1
|
Abstract
Statistical and machine learning approaches predict drug-to-target relationships from 2D small-molecule topology patterns. One might expect 3D information to improve these calculations. Here we apply the logic of the extended connectivity fingerprint (ECFP) to develop a rapid, alignment-invariant 3D representation of molecular conformers, the extended three-dimensional fingerprint (E3FP). By integrating E3FP with the similarity ensemble approach (SEA), we achieve higher precision-recall performance relative to SEA with ECFP on ChEMBL20 and equivalent receiver operating characteristic performance. We identify classes of molecules for which E3FP is a better predictor of similarity in bioactivity than is ECFP. Finally, we report novel drug-to-target binding predictions inaccessible by 2D fingerprints and confirm three of them experimentally with ligand efficiencies from 0.442-0.637 kcal/mol/heavy atom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Axen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elena L Cáceres
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Leo Gendelev
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael J Keiser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Menteşe E, Yılmaz F, Baltaş N, Bekircan O, Kahveci B. Synthesis and antioxidant activities of some new triheterocyclic compounds containing benzimidazole, thiophene, and 1,2,4-triazole rings. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:435-41. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.943203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
3
|
Hu J, Zhu W, Meng H, Liu Y, Wang X, Hu C. Identification of 1, 4-Dihydrothieno[3′, 2′:5, 6]thiopyrano[4, 3-c]pyrazole Derivatives as Human 5-Lipo-oxygenase Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:642-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Hu Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D'Ambrosio K, Supuran CT, De Simone G. Multiple binding modes of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases: how to design specific drugs targeting 15 different isoforms? Chem Rev 2012; 112:4421-68. [PMID: 22607219 DOI: 10.1021/cr200176r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 918] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alterio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Supuran CT, Maresca A, Gregáň F, Remko M. Three new aromatic sulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases I, II, IV and XII. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:289-93. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.649269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. T. Supuran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia,
Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - A. Maresca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia,
Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - F. Gregáň
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bell University,
Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - M. Remko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pardeshi S, Bobade VD. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel triazol-3-ones as antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6559-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Barboiu M, Supuran CT, Menabuoni L, Scozzafava A, Mincione F, Briganti F, Mincione G. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Synthesis of Topically Effective Intraocular Pressure Lowering Agents Derived from 5-(ω-Amino-Alkylcarboxamido)-1,3,4-Thia-Diazole-2-Sulfonamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14756369909030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Barboiu
- Laboratoire des Matériaux et Procédés Membranaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie Montpellier 8, rue de l'Ecole Normale, F-34296, Montpellier, Cedex, 5, France
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
| | - Luca Menabuoni
- Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, S. O. Oculistica, Via Torregalli 3, I-50123, Firenze, Italia
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
| | - Francesco Mincione
- Università degli Studi, Institute of Ophthalmology, Viale Morgagni 85, I-50123, Firenze, Italia
| | - Fabrizio Briganti
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
| | - Giovanna Mincione
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Remko M, Kožíšek J, Semanová J, Gregáň F. Synthesis, crystal and molecular structure of two biologically active aromatic sulfonamides and their hydrochloride salts. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Vernier W, Chong W, Rewolinski D, Greasley S, Pauly T, Shaw M, Dinh D, Ferre RA, Meador JW, Nukui S, Ornelas M, Paz RL, Reyner E. Thioether benzenesulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases II and IV: structure-based drug design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3307-19. [PMID: 20363633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of potent thioether benzenesulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases II and IV was discovered using structure-based drug design. