1
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Lim YJ, Jeon HS, Han YJ, Kim TH, Kim M, Lee SH. Haze-Suppressed Wideband Light Shutter from Near Ultraviolet to Infrared Rays Utilizing Electrophoretic Carbon Black Particles. Small 2024; 20:e2305531. [PMID: 37675832 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) particles that can absorb from near ultraviolet to infrared rays are well dispersed into an isotropic dielectric liquid and their optical properties can be kept even under exposure to sunlight over a long time. The shutter which controls the position of CB particles by electrophoretic force can be applied to switchable light shutters for windows in buildings and automobiles for the purpose of energy savings. Here, a wideband light shutter with three terminal electrodes is proposed, exhibiting excellent dark (transmittance ≈1.4%) and transparent state (transmittance >60%). The device operates at a low field intensity of about 1 V µm-1 to obtain transparent state and its wide temperature range operation from -50 to 120 °C is confirmed while conventional liquid crystal-based shutter cannot perform such levels due to a limited temperature range in the nematic phase. In addition, haze is minimized in a transparent state by adopting an insulation layer over electrodes and a solution is found to keep a transparent state without applying power. It is believed that the proposed broadband shutter with fast response time could open a new chapter in switchable windows owing to its low power consumption and working in a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Lim
- Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Jeon
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Han
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Kim
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - MinSu Kim
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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2
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Huang B, Wang Y, Li L, Wang Q, Peng Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Du L, Yang W, Shi D, Li N, Zhang G. MoS 2-Thin Film Transistor Based Flexible 2T1C Driving Circuits for Active-Matrix Displays. Nano Lett 2023; 23:9333-9339. [PMID: 37796035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors offer great potential as high-performance materials for thin film transistors (TFTs) in displays. Their thin, stable, and flexible nature, along with excellent electrical properties, makes them suitable for flexible displays. However, previous demonstrations lacked clear superiority in pixel resolution and TFT performance. Here we present the flexible 2T1C pixel driving circuit for active-matrix displays based on high-quality large-scale monolayer MoS2. A gate-first fabrication process was developed for flexible MoS2-TFTs, showing a remarkable carrier mobility (average at 52.8 cm2 V-1 s-1), high on/off ratio (average at 1.5 × 108), and negligible hysteresis. The driving current can be modulated by pulsed input voltages and demonstrates a stable and prompt response to both frequency and amplitude. We also demonstrated a 10 × 10 active-matrix with high resolution of 508 pixels per inch, exhibiting 100% yield and high uniformity. The driving circuit works well under bending up to ∼0.91% strain, highlighting its normal functions in flexible displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yalin Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangkun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luojun Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongxia Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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3
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Back JH, Kwon Y, Cho H, Lee H, Ahn D, Kim HJ, Yu Y, Kim Y, Lee W, Kwon MS. Visible-Light-Curable Acrylic Resins toward UV-Light-Blocking Adhesives for Foldable Displays. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2204776. [PMID: 35901501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current technological advances in the organic light-emitting diode panel design of foldable smartphones demand advanced adhesives with UV-blocking abilities, beyond their conventional roles of bonding objects and relieving deformation stress. However, optically clear adhesives (OCAs) with UV-blocking ability cannot be prepared using conventional UV-curing methods relying on a photoinitiator. Herein, a new acrylic resin that can be efficiently cured using visible light without oxygen removal is presented, which may be used to develop UV-blocking OCAs for use in current flexible displays. A novel photocatalyst and a specific combination of additives facilitate sufficiently rapid curing under visible light in the presence of UV-absorbers. Only a very small amount of the highly active photocatalyst is required to prepare UV-blocking OCA films with very high transparency in the visible region. Using this system, a UV-blocking OCA that nearly meets the specifications of an OCA used in commercialized foldable smartphones is realized. This technology can also be utilized in other applications that require highly efficient visible light curing, such as optically clear resins, dental resins, and 3D/4D-printable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Back
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeju Cho
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Huesoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowon Ahn
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchang Yu
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd., Cheonan, 31086, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Zhu Z, Liang X, Luo H, Wang L, Gao Y, Li X, Yang X, Lü W. Flexible Self-Powered Energy Systems Based on H 2 O/Ni 2+ Intercalated Ni x V 2 O 5 ⋅ nH 2 O. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301583. [PMID: 37387302 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of portable electronic devices has created greater demands for multifunctional energy integration systems. Self-powered systems have gained widespread interest because they can collect and storage renewable environmental energy and provide stable electricity to electronic devices. Herein, we developed a flexible self-charging energy system, involving textile-based zinc-ion hybrid (ZIHC) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which demonstrates wearable, compatibility, lightweight and can quickly harvest and store energy. Nix V2 O5 ⋅ nH2 O (NVO) loaded on carbon cloth (CC) with Ni2+ /H2 O ions intercalated as the cathode was assembled with activated CC to form a ZIHC, which has a voltage range of 2.0 V and capacitance value of 267.1 mF cm-2 as well as good charge and discharge rates and excellent cycling stability. At the same time, the NVO/CC can be assembled with PDMS to form a TENG achieving a maximum instantaneous power of 18.5 mW cm-2 . The device can be flexibly worn over the body to continuously harvest and store biomechanical energy and charge the electronic wristwatch successfully. This work demonstrates great convenience and promising practical applications as sustainable flexible energy system for portable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Liying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xijia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lü
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education & Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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5
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Yan X, Li B, Song K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yang F, Wang C, Chi Y, Yang X. Fabrication and Properties of InGaZnO Thin-Film Transistors Based on a Sol-Gel Method with Different Electrode Patterns. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:2207. [PMID: 36557506 PMCID: PMC9784808 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of thin-film transistors (TFTs) with InGaZnO (IGZO) channels using sol-gel technology has the advantages of simplicity in terms of process and weak substrate selectivity. We prepared a series of TFT devices with a top contact and bottom gate structure, in which the top contact was divided into rectangular and circular structures of drain/source electrodes. The field-effect performance of TFT devices with circular pattern drain/source electrodes was better than that with a traditional rectangular structure on both substrates. The uniform distribution of the potential in the circular electrode structure was more conducive to the regulation of carriers under the same channel length at different applied voltages. In addition, with the development of transparent substrate devices, we also constructed a hafnium oxide (HfO2) insulation layer and an IGZO active layer on an indium tin oxide conductive substrate, and explored the effect of circular drain/source electrodes on field-effect properties of the semitransparent TFT device. The IGZO deposited on the HfO2 dielectric layer by spin-coating can effectively reduce the surface roughness of the HfO2 layer and optimize the scattering of carriers at the interface in TFT devices.
