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Wang Z, Wu J, Li L, Wang K, Wu X, Chen H, Shi J, Zhou C, Zhang W, Hang K, Xue D, Pan Z. Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation modulates the osteoblast/osteoclast balance in inflammatory environments and protects against estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in mice. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1715-1727. [PMID: 37542949 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An imbalance of osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment is an important pathological factor leading to osteoporosis. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been shown to suppress inflammation in macrophages and adipocytes. However, the effect of EPA on OBs and OCs has yet to be fully elucidated. AIMS We explored the roles of EPA in the differentiation of OBs and OCs, as well as the coupling between OBs and OCs in an inflammatory microenvironment. The effects of EPA on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis were also evaluated. METHODS Mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMMs) were used for in vitro OBs and OCs differentiation. TNF-α was used to create an inflammatory microenvironment. We examined the effects of EPA on osteoblastogenesis in the absence or presence of TNF-α and collect OBs' culture medium as the conditioned medium (CM). Then we examined the effects of EPA and CM on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. The in vivo effects of EPA were determined using an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model treated with EPA or vehicle. RESULTS High-dose EPA was shown to promote osteoblastogenesis in an inflammatory environment in vitro, as well as upregulate expression of OBs-specific proteins and genes. ARS and ALP staining also showed that high-dose EPA-treated groups restored mBMSCs' impaired osteogenic capacity caused by TNFa. Mechanistically, EPA suppressed the NF-κB pathway activated by TNF-α in mBMSCs and rescued TNF-α-mediated inhibition of osteoblastogenesis. EPA was also shown to inhibit expression of RANKL and decrease the RANKL/OPG ratio in OBs in an inflammatory environment. CM from TNF-α-stimulated OBs promoted osteoclastogenesis of mBMMs; EPA-treated CM prevented this. In the OVX mouse model, EPA supplementation prevented bone loss in an estrogen deficiency-induced inflammatory environment. CONCLUSIONS EPA was demonstrated for the first time to restore mBMSCs' impaired osteogenic capacity caused by TNFa-induced inflammation and rescue the OBs/OCs balance via regulation of RANKL and OPG expression in OBs. EPA showed a remarkable ability to prevent bone loss in OVX mice, suggesting a potential application of EPA in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Lijun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Kanbin Wang
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 322000 Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Wu
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiujun Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Chengwei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Kai Hang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Deting Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Zhijun Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310000 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Yu Y, Jiang L, Li J, Lei L, Li H. Hexokinase 2-mediated glycolysis promotes receptor activator of NF-κB ligand expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-treated osteoblasts. J Periodontol 2021; 93:1036-1047. [PMID: 34585393 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose metabolism plays a pivotal role in sustaining the inflammatory response to microbial stimulation by providing sufficient energy in immune cells. The main purpose of our study was to explore whether hexokinase 2 (HK2)-mediated glycolysis affected the expression of receptor activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL) in Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis-LPS)-treated osteoblasts and evaluate the potential involvement of the AKT/PI3K pathway activation during HK2-mediated glycolysis. METHODS Primary mice osteoblasts were treated with P. gingivalis-LPS, whereas the HK2 inhibitor (Lonidamine, LND) and small interference RNA were used to restrain HK2 expression. Conditioned medium from osteoblasts was utilized for culturing osteoclast precursors. The mRNA and protein levels of genes involved in glycolysis and bone metabolism including RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting. HK2 and lactate levels were detected by ELISA. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was utilized to assess osteoclast formation. The involvement of the AKT/PI3K pathway in osteoblasts was explored by Western blotting. RESULTS P. gingivalis-LPS enhanced HK2 expression along with rising glycolysis in osteoblasts. LND and HK2-knockdown decreased RANKL expression and the RANKL/OPG ratio in osteoblasts, leading to less osteoclast formation from osteoclast precursors as evidenced by TRAP staining, while the osteogenic potential and proliferation of osteoblasts were not affected by HK2-knockdown. Moreover, P. gingivalis-LPS activated the AKT/PI3K pathway, which could regulate HK2 and RANKL expression in osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS HK2-mediated glycolysis promoted RANKL in osteoblasts and enhanced osteoclast differentiation. Targeting glycolysis may provide novel therapeutic methods for reducing alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lishan Jiang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lang Lei
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Houxuan Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Yu KE, Alder KD, Morris MT, Munger AM, Lee I, Cahill SV, Kwon HK, Back J, Lee FY. Re-appraising the potential of naringin for natural, novel orthopedic biotherapies. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20966135. [PMID: 33343723 PMCID: PMC7727086 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20966135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in plants of the Citrus genus that has historically been used in traditional Chinese medical regimens for the treatment of osteoporosis. Naringin modulates signaling through numerous molecular pathways critical to musculoskeletal development, cellular differentiation, and inflammation. Administration of naringin increases in vitro expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and extracellular signal-related kinase (Erk) pathways, thereby promoting osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation from stem cell precursors for bone formation. Naringin also inhibits osteoclastogenesis by both modifying RANK/RANKL interactions and inducing apoptosis in osteoclasts in vitro. In addition, naringin acts on the estrogen receptor in bone to mimic the native bone-preserving effects of estrogen, with few systemic side effects on other estrogen-sensitive tissues. The efficacy of naringin therapy in reducing the osteolysis characteristic of common musculoskeletal pathologies such as osteoporosis, degenerative joint disease, and osteomyelitis, as well as inflammatory conditions affecting bone such as diabetes mellitus, has been extensively demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. Naringin thus represents a naturally abundant, cost-efficient agent whose potential for use in novel musculoskeletal biotherapies warrants re-visiting and further exploration through human studies. Here, we review the cellular mechanisms of action that have been elucidated regarding the action of naringin on bone resident cells and the bone microenvironment, in vivo evidence of naringin’s osteostimulative and chondroprotective properties in the setting of osteolytic bone disease, and current limitations in the development of naringin-containing translational therapies for common musculoskeletal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, TMP 523 PO Box 208071, New Haven, CT 06520-8071, USA
