1
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Dodds PN, Chen J, Outram MA. Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity. Plant Cell 2024; 36:1465-1481. [PMID: 38262477 PMCID: PMC11062475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity. Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding to pathogen infection to prevent disease. Our understanding of this system has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence were embodied in the gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses in plant cells and tissues. Molecular studies of these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model of plant immunity involving cell surface and intracellular detection of specific pathogen-derived molecules and proteins culminating in the induction of various cellular responses. Extracellular and intracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence now for integration of these pathways into interdependent networks controlling disease outcomes. Many of the molecular details of pathogen recognition and signaling processes are now known, providing opportunities for bioengineering to enhance plant protection from disease. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main principles of plant immunity, with an emphasis on the key scientific milestones leading to these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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2
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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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3
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Shen Q, Hasegawa K, Oelerich N, Prakken A, Tersch LW, Wang J, Reichhardt F, Tersch A, Choo JC, Timmers T, Hofmann K, Parker JE, Chai J, Maekawa T. Cytoplasmic calcium influx mediated by plant MLKLs confers TNL-triggered immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:453-465.e6. [PMID: 38513655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The plant homolog of vertebrate necroptosis inducer mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) contributes to downstream steps in Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain NLR (TNL)-receptor-triggered immunity. Here, we show that Arabidopsis MLKL1 (AtMLKL1) clusters into puncta at the plasma membrane upon TNL activation and that this sub-cellular reorganization is dependent on the TNL signal transducer, EDS1. We find that AtMLKLs confer TNL-triggered immunity in parallel with RPW8-type HeLo-domain-containing NLRs (RNLs) and that the AtMLKL N-terminal HeLo domain is indispensable for both immunity and clustering. We show that the AtMLKL HeLo domain mediates cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) influx in plant and human cells, and AtMLKLs are responsible for sustained [Ca2+]cyt influx during TNL-triggered, but not CNL-triggered, immunity. Our study reveals parallel immune signaling functions of plant MLKLs and RNLs as mediators of [Ca2+]cyt influx and a potentially common role of the HeLo domain fold in the Ca2+-signal relay of diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Shen
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Keiichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Nicole Oelerich
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Anna Prakken
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Lea Weiler Tersch
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Frowin Reichhardt
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tersch
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Je Cuan Choo
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Ton Timmers
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, NRW, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Jijie Chai
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, NRW, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Takaki Maekawa
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, NRW, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, NRW, Germany.
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4
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Ianiri G, Barone G, Palmieri D, Quiquero M, Gaeta I, De Curtis F, Castoria R. Transcriptomic investigation of the interaction between a biocontrol yeast, Papiliotrema terrestris strain PT22AV, and the postharvest fungal pathogen Penicillium expansum on apple. Commun Biol 2024; 7:359. [PMID: 38519651 PMCID: PMC10960036 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol strategies offer a promising alternative to control plant pathogens achieving food safety and security. In this study we apply a RNAseq analysis during interaction between the biocontrol agent (BCA) Papiliotrema terrestris, the pathogen Penicillium expansum, and the host Malus domestica. Analysis of the BCA finds overall 802 upregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) when grown in apple tissue, with the majority being involved in nutrients uptake and oxidative stress response. This suggests that these processes are crucial for the BCA to colonize the fruit wounds and outcompete the pathogen. As to P. expansum analysis, 1017 DEGs are upregulated when grown in apple tissue, with the most represented GO categories being transcription, oxidation reduction process, and transmembrane transport. Analysis of the host M. domestica finds a higher number of DEGs in response to the pathogen compared to the BCA, with overexpression of genes involved in host defense signaling pathways in the presence of both of them, and a prevalence of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) only during interaction with P. expansum. This analysis contributes to advance the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that underlie biocontrol activity and the tritrophic interaction of the BCA with the pathogen and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Davide Palmieri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michela Quiquero
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ilenia Gaeta
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Filippo De Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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5
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Yu XQ, Niu HQ, Liu C, Wang HL, Yin W, Xia X. PTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity. Plant Biotechnol J 2024. [PMID: 38470397 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster disease resistance and collectively trigger a cascade of downstream defence responses. This article provides a comprehensive review of plant defence responses, offering an overview of the stepwise activation of plant immunity and the interactions between PTI-ETI synergistic signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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6
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Song W, Liu L, Yu D, Bernardy H, Jirschitzka J, Huang S, Jia A, Jemielniak W, Acker J, Laessle H, Wang J, Shen Q, Chen W, Li P, Parker JE, Han Z, Schulze-Lefert P, Chai J. Substrate-induced condensation activates plant TIR domain proteins. Nature 2024; 627:847-853. [PMID: 38480885 PMCID: PMC10972746 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain mediate recognition of strain-specific pathogen effectors, typically via their C-terminal ligand-sensing domains1. Effector binding enables TIR-encoded enzymatic activities that are required for TIR-NLR (TNL)-mediated immunity2,3. Many truncated TNL proteins lack effector-sensing domains but retain similar enzymatic and immune activities4,5. The mechanism underlying the activation of these TIR domain proteins remain unclear. Here we show that binding of the TIR substrates NAD+ and ATP induces phase separation of TIR domain proteins in vitro. A similar condensation occurs with a TIR domain protein expressed via its native promoter in response to pathogen inoculation in planta. The formation of TIR condensates is mediated by conserved self-association interfaces and a predicted intrinsically disordered loop region of TIRs. Mutations that disrupt TIR condensates impair the cell death activity of TIR domain proteins. Our data reveal phase separation as a mechanism for the activation of TIR domain proteins and provide insight into substrate-induced autonomous activation of TIR signalling to confer plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanna Bernardy
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shijia Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Julia Acker
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henriette Laessle
