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Liu P, Griffiths S, Veljanoski D, Vaughn-Beaucaire P, Speirs V, Brüning-Richardson A. Preclinical models of glioblastoma: limitations of current models and the promise of new developments. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e20. [PMID: 34852856 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour, yet little progress has been made towards providing better treatment options for patients diagnosed with this devastating condition over the last few decades. The complex nature of the disease, heterogeneity, highly invasive potential of GBM tumours and until recently, reduced investment in research funding compared with other cancer types, are contributing factors to few advancements in disease management. Survival rates remain low with less than 5% of patients surviving 5 years. Another important contributing factor is the use of preclinical models that fail to fully recapitulate GBM pathophysiology, preventing efficient translation from the lab into successful therapies in the clinic. This review critically evaluates current preclinical GBM models, highlighting advantages and disadvantages of using such models, and outlines several emerging techniques in GBM modelling using animal-free approaches. These novel approaches to a highly complex disease such as GBM show evidence of a more truthful recapitulation of GBM pathobiology with high reproducibility. The resulting advancements in this field will offer new biological insights into GBM and its aetiology with potential to contribute towards the development of much needed improved treatments for GBM in future.
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Bouckaert C, Christiaen E, Verhoeven J, Descamps B, De Meulenaere V, Boon P, Carrette E, Vonck K, Vanhove C, Raedt R. Comparison of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Rat Model for Glioblastoma-Associated Epilepsy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1311. [PMID: 34441246 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used for preclinical treatment monitoring in glioblastoma (GB). Discriminating between tumors and tumor-associated changes is challenging on in vivo MRI. In this study, we compared in vivo MRI scans with ex vivo MRI and histology to estimate more precisely the abnormal mass on in vivo MRI. Epileptic seizures are a common symptom in GB. Therefore, we used a recently developed GB-associated epilepsy model from our group with the aim of further characterizing the model and making it useful for dedicated epilepsy research. Ten days after GB inoculation in rat entorhinal cortices, in vivo MRI (T2w and mean diffusivity (MD)), ex vivo MRI (T2w) and histology were performed, and tumor volumes were determined on the different modalities. The estimated abnormal mass on ex vivo T2w images was significantly smaller compared to in vivo T2w images, but was more comparable to histological tumor volumes, and might be used to estimate end-stage tumor volumes. In vivo MD images displayed tumors as an outer rim of hyperintense signal with a core of hypointense signal, probably reflecting peritumoral edema and tumor mass, respectively, and might be used in the future to distinguish the tumor mass from peritumoral edema—associated with reactive astrocytes and activated microglia, as indicated by an increased expression of immunohistochemical markers—in preclinical models. In conclusion, this study shows that combining imaging techniques using different structural scales can improve our understanding of the pathophysiology in GB.
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Bouckaert C, Germonpré C, Verhoeven J, Chong SA, Jacquin L, Mairet-Coello G, André VM, Leclercq K, Vanhove C, De Vos F, Van den Broecke C, Goethals I, Descamps B, Donche S, Carrette E, Wadman W, Boon P, Vonck K, Raedt R. Development of a Rat Model for Glioma-Related Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6999. [PMID: 32977526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are common in patients with high-grade gliomas (30–60%) and approximately 15–30% of glioblastoma (GB) patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy. Reliable animal models are needed to develop adequate treatments for glioma-related epilepsy. Therefore, fifteen rats were inoculated with F98 GB cells (GB group) and four rats with vehicle only (control group) in the right entorhinal cortex. MRI was performed to visualize tumor presence. A subset of seven GB and two control rats were implanted with recording electrodes to determine the occurrence of epileptic seizures with video-EEG recording over multiple days. In a subset of rats, tumor size and expression of tumor markers were investigated with histology or mRNA in situ hybridization. Tumors were visible on MRI six days post-inoculation. Time-dependent changes in tumor morphology and size were visible on MRI. Epileptic seizures were detected in all GB rats monitored with video-EEG. Twenty-one days after inoculation, rats were euthanized based on signs of discomfort and pain. This study describes, for the first time, reproducible tumor growth and spontaneous seizures upon inoculation of F98 cells in the rat entorhinal cortex. The development of this new model of GB-related epilepsy may be valuable to design new therapies against tumor growth and associated epileptic seizures.