| | - Kareme D Alder
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Montana T Morris
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alana M Munger
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Inkyu Lee
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean V Cahill
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hyuk-Kwon Kwon
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - JungHo Back
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francis Y Lee
- Department of Orthopædics & Rehabilitation, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Konar M, Sahoo H. Tyrosine mediated conformational change in bone morphogenetic protein – 2: Biophysical implications of protein – phytoestrogen interaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:727-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Allison H, McNamara LM. Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by mechanically stimulated osteoblasts is attenuated during estrogen deficiency. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C969-C982. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00168.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporotic bone loss and fracture have long been regarded to arise upon depletion of circulating estrogen, which increases osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Osteoblasts from human osteoporotic patients also display deficient osteogenic responses to mechanical loading. However, while osteoblasts play an important role in regulating osteoclast differentiation, how this relationship is affected by estrogen deficiency is unknown. This study seeks to determine how mechanically stimulated osteoblasts regulate osteoclast differentiation and matrix degradation under estrogen deficiency. Here, we report that osteoblast-induced osteoclast differentiation (indicated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, and nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1) and matrix degradation were inhibited by estrogen treatment and mechanical loading. However, estrogen-deficient osteoblasts exacerbated osteoclast formation and matrix degradation in conditioned medium and coculture experiments. This was accompanied by higher expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not osteoprotegerin, by osteoblasts under estrogen deficiency. Interestingly, this response was exacerbated under conditions that block the Rho-Rho-associated protein kinase signaling pathway. This study provides an important, but previously unrecognized, insight into bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis, whereby estrogen-deficient osteoblasts fail to produce inhibitory osteoprotegerin after mechanical stimulation but upregulate macrophage colony-stimulating factor and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and, thus, leave osteoclast activity unconstrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Allison
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group, Centre for Biomechanics Research, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - L. M. McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group, Centre for Biomechanics Research, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Kim EC, Park J, Noh G, Park SJ, Noh K, Kwon IK, Ahn SJ. Effects of moderate intensity static magnetic fields on osteoclastic differentiation in mouse bone marrow cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:394-404. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jaesuh Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Gunwoo Noh
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Park
- Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Kwantae Noh
- Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Il-Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Ahn
- Department of Prosthodontics; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul South Korea
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Wanachewin O, Klangjorhor J, Pothacharoen P, Phitak T, Laohapoonrungsee A, Pruksakorn D, Kongtawelert P. The promoting effects of sesamin on osteoblast differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Park K, Ju WC, Yeo JH, Kim JY, Seo HS, Uchida Y, Cho Y. Increased OPG/RANKL ratio in the conditioned medium of soybean-treated osteoblasts suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:178-84. [PMID: 24248634 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a major dietary source of isoflavones, particularly daidzein and genistein, which stimulate osteoblastic functions that are initiated by binding to estrogen receptor (ER)-α and ER-β found on osteoblasts. However, coupled with a low expression of ER-α and ER-β in osteoclasts, the inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones on osteoclast differentiation is likely mediated through paracrine factors produced by osteoblasts. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether soybean can indirectly inhibit osteoclast differentiation through the modulation of osteoclastic factors produced by osteoblasts. Treatment with soybean extracts increased the levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and decreased those of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in the conditioned medium (CM) of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Subsequently, the RANKL-induced RAW264.7 osteoclast formation was markedly inhibited by treatment with CM collected from MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts incubated with soybean extracts (S-CM). Similarly, S-CM significantly attenuated the RANKL-induced increase in the mRNA and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a potential biomarker gene of osteoclast differentiation, through the suppression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) activation. Of note, a soybean concentration of 0.001 mg/ml further increased the OPG/RANKL ratio compared to treatment with a 0.1 mg/ml soybean concentration and was overall, more effective at inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and MMP-9 expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that treatment with soybean extracts stimulates the secretion of OPG and inhibits that of RANKL, thus inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through the suppression of NFATc1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Park
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang N, Wang X, Cheng W, Cao H, Zhang P, Qin L. Puerarin promotes osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis in vitro. Chin Med 2013; 8:17. [PMID: 23965299 PMCID: PMC3765709 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puerarin (daidzein 8-C-glucoside) has potential on preventing osteoporosis. This study aims to investigate the effects of puerarin on osteogenesis and adipogenesis in vitro. METHODS CCK-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Alizarin Red S were used to measure the effects of puerarin on proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and mineralization in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. The effects of puerarin on adipogenesis were measured by Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride level in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. The mRNA and protein levels of osteogenesis- and adiopogenesis-related factors were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Further, the secreted osteocalcin levels and nuclear translocation of β-catenin were detected by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. RESULTS