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6
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Fu Q, Yu W, Bao G, Ge J. Electrically responsive photonic crystals with bistable states for low-power electrophoretic color displays. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7007. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractElectrically responsive photonic crystals are promising materials for electrophoretic color displays with better brightness and color saturation. However, electric field must always be applied to maintain the specific colors, which brings concerns about the power consumption and signal stability and reversibility. Here, we show an electrically responsive photonic crystal with two stable states at 0 V, which are the colored state or the colorless state with ordered or disordered particle arrangement. The color state can be reversibly switched by applying a short-time electrical field, just like in the case of commercial electrophoretic ink. With optimized recipe and electric field, the photonic crystals encapsulated in the prototype display panel are proved to have potentials in high resolution, multi-color, and greyscale display, which lays down a firm basis for reflective displays with low power consumption and good visibility.
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7
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Zhang P, Zhou W, He Y, Xu Z, Li M, Hong W, Yang C. Stretchable Heterogeneous Polymer Networks of High Adhesion and Low Hysteresis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:49264-49273. [PMID: 36206541 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adhesives are ubiquitous, but the mutual exclusion between hyperelasticity and adhesiveness impedes their uses in emerging techniques such as flexible/stretchable electronics. Herein, we propose a strategy to synthesize hyperelastic adhesives (HEAs), by designating hyperelasticity and adhesiveness to the bulk and the surface of a polymer network, respectively. The bulk is hyperelastic but nonadhesive, and the surface is viscoelastic but adhesive, while the HEA is hyperelastic and adhesive. We exemplify the principle by synthesizing poly(butyl acrylate) as the bulk and poly(butyl acrylate-co-isobornyl acrylate) as the surface. The resulting HEA exhibits a low hysteresis of 4% at 100% strain and an adhesion energy of 270 J m-2. Moreover, the HEA is optically transparent, thermally stable, spontaneously adhesive to various materials, and mechanically stable against cyclic load, relaxation, and creep. We demonstrate two applications enabled by the unique combination of hyperelasticity and adhesiveness. The proposed strategy is generic, paving new avenues for stretchable yet resilient adhesives for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Maochun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Canhui Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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8
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Li D, Xie J, Tao R, Luo J, Dai X, Torun H, Wu Q, Ng WP, Binns R, Fu Y. Flexible multifunctional platform based on piezoelectric acoustics for human-machine interaction and environmental perception. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:99. [PMID: 36119378 PMCID: PMC9474866 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible human-machine interfaces show broad prospects for next-generation flexible or wearable electronics compared with their currently available bulky and rigid counterparts. However, compared to their rigid counterparts, most reported flexible devices (e.g., flexible loudspeakers and microphones) show inferior performance, mainly due to the nature of their flexibility. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve their performance by developing and optimizing new materials, structures and design methodologies. In this paper, a flexible acoustic platform based on a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film on an aluminum foil substrate is developed and optimized; this platform can be applied as a loudspeaker, a microphone, or an ambient sensor depending on the selection of its excitation frequencies. When used as a speaker, the proposed structure shows a high sound pressure level (SPL) of ~90 dB (with a standard deviation of ~3.6 dB), a low total harmonic distortion of ~1.41%, and a uniform directivity (with a standard deviation of ~4 dB). Its normalized SPL is higher than those of similar devices reported in the recent literature. When used as a microphone, the proposed device shows a precision of 98% for speech recognition, and the measured audio signals show a strong similarity to the original audio signals, demonstrating its equivalent performance compared to a rigid commercial microphone. As a flexible sensor, this device shows a high temperature coefficient of frequency of -289 ppm/K and good performance for respiratory monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Yong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuewu Dai
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - YongQing Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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9
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Abstract
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With the rapid development of optoelectronic fields,
electrochromic
(EC) materials and devices have received remarkable attention and
have shown attractive potential for use in emerging wearable and portable
electronics, electronic papers/billboards, see-through displays, and
other new-generation displays, due to the advantages of low power
consumption, easy viewing, flexibility, stretchability, etc. Despite
continuous progress in related fields, determining how to make electrochromics
truly meet the requirements of mature displays (e.g., ideal overall
performance) has been a long-term problem. Therefore, the commercialization
of relevant high-quality products is still in its infancy. In this
review, we will focus on the progress in emerging EC materials and
devices for potential displays, including two mainstream EC display
prototypes (segmented displays and pixel displays) and their commercial
applications. Among these topics, the related materials/devices, EC
performance, construction approaches, and processing techniques are
comprehensively disscussed and reviewed. We also outline the current
barriers with possible solutions and discuss the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Bo Jia
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Gao Q, Liu L, Yang J, Pan X, Miao Y, Chi F. Application of High Potential Electrophoretic Particles Modified with High Ionization Mono Ionic Liquid for Electrophoretic Displays. Micromachines 2022; 13:mi13081235. [PMID: 36014156 PMCID: PMC9413381 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic display (EPD) has attracted widespread attention due to its great visual perception, energy-saving, portability, and bistability. However, the EPD still has many problems in response time, colorization, etc., which limits its practical application. In this paper, novel blue electrophoretic particles were prepared with copper (II) phthalocyanine and high ionization 1-butyl-1-methyl piperidinium bromide mono ionic liquid. It was shown that electrophoretic particles dispersed in a non-polar tetrachloroethylene medium had high Zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility. At the same time, electrophoretic particles showed better dispersion stability. Finally, the prepared blue electrophoretic particles and white titanium dioxide particles were compounded to prepare blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion. An EPD cell was made to test its performance. The results showed that the prepared blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion could realize a reversible response. Piperidine mono ionic liquid increased the surface potential of copper (II) phthalocyanine from +30.50 mV to +60.27 mV, enhancing it by 97.61%. Therefore, we believed that modifying particles with high ionization mono ionic liquid had great applicability to the modification of electrophoretic particles, and blue particles prepared with piperidine mono ionic liquid as a charge control agent (CCA) were excellent candidates for EPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yao Wang
- Gui Yang Institute of Humanities and Technology, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Qun Chen
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingguo Gao
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Jianjun Yang
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Xinjian Pan
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Yu Miao
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Feng Chi
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
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11
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Ye C, Zhang J, Gao Q, Liu L, Yang J, Pan X, Miao Y, Chi F, Jin M. A Novel Modification of Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Particles towards Electrophoretic Displays. Micromachines 2022; 13:880. [PMID: 35744495 PMCID: PMC9229134 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic display (EPD) is a popular display technology in recent years. The core of the EPD is electrophoretic particles, and its Zeta potential has an important impact on EPDs. In this work, a method using pyrrolidine mono ionic liquid was proposed to improve the Zeta potential of electrophoretic particles: Copper (II) phthalocyanine pigment was modified with mono ionic liquid 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide. The characterization results show that the mono ionic liquid had been successfully coated on pigment particles. At the same time, the dispersion and stability of particles were improved. The modified Copper (II) phthalocyanine pigment could be stably dispersed in tetrachloroethylene for more than 20 days. The Zeta potential increased from 32.42 mV to 49.91 mV, increasing by 53.95%. Finally, the prepared blue electrophoretic particles were compounded with white titanium dioxide to prepare blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion, and then an EPD cell was designed to test its performance. The results show that the prepared electrophoretic dispersion can realize reversible reciprocating motion. Therefore, because of the unique structure and properties of pyrrolidine mono ionic liquids, the blue nanoparticles prepared with pyrrolidine ionic liquids as charge control agents in this study can be used as excellent candidate materials for EPD.
