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Zou K, Deng Q, Zhang H, Huang C. Glymphatic system: a gateway for neuroinflammation. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2661-2672. [PMID: 38595285 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a relatively recently identified fluid exchange and transport system in the brain. Accumulating evidence indicates that glymphatic function is impaired not only in central nervous system disorders but also in systemic diseases. Systemic diseases can trigger the inflammatory responses in the central nervous system, occasionally leading to sustained inflammation and functional disturbance of the central nervous system. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the association between glymphatic dysfunction and central nervous system inflammation. In addition, we discuss the hypothesis that disease conditions initially associated with peripheral inflammation overwhelm the performance of the glymphatic system, thereby triggering central nervous system dysfunction, chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Future research investigating the role of the glymphatic system in neuroinflammation may offer innovative therapeutic approaches for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qingwei Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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2
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Çavdar S, Altınöz D, Dilan Demir T, Ali Gürses İ, Özcan G. Extracranial transport of brain lymphatics via cranial nerve in human. Neurosci Lett 2024; 827:137737. [PMID: 38519013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Extracranial waste transport from the brain interstitial fluid to the deep cervical lymph node (dCLN) is not extensively understood. The present study aims to show the cranial nerves that have a role in the transport of brain lymphatics vessels (LVs), their localization, diameter, and number using podoplanin (PDPN) and CD31 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting. Cranial nerve samples from 6 human cases (3 cadavers, and 3 autopsies) were evaluated for IHC and 3 autopsies for Western blotting. The IHC staining showed LVs along the optic, olfactory, oculomotor, trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, accessory, and vagus nerves. However, no LVs present along the trochlear, abducens, vestibulocochlear, and hypoglossal nerves. The LVs were predominantly localized at the endoneurium of the cranial nerve that has motor components, and LVs in the cranial nerves that had sensory components were present in all 3 layers. The number of LVs accompanying the olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves was classified as numerous; oculomotor, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory was moderate; and facial nerves was few. The largest diameter of LVs was in the epineurium and the smallest one was in the endoneurium. The majority of Western blotting results correlated with the IHC. The present findings suggest that specific cranial nerves with variable quantities provide a pathway for the transport of wastes from the brain to dCLN. Thus, the knowledge of the transport of brain lymphatics along cranial nerves may help understand the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University, School of Medicine, Rumelifener Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Damlasu Altınöz
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University, School of Medicine, Rumelifener Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tevriz Dilan Demir
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumelifener Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlke Ali Gürses
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University, School of Medicine, Rumelifener Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülnihal Özcan
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumelifener Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Koç University, School of Medicine, Rumelifener Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Abubaker M, Greaney A, Newport D, Mulvihill JJE. Characterization of primary human leptomeningeal cells in 2D culture. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26744. [PMID: 38434413 PMCID: PMC10906397 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of brain barriers is critical for a healthy central nervous system. While extensive research has focused on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the brain vasculature and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus, the barriers formed by the meninges have not received as much attention. These membranes create a barrier between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as between CSF and blood. Recent studies have revealed that this barrier has been implicated in the development of neurological and immunological disorders. In order to gain a deeper comprehension of the functioning and significance of the meningeal barriers, sophisticated models of these barriers, need to be created. The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of commercially available primary leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) that form the meningeal barriers, in a cultured environment, including their morphology, proteomics, and barrier properties, and to determine whether passaging of these cells affects their behaviour in comparison to their in vivo state. The results indicate that higher passage numbers significantly alter the morphology and protein localisation and expression of the LMCs. Furthermore, the primary cell culture co-stained for S100A6 and E-cadherin suggesting it is a co-culture of both pial and arachnoid cells. Additionally, cultured LMCs showed an increase in vimentin and cytokeratin expression and a lack of junctional proteins localisation on the cell membrane, which could suggest loss of epithelial properties due to culture, preventing barrier formation. This study shows that the LMCs may be a co-culture of pial and arachnoid cells, that the optimal LMC passage range is between passages two and five for experimentation and that the primary human LMCs form a weak barrier when in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannthalah Abubaker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aisling Greaney
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Newport
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John J E Mulvihill
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
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4
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Yamakawa M, Rexach JE. Cell States and Interactions of CD8 T Cells and Disease-Enriched Microglia in Human Brains with Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:308. [PMID: 38397909 PMCID: PMC10886701 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-stage neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid accumulation, hyperphosphorylated Tau deposits, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment. Recent studies implicate CD8 T cells as neuroimmune responders to the accumulation of AD pathology in the brain and potential contributors to toxic neuroinflammation. However, more evidence is needed to understand lymphocytes in disease, including their functional states, molecular mediators, and interacting cell types in diseased brain tissue. The scarcity of lymphocytes in brain tissue samples has limited the unbiased profiling of disease-associated cell types, cell states, drug targets, and relationships to common AD genetic risk variants based on transcriptomic analyses. However, using recent large-scale, high-quality single-nuclear sequencing datasets from over 84 Alzheimer's disease and control cases, we leverage single-nuclear RNAseq data from 800 lymphocytes collected from 70 individuals to complete unbiased molecular profiling. We demonstrate that effector memory CD8 T cells are the major lymphocyte subclass enriched in the brain tissues of individuals with AD dementia. We define disease-enriched interactions involving CD8 T cells and multiple brain cell subclasses including two distinct microglial disease states that correlate, respectively, to beta-amyloid and tau pathology. We find that beta-amyloid-associated microglia are a major hub of multicellular cross-talk gained in disease, including interactions involving both vulnerable neuronal subtypes and CD8 T cells. We reproduce prior reports that amyloid-response microglia are depleted in APOE4 carriers. Overall, these human-based studies provide additional support for the potential relevance of effector memory CD8 T cells as a lymphocyte population of interest in AD dementia and provide new candidate interacting partners and drug targets for further functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica E. Rexach