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Qiaochu Shen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Weijie Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pilong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhifu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Zeng Y, Zheng Z, Hessler G, Zou K, Leng J, Bautor J, Stuttmann J, Xue L, Parker JE, Cui H. Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 promotes the maturation and nuclear accumulation of immune-related cysteine protease RD19. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:1530-1546. [PMID: 37976211 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) has an essential role in pathogen resistance as a heterodimer with ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1). Here we investigated an additional PAD4 role in which it associates with and promotes the maturation of the immune-related cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 19 (RD19). We found that RD19 and its paralog RD19c promoted EDS1- and PAD4-mediated effector-triggered immunity to an avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strain, DC3000, expressing the effector AvrRps4 and basal immunity against the fungal pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. Overexpression of RD19, but not RD19 protease-inactive catalytic mutants, in Arabidopsis transgenic lines caused EDS1- and PAD4-dependent autoimmunity and enhanced pathogen resistance. In these lines, RD19 maturation to a pro-form required its catalytic residues, suggesting that RD19 undergoes auto-processing. In transient assays, PAD4 interacted preferentially with the RD19 pro-protease and promoted its nuclear accumulation in leaf cells. Our results lead us to propose a model for PAD4-stimulated defense potentiation. PAD4 promotes maturation and nuclear accumulation of processed RD19, and RD19 then stimulates EDS1-PAD4 dimer activity to confer pathogen resistance. This study highlights potentially important additional PAD4 functions that eventually converge on canonical EDS1-PAD4 dimer signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zichao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Giuliana Hessler
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ke Zou
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junchen Leng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Rhizosphère et Interactions sol-plante-microbiote), Aix Marseille University, 13115 Saint-Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Li Xue
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Duesseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Haitao Cui
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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Wu Y, Sexton WK, Zhang Q, Bloodgood D, Wu Y, Hooks C, Coker F, Vasquez A, Wei CI, Xiao S. Leaf abaxial immunity to powdery mildew in Arabidopsis is conferred by multiple defense mechanisms. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:1465-1478. [PMID: 37952108 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only invade plant epidermal cells. There are two epidermal surfaces in every plant leaf: the adaxial (upper) side and the abaxial (lower) side. While both leaf surfaces can be susceptible to adapted powdery mildew fungi in many plant species, there have been observations of leaf abaxial immunity in some plant species including Arabidopsis. The genetic basis of such leaf abaxial immunity remains unknown. In this study, we tested a series of Arabidopsis mutants defective in one or more known defense pathways with the adapted powdery mildew isolate Golovinomyces cichoracearum UCSC1. We found that leaf abaxial immunity was significantly compromised in mutants impaired for both the EDS1/PAD4- and PEN2/PEN3-dependent defenses. Consistently, expression of EDS1-yellow fluorescent protein and PEN2-green fluorescent protein fusions from their respective native promoters in the respective eds1-2 and pen2-1 mutant backgrounds was higher in the abaxial epidermal cells than in the adaxial epidermal cells. Altogether, our results indicate that leaf abaxial immunity against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis is at least partially due to enhanced EDS1/PAD4- and PEN2/PEN3-dependent defenses. Such transcriptionally pre-programmed defense mechanisms may underlie leaf abaxial immunity in other plant species such as hemp and may be exploited for engineering adaxial immunity against powdery mildew fungi in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - W Kyle Sexton
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - David Bloodgood
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Caroline Hooks
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Frank Coker
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrea Vasquez
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Cheng-I Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
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9
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Chen J, Zhang X, Bernoux M, Rathjen JP, Dodds PN. Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein domains physically associate with enhanced disease susceptibility1 family proteins in immune signaling. iScience 2024; 27:108817. [PMID: 38533452 PMCID: PMC10964261 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) type nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) require enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) family proteins and the helper NLRs NRG1 and ADR1 for immune activation. We show that the NbEDS1-NbSAG101b-NbNRG1 signaling pathway in N. benthamiana is necessary for cell death signaling by TIR-NLRs from a range of plant species, suggesting a universal requirement for this module in TIR-NLR-mediated cell death in N. benthamiana. We also find that TIR domains physically associate with NbEDS1, NbPAD4, and NbSAG101 in planta, independently of each other. Furthermore, NbNRG1 associates with NbSAG101b, but not with other EDS1 family members, via its C-terminal EP domain. Physical interaction between activated TIRs and EDS1 signaling complexes may facilitate the transfer of low abundance products of TIR catalytic activity or alter TIR catalytic activity to favor the production of EDS1 heterodimer ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des interactions plantes-microbes-environnement, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - John P. Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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11
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Kong L, Ma X, Zhang C, Kim SI, Li B, Xie Y, Yeo IC, Thapa H, Chen S, Devarenne TP, Munnik T, He P, Shan L. Dual phosphorylation of DGK5-mediated PA burst regulates ROS in plant immunity. Cell 2024; 187:609-623.e21. [PMID: 38244548 PMCID: PMC10872252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial cellular messengers mediating diverse signaling processes in metazoans and plants. How PA homeostasis is tightly regulated and intertwined with ROS signaling upon immune elicitation remains elusive. We report here that Arabidopsis diacylglycerol kinase 5 (DGK5) regulates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-associated kinase BIK1 phosphorylates DGK5 at Ser-506, leading to a rapid PA burst and activation of plant immunity, whereas PRR-activated intracellular MPK4 phosphorylates DGK5 at Thr-446, which subsequently suppresses DGK5 activity and PA production, resulting in attenuated plant immunity. PA binds and stabilizes the NADPH oxidase RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RBOHD), regulating ROS production in plant PTI and ETI, and their potentiation. Our data indicate that distinct phosphorylation of DGK5 by PRR-activated BIK1 and MPK4 balances the homeostasis of cellular PA burst that regulates ROS generation in coordinating two branches of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - In-Cheol Yeo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hem Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Timothy P Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, the Netherlands
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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12
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Wang H, Song S, Gao S, Yu Q, Zhang H, Cui X, Fan J, Xin X, Liu Y, Staskawicz B, Qi T. The NLR immune receptor ADR1 and lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4 mediate stomatal immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2024; 36:427-446. [PMID: 37851863 PMCID: PMC10827572 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of pathogenic bacteria, plants close their stomata to prevent pathogen entry. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogenic effectors and activate effector-triggered immune responses. However, the regulatory and molecular mechanisms of stomatal immunity involving NLR immune receptors are unknown. Here, we show that the Nicotiana benthamiana RPW8-NLR central immune receptor ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (NbADR1), together with the key immune proteins ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (NbEDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (NbPAD4), plays an essential role in bacterial pathogen- and flg22-induced stomatal immunity by regulating the expression of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis or response-related genes. NbADR1 recruits NbEDS1 and NbPAD4 in stomata to form a stomatal immune response complex. The transcription factor NbWRKY40e, in association with NbEDS1 and NbPAD4, modulates the expression of SA and ABA biosynthesis or response-related genes to influence stomatal immunity. NbADR1, NbEDS1, and NbPAD4 are required for the pathogen infection-enhanced binding of NbWRKY40e to the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 promoter. Moreover, the ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 module regulates stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Collectively, our findings show the pivotal role of the core intracellular immune receptor module ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 in stomatal immunity, which enables plants to limit pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanling Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Susheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiangsheng Yu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiulin Cui