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12
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Jiang Y, Wang YX, Wu Y, Lai JC, Niu S, Xu C, Shih CC, Wang C, Yan H, Galuska L, Prine N, Wu HC, Zhong D, Chen G, Matsuhisa N, Zheng Y, Yu Z, Wang Y, Dauskardt R, Gu X, Tok JBH, Bao Z. High-brightness all-polymer stretchable LED with charge-trapping dilution. Nature 2022; 603:624-630. [PMID: 35322250 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation light-emitting displays on skin should be soft, stretchable and bright1-7. Previously reported stretchable light-emitting devices were mostly based on inorganic nanomaterials, such as light-emitting capacitors, quantum dots or perovskites6-11. They either require high operating voltage or have limited stretchability and brightness, resolution or robustness under strain. On the other hand, intrinsically stretchable polymer materials hold the promise of good strain tolerance12,13. However, realizing high brightness remains a grand challenge for intrinsically stretchable light-emitting diodes. Here we report a material design strategy and fabrication processes to achieve stretchable all-polymer-based light-emitting diodes with high brightness (about 7,450 candela per square metre), current efficiency (about 5.3 candela per ampere) and stretchability (about 100 per cent strain). We fabricate stretchable all-polymer light-emitting diodes coloured red, green and blue, achieving both on-skin wireless powering and real-time displaying of pulse signals. This work signifies a considerable advancement towards high-performance stretchable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Cheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chien-Chung Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Reinhold Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Wang L, Zeng W, Liang Z, Zhou G. Red Ghost Image Elimination Method Based on Driving Waveform Design in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. Micromachines 2022; 13:275. [PMID: 35208398 PMCID: PMC8875704 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) are a new type of optoelectronic display device. However, they have the defect of red ghost images during gray scale transformation, which affects the accuracy of the gray scale display. In this paper, we proposed a new driving method for eliminating the red ghost images. A driving waveform was composed of an erasing stage, an activation stage, and a driving stage. First, the erasing stage was subdivided into a red erasing stage and an original erasing stage, the red erasing stage was used to eliminate residual red particles in the top of the microcapsules. Then, a high-frequency square wave was used as the activation stage for increasing the activity of the black and white particles. Meanwhile, the intensity of flickers could be decreased by the high-frequency square wave. Finally, the performance of the driving waveform was tested by a colorimeter. The experimental results showed that the driving waveform could effectively eliminate red ghost images by 80.43% and reduce the flicker intensity by 79.63%, compared with an existing driving waveform.
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14
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Kim J, Jeong J, Hyun Y, Chung SK, Lee J. Electrostatic Stabilization of Nano Liquid Metals in Doped Nonpolar Liquids. Small 2021; 17:e2104143. [PMID: 34623028 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals and alloys are attracting renewed attention owing to their potential for application in various advanced technologies. Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) has been focused on in particular because of its integrated advantages of high conductivity, low melting point, and low toxicity. In this study, the colloidal behavior of nano-dispersed EGaIn in nonpolar oils is investigated. Although the nonpolar oil continuous phase is commonly considered to be free of electric charges, electrostatic repulsion appears to be crucial in the colloidal stabilization of the nano-dispersed EGaIn phases, the modulation of which is possible by doping the oil phases with different types of oil-soluble surfactants. The qualitative correlation between the observed colloidal stabilities and the "zero field" particle mobilities inferred from the field-dependent electrophoretic mobilities indicates that the electric charging of EGaIn particles in surfactant-doped nonpolar oils is a static phenomenon that is maintained in equilibrium, rather than a solely field-induced process. A systematic investigation of the charging properties of these unique biphasic particles, consisting of the liquid Ga-In bulk and the solid Ga2 O3 surface that formed spontaneously, reveals the complicated system-dependent nature of the charging mechanisms mediated by ionic and nonionic surfactants in nonpolar media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Jinwon Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Youngbin Hyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Sang Kug Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
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15
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Jambaulikar GD, Marshall A, Hasdianda MA, Cao C, Chen P, Miyawaki S, Baugh CW, Zhang H, McCabe J, Su J, Landman AB, Chai PR. Electronic Paper Displays in Hospital Operations: Proposal for Deployment and Implementation. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e30862. [PMID: 34346904 PMCID: PMC8374667 DOI: 10.2196/30862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Display signage is ubiquitous and essential in hospitals to serve several clerical, operational, and clinical functions, including displaying notices, providing directions, and presenting clinical information. These functions improve efficiency and patient engagement, reduce errors, and enhance the continuity of care. Over time, signage has evolved from analog approaches such as whiteboards and handwritten notices to digital displays such as liquid crystal displays, light emitting diodes, and, now, electronic ink displays. Electronic ink displays are paper-like displays that are not backlit and show content by aligning microencapsulated color beads in response to an applied electric current. Power is only required to generate content and not to retain it. These displays are very readable, with low eye strain; minimize the emission of blue light; require minimal power; and can be driven by several data sources, ranging from virtual servers to electronic health record systems. These attributes make adapting electronic ink displays to hospitals an ideal use case. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we aimed to outline the use of signage and displays in hospitals with a focus on electronic ink displays. We aimed to assess the advantages and limitations of using these displays in hospitals and outline the various public-facing and patient-facing applications of electronic ink displays. Finally, we aimed to discuss the technological considerations and an implementation framework that must be followed when adopting and deploying electronic ink displays. METHODS The public-facing applications of electronic ink displays include signage and way-finders, timetables for shared workspaces, and noticeboards and bulletin boards. The clinical display applications may be smaller form factors such as door signs or bedside cards. The larger, ≥40-inch form factors may be used within patient rooms or at clinical command centers as a digital whiteboard to display general information, patient and clinician information, and care plans. In all these applications, such displays could replace analog whiteboards, noticeboards, and even other digital screens. RESULTS We are conducting pilot research projects to delineate best use cases and practices in adopting electronic ink displays in clinical settings. This will entail liaising with key stakeholders, gathering objective logistical and feasibility data, and, ultimately, quantifying and describing the effect on clinical care and patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS There are several use cases in a clinical setting that may lend themselves perfectly to electronic ink display use. The main considerations to be studied in this adoption are network connectivity, content management, privacy and security robustness, and detailed comparison with existing modalities. Electronic ink displays offer a superior opportunity to future-proof existing practices. There is a need for theoretical considerations and real-world testing to determine if the advantages outweigh the limitations of electronic ink displays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Marshall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mohammad Adrian Hasdianda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chenzhe Cao
- Brigham Digital Innovation Hub, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven Miyawaki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christopher W Baugh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Brigham Digital Innovation Hub, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Su
- E Ink Corporation, Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Adam B Landman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Mass General Brigham Information Systems, Somerville, MA, United States