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
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Hu YH, Su T, Wu L, Wu JF, Liu D, Zhu LQ, Yuan M. Deregulation of the Glymphatic System in Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2023.1229. [PMID: 38270115 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia and is characterized by progressive degeneration of brain function. AD gradually affects the parts of the brain that control thoughts, language, behavior and mental function, severely impacting a person's ability to carry out daily activities and ultimately leading to death. The accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and the aggregation of intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau are the two key pathological hallmarks of AD. AD is a complex condition that involves both non-genetic risk factors (35%) and genetic risk factors (58-79%). The glymphatic system plays an essential role in clearing metabolic waste, transporting tissue fluid, and participating in the immune response. Both non-genetic and genetic risk factors affect the glymphatic system to varying degrees. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the underlying mechanisms involved in the deregulation of the glymphatic system during the progression of AD, especially concerning the diverse contributions of non-genetic and genetic risk factors. In the future, new targets and interventions that modulate these interrelated mechanisms will be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jun-Fang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Chen J, Pan Y, Liu Q, Li G, Chen G, Li W, Zhao W, Wang Q. The Interplay between Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1016-1032. [PMID: 36380442 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221115150253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) are essential for the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells in the central nervous system. They play critical roles in modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Dysfunctional MLVs have been demonstrated to increase neuroinflammation by horizontally blocking the drainage of neurotoxic proteins to the peripheral lymph nodes. Conversely, MLVs protect against neuroinflammation by preventing immune cells from becoming fully encephalitogenic. Furthermore, evidence suggests that neuroinflammation affects the structure and function of MLVs, causing vascular anomalies and angiogenesis. Although this field is still in its infancy, the strong link between MLVs and neuroinflammation has emerged as a potential target for slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides a brief history of the discovery of MLVs, introduces in vivo and in vitro MLV models, highlights the molecular mechanisms through which MLVs contribute to and protect against neuroinflammation, and discusses the potential impact of neuroinflammation on MLVs, focusing on recent progress in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yaru Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qihua Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Gongcan Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
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Lozupone M, Panza F. Impact of apolipoprotein E isoforms on sporadic Alzheimer's disease: beyond the role of amyloid beta. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:80-83. [PMID: 37488848 PMCID: PMC10479857 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms on sporadic Alzheimer's disease has long been studied; however, the influences of apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) on healthy and pathological human brains are not fully understood. ApoE exists as three common isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4), which differ in two amino acid residues. Traditionally, ApoE binds cholesterol and phospholipids and ApoE isoforms display different affinities for their receptors, lipids transport and distribution in the brain and periphery. The role of ApoE in the human depends on ApoE isoforms, brain regions, aging, and neural injury. APOE ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, considering its role in influencing amyloid-beta metabolism. The exact mechanisms by which APOE gene variants may increase or decrease Alzheimer's disease risk are not fully understood, but APOE was also known to affect directly and indirectly tau-mediated neurodegeneration, lipids metabolism, neurovascular unit, and microglial function. Consistent with the biological function of ApoE, ApoE4 isoform significantly altered signaling pathways associated with cholesterol homeostasis, transport, and myelination. Also, the rare protective APOE variants confirm that ApoE plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The objectives of the present mini-review were to describe classical and new roles of various ApoE isoforms in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology beyond the deposition of amyloid-beta and to establish a functional link between APOE, brain function, and memory, from a molecular to a clinical level. APOE genotype also exerted a heterogeneous effect on clinical Alzheimer's disease phenotype and its outcomes. Not only in learning and memory but also in neuropsychiatric symptoms that occur in a premorbid condition. Clarifying the relationships between Alzheimer's disease-related pathology with neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly suicidal ideation in Alzheimer's disease patients, may be useful for elucidating also the underlying pathophysiological process and its prognosis. Also, the effects of anti-amyloid-beta drugs, recently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, could be influenced by the APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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Allen CA, Goderie SK, Liu M, Kiehl TR, Farjood F, Wang Y, Boles NC, Temple S. Adult Mouse Leptomeninges Exhibit Regional and Age-related Cellular Heterogeneity Implicating Mental Disorders. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.10.557097. [PMID: 37745502 PMCID: PMC10515796 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.10.557097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The leptomeninges envelop the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and homeostasis. We analyzed the meninges overlying the anterior or posterior forebrain in the adult mouse by single nuclear RNA-sequencing (snucRNA-seq). This revealed regional differences in fibroblast and endothelial cell composition and gene expression. Surprisingly, these non-neuronal cells co-expressed genes implicated in neural functions. The regional differences changed with aging, from 3 to 18 months. Cytokine analysis revealed specific soluble factor production from anterior vs posterior meninges that also altered with age. Secreted factors from the leptomeninges from different regions and ages differentially impacted the survival of anterior or posterior cortical neuronal subsets, neuron morphology, and glia proliferation. These findings suggest that meningeal dysfunction in different brain regions could contribute to specific neural pathologies. The disease-associations of meningeal cell genes differentially expressed with region and age were significantly enriched for mental and substance abuse disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mo Liu
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | | | | | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | | | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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Gao X, Tang Y, Kong L, Fan Y, Wang C, Wang R. Treg cell: Critical role of regulatory T-cells in depression. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106893. [PMID: 37611836 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent disorder of the central nervous system. The neuropsychiatric symptoms of clinical depression are persistent and include fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, altered sleep patterns, hyperalgesia, melancholia, anxiety, and impaired social behaviours. Mounting evidences suggest that neuroinflammation triggers dysregulated cellular immunity and increases susceptibility to psychiatric diseases. Neuroimmune responses have transformed the clinical approach to depression because of their roles in its pathophysiology and their therapeutic potential. In particular, activated regulatory T (Treg) cells play an increasingly evident role in the inflammatory immune response. In this review, we summarized the available data and discussed in depth the fundamental roles of Tregs in the pathogenesis of depression, as well as the clinical therapeutic potential of Tregs. We aimed to provide recent information regarding the potential of Tregs as immune-modulating biologics for the treatment and prevention of long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuru Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingli Kong