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and optimization of physicochemical properties are described. Low nanomolar potency was achieved, and selected compounds with improved thermodynamic solubility showed promising in vitro inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity in rabbit iris ciliary body homogenate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Vernier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Remko M. Molecular structure, pKa, lipophilicity, solubility and absorption of biologically active aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Indumathi S, Perumal S, Menéndez JC. l-Proline-Catalyzed Three-Component Domino [3+2+1] Annulation for the Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted Thienothiopyrans Containing Three or Four Stereocenters. J Org Chem 2009; 75:472-5. [PMID: 20014786 DOI: 10.1021/jo9021327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sethuraman Indumathi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Subbu Perumal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Steele RM, Benedini F, Biondi S, Borghi V, Carzaniga L, Impagnatiello F, Miglietta D, Chong WK, Rajapakse R, Cecchi A, Temperini C, Supuran CT. Nitric oxide-donating carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6565-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many oral drugs have been designed in consideration of physicochemical properties to attain optimal pharmacokinetic properties. This strategy significantly reduced attrition in drug development owing to inadequate pharmacokinetics during the last decade. On the other hand, most ophthalmic drugs are generated from reformulation of other therapeutic dosage forms. Therefore, the modification of formulations has been used mainly as the approach to improve ocular pharmacokinetics. However, to maximize ocular pharmacokinetic properties, a specific molecular design for ocular drug is preferable. Passive diffusion of drugs across the cornea membranes requires appropriate lipophilicity and aqueous solubility. Improvement of such physicochemical properties has been achieved by structure optimization or prodrug approaches. This review discusses the current knowledge about ophthalmic drugs adapted from systemic drugs and molecular design for ocular drugs. I propose the approaches for molecular design to obtain the optimal ocular penetration into anterior segment based on published studies to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Shirasaki
- Senju Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, 1-5-4 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ca Vagna GD, Delort P, Gordon LR, Peter C, Smith RL. Cross Sensitivity Reactions Among Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in the Guinea Pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569529509068341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Corbet M, Zard SZ. Facile and Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-4-ones from β-Keto ε-Xanthyl Phosphonates. Org Lett 2008; 10:2861-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801033e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Corbet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Krishnamurthy VM, Kaufman GK, Urbach AR, Gitlin I, Gudiksen KL, Weibel DB, Whitesides GM. Carbonic anhydrase as a model for biophysical and physical-organic studies of proteins and protein-ligand binding. Chem Rev 2008; 108:946-1051. [PMID: 18335973 PMCID: PMC2740730 DOI: 10.1021/cr050262p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Krishnamurthy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George K. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Adam R. Urbach
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irina Gitlin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Katherine L. Gudiksen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Novak
- a Analytical Research Department , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, R80Y-120, Rahway, NJ, 07065
| | - L. Berwick
- a Analytical Research Department , Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 2000, R80Y-120, Rahway, NJ, 07065
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Remko M, von der Lieth CW. Theoretical study of gas-phase acidity, pKa, lipophilicity, and solubility of some biologically active sulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5395-403. [PMID: 15388166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The geometries of 19 biologically active substituted sulfonamides (including clinically useful acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dichlorophenamide, dorzolamide, and brinzolamide) in both neutral and deprotonated forms, were optimized using Becke3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) method (compounds 1-6) and two-layered ONIOM (B3LYP 6-311+G(d,p): MNDO) method (compounds 7-19). The investigated sulfonamides are weak acids with calculated acidity of about 1320-1420 kJ mol(-1). Of acids studied the highest gas-phase acidity (1324 kJ mol(-1)) possesses methazolamide. This drug is, according to the computed pKa value (5.9), also in water solution the most acidic compound of the sulfonamides investigated. The computed pKa values varied between 5.9 and 12.6 and correlate well with the available experimental pKa's found in the literature. Cancerostatic aromatic sulfonamides 16-19 are generally weak acids with the acidity comparable or slightly lower than the lead sulfanilamide. The available experimental partition coefficients of sulfonamides investigated are best reproduced by the IA LOGP method. Computed partition coefficients for antiglaucoma sulfonamides 1-13 varied between -0.47 and 2.61 (IA LOGP). Thus these compounds are only slightly or moderate lipophilic. The lipophilicity of the cancerostatic sulfonamides 14-18 is from relatively narrow interval between -0.07 and 1.68 (IA LOGP). The most potent CAI 10-13 are also the most lipophilic compounds among the antiglaucomatics studied. The available experimental solubilities are best reproduced by the IA LOGS method. The computed solubilities qualitatively correlate with the corresponding lipophilicities, logS increasing as logP declines. The analysis of molecular descriptors defined by Lipinski have been shown that all of the sulfonamides studied obey 'Rule of 5'. Therefore, in the early stages of the design of antiglaucoma sulfonamides, it is becoming more important to determine the pKa, lipophilicity, water