1
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Saha S, Ozlu MG, Chowdhury SN, Diroll BT, Schaller RD, Kildishev A, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Tailoring the Thickness-Dependent Optical Properties of Conducting Nitrides and Oxides for Epsilon-Near-Zero-Enhanced Photonic Applications. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2109546. [PMID: 35917390 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of the emerging photonic materials, conducting nitrides and oxides, especially their tailorability, large damage thresholds, and, importantly, the so-called epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) behavior, have enabled novel photonic phenomena spanning optical circuitry, tunable metasurfaces, and nonlinear optical devices. This work explores direct control of the optical properties of polycrystalline titanium nitride (TiN) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) by tailoring the film thickness, and their potential for ENZ-enhanced photonic applications. This study demonstrates that TiN-AZO bilayers support Ferrell-Berreman modes using the thickness-dependent ENZ resonances in the AZO films operating in the telecom wavelengths spanning from 1470 to 1750 nm. The bilayer stacks also act as strong light absorbers in the ultraviolet regime using the radiative ENZ modes and the Fabry-Perot modes in the constituent TiN films. The studied Berreman resonators exhibit optically induced reflectance modulation of 15% with picosecond response time. Together with the optical response tailorability of conducting oxides and nitrides, using the field enhancement near the tunable ENZ regime can enable a wide range of nonlinear optical phenomena, including all-optical switching, time refraction, and high-harmonic generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Saha
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mustafa Goksu Ozlu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah N Chowdhury
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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2
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Sygletou M, Benedetti S, di Bona A, Canepa M, Bisio F, Bellingeri E. In-Operando Optical Spectroscopy of Field-Effect-Gated Al-Doped ZnO. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:3112-3118. [PMID: 36602943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) have the unique characteristics of combining optical transparency with high electrical conductivity; such a property makes them uniquely alluring for applications in visible and infrared photonics. One of their most interesting features is the large sensitivity of their optical response to the doping level. We performed the active electrical manipulation of the dielectric properties of aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO), a TCO-based on Earth-abundant elements. We actively tuned the optical and electric performances of AZO films by means of an applied voltage in a parallel-plate capacitor configuration, with SrTiO3 as the dielectric, and monitored the effect of charge injection/depletion by means of in-operando spectroscopic ellipsometry. Calculations of the optical response of the gated system allowed us to extract the spatially resolved variations in the dielectric function of the TCO and infer the injected/depleted charge profile at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sygletou
- OPTMATLAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Canepa
- OPTMATLAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146Genova, Italy
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3
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Abstract
Solar-to-chemical energy conversion via heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the sustainable approaches to tackle the growing environmental and energy challenges. Among various promising photocatalytic materials, plasmonic-driven photocatalysts feature prominent solar-driven surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Non-noble plasmonic metals (NNPMs)-based photocatalysts have been identified as a unique alternative to noble metal-based ones due to their advantages like earth-abundance, cost-effectiveness, and large-scale application capability. This review comprehensively summarizes the most recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and properties of NNPMs-based photocatalysts. After introducing the fundamental principles of SPR, the attributes and functionalities of NNPMs in governing surface/interfacial photocatalytic processes are presented. Next, the utilization of NNPMs-based photocatalytic materials for the removal of pollutants, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and organic transformations is discussed. The review concludes with current challenges and perspectives in advancing the NNPMs-based photocatalysts, which are timely and important to plasmon-based photocatalysis, a truly interdisciplinary field across materials science, chemistry, and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Sayed
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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4
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Sygletou M, Benedetti S, di Bona A, Canepa M, Bisio F. Doping-Dependent Optical Response of a Hybrid Transparent Conductive Oxide/Plasmonic Medium. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:1881-1889. [PMID: 35145571 PMCID: PMC8819857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c07567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between plasmonic nanoparticles and transparent conductive oxides is instrumental to the development of next-generation photovoltaic, optoelectronic, and energy-efficient solid-state lighting devices. We investigated the optical response of hybrid media composed of gold nanoparticles deposited on aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films with varying doping concentration by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The dielectric functions of bare AZO were addressed first, revealing doping-induced effects such as the band gap shift and the appearance of free carriers. In the hybrid media, a blue-shift of the localized surface plasmon resonance of Au NPs as a function of increasing Al doping of the substrate was observed, ascribed to the occurrence of a charge transfer between the two materials and the doping-dependent variation of the polarizability of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sygletou
- OptMatLab,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Canepa
- OptMatLab,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genova, Italy
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5