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Genina EA, Bashkatov AN, Tuchina DK, Dyachenko (Timoshina) PA, Navolokin N, Shirokov A, Khorovodov A, Terskov A, Klimova M, Mamedova A, Blokhina I, Agranovich I, Zinchenko E, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya OV, Tuchin VV. Optical properties of brain tissues at the different stages of glioma development in rats: pilot study. Biomed Opt Express 2019; 10:5182-5197. [PMID: 31646040 PMCID: PMC6788608 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, measurements of the optical properties (diffuse reflectance, total and collimated transmittance) of brain tissues in healthy rats and rats with C6-glioma were performed in the spectral range from 350 to 1800 nm. Using these measurements, characteristic tissue optical parameters, such as absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, and scattering anisotropy factor were reconstructed. It was obtained that the 10-day development of glioma led to increase of absorption coefficient, which was associated with the water content elevation in the tumor. However, further development of the tumor (formation of the necrotic core) led to decrease in the water content. The dependence of the scattering properties on the different stages of model glioma development was more complex. Light penetration depth into the healthy and tumor brain was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A. Genina
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Alexey N. Bashkatov
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Daria K. Tuchina
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Polina A. Dyachenko (Timoshina)
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Nikita Navolokin
- Saratov State Medical University, 112, B. Kazachya str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, IBPPM RAS, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | | | - Andrey Terskov
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Maria Klimova
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Aysel Mamedova
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Inna Blokhina
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Ilana Agranovich
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
| | | | | | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., Saratov 410012, Russia
- Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 24, Rabochaya Str., Saratov 410028, Russia
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Linsenmann T, Jawork A, Westermaier T, Homola G, Monoranu CM, Vince GH, Kessler AF, Ernestus RI, Löhr M. Tumor growth under rhGM-CSF application in an orthotopic rodent glioma model. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4843-4850. [PMID: 31186691 PMCID: PMC6507467 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the host immune response serves a pivotal role in the persistence and progression of malignant glioma. To date, cytotoxic cluster of differentiation (CD)-8+ T and natural killer cells are considered the main cellular components of host tumor control. The influence of macrophages in an orthotropic C6 tumor implantation model was investigated and the aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of systemic macrophage-activation on glioma growth by using the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF). A total of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were orthotopically implanted with C6 glioma spheroids and treated subcutaneously with 10 µg/kg rhGM-CSF every other day; 9 animals served as controls. Serial magnetic resonance imaging was performed on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 32 and 42 post-implantation to monitor tumor volume. Histological work-up included hematoxylin and eosin, CD68/ED-1 macrophage, CD8 T-cell and Ki-67 MIB1 proliferation staining in gliomas and spleen. Experimental C6-gliomas developed in 15/20 (75%) animals. In rhGM-CSF treated rats, tumors developed significantly later and reached a smaller size (median, 134 mm3) compared with the controls (median, 262 mm3). On day 14, solid tumors presented in 11/17 (65%) rhGM-CSF-treated animals; in control animals tumor growth was detected in 3/9 animals on day 7 and in all animals on day 14. The mean survival time was 35 days in the rhGM-CSF group and significantly longer when compared with the control group (24 days). Immunohistochemistry exhibited significantly more macrophages in tumors, particularly in the perivascular zone of the rhGM-CSF group when compared with untreated animals; intratumoral CD8+ counts were equal in both groups. A systemic stimulation of macrophages by rhGM-CSF resulted in significantly reduced and delayed tumor growth in the rodent C6 glioma model. The present data suggested a significant role of macrophages in host control of experimental gliomas on the innate immune response. Until now, the role of macrophages may have been underestimated in host glioma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linsenmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Jawork
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Westermaier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - György Homola
- Department of Neuroradiology, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Camelia Maria Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Giles Hamilton Vince
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Centre of Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, D-63739 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Julius Maximilians University, Wuerzburg, D-97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Sharifzad F, Yasavoli‐Sharahi H, Mardpour S, Fakharian E, Nikuinejad H, Heydari Y, Mardpour S, Taghikhani A, khellat R, Vafaei S, Kiani S, Ghavami S, Łos M, Noureddini M, Ebrahimi M, Verdi J, Hamidieh AA. Neuropathological and genomic characterization of glioblastoma‐induced rat model: How similar is it to humans for targeted therapy? J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22493-22504. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Sharifzad
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Yasavoli‐Sharahi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology University of Science and Culture Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Mardpour
- Department of Radiology Medical Imaging Center Imam Khomeini Hospital Tehran Iran