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Fan
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiufang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Brian Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiancong Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Cloutier S, Edwards T, Zheng C, Booker HM, Islam T, Nabetani K, Kutcher HR, Molina O, You FM. Fine-mapping of a major locus for Fusarium wilt resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Theor Appl Genet 2024; 137:27. [PMID: 38245903 PMCID: PMC10800302 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Fine-mapping of a locus on chromosome 1 of flax identified an S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) as the most likely candidate for a major Fusarium wilt resistance gene. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, is a devastating disease in flax. Genetic resistance can counteract this disease and limit its spread. To map major genes for Fusarium wilt resistance, a recombinant inbred line population of more than 700 individuals derived from a cross between resistant cultivar 'Bison' and susceptible cultivar 'Novelty' was phenotyped in Fusarium wilt nurseries at two sites for two and three years, respectively. The population was genotyped with 4487 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Twenty-four QTLs were identified with IciMapping, 18 quantitative trait nucleotides with 3VmrMLM and 108 linkage disequilibrium blocks with RTM-GWAS. All models identified a major QTL on chromosome 1 that explained 20-48% of the genetic variance for Fusarium wilt resistance. The locus was estimated to span ~ 867 Kb but included a ~ 400 Kb unresolved region. Whole-genome sequencing of 'CDC Bethune', 'Bison' and 'Novelty' produced ~ 450 Kb continuous sequences of the locus. Annotation revealed 110 genes, of which six were considered candidate genes. Fine-mapping with 12 SNPs and 15 Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers narrowed down the interval to ~ 69 Kb, which comprised the candidate genes Lus10025882 and Lus10025891. The latter, a G-type S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) is the most likely resistance gene because it is the only polymorphic one. In addition, Fusarium wilt resistance genes previously isolated in tomato and Arabidopsis belonged to the SRLK class. The robust KASP markers can be used in marker-assisted breeding to select for this major Fusarium wilt resistance locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - T Edwards
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - C Zheng
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - H M Booker
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T Islam
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - K Nabetani
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H R Kutcher
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - O Molina
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - F M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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14
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Locci F, Parker JE. Plant NLR immunity activation and execution: a biochemical perspective. Open Biol 2024; 14:230387. [PMID: 38262605 PMCID: PMC10805603 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy cell-surface and intracellular receptors to detect pathogen attack and trigger innate immune responses. Inside host cells, families of nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins serve as pathogen sensors or downstream mediators of immune defence outputs and cell death, which prevent disease. Established genetic underpinnings of NLR-mediated immunity revealed various strategies plants adopt to combat rapidly evolving microbial pathogens. The molecular mechanisms of NLR activation and signal transmission to components controlling immunity execution were less clear. Here, we review recent protein structural and biochemical insights to plant NLR sensor and signalling functions. When put together, the data show how different NLR families, whether sensors or signal transducers, converge on nucleotide-based second messengers and cellular calcium to confer immunity. Although pathogen-activated NLRs in plants engage plant-specific machineries to promote defence, comparisons with mammalian NLR immune receptor counterparts highlight some shared working principles for NLR immunity across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Xu A, Wei L, Ke J, Peng C, Li P, Fan C, Yu X, Li B. ETI signaling nodes are involved in resistance of Hawaii 7996 to Ralstonia solanacearum-induced bacterial wilt disease in tomato. Plant Signal Behav 2023; 18:2194747. [PMID: 36994774 PMCID: PMC10072054 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2194747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by the soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is a destructive disease of tomato. Tomato cultivar Hawaii 7996 is well-known for its stable resistance against R. solanacearum. However, the resistance mechanism of Hawaii 7996 has not yet been revealed. Here, we showed that Hawaii 7996 activated root cell death response and exhibited stronger defense gene induction than the susceptible cultivar Moneymaker after R. solanacearum GMI1000 infection. By employing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, we found that SlNRG1-silenced and SlADR1-silenced/knockout mutant tomato partially or completely lost resistance to bacterial wilt, indicating that helper NLRs SlADR1 and SlNRG1, the key nodes of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathways, are required for Hawaii 7996 resistance. In addition, while SlNDR1 was dispensable for the resistance of Hawaii 7996 to R. solanacearum, SlEDS1, SlSAG101a/b, and SlPAD4 were essential for the immune signaling pathways in Hawaii 7996. Overall, our results suggested that robust resistance of Hawaii 7996 to R. solanacearum relied on the involvement of multiple conserved key nodes of the ETI signaling pathways. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying tomato resistance to R. solanacearum and will accelerate the breeding of tomatoes resilient to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingjing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengfeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Changqiu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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16
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Zeng H, Zhu Q, Yuan P, Yan Y, Yi K, Du L. Calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein-mediated plant responses to biotic stresses. Plant Cell Environ 2023; 46:3680-3703. [PMID: 37575022 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a set of finely regulated mechanisms to respond to various biotic stresses. Transient changes in intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) concentration have been well documented to act as cellular signals in coupling environmental stimuli to appropriate physiological responses with astonishing accuracy and specificity in plants. Calmodulins (CaMs) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are extensively characterized as important classes of Ca2+ sensors. The spatial-temporal coordination between Ca2+ transients, CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins is critical for plant responses to environmental stresses. Ca2+ -loaded CaMs/CMLs interact with and regulate a broad spectrum of target proteins, such as ion transporters (including channels, pumps, and antiporters), transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, metabolic enzymes and proteins with unknown biological functions. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying how CaMs/CMLs are involved in the regulation of plant responses to diverse biotic stresses including pathogen infections and herbivore attacks. Recent discoveries of crucial functions of CaMs/CMLs and their target proteins in biotic stress resistance revealed through physiological, molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses have been described, and intriguing insights into the CaM/CML-mediated regulatory network are proposed. Perspectives for future directions in understanding CaM/CML-mediated signalling pathways in plant responses to biotic stresses are discussed. The application of accumulated knowledge of CaM/CML-mediated signalling in biotic stress responses into crop cultivation would improve crop resistance to various biotic stresses and safeguard our food production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqing Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Keke Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Xie Q, Wei B, Zhan Z, He Q, Wu K, Chen Y, Liu S, He C, Niu X, Li C, Tang C, Tao J. Arabidopsis membrane protein AMAR1 interaction with type III effector XopAM triggers a hypersensitive response. Plant Physiol 2023; 193:2768-2787. [PMID: 37648267 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficient infection of plants by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) depends on its type III effectors (T3Es). Although the functions of AvrE family T3Es have been reported in some bacteria, the member XopAM in Xcc has not been studied. As XopAM has low sequence similarity to reported AvrE-T3Es and different reports have shown that these T3Es have different targets in hosts, we investigated the functions of XopAM in the Xcc-plant interaction. Deletion of xopAM from Xcc reduced its virulence in cruciferous crops but increased virulence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Col-0, indicating that XopAM may perform opposite functions depending on the host species. We further found that XopAM is a lipase that may target the cytomembrane and that this activity might be enhanced by its membrane-targeted protein XOPAM-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (AMAR1) in Arabidopsis Col-0. The binding of XopAM to AMAR1 induced an intense hypersensitive response that restricted Xcc proliferation. Our results showed that the roles of XopAM in Xcc infection are not the same as those of other AvrE-T3Es, indicating that the functions of this type of T3E have differentiated during long-term bacterium‒host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bingzheng Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhaohong Zhan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiguang He