As to osteogenesis, puerarin could stimulate proliferation (1 μM, P = 0.012; 10 μM, P = 0.015; 20 μM, P = 0.050), ALP activity (20 μM, P = 0.008) and calcium nodule formation (20 μM, P = 0.011) in a dose-dependent manner. Puerarin (20 μM) promoted osteocalcin secretion (P = 0.004) and the protein expression of both osteopontin (P = 0.001) and osteoprotegerin (P = 0.003). As to adipogenesis, puerarin suppressed adipocytes formation and intracellular triglyceride level (P = 0.001). In addition, puerarin (20 μM) decreased the mRNA and protein levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (P = 0.001, P = 0.002), proliferator-activated receptor γ (P = 0.005, P = 0.003), and adipocyte lipid-binding protein 4 (P = 0.001, P = 0.001). Moreover, phosphorylation of AKT1-Ser437 (10 μM, P = 0.003; 20 μM, P = 0.007) and GSK-Ser9 (10 μM, P = 0.005; 20 μM, P = 0.003), and the nuclear translocation of β-catenin (10 μM, P = 0.006; 10 μM, P = 0.002) were increased in 3T3-L1 cells treated by puerarin. CONCLUSION Puerarin promoted osteogenesis and inhibited adipogenesis in vivo, and Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway was involved in the suppression of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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Di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate affects differentiation and matrix mineralization of rat calvarial osteoblasts – in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:250-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor 121 adenovirus transduction in rabbit model of femur head necrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:1519-23. [PMID: 21336201 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181f31595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to observe the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 121 gene transfer in promoting vascular reconstruction and bone repair in femur head necrosis of rabbits. METHODS The femoral head necrosis model was induced by injection with ethanol. The necrotic femoral head was transfected with a human adenoviral vector expressing VEGF (Ad-hVEGF121). Bone formation in the subchondral necrotic region was analyzed using histology, by measuring the bone mineral density value, and by observing bone trabecular morphology using image analysis. RESULTS Revascularization level, bone formation rate, bone quality and quantity, and mineralization level in the subchondral necrotic region of the gene transfection group were significantly higher than the control groups. The control groups had more subchondral bone resorption compared with the gene transfection group. CONCLUSION VEGF might promote bone formation and revascularization in the subchondral necrotic region of the femoral head, indirectly protecting the necrotic bone trabecula from absorption and avoiding a reduction in the mechanical function of the subchondral region.
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Wong RWK, Rabie ABM. Effect of Buguzhi (Psoralea corylifolia fruit) extract on bone formation. Phytother Res 2010; 24 Suppl 2:S155-60. [PMID: 19953524 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to compare the amount of new bone produced by Buguzhi (Psoralea corylifolia fruit) extract in collagen matrix to that produced and collagen matrix in vivo. Eighteen bone defects, 5 mm by 10 mm, were created in the parietal bone of 9 New Zealand white rabbits. Six defects were grafted with Buguzhi extract mixed with collagen matrix. Six defects were grafted with collagen matrix alone (positive control) and 6 were left empty (negative control). Animals were sacrificed on day 14 and the defects were dissected and prepared for histological assessment. Quantitative analysis of new bone formation and bone cells was made on 100 sections (50 sections for each group) using image analysis. A total of 275% more new bone was present in defects grafted with Buguzhi extract in collagen matrix than those grafted with collagen matrix. No bone was formed in the negative control group. The amount of bone cells was also significantly greater in the Buguzhi group than in the positive control group. To conclude, Buguzhi extract in collagen matrix has the effect of increasing new bone formation locally in vivo. Buguzhi extract in collagen matrix can be used as a bone graft material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W K Wong
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong.
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Ganguly S, Ashley LA, Pendleton CM, Grey RD, Howard GC, Castle LD, Peyton DK, Fultz ME, DeMoss DL. Characterization of osteoblastic properties of 7F2 and UMR-106 cultures after acclimation to reduced levels of fetal bovine serum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:403-15. [PMID: 18641689 DOI: 10.1139/y08-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen plays an important role in skeletal physiology by maintaining a remodeling balance between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In an attempt to decipher the mechanism through which estrogen elicits its action on osteoblasts, experimentation necessitated the development of a culturing environment reduced in estrogenic compounds. The selected medium (OPTI-MEM) is enriched to sustain cultures under reduced fetal bovine serum (FBS) conditions and is devoid of the pH indicator phenol red, a suspected estrogenic agent. This protocol reduced the concentration of FBS supplementation to 0% through successive 24 h incubations with diminishing amounts of total FBS (1%, 0.1%, and 0%). The protocol does not appear to alter the viability, cell morphology, or osteoblast-like phenotype of 7F2 and UMR-106 cell lines when compared with control cells grown in various concentrations of FBS. Although the rate of mitotic divisions declined, the 7F2 and UMR-106 cultures continued to express osteoblast-specific markers and exhibited estrogen responsiveness. These experimental findings demonstrate that the culture protocol developed did not alter the osteoblast nature of the cell lines and provides a model system to study estrogen's antiresorptive role on skeletal turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ganguly
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Morehead State University, 103 Lappin Hall, Morehead, KY 40351, USA
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Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonol, also a phytoestrogen, available commonly in onions and apples. Our laboratory compared the amount of new bone produced by quercetin in a collagen matrix to that produced by bone grafts and a collagen matrix. Eighteen bone defects, 5 x 10 mm were created in the parietal bone of nine New Zealand White rabbits. In the experimental group, six defects were grafted with quercetin solution mixed with a collagen matrix. In the control groups, six defects were grafted with a collagen matrix alone (active control) and six were left empty (passive control). Animals were killed on day 14 and the defects were dissected and prepared for histological assessment. Serial sections were cut across each defect. Quantitative analysis of new bone formation was made on 100 sections (50 sections for each group) using image analysis. A total of 556% more new bone was present in defects grafted with quercetin in a collagen matrix than those grafted with a collagen matrix alone. No bone was formed in the passive control group. In conclusion, quercetin in a collagen matrix has the effect of increasing new bone formation locally, and can be used as a bone graft material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky W K Wong
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 2/F Orthodontics, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong.