- Department of Radiology Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Esmaeil Fakharian
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Hassan Nikuinejad
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center Baqiyataallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Yasaman Heydari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Physics Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Adeleh Taghikhani
- Department of Immunology, Medical School Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Reza khellat
- Shafa Hospital Pathobiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Sahar Kiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Cancer Care Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Marek Łos
- Biotechnology Centre Silesian Technical University of Technology Gliwice Poland
| | - Mehdi Noureddini
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
- Department of Medical Physics Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Department, Children's Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Guan Y, Chen J, Zhan Y, Lu H. Effects of dexamethasone on C6 cell proliferation, migration and invasion through the upregulation of AQP1. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7595-7602. [PMID: 29740485 PMCID: PMC5934719 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex) is commonly used to treat glioma; however, the mechanism underlying the action of Dex remains unclear. In the present study, the hypothesis that aquaporin-1 (AQP1) may participate in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion was tested using small interfering RNA (siRNA). The results of the current study indicated that Dex could inhibit the proliferation, in addition to promoting the migration, of C6 cells. Dex was indicated to promote the expression of AQP1. Downregulation of AQP1, achieved using siRNAs, demonstrated the inhibition of cell proliferation, promotion of cell migration and suppression of invasion; therefore, Dex was indicated to serve a role in these effects in the C6 cells, via the upregulation of AQP1. This demonstrated that AQP1 could be utilized as a novel therapeutic target, with the aim of inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guan
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 570102, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yuefu Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400054, P.R. China
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Löhr M, Linsenmann T, Jawork A, Kessler AF, Timmermann N, Homola GA, Ernestus RI, Hagemann C. Implanting Glioblastoma Spheroids into Rat Brains and Monitoring Tumor Growth by MRI Volumetry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1622:149-159. [PMID: 28674808 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7108-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains poor with a median survival of less than 15 months. To establish innovative therapeutical approaches or to analyze the effect of protein overexpression or protein knockdown by RNA interference in vivo, animal models are mandatory. Here, we describe the implantation of C6 glioma spheroids into the rats' brain and how to follow tumor growth by MRI scans. We show that C6 cells grown in Sprague-Dawley rats share several morphologic features of human glioblastoma like pleomorphic cells, areas of necrosis, vascular proliferation, and tumor cell invasion into the surrounding brain tissue. In addition, we describe a method for tumor volumetry utilizing the CISS 3D- or contrast-enhanced T1-weighted 3D sequence and freely available post-processing software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Löhr
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Linsenmann
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Jawork
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Almuth F Kessler
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils Timmermann
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - György A Homola
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagemann
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The nervous system has a highly complex organization, including many cell types with multiple functions, with an intricate anatomy and unique structural and functional characteristics; the study of its (dys)functionality following exposure to xenobiotics, neurotoxicology, constitutes an important issue in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - João Paulo Capela
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia)
- Laboratório de Toxicologia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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Abstract
In this article we have reported the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of rat C6 glioma cell line for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,314 bp, with coding 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes. This sequence was deposited in the GenBank (Accession No. KM820837).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , P.R. China and
| | - Lei Hu
- b Department of Clinical Psychology , Shandong Mental Health Center , Jinan , Shandong Province , P.R. China
| | - Hong-Hai Peng
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , P.R. China and
| | - Jian-Guo Shi
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong Province , P.R. China and
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Mathieu D, Lecomte R, Tsanaclis AM, Larouche A, Fortin D. Standardization and Detailed Characterization of the Syngeneic Fischer/F98 Glioma Model. Can J Neurol Sci 2014; 34:296-306. [PMID: 17803026 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100006715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:Adequate animal glioma models are mandatory for the pursuit of preclinical research in neuro-oncology. Many implantation models have been described, but none perfectly emulate human malignant gliomas. This work reports our experience in standardizing, optimizing and characterizing the Fischer/F98 glioma model on the clinical, pathological, radiological and metabolic aspects.Materials and methods:F98 cells were implanted in 70 Fischer rats, varying the quantity of cells and volume of implantation solution, and using a micro-infusion pump to minimize implantation trauma, after adequate coordinates were established. Pathological analysis consisted in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry for GFAP, vimentin, albumin, TGF-b1, TGF-b2, CD3 and CD45. Twelve animals were used for MR imaging at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Corresponding MR images were compared with pathological slides. Two animals underwent 18F-FDG and 11C-acetate PET studies for metabolic characterization of the tumors.Results:Implantation with 1x104 cells produced a median survival of 26 days and a tumor take of 100%. Large infiltrative neoplasms with a necrotic core were seen on H&E. Numerous mitosis, peritumoral infiltrative behavior, and neovascular proliferation were also obvious. GFAP and vimentin staining was positive inside the tumor cells. Albumin staining was observed in the extracellular space around the tumors. CD3 staining was negligible. The MR images correlated the pathologic findings. 