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Kejian Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shiyao Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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18
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Meier ND, Seward K, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Calponin homology domain containing kinesin, KIS1, regulates chloroplast stromule formation and immunity. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi7407. [PMID: 37878708 PMCID: PMC10599616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast morphology changes during immunity, giving rise to tubule-like structures known as stromules. Stromules extend along microtubules and anchor to actin filaments along nuclei to promote perinuclear chloroplast clustering. This facilitates the transport of defense molecules/proteins from chloroplasts to the nucleus. Evidence for a direct role for stromules in immunity is lacking since, currently, there are no known genes that regulate stromule biogenesis. We show that a calponin homology (CH) domain containing kinesin, KIS1 (kinesin required for inducing stromules 1), is required for stromule formation during TNL [TIR (Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor)-type nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat]-immune receptor-mediated immunity. Furthermore, KIS1 is required for TNL-mediated immunity to bacterial and viral pathogens. The microtubule-binding motor domain of KIS1 is required for stromule formation while the actin-binding, CH domain is required for perinuclear chloroplast clustering. We show that KIS1 functions through early immune signaling components, EDS1 and PAD4, with salicylic acid-induced stromules requiring KIS1. Thus, KIS1 represents a player in stromule biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Meier
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kody Seward
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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19
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Ivanov PA, Gasanova TV, Repina MN, Zamyatnin AA. Signaling and Resistosome Formation in Plant Innate Immunity to Viruses: Is There a Common Mechanism of Antiviral Resistance Conserved across Kingdoms? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13625. [PMID: 37686431 PMCID: PMC10487714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific proteins, including coat proteins, movement proteins, replication proteins, and suppressors of RNA interference are capable of triggering the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a type of cell death in plants. The main cell death signaling pathway involves direct interaction of HR-inducing proteins with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLR) proteins encoded by plant resistance genes. Singleton NLR proteins act as both sensor and helper. In other cases, NLR proteins form an activation network leading to their oligomerization and formation of membrane-associated resistosomes, similar to metazoan inflammasomes and apoptosomes. In resistosomes, coiled-coil domains of NLR proteins form Ca2+ channels, while toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor-type (TIR) domains form oligomers that display NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. This review is intended to highlight the current knowledge on plant innate antiviral defense signaling pathways in an attempt to define common features of antiviral resistance across the kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Tatiana V. Gasanova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Maria N. Repina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (P.A.I.); (T.V.G.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius 354340, Krasnodar Region, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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20
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Huang S, Jia A, Ma S, Sun Y, Chang X, Han Z, Chai J. NLR signaling in plants: from resistosomes to second messengers. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:776-787. [PMID: 37394345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) have a critical role in plant immunity through direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors. Recent studies have demonstrated that such recognition induces formation of large protein complexes called resistosomes to mediate NLR immune signaling. Some NLR resistosomes activate Ca2+ influx by acting as Ca2+-permeable channels, whereas others function as active NADases to catalyze the production of nucleotide-derived second messengers. In this review we summarize these studies on pathogen effector-induced assembly of NLR resistosomes and resistosome-mediated production of the second messengers of Ca2+ and nucleotide derivatives. We also discuss downstream events and regulation of resistosome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Huang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aolin Jia
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Cologne 50829, Germany; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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21
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Förderer A, Kourelis J. NLR immune receptors: structure and function in plant disease resistance. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1473-1483. [PMID: 37602488 PMCID: PMC10586772 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are a diverse family of intracellular immune receptors that play crucial roles in recognizing and responding to pathogen invasion in plants. This review discusses the overall model of NLR activation and provides an in-depth analysis of the different NLR domains, including N-terminal executioner domains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) module, and the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Understanding the structure-function relationship of these domains is essential for developing effective strategies to improve plant disease resistance and agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Förderer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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22
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Wang Z, Liu X, Yu J, Yin S, Cai W, Kim NH, El Kasmi F, Dangl JL, Wan L. Plasma membrane association and resistosome formation of plant helper immune receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222036120. [PMID: 37523563 PMCID: PMC10410763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222036120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular plant immune receptors, termed NLRs (Nucleotide-binding Leucine-rich repeat Receptors), confer effector-triggered immunity. Sensor NLRs are responsible for pathogen effector recognition. Helper NLRs function downstream of sensor NLRs to transduce signaling and induce cell death and immunity. Activation of sensor NLRs that contain TIR (Toll/interleukin-1receptor) domains generates small molecules that induce an association between a downstream heterodimer signalosome of EDS1 (EnhancedDisease Susceptibility 1)/SAG101 (Senescence-AssociatedGene 101) and the helper NLR of NRG1 (NRequired Gene 1). Autoactive NRG1s oligomerize and form calcium signaling channels largely localized at the plasma membrane (PM). The molecular mechanisms of helper NLR PM association and effector-induced NRG1 oligomerization are not well characterized. We demonstrate that helper NLRs require positively charged residues in their N-terminal domains for phospholipid binding and PM association before and after activation, despite oligomerization and conformational changes that accompany activation. We demonstrate that effector activation of a TIR-containing sensor NLR induces NRG1 oligomerization at the PM and that the cytoplasmic pool of EDS1/SAG101 is critical for cell death function. EDS1/SAG101 cannot be detected in the oligomerized NRG1 resistosome, suggesting that additional unknown triggers might be required to induce the dissociation of EDS1/SAG101 from the previously described NRG1/EDS1/SAG101 heterotrimer before subsequent NRG1 oligomerization. Alternatively, the conformational changes resulting from NRG1 oligomerization abrogate the interface for EDS1/SAG101 association. Our data provide observations regarding dynamic PM association during helper NLR activation and underpin an updated model for effector-induced NRG1 resistosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiqing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Shuining Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Wenjuan Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Nak Hyun Kim