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Wong RWK, Rabie ABM. Effect of quercetin on preosteoblasts and bone defects. Open Orthop J 2008; 2:27-32. [PMID: 19461927 PMCID: PMC2685048 DOI: 10.2174/1874325000802010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonol, also a phytoestrogen, available commonly in onion and apple. Our laboratory investigated its effect on MC3T3-E1 cells’ alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro and compared the amount of new bone produced by quercetin in collagen matrix to that produced by bone grafts and collagen matrix in vivo. Four bone defects, 5mm by 10mm were created in the parietal bone of 2 New Zealand White rabbits. In the experimental animal, 2 defects were grafted with quercetin solution mixed with collagen matrix. In the control animal, 2 defects were grafted with collagen matrix alone. Animals were killed on day 14 and the defects were dissected and prepared for histological qualitative assessment. Results showed that 10μM of quercetin increased alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells at 72 hours in vitro by 32%. In the experimental animal, there was new bone growing inside the bone defects. In conclusion, specific concentration of quercetin increased alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro and quercetin in collagen matrix has the effect of forming new bone across bone defects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W K Wong
- Biomedical and Tissue Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Puerarin is one of the major phytoestrogens isolated from Pueraria lobata, a Chinese medicine known as Gegen. Our laboratory compared the amount of new bone produced by puerarin in collagen matrix (carrier) to that produced by the collagen matrix alone. METHOD Eighteen bone defects, 5mm by 10mm were created in the parietal bone of nine New Zealand White rabbits. In the experimental group, six defects were grafted with puerarin solution mixed with collagen matrix. In the control groups, six defects were grafted with collagen matrix alone (active control) and six were left empty (passive control). Animals were killed on day 14 and the defects were dissected and prepared for histological assessment. Serial sections were cut across each defect. No new bone was formed in the passive control group. Quantitative analysis of new bone formation was made on 100 sections (10 sections in each defect, in five defects randomly selected in each of the experimental group and active control group) using image analysis. RESULTS A total of 554% more new bone was present in defects grafted with puerarin in collagen matrix than those grafted with the collagen matrix alone. CONCLUSION Puerarin in collagen matrix has the effect of increasing new bone formation locally and can be used for bone grafting or for bone induction often required in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wong
- University of Hong Kong, Department of Orthodontics, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong.
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Abstract
There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens. On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in several animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, we realize the immunosupportive role of estrogens in trauma/sepsis and the proinflammatory effects in some chronic autoimmune diseases in humans. This review examines possible causes for this paradox. This review delineates how the effects of estrogens are dependent on criteria such as: 1) the immune stimulus (foreign antigens or autoantigens) and subsequent antigen-specific immune responses (e.g., T cell inhibited by estrogens vs. activation of B cell); 2) the cell types involved during different phases of the disease; 3) the target organ with its specific microenvironment; 4) timing of 17beta-estradiol administration in relation to the disease course (and the reproductive status of a woman); 5) the concentration of estrogens; 6) the variability in expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta depending on the microenvironment and the cell type; and 7) intracellular metabolism of estrogens leading to important biologically active metabolites with quite different anti- and proinflammatory function. Also mentioned are systemic supersystems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sensory nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system and how they are influenced by estrogens. This review reinforces the concept that estrogens have antiinflammatory but also proinflammatory roles depending on above-mentioned criteria. It also explains that a uniform concept as to the action of estrogens cannot be found for all inflammatory diseases due to the enormous variable responses of immune and repair systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Sun JS, Li YY, Liu MH, Sheu SY. Effects of coumestrol on neonatal and adult mice osteoblasts activities. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 81:214-23. [PMID: 17120206 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen replacement therapy has been shown to reduce postmenopausal osteoporosis. In the present study, we examined the effects of the phytoestrogen coumestrol on neonatal and adult osteoblasts metabolism. Two different sources of osteoblast cells (neonatal mice calvaria and adult mice long bone) cultures were used in this study. The effects of coumestrol on the cellular activities were analyzed by the mitochondrial tetrazolium (MTT) assay, secretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), intracellular calcium content (Ca), and the gene expression of bone matrix protein, estrogen receptors (ER-alpha, ER-beta), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL). The results showed that the proliferation of neonatal mice osteoblast cells was enhanced by treatment of coumestrol. In the presence of 10(-9)M coumestrol, the osteoblast proliferation attained 139.5% of the control and that the coumestrol can increase the intracellular calcium contents. Type I collagen gene expression was upregulated 167% at the 1st day's culture; ALP gene expression was upregulated 360% at the 7th day's culture; while the osteocalcin gene expression was upregulated 222% at the 14th day's culture. When adult mice osteoblasts were cultured in the presence of 10(-9)M coumestrol, the osteoblasts population increased significantly earlier and attained its maximal effect at the 21st day's culture with 207.4% of control group. The content of ER-beta