| | - Peter Ray Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- The Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Nair NM, Khanra I, Ray D, Swaminathan P. Silver Nanowire-Based Printable Electrothermochromic Ink for Flexible Touch-Display Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:34550-34560. [PMID: 34264624 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible, lightweight, low-power, and low-cost displays are an active area of interest in the electronics community. In this work, we have developed a composite electrothermochromic material consisting of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) and thermochromic powders, which exhibits reversible color (phase) change during biasing due to Joule heating. A wide variety of color combinations are possible with suitable thermochromic material selection. We have formulated this composite material as a printable ink so that patterned deposition can be achieved in a single step. A low processing temperature of 100 °C makes the composite compatible with a wide range of flexible substrates such as paper and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The material (encapsulated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) exhibits good flexibility and is observed to be functional after 10 000 bending cycles with <7% resistance change. We have fabricated a low-power seven-segment color display to show the material's suitability for practical display applications. We have also demonstrated that the same layer can function as a display and as a touch sensor because of its conducting and chromatic properties without additional active layers on top. The material is suitable for the fabrication of low-cost, flexible touch color displays for interactive electronic readers, digital posters, and flexible digital signboards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitheesh M Nair
- Electronic Materials and Thin Films Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Organic Electronics Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ishani Khanra
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Debdutta Ray
- Organic Electronics Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Parasuraman Swaminathan
- Electronic Materials and Thin Films Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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17
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Mirshojaeian Hosseini MJ, Nawrocki RA. A Review of the Progress of Thin-Film Transistors and Their Technologies for Flexible Electronics. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:655. [PMID: 34199683 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronics enable various technologies to be integrated into daily life and fuel the quests to develop revolutionary applications, such as artificial skins, intelligent textiles, e-skin patches, and on-skin displays. Mechanical characteristics, including the total thickness and the bending radius, are of paramount importance for physically flexible electronics. However, the limitation regarding semiconductor fabrication challenges the mechanical flexibility of thin-film electronics. Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) are a key component in thin-film electronics that restrict the flexibility of thin-film systems. Here, we provide a brief overview of the trends of the last three decades in the physical flexibility of various semiconducting technologies, including amorphous-silicon, polycrystalline silicon, oxides, carbon nanotubes, and organics. The study demonstrates the trends of the mechanical properties, including the total thickness and the bending radius, and provides a vision for the future of flexible TFTs.
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18
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Ren X, Xiang X, Yin H, Tang Y, Yuan H. All-yarn triboelectric nanogenerator and supercapacitor based self-charging power cloth for wearable applications. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:315404. [PMID: 33915531 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfcfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid developments, multifunctional wearable electronics are still not significant in practical applications as compared to portable and stretchable power devices. In this paper, we present the flexible and easy large-scale production of single-electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and supercapacitor yarn-based self-charging power fabric, for simultaneously converting and storing biomechanical energy. Fabricated using traditional knitting technologies, the self-charging power fabric can adapt to complex mechanical deformations owing to its high flexibility and stretchability. Additionally, the output characteristics of the TENG fabric were systematically investigated with the purpose of energy generation. The TENG fabric can generate a maximum peak power density of ∼90 mW·m-2using nylon as the contact material, with an operating frequency of 4 Hz. The as-prepared yarn-based supercapacitor exhibited high capacitance, good cycling stability, and flexibility, making it an appropriate wearable energy-storage device. Moreover, the proposed design uses energy harvested from biomechanical motions to sustainably power portable electronic devices. The results of this study indicate that the proposed design is a promising sustainable power source for wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Ren
- Functional Materials Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Xiang
- Functional Materials Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfeng Yin
- Functional Materials Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Tang
- Functional Materials Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hudie Yuan
- Functional Materials Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
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19
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Zighem F, Faurie D. A review on nanostructured thin films on flexible substrates: links between strains and magnetic properties. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:233002. [PMID: 33973532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe96c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a topical review of work on systems based on magnetic nanostructured thin films on polymer substrates. This topic has indeed experienced a significant growth in the last ten years. Several studies show a strong potential of these systems for a number of applications requiring functionalities on non-planar surfaces. However, the deformations necessary for this type of applications are likely to modify their magnetic properties, and the relationships between strain fields, potential damages and functional properties must be well understood. This review focuses both on the development of techniques dedicated to this research, on the synthesis of the experimental results obtained over the last ten years and on the perspectives related to stretchable or flexible magnetoelectric systems. In particular, the article focuses on the links between magnetic behavior and the strain field developing during the whole history of these systems (elaboration, reversible and irreversible loading).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zighem
- LSPM-CNRS, UPR3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - D Faurie
- LSPM-CNRS, UPR3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
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20
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Liu L, Bai P, Yi Z, Zhou G. A Separated Reset Waveform Design for Suppressing Oil Backflow in Active Matrix Electrowetting Displays. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12050491. [PMID: 33925329 PMCID: PMC8146728 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrowetting display (EWD) is a kind of reflective paper-like display. Flicker and grayscale distortion are caused by oil backflow, which is one of the important factors restricting the wide application of EWDs. The charge embedding caused by the electric field force in the dielectric layer is the cause of oil backflow. To suppress oil backflow, a separated reset waveform based on the study of oil movement is proposed in this paper. The driving waveform is divided into two parts: a reset waveform and a grayscale waveform. The reset waveform generated by a reset circuit can be used to output various voltages. The grayscale waveform is set as a traditional PWM waveform. The reset waveform is composed of a charge-releasing stage and oil-moving back stage. Two phases are contained in the charge releasing stage. The overdriving voltage is used during the first phase to reverse the voltage of all pixels. The trapped charges can then be released from the dielectric layer during the second phase. A higher voltage is used during the oil-moving back stage to drive the oil faster in the pixel. By comparing the experimental data, the oil backflow time is extended 761 times by the reset waveform. The four grayscales can be maintained by the reset waveform after driving for 300 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Pengfei Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13631401100
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China;
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (G.Z.)