18F-FDG uptake was strong in the tumors.Conclusion:The standardized model described in this study behaves in a predictable and reproducible fashion, and could be considered for future pre-clinical studies. It adequately mimics the behavior of human malignant astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mathieu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke. Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Sandrone SS, Repossi G, Candolfi M, Eynard AR. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and gliomas: a critical review of experimental, clinical, and epidemiologic data. Nutrition 2014; 30:1104-9. [PMID: 24976422 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) called essential fatty acids (EFAs) cannot be biosynthesized by the body and hence, need to be obtained from diet. These PUFAs and their metabolites have multiple physiological functions that are altered in tumor cells due to a decreased expression of Δdelta-6-desaturase, which is an essential step in their metabolism. As a result, tumor cells would be protected from the toxic effect caused by free radicals, one product of EFA metabolism. EFAs have been proposed to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of glioblastoma. Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system in children and adults. High-grade gliomas remain a therapeutic challenge in neuro-oncology because there is no treatment that achieves a significant improvement in survival. Novel therapeutic strategies that use PUFAs for the treatment of gliomas have been assessed in cell cultures, rodent glioma models, and humans, with encouraging results. Here we review the latest progress made in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Silvia Sandrone
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina; Servicio de Patología, Hospital Rawson de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gaston Repossi
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina; Cátedra de Histología, Embriología y Genética, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Aldo Renato Eynard
- Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Hirst TC, Vesterinen HM, Sena ES, Egan KJ, Macleod MR, Whittle IR. Systematic review and meta-analysis of temozolomide in animal models of glioma: was clinical efficacy predicted? Br J Cancer 2013; 108:64-71. [PMID: 23321511 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant glioma is an aggressive tumour commonly associated with a dismal outcome despite optimal surgical and radio-chemotherapy. Since 2005 temozolomide has been established as first-line chemotherapy. We investigate the role of in vivo glioma models in predicting clinical efficacy. Methods: We searched three online databases to systematically identify publications testing temozolomide in animal models of glioma. Median survival and number of animals treated were extracted and quality was assessed using a 12-point scale; random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate efficacy. We analysed the impact of study design and quality and looked for evidence of publication bias. Results: We identified 60 publications using temozolomide in models of glioma, comprising 2443 animals. Temozolomide prolonged survival by a factor of 1.88 (95% CI 1.74–2.03) and reduced tumour volume by 50.4% (41.8–58.9) compared with untreated controls. Study design characteristics accounted for a significant proportion of between-study heterogeneity, and there was evidence of a significant publication bias. Conclusion: These data reflect those from clinical trials in that temozolomide improves survival and reduces tumour volume, even after accounting for publication bias. Experimental in vivo glioma studies of temozolomide differ from those of other glioma therapies in their consistent efficacy and successful translation into clinical medicine.
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De K, Bhowmik A, Behera A, Banerjee I, Ghosh MK, Misra M. Synthesis, radiolabeling, and preclinical evaluation of a new octreotide analog for somatostatin receptor-positive tumor scintigraphy. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:720-30. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kakali De
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Arijit Bhowmik
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Ashok Behera
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Mrinal Kanti Ghosh
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Mridula Misra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (Nuclear Medicine Division); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4 Raja S C Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
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Paul I, Ahmed SF, Bhowmik A, Deb S, Ghosh MK. The ubiquitin ligase CHIP regulates c-Myc stability and transcriptional activity. Oncogene 2013; 32:1284-95. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
GBM (glioblastoma multiforme) is a highly aggressive brain tumour with very poor prognosis despite multi-modalities of treatment. Furthermore, recent failure of targeted therapy for these tumours highlights the need of appropriate rodent models for preclinical studies. In this review, we highlight the most commonly used rodent models (U251, U86, GL261, C6, 9L and CNS-1) with a focus on the pathological and genetic similarities to the human disease. We end with a comprehensive review of the CNS-1 rodent model.