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Mental Health Center, 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pain Management, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), 26600 Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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10
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Sarker A, Suh M, Choi Y, Park JY, Lee YS, Lee DS. Intrathecal [ 64Cu]Cu-albumin PET reveals age-related decline of lymphatic drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12930. [PMID: 37558700 PMCID: PMC10412645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive decline is associated with dysfunctional lymphatic drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through meningeal lymphatic vessels. In this study, intrathecal [64Cu]Cu-albumin positron emission tomography (PET) was applied in mice to evaluate lymphatic drainage of CSF and its variation with age. [64Cu]Cu-albumin PET was performed at multiple time points after intrathecal injection of [64Cu]Cu-albumin at an infusion rate of 700 nl/min in adult and aged mice (15-25 months old). CSF clearance and paravertebral lymph nodes were quantified after injection and during the stationary phase. Stationary phase of the next day followed the initial perturbed state by injection of 6 ul (1/7 of total CSF volume) and CSF clearance half-time from the subarachnoid space was 93.4 ± 19.7 and 123.3 ± 15.6 min in adult and aged mice (p = 0.01), respectively. While the % injected dose of CSF space were higher, the activity of the paravertebral lymph nodes were lower in the aged mice on the next day. [64Cu]Cu-albumin PET enabled us to quantify CSF-lymphatic drainage across all levels of brain spinal cords and to visualize and quantify lymph node activity due to CSF drainage. [64Cu]Cu-albumin PET revealed the age-related decrease of the lymphatic drainage of CSF due to this decreased drainage from the subarachnoid space, especially during the stationary phase, in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmal Sarker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minseok Suh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yoori Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Medical Science and Engineering, School of Convergence Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea.
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11
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Melloni A, Liu L, Kashinath V, Abdi R, Shah K. Meningeal lymphatics and their role in CNS disorder treatment: moving past misconceptions. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1184049. [PMID: 37502683 PMCID: PMC10368987 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1184049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) was previously thought to lack lymphatics and shielded from the free diffusion of molecular and cellular components by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). However, recent findings have redefined the roles played by meningeal lymphatic vessels in the recruitment and drainage of lymphocytes from the periphery into the brain and the potentiation of an immune response. Emerging knowledge surrounding the importance of meningeal lymphatics has the potential to transform the treatment of CNS disorders. This review details the most recent understanding of the CNS-lymphatic network and its immunologic implications in both the healthy and diseased brain. Moreover, the review provides in-depth coverage of several exciting avenues for future therapeutic treatments that involve the meningeal lymphatic system. These therapeutic avenues will have potential implications in many treatment paradigms in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Melloni
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Longsha Liu
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vivek Kashinath
- Department of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Reza Abdi
- Department of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Immunotherapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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12
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Lamontagne-Kam D, Ulfat AK, Hervé V, Vu TM, Brouillette J. Implication of tau propagation on neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1219299. [PMID: 37483337 PMCID: PMC10360202 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1219299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Propagation of tau fibrils correlate closely with neurodegeneration and memory deficits seen during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although it is not well-established what drives or attenuates tau spreading, new studies on human brain using positron emission tomography (PET) have shed light on how tau phosphorylation, genetic factors, and the initial epicenter of tau accumulation influence tau accumulation and propagation throughout the brain. Here, we review the latest PET studies performed across the entire AD continuum looking at the impact of amyloid load on tau pathology. We also explore the effects of structural, functional, and proximity connectivity on tau spreading in a stereotypical manner in the brain of AD patients. Since tau propagation can be quite heterogenous between individuals, we then consider how the speed and pattern of propagation are influenced by the starting localization of tau accumulation in connected brain regions. We provide an overview of some genetic variants that were shown to accelerate or slow down tau spreading. Finally, we discuss how phosphorylation of certain tau epitopes affect the spreading of tau fibrils. Since tau pathology is an early event in AD pathogenesis and is one of the best predictors of neurodegeneration and memory impairments, understanding the process by which tau spread from one brain region to another could pave the way to novel therapeutic avenues that are efficient during the early stages of the disease, before neurodegeneration induces permanent brain damage and severe memory loss.
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13
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Liu Y, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Li H, Yi M, Zhang Z, Hui S, Peng W. Neuroimmune mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease: Insights into central and peripheral immune cell crosstalk. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101831. [PMID: 36565960 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly life-threatening neurodegenerative disease. Dysregulation of the immune system plays a critical role in promoting AD, which has attracted extensive attention recently. Central and peripheral immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Immune changes precede Aβ-associated senile plaque formation and tau-related neurofibrillary tangles, which are the recognised pathological features of AD. Therefore, elucidating immune-related mechanisms underlying the development of AD can help to prevent and treat AD at the source by blocking its progression before the development of pathological changes. To understand the specific pathogenesis of AD, it is important to examine the role of central and peripheral immunity in AD. This review summarises immune-related mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AD, focusing on the effect of various central and peripheral immune cells, and describes the possible crosstalk between central and peripheral immunity during the development of AD. This review provides novel insights into the treatment of AD and offers a new direction for immune-related research on AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Yejun Tan
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- YangSheng College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Shan Hui
- Department of Geratology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, China.