- Academy of Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics, Shenzhen 518110, China
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21
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Yu C, Xu H, Gong Y, Chen R, Hui Z, Zhao X, Sun Y, Chen Q, Zhou J, Ji W, Sun G, Huang W. The Jahn-Teller Effect for Amorphization of Molybdenum Trioxide towards High-Performance Fiber Supercapacitor. Research (Wash D C) 2021; 2021:6742715. [PMID: 33860233 PMCID: PMC8025085 DOI: 10.34133/2021/6742715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous pseudocapacitive nanomaterials are highly desired in energy storage applications for their disordered crystal structures, fast electrochemical dynamics, and outstanding cyclic stability, yet hardly achievable using the state-of-the-art synthetic strategies. Herein, for the first time, high capacitive fiber electrodes embedded with nanosized amorphous molybdenum trioxide (A-MoO3-x) featuring an average particle diameter of ~20 nm and rich oxygen vacancies are obtained via a top-down method using α-MoO3 bulk belts as the precursors. The Jahn-Teller distortion in MoO6 octahedra due to the doubly degenerate ground state of Mo5+, which can be continuously strengthened by oxygen vacancies, triggers the phase transformation of α-MoO3 bulk belts (up to 30 μm long and 500 nm wide). The optimized fibrous electrode exhibits among the highest volumetric performance with a specific capacitance (CV) of 921.5 F cm−3 under 0.3 A cm−3, endowing the fiber-based weaveable supercapacitor superior CV and EV (energy density) of 107.0 F cm−3 and 9.5 mWh cm−3, respectively, together with excellent cyclic stability, mechanical robustness, and rate capability. This work demonstrates a promising strategy for synthesizing nanosized amorphous materials in a scalable, cost-effective, and controllable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yujiao Gong
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zengyu Hui
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenxin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.,Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
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Hu Y, Al-Shujaa SAS, Zhen B, Zhang Y, Li X, Feng Y. Blue nanocomposites coated with an ionic liquid polymer for electrophoretic displays. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20760-20768. [PMID: 35479342 PMCID: PMC9033944 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoretic display (EPD) is a type of flexible display which has attracted wide attention. In this work, blue nanosized crystals of cobalt aluminum oxide (CoAl2O4) were precipitated on silica nanoparticles, and then the nanocomposites were coated with an ionic liquid polymer (PIL) to give blue electrophoretic particles. The blue nanocomposites (SCAs) formed possess an excellent spherical structure, and the average diameter is about 188 nm. The porous silica matrix presents a relative light density, and the blue CoAl2O4 pigment offers excellent color. The outside ionic liquid polymer supplies the PIL/SCAs with a light density of 1.7915 g cm−3, excellent hydrophobicity and dispersion stability in the electrophoretic liquid. The fabricated single-particle EPD prototypes show a response time of 165 ms in the EPD cell with a 0.2 mm thickness, which is much faster than the commercial EPDs, and this is probably because of the unique composite structure. Electrophoretic display (EPD) is a type of flexible display which has attracted wide attention.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | | | - Bin Zhen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- School of Materials and Environment
| | - Xianggao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yaqing Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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23
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Chen Y, Rommelfanger NJ, Mahdi AI, Wu X, Keene ST, Obaid A, Salleo A, Wang H, Hong G. How is flexible electronics advancing neuroscience research? Biomaterials 2021; 268:120559. [PMID: 33310538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innovative neurotechnology must be leveraged to experimentally answer the multitude of pressing questions in modern neuroscience. Driven by the desire to address the existing neuroscience problems with newly engineered tools, we discuss in this review the benefits of flexible electronics for neuroscience studies. We first introduce the concept and define the properties of flexible and stretchable electronics. We then categorize the four dimensions where flexible electronics meets the demands of modern neuroscience: chronic stability, interfacing multiple structures, multi-modal compatibility, and neuron-type-specific recording. Specifically, with the bending stiffness now approaching that of neural tissue, implanted flexible electronic devices produce little shear motion, minimizing chronic immune responses and enabling recording and stimulation for months, and even years. The unique mechanical properties of flexible electronics also allow for intimate conformation to the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and the retina. Moreover, flexible electronics enables optogenetic stimulation, microfluidic drug delivery, and neural activity imaging during electrical stimulation and recording. Finally, flexible electronics can enable neuron-type identification through analysis of high-fidelity recorded action potentials facilitated by its seamless integration with the neural circuitry. We argue that flexible electronics will play an increasingly important role in neuroscience studies and neurological therapies via the fabrication of neuromorphic devices on flexible substrates and the development of enhanced methods of neuronal interpenetration.
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24
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Shui Z, Liao X, Lei Y, Ni J, Liu Y, Dan Y, Zhao W, Chen X. MnO 2 Synergized with N/S Codoped Graphene as a Flexible Cathode Efficient Electrocatalyst for Advanced Honeycomb-Shaped Stretchable Aluminum-Air Batteries. Langmuir 2020; 36:12954-12962. [PMID: 33100011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-air batteries possess high theoretical specific capacities and energy densities. However, the desired application performance in the field of flexible electronics is limited by the rigid battery structure and slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). To address these issues, flexible, stretchable, and customizable aluminum-air batteries with a reference to honeycomb shape are composed of multilayer single battery units to achieve large scalability and start-stop control. The single aluminum-air battery combines MnO2 with N/S codoped graphene to improve the electrocatalytic activity. Benefiting from an efficient electrocatalyst and reasonable structural design, the single aluminum-air battery exhibits excellent electrochemical characteristics under deformation conditions with a high specific capacity and energy density (1203.2 mAh g-1 Al and 1630.1 mWh g-1 Al). Furthermore, the obtained honeycomb-shaped stretchable aluminum-air batteries maintain a stable output voltage over the 2500% stretching. More interestingly, the stretchable honeycomb structure not only can solve the start-stop control problem but also has the potential to reduce the self-corrosion in disposable metal-air batteries. In addition, owing to the customizable shapes and sizes, the honeycomb-shaped stretchable aluminum-air batteries facilitate the integrated application of flexible batteries in wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Shui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiangbiao Liao
- Earth Engineering Center, Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yuan Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jia Ni
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yilun Liu
- International Center for Applied Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yong Dan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Earth Engineering Center, Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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25
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Fang Y, Zeng X, Chen Y, Ji M, Zheng H, Xu W, Peng DL. Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles prepared via an injection approach with enhanced oxidation resistance for the fabrication of conductive films. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:355601. [PMID: 32554887 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab925c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Building core-shell structures is a valuable method of enhancing the oxidation-resistance performance of Cu nanoparticles for practical applications in the field of printed circuit boards. In this study, Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles are synthesized via an injection solution approach utilizing Cu seeds produced during the reactions to induce the epitaxial growth of Ni shells. The thickness of the Ni shell can be controlled by varying the Cu:Ni molar ratios in the injected precursor solution, whereas changing the injection rate of the Cu precursor solution affects the size of the Cu seeds and thus controls the eventual size of the core-shell nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals a superior thermal stability against oxidation for Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles, as compared with Cu nanoparticles. The oxidation resistance of Cu@Ni conductive films increases with an increase in the Ni:Cu ratio, while the conductivity increases with a decrease in the Ni:Cu ratio. A relatively low resistivity of 27.4 µΩ cm is achieved for Cu@Ni conductive films. The results demonstrate that coating Cu nanoparticles with Ni shells via epitaxial growth can form closed shells with smooth surfaces which are valuable for Cu nanoparticles in applications where oxidation resistance is a requirement .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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26
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Poulter AJ, Ossont SJ, Cox SJ. Enabling the Secure Use of Dynamic Identity for the Internet of Things—Using the Secure Remote Update Protocol (SRUP). Future Internet 2020; 12:138. [DOI: 10.3390/fi12080138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines dynamic identity, as it pertains to the Internet of Things (IoT), and explores the practical implementation of a mitigation technique for some of the key weaknesses of a conventional dynamic identity model. This paper explores human-centric and machine-based observer approaches for confirming device identity, permitting automated identity confirmation for deployed systems. It also assesses the advantages of dynamic identity in the context of identity revocation permitting secure change of ownership for IoT devices. The paper explores use-cases for human and machine-based observation for authentication of device identity when devices join a Command and Control(C2) network, and considers the relative merits for these two approaches for different types of system.