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Day SE, Kettunen MI, Cherukuri MK, Mitchell JB, Lizak MJ, Morris HD, Matsumoto S, Koretsky AP, Brindle KM. Detecting response of rat C6 glioma tumors to radiotherapy using hyperpolarized [1- 13C]pyruvate and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 2011; 65:557-63. [PMID: 21264939 PMCID: PMC3690628 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We show here that hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]pyruvate can be used to detect treatment response in a glioma tumor model; a tumor type where detection of response with (18) fluoro-2-deoxyglucose, using positron emission tomography, is limited by the high background signals from normal brain tissue. (13) C chemical shift images acquired following intravenous injection of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]pyruvate into rats with implanted C6 gliomas showed significant labeling of lactate within the tumors but comparatively low levels in surrounding brain.Labeled pyruvate was observed at high levels in blood vessels above the brain and from other major vessels elsewhere but was detected at only low levels in tumor and brain.The ratio of hyperpolarized (13) C label in tumor lactate compared to the maximum pyruvate signal in the blood vessels was decreased from 0.38 ± 0.16 to 0.23 ± 0.13, (a reduction of 34%) by 72 h following whole brain irradiation with 15 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam E Day
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ryu JK, Jantaratnotai N, Serrano-perez MC, Mcgeer PL, Mclarnon JG. Block of Purinergic P2X 7 R Inhibits Tumor Growth in a C6 Glioma Brain Tumor Animal Model. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:13-22. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318201d4d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Yusubalieva GM, Baklaushev VP, Gurina OI, Tsitrin EB, Chekhonin VP. Immunochemical Analysis of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as a Tool to Assess Astroglial Reaction in Experimental C6 Glioma. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 149:125-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Amoureux MC, Coulibaly B, Chinot O, Loundou A, Metellus P, Rougon G, Figarella-Branger D. Polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is an adverse prognosis factor in glioblastoma, and regulates olig2 expression in glioma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:91. [PMID: 20219118 PMCID: PMC2854115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and frequent brain tumor, albeit without cure. Although patient survival is limited to one year on average, significant variability in outcome is observed. The assessment of biomarkers is needed to gain better knowledge of this type of tumor, help prognosis, design and evaluate therapies. The neurodevelopmental polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) protein is overexpressed in various cancers. Here, we studied its expression in GBM and evaluated its prognosis value for overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS). METHODS We set up a specific and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for PSA-NCAM quantification, which correlated well with PSA-NCAM semi quantitative analysis by immunohistochemistry, and thus provides an accurate quantitative measurement of PSA-NCAM content for the 56 GBM biopsies analyzed. For statistics, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the consistency between the immunohistochemistry and ELISA data. Patients' survival was estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method, and curves were compared using the log-rank test. On multivariate analysis, the effect of potential risk factors on the DFS and OS were evaluated using the cox regression proportional hazard models. The threshold for statistical significance was p = 0.05. RESULTS We showed that PSA-NCAM was expressed by approximately two thirds of the GBM at variable levels. On univariate analysis, PSA-NCAM content was an adverse prognosis factor for both OS (p = 0.04) and DFS (p = 0.0017). On multivariate analysis, PSA-NCAM expression was an independent negative predictor of OS (p = 0.046) and DFS (p = 0.007). Furthermore, in glioma cell lines, PSA-NCAM level expression was correlated to the one of olig2, a transcription factor required for gliomagenesis. CONCLUSION PSA-NCAM represents a valuable biomarker for the prognosis of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Amoureux
- Université de la Méditerranée CNRS UMR6216, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy, Marseille, France.