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha 410011, China.
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14
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Ben-Nejma IRH, Keliris AJ, Vanreusel V, Ponsaerts P, Van der Linden A, Keliris GA. Altered dynamics of glymphatic flow in a mature-onset Tet-off APP mouse model of amyloidosis. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:23. [PMID: 36707887 PMCID: PMC9883946 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the progressive buildup of toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein aggregates eventually leading to cognitive decline. Recent lines of evidence suggest that an impairment of the glymphatic system (GS), a brain waste clearance pathway, plays a key role in the pathology of AD. Moreover, a relationship between GS function and neuronal network integrity has been strongly implicated. Here, we sought to assess the efficacy of the GS in a transgenic Tet-Off APP mouse model of amyloidosis, in which the expression of mutant APP was delayed until maturity, mimicking features of late-onset AD-the most common form of dementia in humans. METHODS To evaluate GS function, we used dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in 14-month-old Tet-Off APP (AD) mice and aged-matched littermate controls. Brain-wide transport of the Gd-DOTA contrast agent was monitored over time after cisterna magna injection. Region-of-interest analysis and computational modelling were used to assess GS dynamics while characterisation of brain tissue abnormalities at the microscale was performed ex vivo by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed reduced rostral glymphatic flow and higher accumulation of the contrast agent in areas proximal to the injection side in the AD group. Clustering and subsequent computational modelling of voxel time courses revealed significantly lower influx time constants in AD relative to the controls. Ex vivo evaluation showed abundant amyloid plaque burden in the AD group coinciding with extensive astrogliosis and microgliosis. The neuroinflammatory responses were also found in plaque-devoid regions, potentially impacting brain-fluid circulation. CONCLUSIONS In a context resembling late-onset AD in humans, we demonstrate the disruption of glymphatic function and particularly a reduction in brain-fluid influx in the AD group. We conjecture that the hindered circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is potentially caused by wide-spread astrogliosis and amyloid-related obstruction of the normal routes of glymphatic flow resulting in redirection towards caudal regions. In sum, our study highlights the translational potential of alternative approaches, such as targeting brain-fluid circulation as potential therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès R. H. Ben-Nejma
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aneta J. Keliris
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Verdi Vanreusel
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium ,Research in Dosimetric Applications, SCK CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Georgios A. Keliris
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete Greece
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15
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Chachaj A, Gąsiorowski K, Szuba A, Sieradzki A, Leszek J. The Lymphatic System In The Brain Clearance Mechanisms - New Therapeutic Perspectives For Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:380-391. [PMID: 35410605 PMCID: PMC10190136 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220411091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Pathological deposits of neurotoxic proteins within the brain, such as amyloid-ß and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles, are the prominent features in AD. According to recent studies, the newly discovered brain lymphatic system was demonstrated to be crucial in the clearance of metabolic macromolecules from the brain. Meningeal lymphatic vessels located in the dura mater drain the fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and transport them, as lymph, to the deep cervical lymph nodes. The lymphatic system provides the perivascular exchange of CSF with interstitial fluid (ISF) and ensures the homeostasis of neuronal interstitial space. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings on the role of the lymphatic system in AD pathophysiology and discuss possible therapeutic perspectives, targeting the lymphatic clearance mechanisms within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Chachaj
- Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Szuba
- Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Sieradzki
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Guo X, Zhang G, Peng Q, Huang L, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Emerging Roles of Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S355-S366. [PMID: 36683509 PMCID: PMC10473149 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs), the functional lymphatic system present in the meninges, are the key drainage route responsible for the clearance of molecules, immune cells, and cellular debris from the cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph nodes. Aging and ApoE4, the two most important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), induce mLV dysfunction, decrease cerebrospinal fluid influx and outflux, and exacerbate amyloid pathology and cognitive dysfunction. Dysfunction of mLVs results in the deposition of metabolic products, accelerates neuroinflammation, and promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Thus, mLVs represent a novel therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize the structure and function of mLVs and to discuss the potential effect of aging and ApoE4 on mLV dysfunction, as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinyu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Plantone D, Primiano G, Manco C, Locci S, Servidei S, De Stefano N. Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24. [PMID: 36613531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D may have multiple effects on the nervous system and its deficiency can represent a possible risk factor for the development of many neurological diseases. Recent studies are also trying to clarify the different effects of vitamin D supplementation over the course of progressive neurological diseases. In this narrative review, we summarise vitamin D chemistry, metabolism, mechanisms of action, and the recommended daily intake. The role of vitamin D on gene transcription and the immune response is also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the scientific evidence that links low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations to the onset and progression of severe neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, migraine, diabetic neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Completed and ongoing clinical trials on vitamin D supplementation in neurological diseases are listed.