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Sun K, Xiao W, Ye S, Kalfagiannis N, Kiang KS, de Groot CHK, Muskens OL. Embedded Metal Oxide Plasmonics Using Local Plasma Oxidation of AZO for Planar Metasurfaces. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2001534. [PMID: 32419202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New methods for achieving high-quality conducting oxide metasurfaces are of great importance for a range of emerging applications from infrared thermal control coatings to epsilon-near-zero nonlinear optics. This work demonstrates the viability of plasma patterning as a technique to selectively and locally modulate the carrier density in planar Al-doped ZnO (AZO) metasurfaces without any associated topographical surface profile. This technique stands in strong contrast to conventional physical patterning which results in nonplanar textured surfaces. The approach can open up a new route to form novel photonic devices with planar metasurfaces, for example, antireflective coatings and multi-layer devices. To demonstrate the performance of the carrier-modulated AZO metasurfaces, two types of devices are realized using the demonstrated plasma patterning. A metasurface optical solar reflector is shown to produce infrared emissivity equivalent to a conventional etched design. Second, a multiband metasurface is achieved by integrating a Au visible-range metasurface on top of the planar AZO infrared metasurface. Independent control of spectral bands without significant cross-talk between infrared and visible functionalities is achieved. Local carrier tuning of conducting oxide films offers a conceptually new approach for oxide-based photonics and nanoelectronics and opens up new routes for integrated planar metasurfaces in optical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Astronomy and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Wei Xiao
- Astronomy and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sheng Ye
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolaos Kalfagiannis
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Kian Shen Kiang
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - C H Kees de Groot
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Otto L Muskens
- Astronomy and Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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6
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Bo R, Zhang F, Bu S, Nasiri N, Di Bernardo I, Tran-Phu T, Shrestha A, Chen H, Taheri M, Qi S, Zhang Y, Mulmudi HK, Lipton-Duffin J, Gaspera ED, Tricoli A. One-Step Synthesis of Porous Transparent Conductive Oxides by Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Aluminum-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:9589-9599. [PMID: 32019296 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are highly desirable for numerous applications ranging from photovoltaics to light-emitting diodes and photoelectrochemical devices. Despite progress, it remains challenging to fabricate porous TCOs (pTCOs) that may provide, for instance, a hierarchical nanostructured morphology for the separation of photoexcited hole/electron couples. Here, we present a facile process for the fabrication of porous architectures of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), a low-cost and earth-abundant transparent conductive oxide. Three-dimensional nanostructured films of AZO with tunable porosities from 10 to 98% were rapidly self-assembled from flame-made nanoparticle aerosols. Successful Al doping was confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. An optimal Al-doping level of 1% was found to induce the highest material conductivity, while a higher amount led to partial segregation and formation of aluminum oxide domains. A controllable semiconducting to conducting behavior with a resistivity change of more than 4 orders of magnitudes from about 3 × 102 to 9.4 × 106 Ω cm was observed by increasing the AZO film porosity from 10 to 98%. While the denser AZO morphologies may find immediate application as transparent electrodes, we demonstrate that the ultraporous semiconducting layers have potential as a light-driven gas sensor, showing a high response of 1.92-1 ppm of ethanol at room temperature. We believe that these tunable porous transparent conductive oxides and their scalable fabrication method may provide a highly performing material for future optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Fan Zhang
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710072 , China
- College of Energy Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Shulin Bu
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Noushin Nasiri
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
- School of engineering , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Iolanda Di Bernardo
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Thanh Tran-Phu
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Aabhash Shrestha
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Mahdiar Taheri
- Labotatory of Advanced Nanomaterials for Sustainability, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Shuhua Qi
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710072 , China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Energy Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Hemant Kumar Mulmudi
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
| | - Josh Lipton-Duffin
- Institute for Future Environments (IFE) and Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF) , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Level 6, P Block, Gardens Point campus, 2 George St. Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | | | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Engineering , Australian National University , Canberra 2601 , Australia
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7
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Behera MK, Williams LC, Pradhan SK, Bahoura M. Reduced Transition Temperature in Al:ZnO/VO 2 Based Multi-Layered Device for low Powered Smart Window Application. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1824. [PMID: 32019980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) closest to room temperature of 68–70 °C as shown by vanadium oxide (VO2), compared with other transition metal oxides, makes it a potential candidate for smart window coating. We have successfully fabricated a potential smart window device after the optimum design of a multilayered thin film structure made out of transparent conducting oxide (aluminum doped zinc oxide) and pure VO2 using pulsed laser deposition technique. This comprehensive study is based on two different configurations for multi-layered structure approach, with the intention to reduce the transition temperature, as well as to maintain the MIT properties that would strengthen the potential of the structure to be used for a smart window device. By creating a multi-layered structure, we were able to create a low powered device that can operate less than 15 V that leads to significant decline in the infrared transmission by a magnitude of over 40% and provided sufficient heat to trigger the MIT at a temperature around 60 °C, which is almost 10 °C lower than its bulk counterpart. This finding would positively impact the research on VO2 thin films, not only as smart windows but also for numerous other applications like bolometers, infrared detectors, Mott transistors and many more.