solubility, and other physicochemical properties associated with a drug, before synthetic work is undertaken, with the aim of avoiding the synthesis of compounds that are predicted to have poor biopharmaceutical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Remko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A review is presented of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) of different categories of carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, which are basically benzenesulfonamides, heterocyclic sulfonamides and aliphatic sulfonamides. The review shows that in all categories, the inhibition potency depends largely on the electronic properties of the sulfonamide group, which can be affected by the electronic characteristics of the substituents present on the nucleus (benzene or heterocyclic ring) of the sulfonamide molecules. Substituents themselves can be involved, along with the nucleus, in some dispersion interaction with the enzyme. Based on this review, a schematic model is presented to represent the interaction of sulfonamides with the CA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
At least 14 different carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms were isolated in higher vertebrates, where these zinc enzymes play crucial physiological roles. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII, and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in saliva. Three acatalytic forms are also known, which are denominated CA related proteins (CARP), CARP VIII, CARP X, and CARP XI. Several important physiological and physio-pathological functions are played by many CA isozymes, which are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides as well as inorganic, metal complexing anions. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in detail, and this helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such enzyme inhibitors as antiglaucoma drugs will be discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: several potent sulfonamide inhibitors inhibited the growth of a multitude of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Furthermore, some other classes of compounds that interact with CAs have recently been discovered, some of which possess modified sulfonamide or hydroxamate moieties. Some sulfonamides have also applications as diagnostic tools, in PET and MRI or as antiepileptics or for the treatment of other neurological disorders. Future prospects for drug design applications for inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019-Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Remko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
We have developed a versatile tool for the delivery of inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase II, which allows modification of a hydrophobic drug with either a water-solubilizing, photolabile cage or a hydrophobic, photolabile cage. The former mask is useful for direct delivery of hydrophobic molecules in an aqueous prodrug form. The latter may find application if delivery from a surface is desirable. In our system, where the target enzyme is found in the eye, both approaches may be useful for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs having subnanomolar dissociation constants from the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina D Kehayova
- Department of Chemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081-1397, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grüneberg S, Stubbs MT, Klebe G. Successful virtual screening for novel inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase: strategy and experimental confirmation. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3588-602. [PMID: 12166932 DOI: 10.1021/jm011112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virtual screening of compound libraries is an alternative and complementary approach to high-throughput screening in the lead discovery process. A new strategy is described to search for possible leads of human carbonic anhydrase II, applying a protocol of several consecutive hierarchical filters involving a preselection based on functional group requirements and fast pharmacophore matching. A suitable pharmacophore is derived by a sophisticated "hot spot" analysis of the binding site to detect regions favorable for protein-ligand interactions. In subsequent steps, molecular similarity with known reference ligands is used to rerank the hits from the pharmacophore matching. Finally the best scored candidates are docked flexibly into the protein binding pocket. After examination of the affinity predictions, 13 compounds were selected for experimental testing. Of these 13, three could be shown to be subnanomolar, one is nanomolar, while a further seven are micromolar inhibitors. The binding mode of two hits could be confirmed by crystal structure analysis. The novelty of the discovered leads is best supported by the fact that a search in the patent literature showed the newly discovered subnanomolar compounds to comprise scaffolds not yet covered by existing patents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Grüneberg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Both enantiomers of 3-benzyl-2-oxetanone (1) were found to be slowly hydrolyzed substrates of alpha-chymotrypsin having k(cat) values of 0.134+/-0.008 and 0.105+/-0.004 min(-1) for (R)-1 and (S)-1, respectively, revealing that alpha-CT is virtually unable to differentiate the enantiomers in the hydrolysis of 1. The initial step to form the acyl-enzyme intermediate by the attack of Ser-195 hydroxyl on the beta-lactone ring at the 2-position in the hydrolysis reaction may not be enzymatically driven, but the relief of high ring strain energy of beta-lactone may constitute a major driving force. The deacylation step is also attenuated, which is possibly due to the hydrogen bond that would be formed between the imidazole nitrogen of His-57 and the hydroxyl group generated during the acylation in the case of (R)-1, but in the alpha-CT catalyzed hydrolysis of (S)-1 the imidazole nitrogen may form a hydrogen bond with the ester carbonyl oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31 Hyojadong, Pohang, South Korea 790-784.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- U F Mansoor