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18
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Jiang H, Wei H, Zhou Y, Xiao X, Zhou C, Ji X. Overview of the meningeal lymphatic vessels in aging and central nervous system disorders. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:202. [PMID: 36528776 PMCID: PMC9759913 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging process and central nervous system (CNS) diseases, the functions of the meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) are impaired. Alterations in MLVs have been observed in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, and even cerebrovascular disease. These findings reveal a new perspective on aging and CNS disorders and provide a promising therapeutic target. Additionally, recent neuropathological studies have shown that MLVs exchange soluble components between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) and drain metabolites, cellular debris, misfolded proteins, and immune cells from the CSF into the deep cervical lymph nodes (dCLNs), directly connecting the brain with the peripheral circulation. Impairment and dysfunction of meningeal lymphatics can lead to the accumulation of toxic proteins in the brain, exacerbating the progression of neurological disorders. However, for many CNS diseases, the causal relationship between MLVs and neuropathological changes is not fully clear. Here, after a brief historical retrospection, we review recent discoveries about the hallmarks of MLVs and their roles in the aging and CNS diseases, as well as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Jiang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Huimin Wei
- grid.64939.310000 0000 9999 1211Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xuechun Xiao
- grid.64939.310000 0000 9999 1211Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Chen Zhou
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xunming Ji
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053 China
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19
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Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
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20
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Valiukas Z, Ephraim R, Tangalakis K, Davidson M, Apostolopoulos V, Feehan J. Immunotherapies for Alzheimer’s Disease—A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091527. [PMID: 36146605 PMCID: PMC9503401 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that falls under the umbrella of dementia and is characterised by the presence of highly neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau protein within the brain. Historically, treatments for AD have consisted of medications that can slow the progression of symptoms but not halt or reverse them. The shortcomings of conventional drugs have led to a growing need for novel, effective approaches to the treatment of AD. In recent years, immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these efforts. Briefly, immunotherapies utilise the immune system of the patient to treat a condition, with common immunotherapies for AD consisting of the use of monoclonal antibodies or vaccines. Most of these treatments target the production and deposition of Aβ due to its neurotoxicity, but treatments specifically targeting tau protein are being researched as well. These treatments have had great variance in their efficacy and safety, leading to a constant need for the research and development of new safe and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Valiukas
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Ramya Ephraim
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kathy Tangalakis
- First Year College, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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21
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Santos-Lima B, Pietronigro EC, Terrabuio E, Zenaro E, Constantin G. The role of neutrophils in the dysfunction of central nervous system barriers. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965169. [PMID: 36034148 PMCID: PMC9404376 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into the central nervous system (CNS) represents a central process in the development of neurological diseases with a detrimental inflammatory component. Infiltrating neutrophils have been detected inside the brain of patients with several neuroinflammatory disorders, including stroke, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. During inflammatory responses, these highly reactive innate immune cells can rapidly extravasate and release a plethora of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic factors, potentially inducing significant collateral tissue damage. Indeed, several studies have shown that neutrophils promote blood-brain barrier damage and increased vascular permeability during neuroinflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that neutrophils migrate into the meninges and choroid plexus, suggesting these cells can also damage the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In this review, we discuss the emerging role of neutrophils in the dysfunction of brain barriers across different neuroinflammatory conditions and describe the molecular basis and cellular interplays involved in neutrophil-mediated injury of the CNS borders.
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22
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Chen Z, Liu P, Xia X, Wang L, Li X. Living on the border of the CNS: Dural immune cells in health and disease. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tang J, Zhang M, Liu N, Xue Y, Ren X, Huang Q, Shi L, Fu J. The Association Between Glymphatic System Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:916633. [PMID: 35813943 PMCID: PMC9263395 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.916633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) remains unknown. The glymphatic system dysfunction, which has been demonstrated to influence cognitive impairment, can be evaluated by diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS index). We explored whether cognitive impairment in CSVD is associated with glymphatic clearance dysfunction. In this study, 133 patients with CSVD were enrolled and underwent neuropsychological test batteries as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They were then categorized into a CSVD with cognitive impairment (CSVD-CI) group and a cognitively normal CSVD (CSVD-CN) group. The ALPS index and four CSVD markers [white matter lesions (WMLs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), lacunes, and perivascular spaces (PVSs)] were also assessed. Univariate analysis showed that the ALPS index was significantly different between the CSVD-CN (n = 50) and CSVD-CI groups (n = 83) (p < 0.001). This difference remained significant (95% CI < 0.001–0.133) after adjusting for six common risk factors (age, education, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol abuse) as well as CSVD markers. The ALPS index was independently linearly correlated with global cognitive function, executive function, attention function, and memory after adjusting for the aforementioned six risk factors or CSVD markers. Our results suggest that glymphatic system impairment is independently related to cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia and is characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, pathologic intracellular tau protein tangles, and neuronal loss. Increasing evidence has been accumulating over the past years, supporting a pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglia, monocytes, astrocytes, and neurons have been shown to play a major role in AD-associated inflammation. However recent studies showed that the role of both T and B lymphocytes may be important. In particular, B lymphocytes are the cornerstone of humoral immunity, they constitute a heterogenous population of immune cells, being their mature subsets significantly impacted by the inflammatory milieu. The role of B lymphocytes on AD pathogenesis is gaining interest for several reasons. Indeed, the majority of elderly people develop the process of "inflammaging", which is characterized by increased blood levels of proinflammatory molecules associated with an elevated susceptibility to chronic diseases. Epitope-specific alteration pattern of naturally occurring antibodies targeting the amino-terminus and the mid-domain of Aβ in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid has been described in AD patients. Moreover, a possible therapeutic role of B lymphocytes depletion was recently demonstrated in murine AD models. Interestingly, active immunization against Aβ and tau, one of the main therapeutic strategies under investigation, depend on B lymphocytes. Finally. several molecules being tested in AD clinical trials can modify the homeostasis of B cells. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of B lymphocytes in AD from the pathogenesis to the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Locci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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25
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Tian Y, Zhao M, Chen Y, Yang M, Wang Y. The Underlying Role of the Glymphatic System and Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:748. [PMID: 35740873 PMCID: PMC9221030 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing prevalence of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) worldwide, and most research has suggested that cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is the main contributor to VCI. Several potential physiopathologic mechanisms have been proven to be involved in the process of CSVD, such as blood-brain barrier damage, small vessels stiffening, venous collagenosis, cerebral blood flow reduction, white matter rarefaction, chronic ischaemia, neuroinflammation, myelin damage, and subsequent neurodegeneration. However, there still is a limited overall understanding of the sequence and the relative importance of these mechanisms. The glymphatic system (GS) and meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs) are the analogs of the lymphatic system in the central nervous system (CNS). As such, these systems play critical roles in regulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) transport, waste clearance, and, potentially, neuroinflammation. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic vessels played vital roles in animal models of CSVD and patients with CSVD. Given the complexity of CSVD, it was significant to understand the underlying interaction between glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic transport with CSVD. Here, we provide a novel framework based on new advances in main four aspects, including vascular risk factors, potential mechanisms, clinical subtypes, and cognition, which aims to explain how the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatic vessels contribute to the progression of CSVD and proposes a comprehensive insight into the novel therapeutic strategy of CSVD.