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8
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Ngo HD, Chen K, Handegård ØS, Doan AT, Ngo TD, Dao TD, Ikeda N, Ohi A, Nabatame T, Nagao T. Nanoantenna Structure with Mid-Infrared Plasmonic Niobium-Doped Titanium Oxide. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 11:E23. [PMID: 31878232 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Among conductive oxide materials, niobium doped titanium dioxide has recently emerged as a stimulating and promising contestant for numerous applications. With carrier concentration tunability, high thermal stability, mechanical and environmental robustness, this is a material-of-choice for infrared plasmonics, which can substitute indium tin oxide (ITO). In this report, to illustrate great advantages of this material, we describe successful fabrication and characterization of niobium doped titanium oxide nanoantenna arrays aiming at surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. The niobium doped titanium oxide film was deposited with co-sputtering method. Then the nanopatterned arrays were prepared by electron beam lithography combined with plasma etching and oxygen plasma ashing processes. The relative transmittance of the nanostrip and nanodisk antenna arrays was evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Polarization dependence of surface plasmon resonances on incident light was examined confirming good agreements with calculations. Simulated spectra also present red-shift as length, width or diameter of the nanostructures increase, as predicted by classical antenna theory.
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Kelly P, Zhang W, Liu M, Kuznetsova L. Engineering the structural, plasmonic, and optical properties of multilayered aluminum-doped zinc oxide metamaterial grown by pulsed laser deposition. Appl Opt 2019; 58:5681-5686. [PMID: 31503877 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.005681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We engineer a tunable multilayered aluminum-doped zinc oxide metamaterial with low-loss and high-carrier concentration using the pulsed laser deposition. The results of the scanning probe microscopy study show excellent surface quality with a root mean square roughness value of 1.88±0.07 nm. The transmission electron microscopy measurements indicate a clear layer-by-layer structure of the multilayered samples. The optical permittivity results, obtained using the ellipsometry approach, show that the hyperbolic dispersion of the dielectric constant [Re (ε‖)>0, Re (ε⊥)<0] is achieved in the near-IR spectral range. The low imaginary part of the optical permittivity Im (ε⊥)=0.003 and Im (ε‖)=0.011 is achieved for the optimized sample at the epsilon-near-zero spectral point [Re (ε⊥)=0 at 1885 nm]. The results of the ellipsometry analysis show that the systematic variation of different fabrication conditions, such as the AZO/ZnO ratio, the thickness of an individual layer, the film's total thickness, and the deposition temperatures, allows for tuning the plasma frequency ωp and damping frequency γp of the investigated samples, which is a promising approach for the future precise engineering of linear and nonlinear optical properties of multilayered aluminum-doped zinc oxide metamaterial.
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Cuevas A, Martínez de Yuso M, Vega V, González A, Prida V, Benavente J. Influence of ALD Coating Layers on the Optical Properties of Nanoporous Alumina-Based Structures. Coatings 2019; 9:43. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical changes associated with the surface coating of different metal oxides and nanolayers by the ALD technique of a nanoporous alumina structure (NPAS) obtained by the two-step anodization method were analyzed. The NPASs were coated with: (i) a single layer (SiO2 or TiO2), and (ii) a double layer of SiO2 plus Al2O3 or aluminum doped ZnO (AZO) to estimate the effect of surface layer coverage material, geometrical parameters (pore-size/porosity), and number of layers on light transmission/reflection. Chemical surface characterization of the different NPASs was carried out by analyzing XPS spectra, which allowed us to obtain an estimation of the coating layer homogeneity. Transmittance and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements were analyzed in order to detect changes in characteristic optical parameters such as band gap, refractive index, and extinction coefficients associated with the material and the characteristics of the single or double coating layers.