and osteoprotegerin secretion by neonatal mice control cells gradually increased during osteoblasts differentiation, whereas the ER-alpha and OPGL content were decreased in this study. The cellular responses to the estradiol and counmestrol were quite different in the osteoblasts derived from different age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Liao E, Xiang G, Dai R, Xiao X, Luo X. Effects of 17beta-estradiol on the expression of IL-6, IL-11 and NF-kappaB in human MG-63 osteoblast-like cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 26:53-8. [PMID: 16711008 DOI: 10.1007/bf02828038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the effects of 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2) on the expression of IL-6, IL-11 and NF-kappaB in the human MG-63 osteoblast-like cell line, the expression of IL-6 was detected by RT-PCR, Northern blot and Western blot. The expression of IL-11 was determined by RT-PCR, and NF-kappaB by Western blot. The results showed that 17beta-E2 down-regulated the expression of IL-6 mRNA and protein, IL-11 mRNA and NF-kappaB protein in MG-63 cells. It was suggested that the expression of NF-kappaB, IL-6 and IL-11 in MG-63 cells could be suppressed by 17beta-E2, and this might lend support to estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin Wang
- Department of Gerontism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Lindberg MK, Svensson J, Venken K, Chavoshi T, Andersson N, Movérare Skrtic S, Isaksson O, Vanderschueren D, Carlsten H, Ohlsson C. Liver-derived IGF-I is permissive for ovariectomy-induced trabecular bone loss. Bone 2006; 38:85-92. [PMID: 16257281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Estrogen deficiency results in trabecular bone loss, associated with T-cell proliferation in the bone marrow. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is involved in the regulation of both bone metabolism and lymphopoiesis. A major part of serum IGF-I is derived from the liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of liver-derived IGF-I for ovariectomy (ovx)-induced trabecular bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice with adult liver-specific IGF-I inactivation (LI-IGF-I-/-) and wild type mice (WT) were either ovx or sham operated. After 5 weeks, the skeletal phenotype was analyzed by pQCT and microCT. The bone marrow cellularity was analyzed using FACS technique, and mRNA levels were quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS Ovx resulted in a pronounced reduction in trabecular bone mineral density (-52%, P < 0.001), number (-45%, P < 0.01) and thickness (-13%, P < 0.01) in WT mice while these bone parameters were unaffected by ovx in LI-IGF-I-/- mice. Furthermore, ovx increased the number of T-cells in the bone marrow of the femur in WT but not in LI-IGF-I-/- mice. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) has been reported to stimulate the formation and function of osteoclasts by inducing the expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) on T-cells. IL-7 mRNA levels and the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio in bone were increased by ovx in WT but not in LI-IGF-I-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Liver-derived IGF-I is permissive for ovx-induced trabecular bone loss. Our studies indicate that IGF-I might exert this permissive action by modulation of the number of T-cells and the expression of IL-7, which in turn is of importance for the RANKL/OPG ratio and consequently osteoclastogenesis in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Lindberg
- Center for Bone Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Bruna Stråket 16, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Pastorelli R, Carpi D, Airoldi L, Chiabrando C, Bagnati R, Fanelli R, Moverare S, Ohlsson C. Proteome analysis for the identification ofin vivo estrogen-regulated proteins in bone. Proteomics 2005; 5:4936-45. [PMID: 16237733 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency results in a reduced bone mass, which can be prevented by treatment with estrogens. This study used a proteomic approach for the first time to obtain a global perspective of estrogens' effects on whole-bone proteins. Bone proteome profiles were examined in three groups of mice: (1) sham-operated with normal ovarian functions, (2) ovariectomised and (3) ovariectomised with estrogen replacement therapy. Bone proteins extracted from the humerus were separated by 2-DE and visualised by CBB colloidal staining. Spot detection and quantification was done by image analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS and database search, using peptide mass fingerprint and peptide sequence analysis. Differential expression analysis in the three experimental groups showed significant changes for 14 proteins. These included proteins related to bone metabolism, cytoskeleton components and energy metabolic pathways. Our data suggest that some proteins related to cytoskeleton and to energy pathways, such as tropomyosins, aconitase 2 and enolase beta, might be new molecular targets responsive to the effects of estrogen. Differentially expressed proteins identified in this model may offer a useful starting point for elucidating novel aspects of the pleiotropic effects of estrogens on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pastorelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
TGF-beta1 is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the control of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of many different cell types. It influences such diverse processes as embryogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing. In skeletal tissue, TGF-beta1 plays a major role in development and maintenance, affecting both cartilage and bone metabolism, the latter being the subject of this review. Because it affects both cells of the osteoblast and osteoclast lineage, TGF-beta1 is one of the most important factors in the bone environment, helping to retain the balance between the dynamic processes of bone resorption and bone formation. Many seemingly contradictory reports have been published on the exact functioning of TGF-beta1 in the bone milieu. This review provides an overall picture of the bone-specific actions of TGF-beta1 and reconciles experimental discrepancies that have been reported for this multifunctional cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Janssens