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La H, Yoo H, Park YB, Thang NX, Park C, Yoo S, Lee H, Choi Y, Song H, Do JT, Hong K. Role of Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation in Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Development. Cells 2022; 11:1692. [PMID: 35626729 PMCID: PMC9139870 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of lipids and interstitial fluid and regulating the immune cell development and functions. Developmental anomaly-induced lymphatic dysfunction is associated with various pathological conditions, including lymphedema, inflammation, and cancer. Most lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are derived from a subset of endothelial cells in the cardinal vein. However, recent studies have reported that the developmental origin of LECs is heterogeneous. Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways, are involved in lymphatic development and functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic regulation of transcription is critical for embryonic LEC development and functions. In addition to the chromatin structures, epigenetic modifications may modulate transcriptional signatures during the development or differentiation of LECs. Therefore, the understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and function of the lymphatic system can aid in the management of various congenital or acquired lymphatic disorders. Future studies must determine the role of other epigenetic factors and changes in mammalian lymphatic development and function. Here, the recent findings on key factors involved in the development of the lymphatic system and their epigenetic regulation, LEC origins from different organs, and lymphatic diseases are reviewed.
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de Souza BJ, Mendes MA, Sperandio da Silva GM, Sammarco-Rosa P, de Moraes MO, Jardim MR, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO, Mietto BS. Gene Expression Profile of Mycobacterium leprae Contribution in the Pathology of Leprosy Neuropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:861586. [PMID: 35492305 PMCID: PMC9051340 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.861586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is the main cause of physical disability in leprosy patients. Importantly, the extension and pattern of peripheral damage has been linked to how the host cell will respond against Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection, in particular, how the pathogen will establish infection in Schwann cells. Interestingly, viable and dead M. leprae have been linked to neuropathology of leprosy by distinct mechanisms. While viable M. leprae promotes transcriptional modifications that allow the bacteria to survive through the use of the host cell's internal machinery and the subvert of host metabolites, components of the dead bacteria are associated with the generation of a harmful nerve microenvironment. Therefore, understanding the pathognomonic characteristics mediated by viable and dead M. leprae are essential for elucidating leprosy disease and its associated reactional episodes. Moreover, the impact of the viable and dead bacteria in Schwann cells is largely unknown and their gene signature profiling has, as yet, been poorly explored. In this study, we analyzed the early differences in the expression profile of genes involved in peripheral neuropathy, dedifferentiation and plasticity, neural regeneration, and inflammation in human Schwann cells challenged with viable and dead M. leprae. We substantiated our findings by analyzing this genetic profiling in human nerve biopsies of leprosy and non-leprosy patients, with accompanied histopathological analysis. We observed that viable and dead bacteria distinctly modulate Schwann cell genes, with emphasis to viable bacilli upregulating transcripts related to glial cell plasticity, dedifferentiation and anti-inflammatory profile, while dead bacteria affected genes involved in neuropathy and pro-inflammatory response. In addition, dead bacteria also upregulated genes associated with nerve support, which expression profile was similar to those obtained from leprosy nerve biopsies. These findings suggest that early exposure to viable and dead bacteria may provoke Schwann cells to behave differentially, with far-reaching implications for the ongoing neuropathy seen in leprosy patients, where a mixture of active and non-active bacteria are found in the nerve microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bruno Siqueira Mietto
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Sarker A, Suh M, Choi Y, Park JY, Kwon S, Kim H, Lee E, Seo H, Lee Y, Lee DS. [64Cu]Cu-Albumin Clearance Imaging to Evaluate Lymphatic Efflux of Cerebrospinal Space Fluid in Mouse Model. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. [DOI: 10.1007/s13139-022-00746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Suresh S, Begum RF, Singh S A, V C. Anthocyanin as a therapeutic in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of preclinical evidences. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101595. [PMID: 35217244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review is to ponder the possible mechanism of action of anthocyanin in Alzheimer's disease (AD), to prompt the development of anthocyanin-based dietary supplementation or therapeutic intervention for AD and to explore the natural sources of anthocyanins. METHODS Electronic bibliographic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Proquest, DOAJ, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for preclinical studies probing the efficacy of anthocyanin on AD. The search strategy included no time limit, but was restricted to English. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO, registration no. CRD42021272972. The systematic review followed the PICO approach for inclusion of reports. All the reports were appraised for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's RoB tool. RESULTS Bibliographic details of the article, animal strain/weight/age, induction model, anthocyanin source, type of anthocyanin, dose, route of administration, duration, and the outcome measures were extracted from 12 retrieved reports explicitly. The implication of food-based anthocyanin in acute and long-term cognition and Aβ mediated neurodegeneration appears alluring. Majority of the studies comprehended in this review had moderate methodological quality. DISCUSSION Efficacy of anthocyanin in alleviating oxidative stress, reactive astrogliosis, cholinergic dysfunction, apoptosis, synaptotoxicity, neuroinflammation, tau hyperphosphorylation, dysregulated membrane potential, neuronal extracellular calcium, dysfunctional amyloidogenic pathway, and cognitive deficits in various rodent models of AD is manifested compositely in 12 studies.