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11
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Das BK, Verma SK, Das T, Panda PK, Parashar K, Suar M, Parashar S. Altered electrical properties with controlled copper doping in ZnO nanoparticles infers their cytotoxicity in macrophages by ROS induction and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 297:141-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Chen C, Wang Z, Wu K, Ye H. Tunable near-infrared epsilon-near-zero and plasmonic properties of Ag-ITO co-sputtered composite films. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2018; 19:174-184. [PMID: 29511395 PMCID: PMC5827799 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1432230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Series of co-sputtered silver-indium tin oxide (Ag-ITO) films are systematically fabricated. By tuning the atomic ratio of silver, composite films are manifested to have different microstructures with limited silver amount (<3 at.%). Two stages for film morphology changing are proposed to describe different status and growth mechanisms. The introduction of silver improves the preferred orientations of In2O3 component significantly. Remarkably, dielectric permittivity of Ag-ITO films is highly adjustable, allowing the cross-over wavelengths λc to be changed by more than 300 nm through rapid post-annealing, and thus resulting in tunable epsilon-near-zero and plasmonic properties in the near-infrared region. Lower imaginary permittivity compared with pure metal films, as well as larger tunability in λc than pure ITO films suggest the potentiality of Ag-ITO films as substituted near-infrared plasmonic materials. Extended Maxwell-Garnett model is applied for effective medium approximation and the red-shifting of epsilon-near-zero region with the increase of silver content is well-fitted. Angle-variable prism coupling is carried out to reveal the surface plasmon polariton features of our films at optical communication wavelength. Broad dips in reflectance curves around 52-56° correspond to the SPP in Ag-ITO films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhewei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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13
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Garg V, Sengar BS, Awasthi V, Kumar A, Singh R, Kumar S, Mukherjee C, Atuchin VV, Mukherjee S. Investigation of Dual-Ion Beam Sputter-Instigated Plasmon Generation in TCOs: A Case Study of GZO. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:5464-5474. [PMID: 29356500 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of the high free-electron concentration in heavily doped semiconductor enables the realization of plasmons. We report a novel approach to generate plasmons in Ga:ZnO (GZO) thin films in the wide spectral range of ∼1.87-10.04 eV. In the grown GZO thin films, dual-ion beam sputtering (DIBS) instigated plasmon is observed because of the formation of different metallic nanoclusters are reported. Moreover, formation of the nanoclusters and generation of plasmons are verified by field emission scanning electron microscope, electron energy loss spectra obtained by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis. Moreover, the calculation of valence bulk, valence surface, and particle plasmon resonance energies are performed, and indexing of each plasmon peaks with corresponding plasmon energy peak of the different nanoclusters is carried out. Further, the use of DIBS-instigated plasmon-enhanced GZO can be a novel mean to improve the performance of photovoltaic, photodetector, and sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Garg
- Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore , Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Brajendra S Sengar
- Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore , Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vishnu Awasthi
- Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore , Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amitesh Kumar
- Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore , Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Singh
- Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore , Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology , Indore 452013, India
| | - C Mukherjee
- Advanced Laser and Optics Division, Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology , Indore 452013, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - V V Atuchin
- Laboratory of Optical Materials and Structures, Institute of Semiconductor Physics, SB RAS , Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Functional Electronics Laboratory, Tomsk State University , Tomsk 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Single Crystal Growth, South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Shaibal Mukherjee
- Hybrid Nanodevice Research Group (HNRG), Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore , Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
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14
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Li DH, Zhai CH, Zhou WC, Huang QH, Wang L, Zheng H, Chen L, Chen X, Zhang RJ. Effects of Bilayer Thickness on the Morphological, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Al 2O 3/ZnO Nanolaminates. Nanoscale Res Lett 2017; 12:563. [PMID: 29022280 PMCID: PMC5636778 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This report mainly focuses on the investigation of morphological, optical, and electrical properties of Al2O3/ZnO nanolaminates regulated by varying bilayer thicknesses. The growth mechanism of nanolaminates based on atomic layer deposition and Al penetration into ZnO layer are proposed. The surface roughness of Al2O3/ZnO nanolaminates can be controlled due to the smooth effect of interposed Al2O3 layers. The thickness, optical constants, and bandgap information of nanolaminates have been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry measurement. The band gap and absorption edge have a blue shift with decreasing the bilayer thickness on account of the Burstein-Moss effect, the quantum confinement effect and the characteristic evolution of nanolaminates. Also, the carrier concentrations and resistivities are found to be modified considerably among various bilayer thicknesses. The modulations of these properties are vital for Al2O3/ZnO nanolaminates to be used as transparent conductor and high resistance layer in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chen-Hui Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wen-Chao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Qing-Hua Huang