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27
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Shaparenko NO, Kompan'kov NB, Demidova MG, Bulavchenko AI. Structure and conductivity of AOT solutions in n‐hexadecane‐chloroform mixtures. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1592-1599. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Zhou Y, Liang Z, Yao R, Zuo W, Zhou S, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Qiu T, Ning H, Peng J. Effect of Zirconium Doping on Electrical Properties of Aluminum Oxide Dielectric Layer by Spin Coating Method with Low Temperature Preparation. Coatings 2020; 10:620. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10070620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, significant efforts have been devoted to the research and development of spin-coated Al2O3 thin films, due to their large band gaps, high breakdown voltage and stability at high annealing temperature. However, as the alumina precursor has a large surface energy, substrates need to be treated by plasma before spin coating. Therefore, to avoid the expensive and process-complicated plasma treatment, we incorporated zirconium nitrate into the aluminum nitrate solution to decrease the surface energy of the precursor which improve the spreadability. Then, the electrical performances and the surface morphologies of the films were measured. For comparison, the pure Al2O3 films with plasma treatments were also prepared. As a result, after low temperature annealing (200 °C), the relative dielectric constant of Zr–AlOx spin-coated thin-film MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) devices can reach 12 and the leakage current density is not higher than 7.78 × 10−8 A/cm2 @ 1 MV/cm when the concentration of zirconium nitrate is 0.05 mol/L. The Aluminum oxide film prepared by zirconium doping has higher stability and better electrical properties than the pure films with plasma treatments and high performance can be attained under low-temperature annealing, which shows its potential application in printing and flexible electronic devices.
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29
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Yang G, Yang B, Mu W, Ge Y, Cai Y, Yao Z, Ma Z, Zhang YM, Zhang SXA. A Transparent Multidimensional Electrode with Indium Tin Oxide Nanofibers and Gold Nanoparticles for Bistable Electrochromic Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:27453-27460. [PMID: 32436379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high energy efficiency and a wide range of potential applications in daily life, bistable electrochromic devices (BECDs) have gained extensive attention in recent years. However, poor bistability and slow response rate are the main barriers, which restrict the development of BECDs. Herein, a transparent multidimensional electrode with indium tin oxide (ITO) nanofibers and gold nanoparticles was fabricated to improve both the bistability and responsiveness of devices. Its criss-crossed ITO nanofibers with high length-to-diameter ratios to reduce the distance of heterogeneous electron transfer and its gold nanoparticles to form a stable Au-S bond to avoid self-erasing of electrochromic materials have been demonstrated and discussed systematically. This device based on the transparent multidimensional working electrode had a shorter response time (1/5) and a longer bistability (12/1) compared with the prototype devices based on common fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes. Besides, this device had a promising electrochromic performance with a high coloration efficiency of 448.27 cm2/C and a switching stability with no significant attenuation after 1200 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Yang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Baige Yang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Mu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yinghao Ge
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yiru Cai
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Yao
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Ma
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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30
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Xie P, Liu T, Sun J, Jiang J, Yuan Y, Gao Y, Zhou J, Yang J. Solution-processed ultra-flexible C8-BTBT organic thin-film transistors with the corrected mobility over 18 cm 2/(V s). Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:791-795. [PMID: 36659196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengshan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, New York, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- Lucky Huaguang Graphics Co., Ltd, Nanyang 473003, China
| | - Junliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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31
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Sengupta R, Khair AS, Walker LM. Dynamic interfacial tension measurement under electric fields allows detection of charge carriers in nonpolar liquids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 567:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Karnaushenko D, Kang T, Bandari VK, Zhu F, Schmidt OG. 3D Self-Assembled Microelectronic Devices: Concepts, Materials, Applications. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1902994. [PMID: 31512308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modern microelectronic systems and their components are essentially 3D devices that have become smaller and lighter in order to improve performance and reduce costs. To maintain this trend, novel materials and technologies are required that provide more structural freedom in 3D over conventional microelectronics, as well as easier parallel fabrication routes while maintaining compatability with existing manufacturing methods. Self-assembly of initially planar membranes into complex 3D architectures offers a wealth of opportunities to accommodate thin-film microelectronic functionalities in devices and systems possessing improved performance and higher integration density. Existing work in this field, with a focus on components constructed from 3D self-assembly, is reviewed, and an outlook on their application potential in tomorrow's microelectronics world is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Tong Kang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Vineeth K Bandari
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
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33
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Ma WL, Cai ZH, Zhang Y, Wang ZY, Xia L, Ma SP, Li GH, Huang Y. An Overview of Stretchable Supercapacitors Based on Carbon Nanotube and Graphene. Chin J Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Kanazawa S, Ushijima H. Development of a Strain Sensor Matrix on Mobilized Flexible Substrate for the Imaging of Wind Pressure Distribution. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E232. [PMID: 32102376 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel flexible sensor for monitoring wind pressure distribution. Based on the concept of "flexible mechatronics", a suspended structure was incorporated into the matrix of a resistive-strain sensor in a plastic film to make the sensor mechanically movable against the wind. Screen printing and laser cutting were confirmed to be satisfactory methods for fabricating the proposed device structure. As a result, the visualization of wind pressure was successfully demonstrated by the fabricated sensor sheet and an imaging-display-creation software. The results of this study show that a mechanically functionalized substrate opens up new avenues for flexible electronics.