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Effenberger KE, Johnsen SA, Monroe DG, Spelsberg TC, Westendorf JJ. Regulation of osteoblastic phenotype and gene expression by hop-derived phytoestrogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 96:387-99. [PMID: 16019205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Certain plant-derived compounds show selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity and may therefore be an alternative to the conventional hormone replacement therapy, which prevents osteoporosis but is also associated with an increased risk of breast and endometrial cancers. In the current study, we tested the effects of the hop-derived compounds 8-prenylnaringenin, 6-prenylnaringenin, xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol (1) to modulate markers of differentiation and gene expression in osteoblasts and (2) to regulate proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Additionally, we analyzed the ER-binding affinities of these hop compounds as well as the ER-mediation of their effects. Bone-forming activity and ER-subtype specificity were investigated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in hFOB/ERalpha cells and regulation of gene transcription for AP, interleukin-6, pS2 and von Willebrand factor (VWF) in U-2 OS/ERalpha and U-2 OS/ERbeta cells. Our results demonstrate that AP, pS2 and VWF mRNA levels are significantly increased by the compounds in an estrogen-like manner via both ERalpha and ERbeta, while IL-6 is down-regulated in U-2 OS/ERalpha cells. Consistently, AP enzymatic activity is up-regulated by all compounds in hFOB/ERalpha9 cells. Depending on their concentration, all compounds show proliferative effects in MCF-7 cells. Except for 8-PN the hop constituents display an ERbeta-preference. Reversal of estrogen-specific AP-induction in Ishikawa cells indicates an ER-regulated mechanism. Finally, the flavonoids display cytotoxic effects only at high concentrations (> or =10(-4)M). In summary, we have demonstrated for the first time that specific phytoestrogen compounds found in hop extracts exert estrogen-like activities on bone metabolism. Regarding a potential for use in osteoporosis-prevention therapy, the dosage of a phytoestrogen, which is taken, will play an important role concerning a desired in vivo profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Effenberger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Vogt-Koelln-Street 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kanno S, Hirano S, Kayama F. Effects of phytoestrogens and environmental estrogens on osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Toxicology 2004; 196:137-45. [PMID: 15036763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens and environmental estrogens, which have in part some structural similarity to 17beta-estradiol, are reported to act as agonists/antagonists of estrogen in animals and humans. Estrogen is known to play an important role in maintaining bone mass, since the concentration of serum estrogen decreases after menopause and the estrogen deficiency results in bone loss. In this study, we report the effects of phytoestrogens (genistein, daidzein, and coumestrol) and environmental estrogens (bisphenol A (BPA), p-n-nonylphenol (NP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)) on osteoblast differentiation using MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse calvaria osteoblast-like cell line. Coumestrol (10(-10) to 10(-6)M) slightly enhanced cell proliferation, while neither the other phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein) nor environmental estrogens increased cell proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and cellular calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents were increased by phytoestrogens and BPA; however, neither NP nor DEHP affected those osteoblastic indicators. The effects of estrogenic potency, using the cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells, an estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cell line, indicate that coumestrol has the highest estrogenic potency among those phytoestrogens and environmental estrogens. The estrogenic potency of NP and DEHP were lower than the others. In conclusion, phytoestrogens, such as coumestrol, genistein and daidzein, and BPA increased ALP activity and enhanced bone mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells, suggesting that not only phytoestrogen but also BPA, an environmental estrogen, is implicated in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kanno
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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25
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Effects of Calcium Regulating Hormones on Osteoclast-Like Cell Formation in Hen Medullary Bone Marrow Culture. J Poult Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.41.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Purpura KA, Aubin JE, Zandstra PW. Sustained In Vitro Expansion of Bone Progenitors Is Cell Density Dependent. Stem Cells 2004; 22:39-50. [PMID: 14688390 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.22-1-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic cells are an integral part of the dynamic tissue-remodeling process in bone and are potential tools for tissue engineering and cell-based therapies. We examined the role of glucocorticoids and cell density in the expansion of primary rat calvaria cell populations and osteoprogenitor subpopulations in adherent cell culture. Osteoprogenitor response to dexamethasone (dex, a synthetic glucocorticoid known to stimulate bone formation in vitro) supplementation and long-term osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation were quantified using functional (colony forming unit-osteoblast [CFU-O]) and phenotypic analyses. Although osteoprogenitor self-renewal occurred at both standard and high initiating cell densities, progenitor cell expansion (measured by changes in CFU-O number relative to input) was sustained and dramatically increased at high initiating cell densities (30-fold CFU-O expansion for standard-density cultures compared with a greater than 10,000-fold CFU-O expansion in high-density cultures). Cell density was also found to impact upon the potential of dex to recruit additional progenitors towards bone development. These multifaceted effects appeared to be independent of cell proliferation rates or population phenotypic expression. Together, our results emphasize a roll for cell-cell interactions and/or community effects in the control and maintenance of progenitor cells during in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Purpura