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Haage V, De Jager PL. Neuroimmune contributions to Alzheimer's disease: a focus on human data. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3164-81. [PMID: 35668160 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the convergence of a series of new insights that arose from genetic and systems analyses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a wealth of epidemiological data from a variety of fields; this resulted in renewed interest in immune responses as important, potentially causal components of AD. Here, we focus primarily on a review of human data which has recently yielded a set of robust, reproducible results that exist in a much larger universe of conflicting reports stemming from small studies with important limitations in their study design. Thus, we are at an important crossroads in efforts to first understand at which step of the long, multiphasic course of AD a given immune response may play a causal role and then modulate this response to slow or block the pathophysiology of AD. We have a wealth of new experimental tools, analysis methods, and capacity to sample human participants at large scale longitudinally; these resources, when coupled to a foundation of reproducible results and novel study designs, will enable us to monitor human immune function in the CNS at the level of complexity that is required while simultaneously capturing the state of the peripheral immune system. This integration of peripheral and central perturbations in immune responses results in pathologic responses in the central nervous system parenchyma where specialized cellular microenvironments composed of multiple cell subtypes respond to these immune perturbations as well as to environmental exposures, comorbidities and the impact of the advancing life course. Here, we offer an overview that seeks to illustrate the large number of interconnecting factors that ultimately yield the neuroimmune component of AD.
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Bazrgar M, Khodabakhsh P, Prudencio M, Mohagheghi F, Ahmadiani A. The role of microRNA-34 family in Alzheimer's disease: A potential molecular link between neurodegeneration and metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105805. [PMID: 34371173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that overexpression of the microRNA-34 (miR-34) family in the brain may play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis by targeting and downregulating genes associated with neuronal survival, synapse formation and plasticity, Aβ clearance, mitochondrial function, antioxidant defense system, and energy metabolism. Additionally, elevated levels of the miR-34 family in the liver and pancreas promote the development of metabolic syndromes (MetS), such as diabetes and obesity. Importantly, MetS represent a well-documented risk factor for sporadic AD. This review focuses on the recent findings regarding the role of the miR-34 family in the pathogenesis of AD and MetS, and proposes miR-34 as a potential molecular link between both disorders. A comprehensive understanding of the functional roles of miR-34 family in the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of AD brains may lead to the discovery of a breakthrough treatment strategy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bazrgar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Mohagheghi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Chen Z, Schwulst SJ, Mentis AFA. APOE4-mediated Alzheimer disease and "Vascular"-"Meningeal Lymphatic" components: towards a novel therapeutic era? Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5472-5474. [PMID: 34376823 PMCID: PMC8354095 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional graphic design representation of the potential role of meningeal vessels in Alzheimer disease. Although there are major differences between APOE4(+) and APOE4(−) Alzheimer disease cases (described in detail in the Comment article by Mentis and colleagues), the figure depicts the clearance of macromolecules and other solutes from meningeal lymphatic vessels. Cover image: Ella Maru Studio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Chen
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven J Schwulst
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, Athens, Greece.
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is exacerbated following traumatic brain injury. Neuroprotection by co-administration of nanowired mesenchymal stem cells and cerebrolysin with monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta peptide. Prog Brain Res 2021; 265:1-97. [PMID: 34560919 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are prone to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is one of the risk factors in developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a later stage. TBI induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to serum proteins into the brain and leads to extravasation of plasma amyloid beta peptide (ΑβP) into the brain fluid compartments causing AD brain pathology. Thus, there is a need to expand our knowledge on the role of TBI in AD. In addition, exploration of the novel roles of nanomedicine in AD and TBI for neuroprotection is the need of the hour. Since stem cells and neurotrophic factors play important roles in TBI and in AD, it is likely that nanodelivery of these agents exert superior neuroprotection in TBI induced exacerbation of AD brain pathology. In this review, these aspects are examined in details based on our own investigations in the light of current scientific literature in the field. Our observations show that TBI exacerbates AD brain pathology and TiO2 nanowired delivery of mesenchymal stem cells together with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments, and monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta protein thwarted the development of neuropathology following TBI in AD, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
The glymphatic system (GS) is a novel defined brain-wide perivascular transit network between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial solutes that facilitates the clearance of brain metabolic wastes. The complicated network of the GS consists of the periarterial CSF influx pathway, astrocytes-mediated convective transport of fluid and solutes supported by AQP4 water channels, and perivenous efflux pathway. Recent researches indicate that the GS dysfunction is associated with various neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, migraine, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Meanwhile, the GS also plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological process of stroke, including brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, immune cell infiltration, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. In this review, we illustrated the key anatomical structures of the GS, the relationship between the GS and the meningeal lymphatic system, the interaction between the GS and the BBB, and the crosstalk between astrocytes and other GS cellular components. In addition, we contributed to the current knowledge about the role of the GS in the pathology of stroke and the role of AQP4 in stroke. We further discussed the potential use of the GS in early risk assessment, diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Central Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Mentis AFA, Chrousos GP. Tubarial Salivary Glands in Sjogren Syndrome: Are They Just a Potential Missing Link With No Broader Implications? Front Immunol 2021; 12:684490. [PMID: 34267754 PMCID: PMC8276103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- US National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Kim