- Krebs Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Scozzafava A, Menabuoni L, Mincione F, Briganti F, Mincione G, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: perfluoroalkyl/aryl-substituted derivatives of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides as topical intraocular pressure-lowering agents with prolonged duration of action. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4542-51. [PMID: 11087579 DOI: 10.1021/jm000296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of perfluoroalkyl/arylsulfonyl chlorides or perfluoroalkyl/arylcarbonyl chlorides with aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides possessing a free amino/imino/hydrazino/hydroxy group afforded compounds with the general formula C(x)()F(y)()Z-A-SO(2)NH(2), where Z = SO(2)NH, SO(3), CONH, or CO(2) and A = aromatic/heterocyclic moiety. The sulfonyl chlorides used in synthesis included: CF(3)SO(2)Cl, n-C(4)F(9)SO(2)Cl, n-C(8)F(17)SO(2)Cl, and C(6)F(5)SO(2)Cl, whereas the acyl chlorides were C(8)F(17)COCl and C(6)F(5)COCl. A total of 25 different sulfonamides have been derivatized by means of the above-mentioned perfluorosulfonyl/acyl halides. These new series of sulfonamides showed strong affinities toward isozymes I, II, and IV of carbonic anhydrase (CA). For a given sulfonamide derivatized by the above procedures, inhibitory power was greater for the alkyl/arylsulfonylated compounds, as compared to the corresponding perfluoroalkyl/arylcarbonylated ones. In vitro inhibitory activity generally increased with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule of the acylating/sulfonylating agent, with a maximum for the perfluorophenylsulfonylated and perfluorobenzoylated derivatives. Some of the prepared CA inhibitors displayed very good water solubility (in the range of 2%) and strongly lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) when applied topically, directly into the normotensive/glaucomatous rabbit eye, as 2% water solutions. The good water solubility of these new classes of CA inhibitors, correlated with the neutral pH of their solutions used in the ophthalmologic applications, makes them attractive candidates for developing novel types of antiglaucoma drugs devoid of unpleasant ocular side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Scozzafava
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121 Florence, Italy. I-50123
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen HH, Gross S, Liao J, McLaughlin M, Dean T, Sly WS, May JA. 2H-Thieno[3,2-e]- and [2,3-e]-1,2-thiazine-6-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxides as ocular hypotensive agents: synthesis, carbonic anhydrase inhibition and evaluation in the rabbit. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:957-75. [PMID: 10882008 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel non-chiral 2H-thieno[3,2-e]- and [2,3-e]-1,2-thiazine-6-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxides were synthesized for evaluation as potential candidates for the treatment of glaucoma. All of the compounds prepared were potent high affinity inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase II, Ki < 0.5 nM. Additionally, inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase IV was determined for selected compounds; these were shown to be moderate to potent inhibitors of this isozyme with IC50 values ranging from 4.25 to 73.6 nM. Of the compounds evaluated for their ability to lower intraocular pressure in naturally hypertensive Dutch-belted rabbits, 5a, 17a3, 17b1, 17b2, 17h2 and 17i1 showed significant efficacy (> 20% decrease) in this model following topical ocular administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Chen
- Ophthalmic Products Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Reaction of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides possessing free amino, imino or hydrazino moieties with 7-chloro-4-chloromethylcoumarin afforded a series of N-[(7-chloro-4-coumarinyl)-methyl]- derivatives which showed effective inhibition of three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes. Topical application within the rabbit eye of some of these compounds led to effective intraocular pressure lowering due to CA inhibition within the ocular tissues, and reduced aqueous humor production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Renzi
- Università degli Studi, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Florence, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Supuran CT, Briganti F, Menabuoni L, Mincione G, Mincione F, Scozzafava A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - part 78(#). Synthesis of water-soluble sulfonamides incorporating beta-alanyl moieties, possessing long lasting-intraocular pressure lowering properties via the topical route. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:309-21. [PMID: 10785557 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 26 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl groups with N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-beta-alanine (Boc-beta-ala; Boc = t-butoxycarbonyl) in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives afforded, after removal of the protecting group, a series of water-soluble compounds (as salts of strong acids, such as hydrochloric, trifluoroacetic or trifluoromethane sulfonic). The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Good inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II and CA IV (in the nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humour secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors synthesized were applied as 2% aqueous solutions into the eyes of normotensive or glaucomatous albino rabbits, when strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed with many of them. Thus, the amino acyl groups conferring water solubility to these sulfonamide CA inhibitors, coupled with their strong enzyme inhibitory properties and balanced lipid solubility seem to be the key factors for obtaining compounds with effective topical antiglaucoma activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Supuran
