sustained cognitive improvement on a measure of facial memory. No other baseline characteristics were associated with efficacy of YT in the open trial, the RCT, or the combined samples (n = 148). CONCLUSIONS YT is acceptable even among younger individuals with SZ. It also enhances specific cognitive functions, regardless of individual differences in selected psychosocial characteristics. Thus, yoga could be incorporated as adjunctive therapy for patients with SZ. Importantly, our results suggest cognitive dysfunction is remediable in persons with SZ across the age spectrum.
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Brunetti R, Indraccolo A, Del Gatto C, Farina B, Imperatori C, Fontana E, Penso J, Ardito RB, Adenzato M. eStroop: Implementation, Standardization, and Systematic Comparison of a New Voice-Key Version of the Traditional Stroop Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:663786. [PMID: 34135821 PMCID: PMC8200406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stroop effect is a well-documented phenomenon, demonstrating both interference and facilitation effects. Many versions of the Stroop task were created, according to the purposes of its applications, varying in numerous aspects. While many versions are developed to investigate the mechanisms of the effect itself, the Stroop effect is also considered a general measure of attention, inhibitory control, and executive functions. In this paper, we implement "eStroop": a new digital version based on verbal responses, measuring the main processes involved in the traditional effect. eStroop features four categories of stimuli in four different colors: (1) geometrical shapes, (2) neutral words, (3) congruent words, and (4) incongruent words. The results of the administration to 307 University students confirm the Stroop effect and offer baseline data for future research and clinical testing. Direct comparisons with other recent versions of the task are discussed, offering insights into differences and similarities between different task variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Brunetti
- Department of Human Sciences, Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Università Europea di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Allegra Indraccolo
- Department of Human Sciences, Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Università Europea di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Gatto
- Department of Human Sciences, Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Università Europea di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Farina
- Department of Human Sciences, Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Università Europea di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Department of Human Sciences, Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Università Europea di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jacopo Penso
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rita B. Ardito
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini,” University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Adenzato
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Mashour GA, Palanca BJA, Basner M, Li D, Wang W, Blain-Moraes S, Lin N, Maier K, Muench M, Tarnal V, Vanini G, Ochroch EA, Hogg R, Schwartz M, Maybrier H, Hardie R, Janke E, Golmirzaie G, Picton P, McKinstry-Wu AR, Avidan MS, Kelz MB. Recovery of consciousness and cognition after general anesthesia in humans. eLife 2021; 10:59525. [PMID: 33970101 PMCID: PMC8163502 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the brain recovers from unconsciousness can inform neurobiological theories of consciousness and guide clinical investigation. To address this question, we conducted a multicenter study of 60 healthy humans, half of whom received general anesthesia for 3 hr and half of whom served as awake controls. We administered a battery of neurocognitive tests and recorded electroencephalography to assess cortical dynamics. We hypothesized that recovery of consciousness and cognition is an extended process, with differential recovery of cognitive functions that would commence with return of responsiveness and end with return of executive function, mediated by prefrontal cortex. We found that, just prior to the recovery of consciousness, frontal-parietal dynamics returned to baseline. Consistent with our hypothesis, cognitive reconstitution after anesthesia evolved over time. Contrary to our hypothesis, executive function returned first. Early engagement of prefrontal cortex in recovery of consciousness and cognition is consistent with global neuronal workspace theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Ben JA Palanca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Mathias Basner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Duan Li
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Stefanie Blain-Moraes
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Kaitlyn Maier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Maxwell Muench
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Vijay Tarnal
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - E Andrew Ochroch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Rosemary Hogg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Marlon Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Hannah Maybrier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Randall Hardie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ellen Janke
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Goodarz Golmirzaie
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Paul Picton