- HHMI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tubingen, 72076Tubingen, Germany
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- HHMI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
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23
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Locci F, Wang J, Parker JE. TIR-domain enzymatic activities at the heart of plant immunity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 74:102373. [PMID: 37150050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin-1/resistance (TIR) domain proteins contribute to innate immunity in all cellular kingdoms. TIR modules are activated by self-association and in plants, mammals and bacteria, some TIRs have enzymatic functions that are crucial for disease resistance and/or cell death. Many plant TIR-only proteins and pathogen effector-activated TIR-domain NLR receptors are NAD+ hydrolysing enzymes. Biochemical, structural and functional studies established that for both plant TIR-protein types, and certain bacterial TIRs, NADase activity generates bioactive signalling intermediates which promote resistance. A set of plant TIR-catalysed nucleotide isomers was discovered which bind to and activate EDS1 complexes, promoting their interactions with co-functioning helper NLRs. Analysis of TIR enzymes across kingdoms fills an important gap in understanding how pathogen disturbance induces TIR-regulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany; Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
While working for the United States Department of Agriculture on the North Dakota Agricultural College campus in Fargo, North Dakota, in the 1940s and 1950s, Harold H. Flor formulated the genetic principles for coevolving plant host-pathogen interactions that govern disease resistance or susceptibility. His 'gene-for-gene' legacy runs deep in modern plant pathology and continues to inform molecular models of plant immune recognition and signaling. In this review, we discuss recent biochemical insights to plant immunity conferred by nucleotide-binding domain/leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptors, which are major gene-for-gene resistance determinants in nature and cultivated crops. Structural and biochemical analyses of pathogen-activated NLR oligomers (resistosomes) reveal how different NLR subtypes converge in various ways on calcium (Ca2+) signaling to promote pathogen immunity and host cell death. Especially striking is the identification of nucleotide-based signals generated enzymatically by plant toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain NLRs. These small molecules are part of an emerging family of TIR-produced cyclic and noncyclic nucleotide signals that steer immune and cell-death responses in bacteria, mammals, and plants. A combined genetic, molecular, and biochemical understanding of plant NLR activation and signaling provides exciting new opportunities for combatting diseases in crops. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Song
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Duesseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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25
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Iakovidis M, Chung EH, Saile SC, Sauberzweig E, El Kasmi F. The emerging frontier of plant immunity's core hubs. FEBS J 2023; 290:3311-3335. [PMID: 35668694 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing world population, increasingly frequent extreme weather events and conditions, emergence of novel devastating crop pathogens and the social strive for quality food products represent a huge challenge for current and future agricultural production systems. To address these challenges and find realistic solutions, it is becoming more important by the day to understand the complex interactions between plants and the environment, mainly the associated organisms, but in particular pathogens. In the past several years, research in the fields of plant pathology and plant-microbe interactions has enabled tremendous progress in understanding how certain receptor-based plant innate immune systems function to successfully prevent infections and diseases. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of these new ground-breaking discoveries and point out strategies of how pathogens counteract the function of important core convergence hubs of the plant immune system. For practical reasons, we specifically place emphasis on potential applications that can be detracted by such discoveries and what challenges the future of agriculture has to face, but also how these challenges could be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Iakovidis
- Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology Department, Mediterranean Agricultural Institute of Chania, Greece
| | - Eui-Hwan Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Svenja C Saile
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Sauberzweig
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important commercial crops worldwide. Soybean hosts diverse microbes, including pathogens that may cause diseases and symbionts that contribute to nitrogen fixation. Study on soybean-microbe interactions to understand pathogenesis, immunity, and symbiosis represents an important research direction toward plant protection in soybean. In terms of immune mechanisms, current research in soybean lags far behind that in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice. In this review, we summarized the shared and unique mechanisms involved in the two-tiered plant immunity and the virulence function of pathogen effectors between soybean and Arabidopsis, providing a molecular roadmap for future research on soybean immunity. We also discussed disease resistance engineering and future perspectives in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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27
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Gong Y, Tian L, Kontos I, Li J, Li X. Plant immune signaling network mediated by helper NLRs. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 73:102354. [PMID: 37003229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are intracellular immune receptors for pathogen recognition and signaling. They include sensor NLRs (sNLRs) that detect pathogens, and helper NLRs, which transduce downstream immune signals. During immune responses, both membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and sNLRs rely on helper NLRs for signal transduction. The Arabidopsis helper NLRs, ADR1s and NRG1s, along with their interacting lipase-like protein dimers, are differentially required by sNLRs. Recent structural and biochemical analyses suggest that they assemble into oligomeric resistosomes with lipase-like protein dimers upon perception of small molecules produced from enzymatic activities of upstream TIR-type sNLRs. As a result, ADR1s and NRG1s form membrane calcium channels to induce immune responses and cell death. In contrast, Solanaceous NRC clade helper NLRs transduce signals from many sNLRs and some PRRs. Here, we summarize the recent advances in plant helper NLR research, with a focus on their structural and biochemical mechanisms in immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Gong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ilias Kontos
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Josh Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Rm 301, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Canada.
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28
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Jia A, Huang S, Ma S, Chang X, Han Z, Chai J. TIR-catalyzed nucleotide signaling molecules in plant defense. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 73:102334. [PMID: 36702016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll and interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a conserved immune module in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signaling regulated by TIR-only proteins or TIR domain-containing intracellular immune receptors is critical for plant immunity. Recent studies demonstrated that TIR domains function as enzymes encoding a variety of activities, which manifest different mechanisms for regulation of plant immunity. These enzymatic activities catalyze metabolism of NAD+, ATP and other nucleic acids, generating structurally diversified nucleotide metabolites. Signaling roles have been revealed for some TIR enzymatic products that can act as second messengers to induce plant immunity. Herein, we summarize our current knowledge about catalytic production of these nucleotide metabolites and their roles in plant immune signaling. We also highlight outstanding questions that are likely to be the focus of future investigations about TIR-produced signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Jia
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Cologne 50829, Germany.