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mincione G, Menabuoni L, Briganti F, Mincione F, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Part 79. Synthesis of topically acting sulfonamides incorporating GABA moieties in their molecule, with long-lasting intraocular pressure-lowering properties. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 9:185-99. [PMID: 10620731 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 26 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl groups with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (Boc-GABA; Boc=t-butoxycarbonyl) in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives, afforded after removal of the protecting group, a series of water-soluble compounds (as salts of strong acids, such as hydrochloric, trifluoroacetic or trifluoromethane sulfonic). The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Some of the new compounds effectively inhibited CA II and CA IV (in the nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors obtained as described above were applied as 2% water solutions into the eye of normotensive or glaucomatous albino rabbits, when strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering has been evidenced. Thus, the amino acyl tail conferring water solubility to these sulfonamides, coupled with their strong enzyme inhibitory properties and balanced lipid solubility seem to be the key factors for obtaining compounds with effective topical antiglaucoma activity from the class of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Mincione
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Borras J, Scozzafava A, Menabuoni L, Mincione F, Briganti F, Mincione G, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis of water-soluble, topically effective intraocular pressure lowering aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing 8-quinoline-sulfonyl moieties: is the tail more important than the ring? Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2397-406. [PMID: 10632049 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 20 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing a free amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl group, with 8-quinoline-sulfonyl chloride afforded a series of water-soluble (as hydrochloride or triflate salts) compounds. The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Efficient inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II (in nanomolar range), which is the isozyme known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors synthesized were topically applied as 2% water solutions onto the eye of normotensive and glaucomatous albino rabbits, when strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed with many of them. This result prompted us to reanalyze the synthetic work done by other groups for the design of water soluble, topically effective antiglaucoma sulfonamides. According to these researchers, the IOP lowering effect is due to the intrinsic nature of the specific heterocyclic sulfonamide considered, among which the thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamide derivatives represent the best studied case. Indeed, the first agents developed for such applications, such as dorzolamide, are derivatives of this ring system. In order to prove that the tail (in this case the 8-quinoline-sulfonyl moiety) conferring water solubility to a sulfonamide CA inhibitor is more important than the ring to which the sulfonamido group is grafted, we also prepared a dorzolamide derivative to which the 8-quinoline-sulfonyl moiety was attached. This new compound is quite water soluble as hydrochloride salt, behaves as a strong CA II inhibitor, and fared better than the parent molecule in lowering IOP in experimental animals. Thus, the tail conferring water solubility to such an enzyme inhibitor is more important for its topical activity as antiglaucoma drug than the heterocyclic/aromatic ring to which the sulfonamido moiety is grafted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Borras
- Universidad de Valencia, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Menabuoni L, Scozzafava A, Mincione F, Briganti F, Mincione G, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Water-soluble, topically effective intraocular pressure lowering agents derived from isonicotinic acid and aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides: is the tail more important than the ring? J Enzyme Inhib 1999; 14:457-74. [PMID: 10536879 DOI: 10.3109/14756369909030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of twenty aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing a free amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl group, with isonicotinoyl chloride afforded a series of water-soluble compounds (as hydrochloride or triflate salts). The new derivatives were examined as inhibitors of three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form). Efficient inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II