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Yamaguchi S, Bell HS, Shinoda J, Holmes MC, Wharton SB, Whittle IR. Glioma tumourgenicity is decreased by iNOS knockout: experimental studies using the C6 striatal implantation glioma model. Br J Neurosurg 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02688690209168362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Amarasingh S, Macleod MR, Whittle IR. What is the translational efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug research in neuro-oncology? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of BCNU and CCNU in animal models of glioma. J Neurooncol 2009; 91:117-25. [PMID: 18813876 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The translational value of experimental therapeutic neuroscience research to clinical practice is highly variable. This has been particularly well demonstrated in the field of neuroprotective agents following either head injury or stroke. In this study we evaluate the efficacy of systemic BCNU and CCNU in experimental glioma models and how the experimental data has translated into clinical practice. METHODS A systematic review of the efficacy of BCNU and CCNU, against experimental rodent and murine in vivo glioma models was conducted. Selected articles were graded on a 15 point scale for scientific methodology. A stratified meta-analysis based on median-survival data and effect sizes was performed to generate global-efficacy estimates for BCNU and CCNU, and to produce 'weighted-mean effect-sizes' for individual sub-categories of selected study-characteristics. RESULTS Fourteen papers satisfied search criteria and encompassed 231 treatment comparisons in 2256 animals. The median methodology score was 9 (range 7-12/15). Global-efficacy estimates were BCNU 0.194 (95% CI -0.538 to 0.927) and CCNU 0.432 (95% CI -0.392 to 1.256), with CCNU being significantly more effective than BCNU. Because of these wide confidence intervals a beneficial or detrimental effect of either agent could not be confirmed. Most selected study-design characteristics (e.g. glioma cell line, drug dosage, drug scheduling, mode of drug administration, timing of therapy after glioma implantation but not animal used) significantly influenced the efficacy-results obtained. The methodological score did not influence efficacy-estimate. CONCLUSION This review has found (i) experimental-design influenced the efficacy-data obtained and (ii) that there is highly variable outcome data for the efficacy of both BCNU and CCNU in experimental in vivo rodent and murine glioma models. In many ways these findings are analagous to the use of nitrosoureas in human malignant glioma. The statistically significant small beneficial effect of nitrosoureas in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in human glioma was only noted after a meta-analysis of human randomized controlled trials.
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Chekhonin VP, Baklaushev VP, Yusubalieva GM, Pavlov KA, Ukhova OV, Gurina OI. Modeling and immunohistochemical analysis of C6 glioma in vivo. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 143:501-9. [PMID: 18214311 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A reproducible in vivo model of C6 glioma was developed in Wistar rats. Analysis of histological preparations showed similar morphology of rat C6 glioma and human glioblastoma. The formation of a glial border at the periphery of the glioma, consisting of GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes, was shown by the immunohistochemical method. The border appeared on day 8 after implantation, astrogliosis was observed until animal death (day 28). Reactive astrocytes with branched processes surrounded not only the primary glioma focus, but also all sites of tumor invasion in the nervous tissue. Expression of EBA (blood-brain barrier marker) was disturbed and synthesis of AMVB1 (endothelial antigen) increased in neoplastic endotheliocytes, which suggested pronounced functional restructuring of the blood-tumor barrier in comparison with the blood-brain barrier. The phenomenon of predominant expression of GFAP and AMVB in the tumor tissue can be used for the development of systems for targeted drug transport into the tumor by means of appropriate antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Chekhonin
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, V. P. Serbsky National Research Centre for Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Federal Agency for Health Care and Social Development, Moscow
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Vince GH, Bendszus M, Schweitzer T, Goldbrunner RH, Hildebrandt S, Tilgner J, Klein R, Solymosi L, Christian Tonn J, Roosen K. Spontaneous regression of experimental gliomas--an immunohistochemical and MRI study of the C6 glioma spheroid implantation model. Exp Neurol 2004; 190:478-85. [PMID: 15530886 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The orthotopic C6 glioma spheroid implantation model has been used to examine factors of neoangiogenesis, growth factor release, and protease expression as well the effect of antitumor agents. The present study systematically investigates the long-term course of orthotopically implanted C6 spheroid gliomas. METHODS Reaggregated C6 spheroid tumors were implanted into the forebrain of 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats (32 immunocompetent, 16 thymectomized). The animals were examined by MRI at postoperative day (POD) 7, 14, 21, 28, 32, 45, 60, and 70. The MRI protocol included a T2-w and T1-w SE sequence before and after application of contrast medium and a CISS 3D sequence for volumetry. A total of six animals were selected after each MR exam from both groups and sacrificed for HE light microscopy and CD8+ T-lymphocyte, ED1+ macrophage, CD31+ endothelial cell immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The tumors progressed to reach a maximum volume on day 28: 0.23 +/- 0.05 ml in the thymectomized and 0.16 +/- 0.021 ml in the immunocompetent group. Tumors then consistently regressed to vanish completely by POD 70. The influx of cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes correlated with tumor progression and the tumors reached a larger size in the thymectomized group. However, the time course of tumor regression was the same for both groups. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that the orthotopic C6 glioma implanted into Sprague-Dawley rats will progress within a time span of approximately 4 weeks and can then retrogress again spontaneously. This finding has to be taken into account when deciding on a study protocol and the appropriate animal model. The C6 glioma model may be suitable to study the cell biological steps involved in the phenomenon of spontaneous tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles H Vince
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Leaver HA, Wharton SB, Bell HS, Leaver-Yap IMM, Whittle IR. Highly unsaturated fatty acid induced tumour regression in glioma pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of gamma linolenic acid in an implantation glioma model: effects on tumour biomass, apoptosis and neuronal tissue histology. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 67:283-92. [PMID: 12445487 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2002.0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are naturally occurring anti-tumour agents. HUFAs act as intracellular signalling molecules in cell proliferation and death. In human glioma, HUFAs may stimulate tumour regression and apoptosis. An implantation glioma model, using the C6 glioma cell line, was used to investigate the bioactivity of locally infused n-6 HUFA gamma linolenic acid (GLA). Rat brains (15 normal and 37 C6 tumour bearing) were infused with vehicle or GLA 200 microM-2 mM. The most active local concentration of GLA for anti-tumour activity was 2 mM, infused at 1 microl/h over 7 days. Tumour regression, increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation were observed in tumours of rats infused with this concentration of GLA. Little effect on normal neuronal tissue was detected. The intraparenchymal route was an effective method of GLA administration in the treatment of glioma. These studies provide further insights into the potential role of HUFAs as anti-glioma agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Leaver
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Leaver HA, Bell HS, Rizzo MT, Ironside JW, Gregor A, Wharton SB, Whittle IR. Antitumour and pro-apoptotic actions of highly unsaturated fatty acids in glioma. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 66:19-29. [PMID: 12051954 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2001.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) of the n-6 and n-3 series are involved in cell signalling in normal and transformed cells and have recently been associated with pathways leading to tumour cell death. The antitumour activity of three HUFA (arachidonic acid, gamma linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) were studied in glioma cells and tissue. Using five glioma models, including primary cell suspensions prepared from 46 human glioma samples and an in vivo rat C6 glioma model, we obtained evidence that, following exposure to HUFA, either administered into the medium surrounding human glioma cells or in 16 preparations of multicellular spheroids derived from human and rodent glioma cell lines (C6, MOG, U87, U373) or administered intra-tumourally by infusion using osmotic mini-pumps in 48 rats, glioma regression and apoptosis were detected. Additionally, synergy between gamma irradiation and HUFA administration was observed in 13 experiments analyzing C6 glioma cell apoptosis in vitro. These pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative activities were observed using both C18 and C20 fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series, but not when saturated and monounsaturated C18 and C20 fatty acid preparations were used. In the glioma infusion model, in addition to the apoptosis detected in glioma tissue infused with HUFA for 3-7 days, preservation of normal neural tissue and vasculature in adjacent brain was observed. Also, there was little evidence of acute inflammatory infiltration in regressing tumours. Our findings suggest that intraparenchymal infusion of HUFA may be effective in stimulating glioma regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Leaver
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Edinburgh University, UK
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Synowitz M, Ahmann P, Matyash M, Kuhn SA, Hofmann B, Zimmer C, Kirchhoff F, Kiwit JC, Kettenmann H. GABA(A)-receptor expression in glioma cells is triggered by contact with neuronal cells. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:1294-302. [PMID: 11703458 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of functional GABA(A)-receptors in glioma cells correlates with low malignancy of tumours and cell lines from glioma lack these receptors. Here we show that contact with neurons induces the expression of functional GABA(A)-receptors. C6 and F98 glioma cell lines were labelled by recombinant expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein injected into rat brain and studied in acute slices after two to three weeks of tumour growth. The cells responded to GABA or the specific agonist, muscimol with a current typical for GABA(A)-receptors, as studied with the patch-clamp technique. To get insight into the mechanism of GABA(A) receptor induction, the C6 or F98 cells were co-cultured with neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Glioma cells expressed functional GABA(A) receptors within 24 h only in cultures where physical contact to neurons occurred. Activation of GABA(A)-receptors in the co-cultures attenuated glioma cell metabolism while blockade of the receptors increased metabolism. We conclude that with this form of interaction, neurons can influence tumour behaviour in the brain.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Brain Tissue Transplantation