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29
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Ao K, Rohmann PFW, Huang S, Li L, Lipka V, Chen S, Wiermer M, Li X. Puncta-localized TRAF domain protein TC1b contributes to the autoimmunity of snc1. Plant J 2023; 114:591-612. [PMID: 36799433 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors play important roles in the perception of pathogens and initiation of immune responses in both plants and animals. Intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type receptors constitute a major class of receptors in vascular plants. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1), a gain-of-function mutation in the NLR gene SNC1 leads to SNC1 overaccumulation and constitutive activation of defense responses. From a CRISPR/Cas9-based reverse genetics screen in the snc1 autoimmune background, we identified that mutations in TRAF CANDIDATE 1b (TC1b), a gene encoding a protein with four tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domains, can suppress snc1 phenotypes. TC1b does not appear to be a general immune regulator as it is not required for defense mediated by other tested immune receptors. TC1b also does not physically associate with SNC1, affect SNC1 accumulation, or affect signaling of the downstream helper NLRs represented by ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1-L2 (ADR1-L2), suggesting that TC1b impacts snc1 autoimmunity in a unique way. TC1b can form oligomers and localizes to punctate structures of unknown function. The puncta localization of TC1b strictly requires its coiled-coil (CC) domain, whereas the functionality of TC1b requires the four TRAF domains in addition to the CC. Overall, we uncovered the TRAF domain protein TC1b as a novel positive contributor to plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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30
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Liu Y, Zhang YM, Tang Y, Chen JQ, Shao ZQ. The evolution of plant NLR immune receptors and downstream signal components. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 73:102363. [PMID: 37094492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Along with the emergence of green plants on this planet one billion years ago, the nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene family originated and diverged into at least three subclasses. Two of them, with either characterized N-terminal toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) or coiled-coil (CC) domain, serve as major types of immune receptor of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants, whereas the one having a N-terminal Resistance to powdery mildew8 (RPW8) domain, functions as signal transfer component to them. In this review, we briefly summarized the history of identification of diverse NLR subclasses across Viridiplantae lineages during the establishment of NLR category, and highlighted recent advances on the evolution of NLR genes and several key downstream signal components under the background of ecological adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Maruta N, Sorbello M, Lim BYJ, McGuinness HY, Shi Y, Ve T, Kobe B. TIR domain-associated nucleotides with functions in plant immunity and beyond. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 73:102364. [PMID: 37086529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
TIR (Toll/interlukin-1 receptor) domains are found in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, featured in proteins generally associated with immune functions. In plants, they are found in a large group of NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors), NLR-like proteins and TIR-only proteins. They are also present in effector proteins from phytopathogenic bacteria that are associated with suppression of host immunity. TIR domains from plants and bacteria are enzymes that cleave NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and other nucleotides. In dicot plants, TIR-derived signalling molecules activate downstream immune signalling proteins, the EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) family proteins, and in turn helper NLRs. Recent work has brought major advances in understanding how TIR domains work, how they produce signalling molecules and how these products signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Maruta
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mitchell Sorbello
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Helen Y McGuinness
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Wang Z, Yang L, Hua J. The intracellular immune receptor like gene SNC1 is an enhancer of effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:874-884. [PMID: 36449532 PMCID: PMC9922396 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain many nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that are postulated to function as intracellular immune receptors but do not yet have an identified function during plant-pathogen interactions. SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1) is one such NLR protein of the Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) type, despite its well-characterized gain-of-function activity and its involvement in autoimmunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we investigated the role of SNC1 in natural plant-pathogen interactions and genetically tested the importance of the enzymatic activities of its TIR domain for its function. The SNC1 loss-of-function mutants were more susceptible to avirulent bacterial pathogen strains of Pseudomonas syringae containing specific effectors, especially under constant light growth condition. The mutants also had reduced defense gene expression induction and hypersensitive responses upon infection by avirulent pathogens under constant light growth condition. In addition, genetic and biochemical studies supported that the TIR enzymatic activity of SNC1 is required for its gain-of-function activity. In sum, our study uncovers the role of SNC1 as an amplifier of plant defense responses during natural plant-pathogen interactions and indicates its use of enzymatic activity and intermolecular interactions for triggering autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Wang Y, Tang M, Zhang Y, Huang M, Wei L, Lin Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Li B, Yu X. Coordinated regulation of plant defense and autoimmunity by paired trihelix transcription factors ASR3/AITF1 in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2023; 237:914-929. [PMID: 36266950 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive pathogens and induce robust transcriptional reprogramming to rapidly achieve immunity. The mechanisms of how immune-related genes are transcriptionally regulated remain largely unknown. Previously, the trihelix transcriptional factor ARABIDOPSIS SH4-RELATED 3 (ASR3) was shown to negatively regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we identified another trihelix family member ASR3-Interacting Transcriptional Factor 1 (AITF1) as an interacting protein of ASR3. ASR3-Interacting Transcriptional Factor 1 and ASR3 form heterogenous and homogenous dimers in planta. Both aitf1 and asr3 single mutants exhibited increased resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, but the double mutant showed reduced resistance, suggesting AITF1 and ASR3 interdependently regulate immune gene expression and resistance. Overexpression of AITF1 triggered autoimmunity dependently on its DNA-binding ability and the presence of ASR3. Notably, autoimmunity caused by overexpression of AITF1 was dependent on a TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) protein suppressor of AITF1-induced autoimmunity 1 (SAA1), as well as enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), the central regulator of TNL signaling. ASR3-Interacting Transcriptional Factor 1 and ASR3 directly activated SAA1 expression through binding to the GT-boxes in SAA1 promoter. Collectively, our results revealed a mechanism of trihelix transcription factor complex in regulating immune gene expression, thereby modulating plant disease resistance and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Meng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mengling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Prautsch J, Erickson JL, Özyürek S, Gormanns R, Franke L, Lu Y, Marx J, Niemeyer F, Parker JE, Stuttmann J, Schattat MH. Effector XopQ-induced stromule formation in Nicotiana benthamiana depends on ETI signaling components ADR1 and NRG1. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:161-176. [PMID: 36259930 PMCID: PMC9806647 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Nicotiana benthamiana, the expression of the Xanthomonas effector XANTHOMONAS OUTER PROTEIN Q (XopQ) triggers RECOGNITION OF XOPQ1 (ROQ1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses accompanied by the accumulation of plastids around the nucleus and the formation of stromules. Both plastid clustering and stromules were proposed to contribute to ETI-related hypersensitive cell death and thereby to plant immunity. Whether these reactions are directly connected to ETI signaling events has not been tested. Here, we utilized transient expression experiments to determine whether XopQ-triggered plastid reactions are a result of XopQ perception by the immune receptor ROQ1 or a consequence of XopQ virulence activity. We found that N. benthamiana mutants lacking ROQ1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1, or the helper NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT IMMUNE RECEPTORS (NLRs) N-REQUIRED GENE 1 (NRG1) and ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE GENE 1 (ADR1), fail to elicit XopQ-dependent host cell death and stromule formation. Mutants lacking only NRG1 lost XopQ-dependent cell death but retained some stromule induction that was abolished in the nrg1_adr1 double mutant. This analysis aligns XopQ-triggered stromules with the ETI signaling cascade but not to host programmed cell death. Furthermore, data reveal that XopQ-triggered plastid clustering is not strictly linked to stromule formation during ETI. Our data suggest that stromule formation, in contrast to chloroplast perinuclear dynamics, is an integral part of the N. benthamiana ETI response and that both NRG1 and ADR1 hNLRs play a role in this ETI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Prautsch
- Biology, Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jessica Lee Erickson
- Biology, Plant Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut for Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Sedef Özyürek
- Biology, Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rahel Gormanns
- Biology, Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Lars Franke
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Yang Lu
- Biology, Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jolina Marx
- Leibniz-Institut for Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Frederik Niemeyer
- Biology, Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Biology, Plant Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany