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35
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Bulavchenko AI, Shaparenko NO, Kompan’kov NB, Popovetskiy PS, Demidova MG, Arymbaeva AT. The formation of free ions and electrophoretic mobility of Ag and Au nanoparticles in n-hexadecane–chloroform mixtures at low concentrations of AOT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14671-14681. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrophoretic mobility of Ag and Au nanoparticles in n-hexadecane–chloroform mixtures was studied as a function of the chloroform content (from 0 to 100 vol%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikita O. Shaparenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Nikolay B. Kompan’kov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Pavel S. Popovetskiy
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Marina G. Demidova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Aida T. Arymbaeva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
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36
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Wang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Zhang W, Zheng W, Zhang YM, Zhang SXA. A multicolour bistable electronic shelf label based on intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer. Nat Mater 2019; 18:1335-1342. [PMID: 31501553 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bistable electrochromic materials have been explored as a viable alternative to reduce energy consumption in display applications. However, the development of ideal bistable electrochromic displays (especially multicolour displays) remains challenging due to the intrinsic limitations associated with existing electrochromic processes. Here, a bistable electrochromic device with good overall performance-including bistability (>52 h), reversibility (>12,000 cycles), colouration efficiency (≥1,240 cm2 C-1) and transmittance change (70%) with fast switching (≤1.5 s)-was designed and developed based on concerted intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer. This approach was used to develop black, magenta, yellow and blue displays as well as a multicolour bistable electrochromic shelf label. The design principles derived from this unconventional exploration of concerted intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer may also be useful in different optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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37
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Gan KJ, Liu PT, Chien TC, Ruan DB, Sze SM. Highly durable and flexible gallium-based oxide conductive-bridging random access memory. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14141. [PMID: 31578400 PMCID: PMC6775255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The flexible conductive-bridging random access memory (CBRAM) device using a Cu/TiW/Ga2O3/Pt stack is fabricated on polyimide substrate with low thermal budget process. The CBRAM devices exhibit good memory-resistance characteristics, such as good memory window (>105), low operation voltage, high endurance (>1.4 × 102 cycles), and large retention memory window (>105). The temperature coefficient of resistance in the filament confirms that the conduction mechanism observed in the Ga2O3 layer is similar with the phenomenon of electrochemical metallization (ECM). Moreover, the performance of CBRAM device will not be impacted during the flexibility test. Considering the excellent performance of the CBRAM device fabricated by low-temperature process, it may provide a promising potential for the applications of flexible integrated electronic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jhih Gan
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsun Liu
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Chun Chien
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Dun-Bao Ruan
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Simon M Sze
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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38
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Zhang YD, Hu WJ, Qiu ZG, Xu JZ, Yang MY, Gu YF, Cao JX, Chen P, Liu GS, Yang BR. Backflow Effect Enabling Fast Response and Low Driving Voltage of Electrophoretic E-ink Dispersion by Liquid Crystal Additives. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13981. [PMID: 31562361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophoretic display encountered several challenges towards high frame rate applications, such as long response time and high driving voltage. In this study, liquid crystal additive doping can simultaneously increase the response speed by 2.8 times and reduce the driving voltage to half of the initial value of electrophoretic dispersion. The backflow effect of liquid crystal, which induces an inversely electrorheological effect and facilitates the reverse micelles' dielectrophoretic separation, was suggested to be the main reason for the performance improvement. The proposed method is facile and effective which shows promising potential for fast response and low power consumption e-paper applications.
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Danine A, Manceriu L, Faure C, Labrugère C, Penin N, Delattre A, Eymin-Petot-Tourtollet G, Rougier A. Toward Simplified Electrochromic Devices Using Silver as Counter Electrode Material. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:34030-34038. [PMID: 31429266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel design of electrochromic devices (ECDs) known for their ability to modify optical properties under an applied voltage, based on a minimization of the number of layers is reported. The use of a metallic electrode, playing the role of both the conductive layer and the counter electrode, allows us to simplify the assembly of a commonly five-layer battery-type device to four-layer ECD. Further minimization of the number of layers is achieved using a conductive and electrochromic material. The novelty of the device configuration is illustrated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-based materials as EC layer, lithium-based ionic liquid as electrolyte, and Ag as counter electrode. Such a four- or three-layer ECD deposited on paper substrate switches from light to deep blue in a narrow 0.7 V voltage window. Preliminary investigations of the mechanism indicate traces of Ag on the PEDOT layer upon cycling. Finally, the printed ECD is successfully activated using a mobile phone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaadim Danine
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bx INP, ICMCB UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Laura Manceriu
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bx INP, ICMCB UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Cyril Faure
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bx INP, ICMCB UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | | | - Nicolas Penin
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bx INP, ICMCB UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | | | | | - Aline Rougier
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bx INP, ICMCB UMR 5026 , F-33600 Pessac , France
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Liu S, Li Y, Xing S, Liu L, Zou G, Zhang P. Structure Inheritance in Nanoparticle Ink Direct-Writing Processes and Crack-Free Nano-Copper Interconnects Printed by a Single-Run Approach. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12091559. [PMID: 31085993 PMCID: PMC6539478 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When nanoparticle conductive ink is used for printing interconnects, cracks and pores are common defects that deteriorate the electrical conductivity of the printed circuits. Influences of the ink solvent, the solid fraction of the ink, the pre-printing treatment and the sintering parameters on the interconnect morphology and conductivity were investigated. It was found that the impacts of all these factors coupled with each other throughout the whole procedure, from the pre-printing to the post-printing processes, and led to a structure inheritance effect. An optimum process route was developed for producing crack-free interconnects by a single-run direct-writing approach using home-made nano-copper ink. A weak gel was promoted in the ink before printing in the presence of long-chain polymers and bridging molecules by mechanical agitation. The fully developed gel network prevented the phase separation during ink extrusion and crack formations during drying. With the reducing agents in the ink and slow evaporation of the ink solvent, compact packing and neck joining of copper nanoparticles were obtained after a two-step sintering process. The crack-free interconnects successfully produced have a surface roughness smaller than 1.5 μm and the square resistances as low as 0.01 Ω/□.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Wenhua West Road 2, Weihai 264209, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology at Rongcheng, Xueyuan Road 2006, Rongcheng 264300, China.
| | - Yujie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Wenhua West Road 2, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Songling Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Guisheng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Wenhua West Road 2, Weihai 264209, China.
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41
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Mustafa F, Razwan M, Shabbir S. Microstructure and Resistivity Analysis of Silver Nanoparticle-Based Crystalline Conductive Films Synthesized using PEG Surfactant. Processes (Basel) 2019; 7:245. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticle-based crystalline conductive films were synthesized using a simple and environmentally friendly method centered on chemical reduction. A stoichiometric balance of three different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a capping agent. Resistivity, and its correlation with temperature and the particle size of nanoparticle films, was probed. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Further silver films deposited on a glass substrate were characterized by FESEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and resistivity measurements. Particle size distribution and room temperature electrical conductivity were also investigated. The high conductivity of sintered films suggested applications for the ink-jet printing of electronic circuitry on thermally sensitive substrates.
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Klestova A, Sergeeva E, Vinogradov AV. Inkjet Printing in Liquid Media: Intra-Volumetric Drop Coalescence in Polymers. Coatings 2019; 9:275. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to develop flexible and transparent materials has been growing in the last decade. As inkjet printing technology has become a widespread method for the fabrication of functional materials, the investigation of the inkjet printing process seems to be essential with regard to polymers, which are a viscous and flexible media. In this study, we evaluated the dependence of ink drop coalescence on process parameters such as polymer viscosity (controlled by polymerization time), drop spacing and drop speed. The results showed that drop coalescence was mostly influenced by drop speed, while drop spacing and substrate polymer viscosity did not significantly affect the printing results. The presented data are crucial for understanding the processes involved in the fabrication of flexible materials by inkjet printing.