and CA IV (K(I) in the nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the most potent inhibitors synthesized were applied as 2% water solutions directly into the eye of normotensive or glaucomatous albino rabbits. Very strong intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed for many of them, and the active drug was detected in eye tissues and fluids. According to others the IOP lowering effect of topically effective antiglaucoma sulfonamides is due to the intrinsic nature of the specific heterocyclic sulfonamide considered, among which the thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamide derivatives represent the best studied case e.g. dorzolamide. In order to prove that the tail (in this case the isonicotinoyl moiety) conferring water solubility to a sulfonamide CA inhibitor is more important than the ring to which the sulfonamido group is grafted a dorzolamide derivative to which the isonicotinoyl moiety was attached was also prepared. This new compound is more water soluble than dorzolamide (as hydrochloride salt), behaves as a strong CA II inhibitor and acts similarly to the parent derivative in lowering IOP in experimental animals. Thus, it seems that the tail conferring water solubility is more important for topical activity as an antiglaucoma drug than the heterocyclic/aromatic ring to which the sulfonamido moiety is attached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Menabuoni
- Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, U.O. Oculistica, Firenze, Italia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Supuran C. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors – part 70. Synthesis and ocular pharmacology of a new class of water-soluble, topically effective intraocular pressure lowering agents derived from nicotinic acid and aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides. Eur J Med Chem; 34:799-808. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(99)00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
38
|
Scozzafava A, Briganti F, Mincione G, Menabuoni L, Mincione F, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis of water-soluble, aminoacyl/dipeptidyl sulfonamides possessing long-lasting intraocular pressure-lowering properties via the topical route. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3690-700. [PMID: 10479300 DOI: 10.1021/jm9901879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 26 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing amino, imino, hydrazino, or hydroxyl groups with Boc-Gly, Boc-Sar, TrS-Crt, or Boc-Gly-Gly (Sar = sarcosine, N-Me-Gly; Crt = creatine, N-amidinosarcosine; TrS = tritylsulfenyl; Boc = tert-butoxycarbonyl) in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives afforded after removal of the protecting groups a series of water-soluble compounds (as salts of strong acids, such as hydrochloric, trifluoroacetic, or trifluoromethanesulfonic). The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms), and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Efficient inhibition was observed against all three isozymes and especially against CA II and IV (in the nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors synthesized were applied as 2% water solutions into the eye of normotensive or glaucomatous albino rabbits, when strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed with many of them. Thus, the aminoacyl/dipeptidyl tail conferring water solubility to these sulfonamide CA inhibitors coupled with strong enzyme inhibitory properties and balanced lipid solubility seem to be the key factors for obtaining compounds with effective topical antiglaucoma activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Scozzafava
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, Menabuoni L, Mincione F, Briganti F, Mincione G. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Part 71. Synthesis and ocular pharmacology of a new class of water-soluble, topically effective intraocular pressure lowering sulfonamides incorporating picolinoyl moieties. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 8:317-28. [PMID: 10425382 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 20 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing a free amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl group, with picolinic acid in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives afforded a series of water-soluble (as hydrochloride or triflate salts) compounds. The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form). Efficient inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II and CA IV (in nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors synthesized were applied as 2% water solutions directly into the eye of normotensive or glaucomatous albino rabbits. Very strong intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed for many of them, and the active drug was detected in eye tissues and fluids. This result prompted us to reanalyze the synthetic work done by other groups for the design of water soluble, topically effective antiglaucoma sulfonamides. According to these researchers, the IOP lowering effect is due to the intrinsic nature of the specific heterocyclic sulfonamide considered, among which the thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamide derivatives represent the best studied case. Indeed, the first agents developed for such applications, such as dorzolamide, are derivatives of this ring system. In order to prove that the tail (in this case the picolinoyl moiety) conferring water solubility to a sulfonamide CA inhibitor is critically important for its topical effectiveness, similarly to the ring to which the sulfonamido group is grafted, we also prepared a dorzolamide derivative to which the picolinoyl moiety was attached. This new compound is more water soluble than dorzolamide (as hydrochloride salt), behaves as a strong CA II inhibitor, and acts similarly to the parent derivative in lowering IOP in experimental animals. Thus, it seems that the tail conferring water solubility is more important for topical activity as antiglaucoma drug, than the heterocyclic/aromatic ring to which the sulfonamido moiety is grafted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Supuran