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621999, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621999, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621999, China
| | - Xin Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Rong-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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George D, Adewole M, Hassan S, Lowell D, Cui J, Zhang H, Philipose U, Lin Y. Coupling of Surface Plasmon Polariton in Al-Doped ZnO with Fabry-Pérot Resonance for Total Light Absorption. Photonics 2017; 4:35. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics4020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Zhai CH, Zhang RJ, Chen X, Zheng YX, Wang SY, Liu J, Dai N, Chen LY. Effects of Al Doping on the Properties of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition. Nanoscale Res Lett 2016; 11:407. [PMID: 27639580 PMCID: PMC5026983 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The tuning of structural, optical, and electrical properties of Al-doped ZnO films deposited by atomic layer deposition technique is reported in this work. With the increasing Al doping level, the evolution from (002) to (100) diffraction peaks indicates the change in growth mode of ZnO films. Spectroscopic ellipsometry has been applied to study the thickness, optical constants, and band gap of AZO films. Due to the increasing carrier concentration after Al doping, a blue shift of band gap and absorption edge can be observed, which can be interpreted by Burstein-Moss effect. The carrier concentration and resistivity are found to vary significantly among different doping concentration, and the optimum value is also discussed. The modulations and improvements of properties are important for Al-doped ZnO films to apply as transparent conductor in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Zhai
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Rong-Jun Zhang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xin Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083 China
| | - Yu-Xiang Zheng
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Song-You Wang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Ning Dai
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083 China
| | - Liang-Yao Chen
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433 China
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17
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Gwo S, Chen HY, Lin MH, Sun L, Li X. Nanomanipulation and controlled self-assembly of metal nanoparticles and nanocrystals for plasmonics. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5672-5716. [PMID: 27406697 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) associated with metallic nanostructures offer unique possibilities for light concentration beyond the diffraction limit, which can lead to strong field confinement and enhancement in deep subwavelength regions. In recent years, many transformative plasmonic applications have emerged, taking advantage of the spectral and spatial tunability of LSPRs enabled by near-field coupling between constituent metallic nanostructures in a variety of plasmonic metastructures (dimers, metamolecules, metasurfaces, metamaterials, etc.). For example, the "hot spot" formed at the interstitial site (gap) between two coupled metallic nanostructures in a plasmonic dimer can be spectrally tuned via the gap size. Capitalizing on these capabilities, there have been significant advances in plasmon enhanced or enabled applications in light-based science and technology, including ultrahigh-sensitivity spectroscopies, light energy harvesting, photocatalysis, biomedical imaging and theranostics, optical sensing, nonlinear optics, ultrahigh-density data storage, as well as plasmonic metamaterials and metasurfaces exhibiting unusual linear and nonlinear optical properties. In this review, we present two complementary approaches for fabricating plasmonic metastructures. We discuss how meta-atoms can be assembled into unique plasmonic metastructures using a variety of nanomanipulation methods based on single- or multiple-probes in an atomic force microscope (AFM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical tweezers, and focused electron-beam nanomanipulation. We also provide a few examples of nanoparticle metamolecules with designed properties realized in such well-controlled plasmonic metastructures. For the spatial controllability on the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales, we show that controlled self-assembly is the method of choice to realize scalable two-dimensional, and three-dimensional plasmonic metastructures. In the section of applications, we discuss some key examples of plasmonic applications based on individual hot spots or ensembles of hot spots with high uniformity and improved controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjr Gwo
- Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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18
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Roy UN, Mundle RM, Camarda GS, Cui Y, Gul R, Hossain A, Yang G, Pradhan AK, James RB. Novel ZnO:Al contacts to CdZnTe for X- and gamma-ray detectors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26384. [PMID: 27216387 PMCID: PMC4877641 DOI: 10.1038/srep26384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CdZnTe (CZT) has made a significant impact as a material for room-temperature nuclear-radiation detectors due to its potential impact in applications related to nonproliferation, homeland security, medical imaging, and gamma-ray telescopes. In all such applications, common metals, such as gold, platinum and indium, have been used as electrodes for fabricating the detectors. Because of the large mismatch in the thermal-expansion coefficient between the metal contacts and CZT, the contacts can undergo stress and mechanical degradation, which is the main cause for device instability over the long term. Here, we report for the first time on our use of Al-doped ZnO as the preferred electrode for such detectors. The material was selected because of its better contact properties compared to those of the metals commonly used today. Comparisons were conducted for the detector properties using different contacts, and improvements in the performances of ZnO:Al-coated detectors are described in this paper. These studies show that Al:ZnO contacts to CZT radiation detectors offer the potential of becoming a transformative replacement for the common metallic contacts due to the dramatic improvements in the performance of detectors and improved long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- U N Roy