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Abstract
In recent years, 3D printing has led to a disruptive manufacturing revolution that allows complex architected materials and structures to be created by directly joining sequential layers into designed 3D components. However, customized feedstocks for specific 3D printing techniques and applications are limited or nonexistent, which greatly impedes the production of desired structural or functional materials. Colloids, with their stable biphasic nature, have tremendous potential to satisfy the requirements of various 3D printing methods owing to their tunable electrical, optical, mechanical, and rheological properties. This enables materials delivery and assembly across the multiple length scales required for multifunctionality. Here, a state-of-the-art review on advanced colloidal processing strategies for 3D printing of organic, ceramic, metallic, and carbonaceous materials is provided. It is believed that the concomitant innovations in colloid design and 3D printing will provide numerous possibilities for the fabrication of new constructs unobtainable using traditional methods, which will significantly broaden their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA;
| | - Andrew J Pascall
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA;
| | - Nikola Dudukovic
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA;
| | - Marcus A Worsley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA;
| | - Joshua D Kuntz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA;
| | - Eric B Duoss
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA;
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Zhang W, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang G, Gu C, Zheng W, Zhang YM, Li M, Zhang SXA. Bio-inspired ultra-high energy efficiency bistable electronic billboard and reader. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1559. [PMID: 30952867 PMCID: PMC6450890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bistable display has been a long-awaited goal due to its zero energy cost when maintaining colored or colorless state and electrochromic material has been highly considered as a potential way to achieve bistable display due to its simple structure and possible manipulation. However, it is extremely challenging with insurmountable technical barriers related to traditional electrochromic mechanisms. Herein a prototype for bistable electronic billboard and reader with high energy efficiency is demonstrated with excellent bistability (decay 7% in an hour), reversibility (104 cycles), coloration efficiency (430 cm2 C−1) and very short voltage stimulation time (2 ms) for color switching, which greatly outperforms current products. This is achieved by stabilization of redox molecule via intermolecular ion transfer to the supramolecular bonded colorant and further stabilization of the electrochromic molecules in semi-solid media. This promising approach for ultra-energy-efficient display will promote the development of switching molecules, devices and applications in various fields of driving/navigation/industry as display to save energy. For electrochromic materials to reach their full potential for high efficiency bistable displays, technical challenges related to their underlying mechanism must be addressed. Here, the authors, through intelligent molecular design, report a solid bistable device with state-of-the-art performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guojian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Chang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenxuan Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering and New Energy Materials, Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, 519041, China.,Changzhou IrS Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Minjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. .,College of Chemical Engineering and New Energy Materials, Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, 519041, China.
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45
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Koo JH, Song JK, Kim DH. Solution-processed thin films of semiconducting carbon nanotubes and their application to soft electronics. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:132001. [PMID: 30605897 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aafbbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks are promising for use as channel materials in field-effect transistors (FETs) in next-generation soft electronics, owing to their high intrinsic carrier mobility, mechanical flexibility, potential for low-cost production, and good processability. In this article, we review the recent progress related to carbon nanotube (CNT) devices in soft electronics by describing the materials and devices, processing methods, and example applications in soft electronic systems. First, solution-processed semiconducting SWNT deposition methods along with doping techniques used to achieve stable complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices are discussed. Various strategies for developing high-performance SWNT-based FETs, such as the proper material choices for the gates, dielectrics, and sources/drains of FETs, and methods of improving FET performance, such as hysteresis repression in SWNT-based FETs, are described next. These SWNT-based FETs have been used in flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronic devices to realize functionalities that could not be achieved using conventional silicon-based devices. We conclude this review by discussing the challenges faced by and outlook for CNT-based soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of plasmonic nanostructures for color generation, a technology that dates back to ancient times. Plasmonic structural colors have several attractive features but once the structures are prepared the colors are normally fixed. Lately, several concepts have emerged for actively tuning the colors, which opens up for many new potential applications, the most obvious being novel color displays. In this review we summarize recent progress in active control of plasmonic colors and evaluate them with respect to performance criteria for color displays. It is suggested that actively controlled plasmonic colors are generally less interesting for emissive displays but could be useful for new types of electrochromic devices relying on ambient light (electronic paper). Furthermore, there are several other potential applications such as images to be revealed on demand and colorimetric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunli Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Farrokhbin M, Stojimirović B, Galli M, Khajeh Aminian M, Hallez Y, Trefalt G. Surfactant mediated particle aggregation in nonpolar solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18866-18876. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01985e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation behavior of particles in nonpolar media is studied with time-resolved light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Farrokhbin
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Biljana Stojimirović
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Galli
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | | | - Yannick Hallez
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique
- Université de Toulouse
- CNRS
- INPT
- UPS
| | - Gregor Trefalt
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
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48
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Cui K, Ge S, Cheng X, Yan M, Yu J, Liu H. Flexible Electronics Based on Micro/Nanostructured Paper. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801588. [PMID: 30066444 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, a new surge of interest in paper electronics has arisen due to the numerous merits of simple micro/nanostructured substrates. Herein, the latest advances and principal issues in the design and fabrication of paper-based flexible electronics are highlighted. Following an introduction of the fascinating properties of paper matrixes, the construction of paper substrates from diverse functional materials for flexible electronics and their underlying principles are described. Then, notable progress related to the development of versatile electronic devices is discussed. Finally, future opportunities and the remaining challenges are examined. It is envisioned that more design concepts, working principles, and advanced papermaking techniques will be developed in the near future for the advanced functionalization of paper, paving the way for the mass production and commercial applications of flexible paper-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Kang Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Shenguang Ge
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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49
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Lee K, Choi JH, Lee HM, Kim KJ, Choi JW. Solution-Processed Metal Coating to Nonwoven Fabrics for Wearable Rechargeable Batteries. Small 2018; 14:e1703028. [PMID: 29280275 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable rechargeable batteries require electrode platforms that can withstand various physical motions, such as bending, folding, and twisting. To this end, conductive textiles and paper have been highlighted, as their porous structures can accommodate the stress built during various physical motions. However, fabrics with plain weaves or knit structures have been mostly adopted without exploration of nonwoven counterparts. Also, the integration of conductive materials, such as carbon or metal nanomaterials, to achieve sufficient conductivity as current collectors is not well-aligned with large-scale processing in terms of cost and quality control. Here, the superiority of nonwoven fabrics is reported in electrochemical performance and bending capability compared to currently dominant woven counterparts, due to smooth morphology near the fiber intersections and the homogeneous distribution of fibers. Moreover, solution-processed electroless deposition of aluminum and nickel-copper composite is adopted for cathodes and anodes, respectively, demonstrating the large-scale feasibility of conductive nonwoven platforms for wearable rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyulin Lee
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyeok Choi
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Moon Lee
- Powder and Ceramics Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51582, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jae Kim
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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50
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Doblas D, Hubertus J, Kister T, Kraus T. A Translucent Nanocomposite with Liquid Inclusions of a Responsive Nanoparticle Dispersion. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803159. [PMID: 30141194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Active nanocomposites are created with liquid inclusions that contain plasmonic gold nanoparticles inside a polymeric matrix. The alkylthiol-coated gold particles are designed to reversible agglomerate at certain temperatures, which changes the plasmonic coupling and thus optical properties. It is found that particles confined to the liquid inclusions inside the active composite retain this capability and cause macroscopic, temperature-dependent color change of the solid. The transition is fully reversible for at least 100 times and tunable in temperature via particle size and ligand. This method is suitable to "package" responsive dispersion in solid composites to exploit their dynamic properties in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Doblas
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Jonas Hubertus
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Thomas Kister
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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