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
[formula: see text] A tight-binding, hydrophobic inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase II has been masked with a water-solubilizing, photolabile group derived from o-nitrophenylglycine. This caged inhibitor represents our first effort at the site-specific delivery of prodrugs that can be activated by light. Via this approach, we have begun to address the problems of water insolubility and systemic side effects on administration of tight-binding inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Kehayova
- Department of Chemistry, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania 19081-1397, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Scozzafava A, Menabuoni L, Mincione F, Briganti F, Mincione G, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synthesis of water-soluble, topically effective, intraocular pressure-lowering aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing cationic or anionic moieties: is the tail more important than the ring? J Med Chem 1999; 42:2641-50. [PMID: 10411484 DOI: 10.1021/jm9900523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of several aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing a free amino, imino, hydrazino, or hydroxyl group, with 2, 3-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride or 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives, afforded two series of water-soluble (as hydrochloride, triflate, or carboxylate salts) compounds. The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms), and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Efficient inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II and IV (in nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors synthesized were applied as 2% water solutions directly into the eye of normotensive and glaucomatous albino rabbits. Very strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed with many of them. This result prompted us to reanalyze the synthetic work done by other groups for the design of water-soluble, topically effective antiglaucoma sulfonamides. According to these researchers, the IOP-lowering effect is due to the intrinsic nature of the specific heterocyclic sulfonamide considered, among which the thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamide derivatives represent the best-studied case. Indeed, the first agents developed for topical application, such as dorzolamide, are derivatives of this ring system. To prove that the tail (in this case the pyridinecarboxylic moieties) conferring water solubility to a sulfonamide CA inhibitor is more important than the ring to which the sulfonamido group is grafted, we also prepared dorzolamide derivatives incorporating such moieties. These new compounds possess good water solubility as hydrochloride or carboxylate salts, balanced by a relatively modest lipid solubility. They are strong CA II inhibitors and are able to lower IOP in experimental animals more than the parent derivatives. Our conclusion is that the tail conferring water solubility to such an enzyme inhibitor is more important for topical activity as an antiglaucoma drug, than the heterocyclic/aromatic ring to which the sulfonamido moiety is grafted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Scozzafava
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dantanarayana AP, Dupre B, May JA, Lynch VM. A convenient synthesis of the novel 5H-thieno[2,3-e]-4,1,2-oxathiazepine ring systemviaan alkoxycarbenium ion intermediate. J Heterocycl Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570360111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
Chen HH, May JA, Lynch VM. Synthesis of certain 5-substituted thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2-sulfonamides and thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2-sulfonamide 6,6-dioxides. J Heterocycl Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570360138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
44
|
Boriack-Sjodin PA, Zeitlin S, Chen HH, Crenshaw L, Gross S, Dantanarayana A, Delgado P, May JA, Dean T, Christianson DW. Structural analysis of inhibitor binding to human carbonic anhydrase II. Protein Sci 1998; 7:2483-9. [PMID: 9865942 PMCID: PMC2143894 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560071201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystal structures of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) complexed with sulfonamide inhibitors illuminate the structural determinants of high affinity binding in the nanomolar regime. The primary binding interaction is the coordination of a primary sulfonamide group to the active site zinc ion. Secondary interactions fine-tune tight binding in regions of the active site cavity >5 A away from zinc, and this work highlights three such features: (1) advantageous conformational restraints of a bicyclic thienothiazene-6-sulfonamide-1,1-dioxide inhibitor skeleton in comparison with a monocyclic 2,5-thiophenedisulfonamide skeleton; (2) optimal substituents attached to a secondary sulfonamide group targeted to interact with hydrophobic patches defined by Phe131, Leu198, and Pro202; and (3) optimal stereochemistry and configuration at the C-4 position of bicyclic thienothiazene-6-sulfonamides; the C-4 substituent can interact with His64, the