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Johanndrees O, Baggs EL, Uhlmann C, Locci F, Läßle HL, Melkonian K, Käufer K, Dongus JA, Nakagami H, Krasileva KV, Parker JE, Lapin D. Variation in plant Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain protein dependence on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:626-642. [PMID: 36227084 PMCID: PMC9806590 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are integral to immune systems across all kingdoms. In plants, TIRs are present in nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, NLR-like, and TIR-only proteins. Although TIR-NLR and TIR signaling in plants require the ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) protein family, TIRs persist in species that have no EDS1 members. To assess whether particular TIR groups evolved with EDS1, we searched for TIR-EDS1 co-occurrence patterns. Using a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of TIR domains from 39 algal and land plant species, we identified 4 TIR families that are shared by several plant orders. One group occurred in TIR-NLRs of eudicots and another in TIR-NLRs across eudicots and magnoliids. Two further groups were more widespread. A conserved TIR-only group co-occurred with EDS1 and members of this group elicit EDS1-dependent cell death. In contrast, a maize (Zea mays) representative of TIR proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats was also present in species without EDS1 and induced EDS1-independent cell death. Our data provide a phylogeny-based plant TIR classification and identify TIRs that appear to have evolved with and are dependent on EDS1, while others have EDS1-independent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Uhlmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henriette L Läßle
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiara Käufer
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
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36
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Wang J, Song W, Chai J. Structure, biochemical function, and signaling mechanism of plant NLRs. Mol Plant 2023; 16:75-95. [PMID: 36415130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors, including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years. Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors, and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels. Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified. These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+ in triggering plant immune signaling. In this review, we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+ channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling. We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+ in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Zönnchen J, Gantner J, Lapin D, Barthel K, Eschen-Lippold L, Erickson JL, Villanueva SL, Zantop S, Kretschmer C, Joosten MHAJ, Parker JE, Guerois R, Stuttmann J. EDS1 complexes are not required for PRR responses and execute TNL-ETI from the nucleus in Nicotiana benthamiana. New Phytol 2022; 236:2249-2264. [PMID: 36151929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterodimeric complexes incorporating the lipase-like proteins EDS1 with PAD4 or SAG101 are central hubs in plant innate immunity. EDS1 functions encompass signal relay from TIR domain-containing intracellular NLR-type immune receptors (TNLs) towards RPW8-type helper NLRs (RNLs) and, in Arabidopsis thaliana, bolstering of signaling and resistance mediated by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Increasing evidence points to the activation of EDS1 complexes by small molecule binding. We used CRISPR/Cas-generated mutant lines and agroinfiltration-based complementation assays to interrogate functions of EDS1 complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana. We did not detect impaired PRR signaling in N. benthamiana lines deficient in EDS1 complexes or RNLs. Intriguingly, in assays monitoring functions of SlEDS1-NbEDS1 complexes in N. benthamiana, mutations within the SlEDS1 catalytic triad could abolish or enhance TNL immunity. Furthermore, nuclear EDS1 accumulation was sufficient for N. benthamiana TNL (Roq1) immunity. Reinforcing PRR signaling in Arabidopsis might be a derived function of the TNL/EDS1 immune sector. Although Solanaceae EDS1 functionally depends on catalytic triad residues in some contexts, our data do not support binding of a TNL-derived small molecule in the triad environment. Whether and how nuclear EDS1 activity connects to membrane pore-forming RNLs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Zönnchen
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Johannes Gantner
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Barthel
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jessica L Erickson
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Zantop
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphael Guerois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), IBITECS, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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Abstract
Rapid climate change caused by human activity is threatening global crop production and food security worldwide. In particular, the emergence of new infectious plant pathogens and the geographical expansion of plant disease incidence result in serious yield losses of major crops annually. Since climate change has accelerated recently and is expected to worsen in the future, we have reached an inflection point where comprehensive preparations to cope with the upcoming crisis can no longer be delayed. Development of new plant breeding technologies including site-directed nucleases offers the opportunity to mitigate the effects of the changing climate. Therefore, understanding the effects of climate change on plant innate immunity and identification of elite genes conferring disease resistance are crucial for the engineering of new crop cultivars and plant improvement strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss the effects of major environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration on plant immunity systems. This review provides a strategy for securing crop-based nutrition against severe pathogen attacks in the era of climate change.
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Eastman S, Bayless A, Guo M. The Nucleotide Revolution: Immunity at the Intersection of Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor Domains, Nucleotides, and Ca 2. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:964-976. [PMID: 35881867 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0132-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the enzymatic activity of the toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain protein SARM1 five years ago preceded a flood of discoveries regarding the nucleotide substrates and products of TIR domains in plants, animals, bacteria, and archaea. These discoveries into the activity of TIR domains coincide with major advances in understanding the structure and mechanisms of NOD-like receptors and the mutual dependence of pattern recognition receptor- and effector-triggered immunity (PTI and ETI, respectively) in plants. It is quickly becoming clear that TIR domains and TIR-produced nucleotides are ancestral signaling molecules that modulate immunity and that their activity is closely associated with Ca2+ signaling. TIR domain research now bridges the separate disciplines of molecular plant- and animal-microbe interactions, neurology, and prokaryotic immunity. A cohesive framework for understanding the role of enzymatic TIR domains in diverse organisms will help unite the research of these disparate fields. Here, we review known products of TIR domains in plants, animals, bacteria, and archaea and use context gained from animal and prokaryotic TIR domain systems to present a model for TIR domains, nucleotides, and Ca2+ at the intersection of PTI and ETI in plant immunity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Adam Bayless
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, U.S.A
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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Bernoux M, Zetzsche H, Stuttmann J. Connecting the dots between cell surface- and intracellular-triggered immune pathways in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 69:102276. [PMID: 36001920 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect microbial molecules via surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular immune receptors from the nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) family. The corresponding pattern-triggered (PTI) and effector-triggered (ETI) immunity were long considered separate pathways, although they converge on largely similar cellular responses, such as calcium influx and overlapping gene reprogramming. A number of studies recently uncovered genetic and molecular interconnections between PTI and ETI, highlighting the complexity of the plant immune network. Notably, PRR- and NLR-mediated immune responses require and potentiate each other to reach an optimal immune output. How PTI and ETI connect to confer robust immunity in different plant species, including crops will be an exciting future research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bernoux
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Holger Zetzsche
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Quedlinburg, Germany.
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43
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Rhodes J, Zipfel C, Jones JDG, Ngou BPM. Concerted actions of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:501-11. [PMID: 35762737 DOI: 10.1042/EBC20220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilise cell-surface immune receptors (functioning as pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogens. Perception of pathogens by these receptors activates immune signalling and resistance to infections. PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity have primarily been considered parallel processes contributing to disease resistance. Recent studies suggest that these two pathways are interdependent and converge at multiple nodes. This review summarises and provides a perspective on these convergent points.
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Zhang B, Liu M, Wang Y, Yuan W, Zhang H. Plant NLRs: Evolving with pathogen effectors and engineerable to improve resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018504. [PMID: 36246279 PMCID: PMC9554439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are important threats to many plants throughout their lifetimes. Plants have developed different strategies to overcome them. In the plant immunity system, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) are the most common components. And recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of how NLRs function in plants. In this review, we summarize the studies on the mechanism of NLRs in the processes of effector recognition, resistosome formation, and defense activation. Typical NLRs are divided into three groups according to the different domains at their N termini and function in interrelated ways in immunity. Atypical NLRs contain additional integrated domains (IDs), some of which directly interact with pathogen effectors. Plant NLRs evolve with pathogen effectors and exhibit specific recognition. Meanwhile, some NLRs have been successfully engineered to confer resistance to new pathogens based on accumulated studies. In summary, some pioneering processes have been obtained in NLR researches, though more questions arise as a result of the huge number of NLRs. However, with a broadened understanding of the mechanism, NLRs will be important components for engineering in plant resistance improvement.