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Andrew R McKinstry-Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Michael S Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Max B Kelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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Koenis MMG, Durnez J, Rodrigue AL, Mathias SR, Alexander‐Bloch AF, Barrett JA, Doucet GE, Frangou S, Knowles EEM, Mollon J, Denbow D, Aberizk K, Zatony M, Janssen RJ, Curran JE, Blangero J, Poldrack RA, Pearlson GD, Glahn DC. Associations of cannabis use disorder with cognition, brain structure, and brain function in African Americans. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1727-1741. [PMID: 33340172 PMCID: PMC7978126 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have highlighted associations of cannabis use with cognition and brain morphometry, critical questions remain with regard to the association between cannabis use and brain structural and functional connectivity. In a cross-sectional community sample of 205 African Americans (age 18-70) we tested for associations of cannabis use disorder (CUD, n = 57) with multi-domain cognitive measures and structural, diffusion, and resting state brain-imaging phenotypes. Post hoc model evidence was computed with Bayes factors (BF) and posterior probabilities of association (PPA) to account for multiple testing. General cognitive functioning, verbal intelligence, verbal memory, working memory, and motor speed were lower in the CUD group compared with non-users (p < .011; 1.9 < BF < 3,217). CUD was associated with altered functional connectivity in a network comprising the motor-hand region in the superior parietal gyri and the anterior insula (p < .04). These differences were not explained by alcohol, other drug use, or education. No associations with CUD were observed in cortical thickness, cortical surface area, subcortical or cerebellar volumes (0.12 < BF < 1.5), or graph-theoretical metrics of resting state connectivity (PPA < 0.01). In a large sample collected irrespective of cannabis used to minimize recruitment bias, we confirm the literature on poorer cognitive functioning in CUD, and an absence of volumetric brain differences between CUD and non-CUD. We did not find evidence for or against a disruption of structural connectivity, whereas we did find localized resting state functional dysconnectivity in CUD. There was sufficient proof, however, that organization of functional connectivity as determined via graph metrics does not differ between CUD and non-user group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka M. G. Koenis
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Joke Durnez
- Department of PsychologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amanda L. Rodrigue
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Samuel R. Mathias
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Jennifer A. Barrett
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Gaelle E. Doucet
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Emma E. M. Knowles
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Josephine Mollon
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Dominique Denbow
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Katrina Aberizk
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Molly Zatony
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Ronald J. Janssen
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics, and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity InstituteSchool of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsvilleTexasUSA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity InstituteSchool of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande ValleyBrownsvilleTexasUSA
| | | | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research CenterInstitute of LivingHartfordConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Mollon J, Knowles EEM, Mathias SR, Rodrigue A, Moore TM, Calkins ME, Gur RC, Peralta JM, Weiner DJ, Robinson EB, Gur RE, Blangero J, Almasy L, Glahn DC. Genetic influences on externalizing psychopathology overlap with cognitive functioning and show developmental variation. Eur Psychiatry 2021; 64:e29. [PMID: 33785081 PMCID: PMC8080212 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Questions remain regarding whether genetic influences on early life psychopathology overlap with cognition and show developmental variation. METHODS Using data from 9,421 individuals aged 8-21 from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, factors of psychopathology were generated using a bifactor model of item-level data from a psychiatric interview. Five orthogonal factors were generated: anxious-misery (mood and anxiety), externalizing (attention deficit hyperactivity and conduct disorder), fear (phobias), psychosis-spectrum, and a general factor. Genetic analyses were conducted on a subsample of 4,662 individuals of European American ancestry. A genetic relatedness matrix was used to estimate heritability of these factors, and genetic correlations with executive function, episodic memory, complex reasoning, social cognition, motor speed, and general cognitive ability. Gene × Age analyses determined whether genetic influences on these factors show developmental variation. RESULTS Externalizing was heritable (h2 = 0.46, p = 1 × 10-6), but not anxious-misery (h2 = 0.09, p = 0.183), fear (h2 = 0.04, p = 0.337), psychosis-spectrum (h2 = 0.00, p = 0.494), or general psychopathology (h2 = 0.21, p = 0.040). Externalizing showed genetic overlap with face memory (ρg = -0.412, p = 0.004), verbal reasoning (ρg = -0.485, p = 0.001), spatial reasoning (ρg = -0.426, p = 0.010), motor speed (ρg = 0.659, p = 1x10-4), verbal knowledge (ρg = -0.314, p = 0.002), and general cognitive ability (g)(ρg = -0.394, p = 0.002). Gene × Age analyses revealed decreasing genetic variance (γg = -0.146, p = 0.004) and increasing environmental variance (γe = 0.059, p = 0.009) on externalizing. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive impairment may be a useful endophenotype of externalizing psychopathology and, therefore, help elucidate its pathophysiological underpinnings. Decreasing genetic variance suggests that gene discovery efforts may be more fruitful in children than adolescents or young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma E M Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Peralta
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas of the Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Weiner
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise B Robinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas of the Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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48