catalytic proton shuttle. Structure-activity relationships rationalize affinity trends observed during the development of brinzolamide (Azopt), the newest carbonic anhydrase inhibitor approved for the treatment of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Boriack-Sjodin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6323, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chan MF, Kois A, Verner EJ, Raju BG, Castillo RS, Wu C, Okun I, Stavros FD, Balaji VN. The discovery and structure-activity relationships of nonpeptide, low molecular weight antagonists selective for the endothelin ET(B) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:2301-16. [PMID: 9925292 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)80010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The systematic modification of the ETA selective N-(5-isoxazolyl)benzene-sulfonamide endothelin antagonists to give ETB selective antagonists is reported. The reversal in selectivity was brought about by substitution of the 4-position with aryl and substituted aryl groups. Of all the aromatic substituents studied, the para-tolyl group gave rise to the most active and selective ETB antagonist. Larger substituents caused a decrease in both ETB activity and selectivity. A similar trend was observed by substitution at the 5-position of the N-(5-isoxazolyl)-2-thiophenesulfonamide ETA receptor antagonists. The para-tolyl group was again found to be optimal for the ETB activity and selectivity. The structural features that were found to be favorable for binding to the ETB receptor, that is, the presence of a linear, conjugated pi-system of definite shape and size, have been successfully incorporated into the design of ETB selective polycyclic aromatic sulfonamides antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Chan
- ImmunoPharmaceutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92127, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Supuran CT, Ilies MA, Scozzafava A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — Part 29 1: Interaction of isozymes I, II and IV with benzolamide-like derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Supuran CT, Mincione F, Scozzafava A, Briganti F, Mincione G, Ilies MA. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — Part 52. Metal complexes of heterocyclic sulfonamides: A new class of strong topical intraocular pressure-lowering agents in rabbits. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Abstract
Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are among the most powerful agents to lower intraocular pressure. Unfortunately, their use is frequently accompanied by undesired side effects. Some are due to the relatively large amounts of drug that have to be systemically administered to inhibit the carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes. Recently, dorzolamide, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has become commercially available for clinical use. This article reviews the development of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with special reference to dorzolamide. When administered three-times daily, dorzolamide lowers intraocular pressure in a clinically useful manner. Ocular side-effects include frequent stinging and burning and allergy can develop. Systemic side effects have not been observed that could definitively be related to inhibition of extraocular carbonic anhydrase. Blood dyscrasias have not yet been observed. Absence of cardiovascular and pulmonary side effects, as can occur with beta adrenergic antagonists, and lack of pupillary and accommodative stimulation, as occur with cholinergic agonists, might make dorzolamide first-line medical treatment for elevated intraocular pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schoenwald RD, Deshpande GS, Rethwisch DG, Barfknecht CF. Penetration into the anterior chamber via the conjunctival/scleral pathway. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1997; 13:41-59. [PMID: 9029439 DOI: 10.1089/jop.1997.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the conjunctival/scleral pathway as a route of entry into the ciliary body, and in particular uptake and deposition by vessels, was investigated. A constant concentration of methazolamide analogs as well as 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CB) and rhodamine B (RB) was maintained on either the cornea or the conjunctiva/sclera tissue, the latter excluding the cornea. The solutions were applied with the use of a cylindrical well affixed to the cornea of an anesthetized white rabbit. After two hours, concentrations of drug or dye were measured in cornea, aqueous humor or iris/ciliary body for both routes of entry. Confocal microscopy methods were used to determine reflected fluorescence images for 6-CB and RB. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition, partitioning, solubility and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were also determined. Permeability calculations were estimated for drug diffusing against aqueous flow within the posterior chamber. The conjunctival/scleral route of entry produced higher iris/ciliary body concentrations for all compounds except for the lipophilic RB. Confocal microscopy results suggested that drug is gaining entry into the ciliary body through vessel uptake in the sclera. Following entry of drug into the conjunctival/scleral tissue, a significant portion enters scleral vessels and deposits within the ciliary body. Calculations are given that indicate that once drug penetrates the cornea it is highly unlikely drug diffuses through the pupil against aqueous flow to enter the posterior chamber and reach the ciliary body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Schoenwald
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|