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- GABA Agonists/pharmacology
- GABA Antagonists/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/pathology
- Glioma/physiopathology
- Graft Survival/drug effects
- Graft Survival/physiology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Indicators and Reagents/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- M Synowitz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Cellular Neuroscience, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
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Chang JW, Lee H, Kim E, Lee Y, Chung SS, Kim JH. Combined antitumor effects of an adenoviral cytosine deaminase/thymidine kinase fusion gene in rat C6 glioma. Neurosurgery 2000; 47:931-8; discussion 938-9. [PMID: 11014433 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200010000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the feasibility of a double-suicide gene/prodrug therapy, involving direct introduction of the herpes simplex virus Type 1 thymidine kinase (TK) gene and the Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase (CD) gene, via a recombinant adenoviral vector, and ganciclovir (GCV) and/or 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) treatment, in a rat C6 glioma model. METHODS Efficient gene transfer and transduction of C6 glioma cells via a recombinant adenovirus were evaluated by infecting cells with adenovirus bearing the beta-galactosidase gene and then staining cells with X-5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-13-D-galactoside. CD/TK expression in cells infected with adenovirus bearing the CD/TK gene (ad-CD/TK) was examined by immunoblotting analysis. For in vitro cytotoxicity experiments, the cells were infected with ad-CD/TK or ad-deltaE1 (as a control). After the addition of a variety of concentrations of GCV and 5-FC, either separately or in combination, cell viability was determined by staining the cells with crystal violet solution 6 days after infection. For in vivo antitumor experiments, 1x10(5) cells were stereotactically injected into the right caudate-putamen of female Wistar rat brains. At 3 days after implantation, 1x10(8) plaque-forming units of ad-CD/TK or ad-deltaE1 (as a control) were stereotactically injected into the tumors and GCV (25 mg/kg) and 5-FC (250 mg/kg), alone or in combination, were intraperitoneally administered. Animals were then killed, and tumor volumes were measured by determining the tumor area in every fifth section, using a light microscope. RESULTS C6 glioma cells were efficiently transduced with recombinant adenoviral vector at multiplicities of infection of 200 or more. In vitro cytotoxicity of GCV and/or 5-FC, either alone or in combination, was exclusively observed in the cells transduced with ad-CD/TK. Obvious cytotoxicity (>50% inhibition) was observed in the presence of 5-FC at concentrations greater than 30 microg/ml or GCV at concentrations greater than 0.3 microg/ml at a multiplicity of infection of 100. Additionally, cytotoxicity in the presence of both GCV and 5-FC was greater than that after single-prodrug treatments, indicating additive effects of the prodrug treatments. In in vivo experiments, the tumor volumes of the rats treated with GCV or 5-FC alone after ad-CD/TK injection (59.1+/-4.6 and 57.4+/-7.1 mm3, respectively) were significantly smaller than that of the control rats (157+/-8.9 mm3, P<0.05). Furthermore, the tumor volume of the rats treated with GCV and 5-FC in combination was 14.7+/-1.8 mm3. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated the efficient transduction of C6 glioma cells with a recombinant adenovirus and the additive effects of CD/TK fusion gene/GCV/5-FC treatment, compared with single-gene therapy with the TK or CD gene. Therefore, our data suggest that the direct administration of a double-suicide gene/prodrug therapy has great potential in the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Leaver HA, Williams JR, Ironside JW, Miller EP, Gregor A, Su BH, Prescott RJ, Whittle IR. Dynamics of reactive oxygen intermediate production in human glioma: n-6 essential fatty acid effects. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:220-31. [PMID: 10202379 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) are important signals controlling cell growth and cell death. Local essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiencies in tumour cells may limit tumour ROI generation. This deficiency may be rectified by the addition of exogenous EFA. MATERIALS AND METHODS The n-6 EFA effects on tumour ROIs were analysed in terms of kinetics, dose-response and individual cell type responses using flow cytometry of intracellular 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin oxidation. ROI formation in 30 gliomas and five paired samples of normal brain tissue, > 500 000 cells per specimen, was analysed every 10 s for 0-25 min. RESULTS Tumour cell basal ROI was lower than normal brain tissue ROI from the same subjects (P < 0.00002). Normal and tumour cell ROIs were stimulated by 4-40 micromol L-1 n-6 EFAs, arachidonic acid (AA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). The stimulated ROI rate was exponential, with the maximum dependent on EFA concentration and tumour grade. CONCLUSIONS EFAs stimulated tumour cells more than normal cells (P < 0.0000017, n = 71) and increased ROIs in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells in tumours. This indicated high sensitivity of glioma cell ROIs to n-6 EFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Leaver
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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