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45
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Kourelis J, Contreras MP, Harant A, Pai H, Lüdke D, Adachi H, Derevnina L, Wu CH, Kamoun S. The helper NLR immune protein NRC3 mediates the hypersensitive cell death caused by the cell-surface receptor Cf-4. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010414. [PMID: 36137148 PMCID: PMC9543701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate immune responses that can include the hypersensitive cell death. However, the pathways that link PRRs to the cell death response are poorly understood. Here, we show that the cell surface receptor-like protein Cf-4 requires the intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) NRC3 to trigger a confluent cell death response upon detection of the fungal effector Avr4 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. This NRC3 activity requires an intact N-terminal MADA motif, a conserved signature of coiled-coil (CC)-type plant NLRs that is required for resistosome-mediated immune responses. A chimeric protein with the N-terminal α1 helix of Arabidopsis ZAR1 swapped into NRC3 retains the capacity to mediate Cf-4 hypersensitive cell death. Pathogen effectors acting as suppressors of NRC3 can suppress Cf-4-triggered hypersensitive cell-death. Our findings link the NLR resistosome model to the hypersensitive cell death caused by a cell surface PRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio P. Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHW); (SK)
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHW); (SK)
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Zhou Y, Huang S, Tang W, Wu Z, Sun S, Qiu Y, Wang H, Chen X, Tang X, Xiao F, Liu Y, Niu X. Genomic Variation and Host Interaction among Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Strains in Actinidia chinensis ‘Hongyang’. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9743. [PMID: 36077140 PMCID: PMC9456109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit bacterial canker is a recent epidemic disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), which has undergone worldwide expansion in a short time and resulted in significant economic losses. ‘Hongyang’ (Actinidia chinensis), a widely grown cultivar because of its health-beneficial nutrients and appreciated red-centered inner pericarp, is highly sensitive to Psa. In this work, ten Psa strains were isolated from ‘Hongyang’ and sequenced for genome analysis. The results indicated divergences in pathogenicity and pathogenic-related genes among the Psa strains. Significantly, the interruption at the 596 bp of HrpR in two low-pathogenicity strains reemphasized this gene, expressing a transcriptional regulator for the effector secretion system, as an important pathogenicity-associated locus of Psa. The transcriptome analysis of ‘Hongyang’ infected with different Psa strains was performed by RNA-seq of stem tissues locally (at the inoculation site) and systemically. Psa infection re-programmed the host genes expression, and the susceptibility to Psa might be attributed to the down-regulation of several genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, especially calcium signaling transduction, as well as fatty acid elongation. This suppression was found in both low- and high-pathogenicity Psa inoculated tissues, but the effect was stronger with more virulent strains. Taken together, the divergences of P. syringae pv. actinidiae in pathogenicity, genome, and resulting transcriptomic response of A. chinensis provide insights into unraveling the molecular mechanism of Psa-kiwifruit interactions and resistance improvement in the kiwifruit crop.
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47
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Li J, Tao X. EDS1 modules as two-tiered receptor complexes for TIR-catalyzed signaling molecules to activate plant immunity. Stress Biol 2022; 2:30. [PMID: 37676367 PMCID: PMC10442000 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain detect pathogen effectors to produce TIR-catalyzed signaling molecules for activation of plant immunity. Plant immune signaling by TIR-containing NLR (TNL) proteins converges on Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) and its direct partners Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) or Senescence-Associated Gene 101 (SAG101). TNL signaling also require helper NLRs N requirement gene 1 (NRG1) and activated disease resistance 1 (ADR1). In two recent remarkable papers published in Science, the authors show that the TIR-containing proteins catalyze and produce two types of signaling molecules, ADPr-ATP/diADPR and pRib-AMP/ADP. Importantly, they demonstrate that EDS1-SAG101 and EDS1-PAD4 modules are the receptor complexes for ADPr-ATP/diADPRp and Rib-AMP/ADP, respectively, which allosterically promote EDS1-SAG101 interaction with NRG1 and EDS1-PAD4 interaction with ADR1. Thus, two different small molecules catalyzed by TIR-containing proteins selectively activate the downstream two distinct branches of EDS1-mediated immune signalings. These breakthrough studies significantly advance our understanding of TNL downstream signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Liu N, Chen H, Wang X, Wang D, Fu ZQ. TIRggering cell death via two enzymatic reactions. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1263-1265. [PMID: 35808828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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He L, Han Z, Zang Y, Dai F, Chen J, Jin S, Huang C, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Xu B, Qi G, Cao Y, Yan S, Xuan L, Zhang T, Si Z, Hu Y. Advanced genes expression pattern greatly contributes to divergence in Verticillium wilt resistance between Gossypium barbadense and Gossupium hirsutum. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:979585. [PMID: 35979082 PMCID: PMC9376480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.979585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium, representing one of the world's major pathogens, causes Verticillium wilt in important woody species, ornamentals, agricultural, etc., consequently resulting in a serious decline in production and quality, especially in cotton. Gossupium hirutum and Gossypium barbadense are two kinds of widely cultivated cotton species that suffer from Verticillium wilt, while G. barbadense has much higher resistance toward it than G. hirsutum. However, the molecular mechanism regarding their divergence in Verticillium wilt resistance remains largely unknown. In the current study, G. barbadense cv. Hai7124 and G. hirsutum acc. TM-1 were compared at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h post-inoculation (hpi) utilizing high throughput RNA-Sequencing. As a result, a total of 3,549 and 4,725 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively. In particular, the resistant type Hai7124 displayed an earlier and faster detection and signaling response to the Verticillium dahliae infection and demonstrated higher expression levels of defense-related genes over TM-1 with respect to transcription factors, plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of divergence in Verticillium wilt resistance between G. barbadense and G. hirsutum and important candidate genes for breeding V. dahliae resistant cotton cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zegang Han
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihao Zang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Dai
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangkun Jin
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chujun Huang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juncheng Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoan Qi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Cao
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunyi Yan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Xuan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanfeng Si
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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50
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Abstract
In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a protein domain shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/Interleukin-1/Resistance-gene (TIR) domain. The TIR domain is found in several protein architectures and was defined as an adaptor mediating protein-protein interactions in animal innate immunity and developmental signaling pathways. However, studies of nerve degeneration in animals, and subsequent breakthroughs in plant, bacterial and archaeal systems, revealed that TIR domains possess enzymatic activities. We provide a synthesis of TIR functions and the role of various related TIR enzymatic products in evolutionarily diverse immune systems. These studies may ultimately guide interventions that would span the tree of life, from treating human neurodegenerative disorders and bacterial infections, to preventing plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kow Essuman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marc T. Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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