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Basner M, Dinges DF, Howard K, Moore TM, Gur RC, Mühl C, Stahn AC. Continuous and Intermittent Artificial Gravity as a Countermeasure to the Cognitive Effects of 60 Days of Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest. Front Physiol 2021; 12:643854. [PMID: 33815148 PMCID: PMC8009974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and psychological stressors can adversely affect astronaut cognitive performance in space. This study used a 6° head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) paradigm to simulate some of the physiologic changes induced by microgravity. Twenty-four participants (mean ± SD age 33.3 ± 9.2 years, N = 16 men) spent 60 consecutive days in strict HDBR. They were studied in three groups of eight subjects each. One group served as Control, whereas the other two groups received either a continuous or intermittent artificial gravity (AG) countermeasure of 30 min centrifugation daily (1 g acceleration at the center of mass and 2 g at the feet). Participants performed all 10 tests of NASA’s Cognition battery and a brief alertness and mood survey repeatedly before, during, and after the HDBR period. Test scores were adjusted for practice and stimulus set difficulty effects. A modest but statistically significant slowing across a range of cognitive domains was found in all three groups during HDBR compared to baseline, most consistently for sensorimotor speed, whereas accuracy was unaffected. These changes were observed early during HDBR and did not further worsen or improve with increasing time in HDBR, except for emotion recognition performance. With increasing time spent in HDBR, participants required longer time to decide which facial emotion was expressed. They were also more likely to select categories with negative valence over categories with neutral or positive valence. Except for workload, which was rated lower in the Control group, continuous or intermittent AG did not modify the effect of HDBR on cognitive performance or subjective responses. Participants expressed several negative survey responses during HDBR relative to baseline, and some of the responses further deteriorated during recovery, which highlights the importance of adequate medical and psychological support during extended duration HDBR studies. In conclusion, 60 days of HDBR were associated with moderate cognitive slowing and changes in emotion recognition performance, but these effects were not mitigated by either continuous or intermittent exposure to AG for 30 min daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Basner
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David F Dinges
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kia Howard
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christian Mühl
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Stahn
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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49
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorimotor abnormalities precede and predict the onset of psychosis. Despite the practical utility of sensorimotor abnormalities for early identification, prediction, and individualized medicine applications, there is currently no dedicated self-report instrument designed to capture these important behaviors. The current study assessed and validated a questionnaire designed for use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). METHODS The current study included both exploratory (n = 3009) and validation (n = 439) analytic datasets-that included individuals identified as meeting criteria for a CHR syndrome (n = 84)-who completed the novel Sensorimotor Abnormalities and Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale, clinical interviews and a finger-tapping task. The structure of the scale and reliability of items were consistent across 2 analytic datasets. The resulting scales were assessed for discriminant validity across CHR, community sample non-psychiatric volunteer, and clinical groups. RESULTS The scale showed a consistent structure across 2 analytic datasets subscale structure. The resultant subscale structure was consistent with conceptual models of sensorimotor pathology in psychosis (coordination and dyskinesia) in both the exploratory and the validation analytic dataset. Further, these subscales showed discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity. The sensorimotor abnormality scales discriminated CHR from community sample non-psychiatric controls and clinical samples. Finally, these subscales predicted to risk calculator scores and showed convergent validity with sensorimotor performance on a finger-tapping task. CONCLUSION The SMAP-R scale demonstrated good internal, discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity, and subscales mapped on to conceptually relevant sensorimotor circuits. Features of the scale may facilitate widespread incorporation of sensorimotor screening into psychosis-risk research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL
| | | | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Lacroix E, Cornet S, Deggouj N, Edwards MG. The Visuo-Spatial Abilities Diagnosis (VSAD) test: Evaluating the potential cognitive difficulties of children with vestibular impairment through a new tablet-based computerized test battery. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:1910-22. [PMID: 33674990 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent data collected on adult patients with vestibular loss (VL) tend to demonstrate possible cognitive impairments in visuospatial working memory, mental rotation, selective attention, and space orientation. However, the neuropsychological profile of children with VL remains largely under-investigated in the scientific literature. Although previous research has shown that children with VL may experience some degree of delayed motor development, it is not yet clear if VL could also lead to specific delayed cognitive development. In this study, we will present the development and validation of a new tablet-based computerized test battery (VSAD) that evaluates visuospatial working memory, mental rotation, selective attention, and space orientation abilities. Thirteen children with VL and 54 average-age matched healthy children performed the VSAD and classical paper-and-pencil neuropsychological tasks twice within a 1-month interval. Our results demonstrated a good concurrent validity with strong correlations between the visuospatial working memory, mental rotation, and space orientation tests of the VSAD and classical tasks. Test-retest reliability was also supported through good intra-class coefficients. However, the test of selective attention showed no concurrent validity with the matched classical task. The discriminant validity of the VSAD was partially supported for visuospatial working memory and mental rotation performance accuracy. The VSAD shows good concurrent validity and reliability for measuring visuospatial working memory, mental rotation, and space orientation in children with VL. Future studies are needed to extend discriminant validity with other populations.
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