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Purpura KA, Zandstra PW, Aubin JE. Fluorescence activated cell sorting reveals heterogeneous and cell non-autonomous osteoprogenitor differentiation in fetal rat calvaria cell populations. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:109-20. [PMID: 12938161 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Identification of osteoblast progenitors, with defined developmental capacity, would facilitate studies on a variety of parameters of bone development. We used expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor (PTH1R) as osteoblast markers in dual-color fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to fractionate rat calvaria (RC) cells into ALP(-)PTH1R(-), ALP(+)PTH1R(-), ALP(-)PTH1R(+), and ALP(+)PTH1R(+) populations. These fractionated populations were seeded clonally (n = 96) or over a range of cell densities ( approximately 150-8,500 cell/cm(2); n = 3). Our results indicate that colony forming unit-osteoblast (CFU-O)/bone nodule-forming cells are found in all fractions, but the frequency of CFU-O and total mineralized area is different across fractions. Analysis of these differences suggests that ALP(-)PTH1R(-), ALP(-)PTH1R(+), ALP(+)PTH1R(-), and ALP(+)PTH1R(+) cell populations are separated in order of increasing bone formation capacity. Dexamethasone (dex) differentially increased the CFU-O number in the four fractions, with the largest stimulation in the ALP(-) cell populations. However, there was no significant difference in the number or size distribution of CFU-F (fibroblast) colonies that formed in vehicle versus dex. Finally, both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous (i.e., inhibitory/stimulatory effects of cell neighbors) differentiation of osteoprogenitors was seen. Only the ALP(-)PTH1R(-) population was capable of forming nodules at the clonal level, at approximately 3- or 12-times the predicted frequency of unfractionated populations in dex or vehicle, respectively. These data suggest that osteoprogenitors can be significantly enriched by fractionation of RC populations, that assay conditions modify the osteoprogenitor frequencies observed and that fractionation of osteogenic populations is useful for interrogation of their developmental status and osteogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Purpura
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jia TL, Wang HZ, Xie LP, Wang XY, Zhang RQ. Daidzein enhances osteoblast growth that may be mediated by increased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) production. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:709-15. [PMID: 12628484 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Daidzein, a natural isoflavonoid found in Leguminosae, has received increasing attention because of its possible role in the prevention of osteoporosis. In the present investigation, primary osteoblastic cells isolated from newborn Wistar rats were used to investigate the effect of this isoflavonoid on osteoblasts. Daidzein (2-50 microM) increased the viability (P<0.05) of osteoblasts by about 1.4-fold. In addition, daidzein (2-100 microM) increased the alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin synthesis (P<0.05) of osteoblasts by about 1.4- and 2.0-fold, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin are phenotypic markers for early-stage differentiated osteoblasts and terminally differentiated osteoblasts, respectively. Our results indicated that daidzein stimulated osteoblast differentiation at various stages (from osteoprogenitors to terminally differentiated osteoblasts). We also investigated the effect of daidzein on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) production in osteoblasts that display the mature osteoblast phenotype. The results indicated that BMP2 synthesis was elevated significantly in response to daidzein (the mRNA increased 5.0-fold, and the protein increased 7.0-fold), suggesting that some of the effects of daidzein on the cell may be mediated by the increased production of BMPs by the osteoblasts. In conclusion, daidzein has a direct stimulatory effect on bone formation in cultured osteoblastic cells in vitro, which may be mediated by increased production of BMPs in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Liu Jia
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Rassi CM, Lieberherr M, Chaumaz G, Pointillart A, Cournot G. Down-regulation of osteoclast differentiation by daidzein via caspase 3. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:630-8. [PMID: 11918220 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.4.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds with estrogen-like activity. Phytoestrogen-rich diets may prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and these molecules maintain bone mass in ovariectomized animals. We compared the effects of the isoflavone daidzein, which has no action on tyrosine kinases, and 17beta-estradiol on the development and activity of osteoclasts in vitro. Nonadherent porcine bone marrow cells were cultured on dentine slices or on culture slides in the presence of 10-8 M of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], with or without 10(-8) M of daidzein, 10(-8) M of 17beta-estradiol for 9-11 days. Multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) cells that resorbed bone (osteoclasts) developed in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. The number of osteoclasts formed in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 was reduced by 58 +/- 8% by daidzein and 52 +/- 5% by estrogen (p < 0.01); these effects were reversed by 10-6 M of ICI 182,780. The area resorbed by mature osteoclasts was reduced by 39 +/- 5% by daidzein and 42 +/- 6% by estradiol (p < 0.01). Both compounds also inhibited the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced differentiation of osteoclast progenitors (mononucleated TRAP+ cells), 53 +/- 8% by daidzein and 50 +/- 7% by estradiol (p < 0.05). Moreover, daidzein and estradiol promoted caspase-8 and caspase-3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation of monocytic bone marrow cells. Caspase-3 cleavage was reversed by 10-8 M of ICI 182,780. Both compounds up-regulated the expression of nuclear estrogen receptors ER-alpha and ER-beta. Thus, daidzein, at the same concentration as 17beta-estradiol, inhibits osteoclast differentiation and activity. This may be caused by, at least in part, greater apoptosis of osteoclast progenitors mediated by ERs.