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - R M Mundle
- Department of Engineering, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, United States
| | - G S Camarda
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - Y Cui
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - R Gul
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - A Hossain
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - G Yang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - A K Pradhan
- Department of Engineering, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, United States
| | - R B James
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
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Riley CT, Smalley JST, Post KW, Basov DN, Fainman Y, Wang D, Liu Z, Sirbuly DJ. High-Quality, Ultraconformal Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoplasmonic and Hyperbolic Metamaterials. Small 2016; 12:892-901. [PMID: 26715115 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) is a tunable low-loss plasmonic material capable of supporting dopant concentrations high enough to operate at telecommunication wavelengths. Due to its ultrahigh conformality and compatibility with semiconductor processing, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a powerful tool for many plasmonic applications. However, despite many attempts, high-quality AZO with a plasma frequency below 1550 nm has not yet been realized by ALD. Here a simple procedure is devised to tune the optical constants of AZO and enable plasmonic activity at 1550 nm with low loss. The highly conformal nature of ALD is also exploited to coat silicon nanopillars to create localized surface plasmon resonances that are tunable by adjusting the aluminum concentration, thermal conditions, and the use of a ZnO buffer layer. The high-quality AZO is then used to make a layered AZO/ZnO structure that displays negative refraction in the telecommunication wavelength region due to hyperbolic dispersion. Finally, a novel synthetic scheme is demonstrated to create AZO embedded nanowires in ZnO, which also exhibits hyperbolic dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor T Riley
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph S T Smalley
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kirk W Post
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dimitri N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yeshaiahu Fainman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Deli Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhaowei Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Donald J Sirbuly
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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20
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Skuza JR, Scott DW, Mundle RM, Pradhan AK. Electro-thermal control of aluminum-doped zinc oxide/vanadium dioxide multilayered thin films for smart-device applications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21040. [PMID: 26884225 DOI: 10.1038/srep21040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the electro-thermal control of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (Al:ZnO) /vanadium dioxide (VO2) multilayered thin films, where the application of a small electric field enables precise control of the applied heat to the VO2 thin film to induce its semiconductor-metal transition (SMT). The transparent conducting oxide nature of the top Al:ZnO film can be tuned to facilitate the fine control of the SMT of the VO2 thin film and its associated properties. In addition, the Al:ZnO film provides a capping layer to the VO2 thin film, which inhibits oxidation to a more energetically favorable and stable V2O5 phase. It also decreases the SMT of the VO2 thin film by approximately 5-10 °C because of an additional stress induced on the VO2 thin film and/or an alteration of the oxygen vacancy concentration in the VO2 thin film. These results have significant impacts on technological applications for both passive and active devices by exploiting this near-room-temperature SMT.
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21
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Hamza MK, Bluet JM, Masenelli-Varlot K, Canut B, Boisron O, Melinon P, Masenelli B. Tunable mid IR plasmon in GZO nanocrystals. Nanoscale 2015; 7:12030-12037. [PMID: 26111776 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Degenerate metal oxide nanoparticles are promising systems to expand the significant achievements of plasmonics into the infrared (IR) range. Among the possible candidates, Ga-doped ZnO nanocrystals are particularly suited for mid IR, considering their wide range of possible doping levels and thus of plasmon tuning. In the present work, we report on the tunable mid IR plasmon induced in degenerate Ga-doped ZnO nanocrystals. The nanocrystals are produced by a plasma expansion and exhibit unprotected surfaces. Tuning the Ga concentration allows tuning the localized surface plasmon resonance. Moreover, the plasmon resonance is characterized by a large damping. By comparing the plasmon of nanocrystal assemblies to that of nanoparticles dispersed in an alumina matrix, we investigate the possible origins of such damping. We demonstrate that it partially results from the self-organization of the naked particles and also from intrinsic inhomogeneity of dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Hamza
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UMR CNRS 5270, Université de Lyon, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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