J, Woo SY, Kim S, Jang H, Kim J, Kim J, Kang SH, Na DL, Chin J, Apostolova LG, Seo SW, Kim HJ. Differential effects of risk factors on the cognitive trajectory of early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:113. [PMID: 34127075 PMCID: PMC8204422 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although few studies have shown that risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with cognitive decline in AD, not much is known whether the impact of risk factors differs between early-onset AD (EOAD, symptom onset < 65 years of age) versus late-onset AD (LOAD). Therefore, we evaluated whether the impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors on cognitive trajectories differ in EOAD and LOAD. METHODS We followed-up 193 EOAD and 476 LOAD patients without known autosomal dominant AD mutation for 32.3 ± 23.2 months. Mixed-effects model analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of APOE ε4, low education, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity on cognitive trajectories. RESULTS APOE ε4 carriers showed slower cognitive decline in general cognitive function, language, and memory domains than APOE ε4 carriers in EOAD but not in LOAD. Although patients with low education showed slower cognitive decline than patients with high education in both EOAD and LOAD, the effect was stronger in EOAD, specifically in frontal-executive function. Patients with hypertension showed faster cognitive decline than did patients without hypertension in frontal-executive and general cognitive function in LOAD but not in EOAD. Patients with obesity showed slower decline in general cognitive function than non-obese patients in EOAD but not in LOAD. CONCLUSIONS Known risk factors for AD were associated with slower cognitive decline in EOAD but rapid cognitive decline in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Young Woo
- Statistics and Data Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonwoo Kim
- Statistics and Data Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junpyo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Chin
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ren X, Liu S, Lian C, Li H, Li K, Li L, Zhao G. Dysfunction of the Glymphatic System as a Potential Mechanism of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:659457. [PMID: 34163349 PMCID: PMC8215113 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.659457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) frequently occurs in the elderly as a severe postoperative complication and is characterized by a decline in cognitive function that impairs memory, attention, and other cognitive domains. Currently, the exact pathogenic mechanism of PND is multifaceted and remains unclear. The glymphatic system is a newly discovered glial-dependent perivascular network that subserves a pseudo-lymphatic function in the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of the glymphatic system in the removal of harmful metabolites in the brain. Dysfunction of the glymphatic system can reduce metabolic waste removal, leading to neuroinflammation and neurological disorders. We speculate that there is a causal relationship between the glymphatic system and symptomatic progression in PND. This paper reviews the current literature on the glymphatic system and some perioperative factors to discuss the role of the glymphatic system in PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Ren
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuang Lian
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jilin City People's Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Longyun Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Si Z, Wang X. Stem Cell Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease: Applications for Disease Modeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:207-217. [PMID: 33558427 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with complex pathologic and biologic characteristics. Extracellular β-amyloid deposits, such as senile plaques, and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, such as neurofibrillary tangles, remain the main neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of AD. There is currently no effective treatment of the disease, and many clinical trials have failed to prove any benefits of new therapeutics. More recently, there has been increasing interest in harnessing the potential of stem cell technologies for drug discovery, disease modeling, and cell therapies, which have been used to study an array of human conditions, including AD. The recently developed and optimized induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is a critical platform for screening anti-AD drugs and understanding mutations that modify AD. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has been investigated as a new therapeutic approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) also exhibit considerable potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases by secreting growth factors and exosomes, attenuating neuroinflammation. This review highlights recent progress in stem cell research and the translational applications and challenges of iPSCs, NSCs, and MSCs as treatment strategies for AD. Even though these treatments are still in relative infancy, these developing stem cell technologies hold considerable promise to combat AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that results in learning and memory defects. Although some drugs have been approved for AD treatment, fewer than 20% of patients with AD benefit from these drugs. Therapies based on stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, provide promising therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Si
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China (Z.S.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (X.W.)
| | - Xidi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China (Z.S.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (X.W.)
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by complex pathological and biological features. Notably, extracellular amyloid-β deposits as senile plaques and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles remain the primary premortem criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Currently, there exist no disease-modifying therapies for AD, and many clinical trials have failed to show its benefits for patients. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is a 32 kDa enzyme, which catalyzes the degradation of cellular heme to free ferrous iron, biliverdin, and carbon monoxide under stressful conditions. Several studies highlight the crucial pathological roles of HO-1 in the molecular processes of AD. The beneficial roles of HO-1 overexpression in AD brains are widely accepted due to its ability to convert pro-oxidant heme to biliverdin and bilirubin (antioxidants), which promote restoration of a suitable tissue redox microenvironment. However, the intracellular oxidative stress might be amplified by metabolites of HO-1 and exacerbate the progression of AD under certain circumstances. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that upregulated HO-1 is linked to tauopathies, neuronal damage, and synapse aberrations in AD. Here, we review the aspects of the molecular mechanisms by which HO-1 regulates AD and the latest information on the pathobiology of AD. We further highlight the neuroprotective and neurodystrophic actions of HO-1 and the feasibility of HO-1 as a therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Si
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Xidi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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