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Taranta A, Brama M, Teti A, De luca V, Scandurra R, Spera G, Agnusdei D, Termine JD, Migliaccio S. The selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene regulates osteoclast and osteoblast activity in vitro. Bone 2002; 30:368-76. [PMID: 11856644 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that prevents bone loss. Although it is largely used for the treatment of osteoporosis, the mechanisms by which this compound modulates the activity of bone cells are still poorly understood. In this study we investigate whether raloxifene affects osteoclast and osteoblast activity in vitro. Bone marrow cultures were established from neonatal mice and treated with 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3) (VitD(3), 10(-8) mol/L) to induce osteoclast generation. Similar to 17beta-estradiol, raloxifene significantly reduced the number of osteoclasts in a concentration-dependent manner, with maximal inhibition at 10(-11) mol/L (-48%). However, as for 17beta-estradiol, at a high concentration (10(-7) mol/L), the inhibitory effect of raloxifene was abolished. In a pit assay, raloxifene inhibited bone resorption. A maximal effect was observed at 10(-9) mol/L, and maintained at a high concentration, indicating that inhibition of osteoclast formation and inhibition of bone resorption may be due to activation of, at least in part, different pathways. Osteoblasts from neonatal mice calvariae were also exposed to raloxifene. In these cells, this compound induced a concentration-dependent increase of proliferation, which was blocked by the estrogen-receptor antagonist ICI 164,384. Raloxifene also increased the osteoblast-specific transcription factor Cbfa1/Runx2 and alpha2 procollagen type I chain mRNAs, with a pattern that only partially coincided with that of 17beta-estradiol. Consistent with decreased osteoclastogenesis, raloxifene inhibited the mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 at a low concentration, but not at a high concentration, whereas 17beta-estradiol had similar effects on IL-6 and inhibited IL-1beta at both concentrations. Furthermore, both compounds were able to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced IL-1beta, but not IL-6, increase. In conclusion, these data show that raloxifene negatively modulates osteoclasts, and positively affects osteoblasts, suggesting not only an antiresorptive role, but also an osteoblast stimulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taranta
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome, Italy
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31
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Das UN. Estrogen, statins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids: similarities in their actions and benefits-is there a common link? Nutrition 2002; 18:178-88. [PMID: 11844650 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there is any common link between estrogen, statins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have similar actions and benefits. METHODS To critically review the literature pertaining to the actions of estrogen, statins, and various PUFAs. RESULTS Estrogen, statins, and PUFAs enhance nitric oxide synthesis, suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor(alpha), interleukin-1, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6, show antioxidant-like and antiatherosclerotic properties, have neuroprotective actions, and by themselves or their products inhibit tumor cell proliferation and improve osteoporosis. Estrogen, statins, and PUFAs not only have similar actions but also appear to interact with each other. For instance, the binding of estrogen to its receptor on the cell membrane may be determined by its lipid content, statins and PUFAs inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, statins influence the metabolism of PUFAs, and PUFA deficiency enhances 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. Statins and PUFAs inhibit tumor cell proliferation, suppress ras activity, and may prevent neurodegeneration and improve cognitive functions such as learning and memory. This suggests that PUFAs might be mediators of the actions of statins. Estrogen boosts cognitive performance in women after menopause and may protect against Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS The common link between estrogen, statins, and PUFAs may be nitric oxide. Hence, a combination(s) of estrogen or its derivatives, statins, and various PUFAs may form a novel approach in the management of various conditions such as hyperlipidemias, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, and to improve memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- U N Das
- EFA Sciences LLC, Norwood, Massachusetts 02062, USA.
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32
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Liao EY, Luo XH, Deng XG, Wu XP. Effects of 17beta-estradiol on the expression of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-2 in human osteoblastic MG-63 cell cultures. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24:876-81. [PMID: 11817712 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are important regulators of bone cell function. Osteoblast-derived membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinses (MT1-MMP) have recently been implied to play an important role in the process of bone resorption by proteolytically activating latent matrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) at the cell surface and degrading tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In the present study, we observed the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on MT1-MMP production and subsequent activation of latent matrix proMMP-2, and also proMMP-2 secretion in cultures of human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Western immunoblot analysis showed that treatment with increasing doses of E2 in MG-63 cells caused a dose-dependent increase in expression of MT1-MMP protein. Confocal immunohistochemistry analysis also confirmed that E2 induced MT1-MMP synthesis in MG-63 cells. We found unexpectedly that although MT1-MMP synthesis was up-regulated by E2 in cultures of MG-63 cells, activation of proMMP-2 was unchanged, which can be attributed partly to the undetectable tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) protein in MG-63 cells by Western immunoblotting. ProMMP-2 production was also not influenced by E2. In conclusion, E2 induces MT1-MMP protein expression in MG-63 cells while it is not followed by proMMP-2 activation, E2 may suppress bone resorption by accentuated degradation of TNF-alpha which mediated through increasingly MT1 -MMP production in osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Liao
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Medical University, Changsha, PR China
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