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Gedeon C, Del Rio N, Furlan F, Taddeucci A, Vanthuyne N, Gregoriou VG, Fuchter MJ, Siligardi G, Gasparini N, Crassous J, Chochos CL. Rational Design of New Conjugated Polymers with Main Chain Chirality for Efficient Optoelectronic Devices: Carbo[6]Helicene and Indacenodithiophene Copolymers as Model Compounds. Adv Mater 2024:e2314337. [PMID: 38406997 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The unique properties of conjugated polymers (CPs) in various optoelectronic applications are mainly attributed to their different self-assembly processes and superstructures. Various methods are utilized to tune and control CP structure and properties with less attention paid to the use of chirality. CPs with main chain chirality are rare and their microscopic and macroscopic properties are still unknown. In this work, the first experimental results are provided along these lines by synthesizing a series of racemic and enantiopure CPs containing statistical and alternating carbo[6]helicene and indacenodithiophene moieties and evaluating their microscopic (optical, energy levels) and macroscopic properties (hole mobilities, photovoltaic performance). It is demonstrated that a small statistical insertion of either the racemic or enantiopure helicene into the polymer backbone finely tunes the microscopic and macroscopic properties as a function of the statistical content. The microscopic properties of the enantiopure versus the racemic polymers with the same helicene loading remain similar. On the contrary, the macroscopic properties, and more interestingly those between the two enantiomeric forms, are altered as a function of the statistical content. Once incorporated into a solar cell device, these chiral CPs display better performance in their enantiopure versus racemic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Gedeon
- Advent Technologies SA., Stadiou Str, Patras, Platani, 26504, Greece
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, Rennes, 35000, France
| | | | - Francesco Furlan
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrea Taddeucci
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0GD, UK
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, 13007, France
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA., Stadiou Str, Patras, Platani, 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0GD, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | | | - Christos L Chochos
- Advent Technologies SA., Stadiou Str, Patras, Platani, 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
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2
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Chen X, Pasanen HP, Khan R, Tkachenko NV, Janáky C, Samu GF. Effect of Single-Crystal TiO 2/Perovskite Band Alignment on the Kinetics of Electron Extraction. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2057-2065. [PMID: 38357864 PMCID: PMC10895670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The kinetics of electron extraction at the electron transfer layer/perovskite interface strongly affects the efficiency of a perovskite solar cell. By combining transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, the electron extraction process between FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 and TiO2 single crystals with different orientations of (100), (110), and (111) were probed from subpicosecond to several hundred nanoseconds. It was revealed that the band alignment between the constituents influenced the relative electron extraction process. TiO2(100) showed the fastest overall and hot electron transfer, owing to the largest conduction band and Fermi level offset compared to FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3. It was found that an early electron accumulation in these systems can have an influence on the following electron extraction on the several nanosecond time scale. Furthermore, the existence of a potential barrier at the TiO2/perovskite interface was also revealed by performing excitation fluence-dependent measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtian Chen
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Aradi Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Hannu P Pasanen
- Photonic Compounds and Nanomaterials, Chemistry and Advanced Material Group, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33720, Finland
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Photonic Compounds and Nanomaterials, Chemistry and Advanced Material Group, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33720, Finland
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Photonic Compounds and Nanomaterials, Chemistry and Advanced Material Group, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33720, Finland
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Aradi Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
- ELI ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Wolfgang Sandner street 3., Szeged H-6728, Hungary
| | - Gergely Ferenc Samu
- ELI ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Wolfgang Sandner street 3., Szeged H-6728, Hungary
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm square 7-8, Szeged H-6721, Hungary
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3
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Chen J, Lou YH, Wang ZK. Characterizing Spatial and Energetic Distributions of Trap States Toward Highly Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics. Small 2023; 19:e2305064. [PMID: 37635401 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their greater opt electric performance, perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) present huge potential to be commercialized. Perovskite PV's high theoretical efficiency expands the available development area. The passivation of defects in perovskite films is crucial for approaching the theoretical limit. In addition to creating efficient passivation techniques, it is essential to direct the passivation approach by getting precise and real-time information on the trap states through measurements. Therefore, it is necessary to establish quantitative characterization methods for the trap states in energy and 3D spaces. The authors cover the characterization of the spatial and energy distributions of trap states in this article with an eye toward high-efficiency perovskite photovoltaics. After going over the strategies that have been created for characterizing and evaluating trap states, the authors will concentrate on how to direct the creative development of characterization techniques for trap states assessment and highlight the opportunities and challenges of future development. The 3D space and energy distribution mappings of trap states are anticipated to be realized. The review will give key guiding importance for further approaching the theoretical efficiency of perovskite photovoltaics, offering some future research direction and technological assistance for the development of appropriate targeted passivation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yan-Hui Lou
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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4
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Quintero MA, Pournara AD, Godsel R, Li Z, Panuganti S, Zhou X, Wolverton C, Kanatzidis MG. Metal Sulfide Ion Exchangers: High Acid Stability of Na 2xMg 2y-xSn 4-yS 8 (NMS) and Topotactic Conversion to 2D Solid Acids with Semiconducting Character. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15971-15982. [PMID: 37721531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal sulfide ion exchange materials (MSIEs) are of interest for nuclear waste remediation applications. We report the high stability of two structurally related metal sulfide ion exchange materials, Na2xMg2y-xSn4-yS8 (Mg-NMS) and Na2SnS3 (Na-NMS), in strongly acid media, in addition to the preparation of Na2xNi2y-xSn4-yS8 (Ni-NMS). Their formation progress during synthesis is studied with in-situ methods, with the target phases appearing in <15 min, reaction completion in <12 h, and high yields (75-80%). Upon contact with nitric or hydrochloric acid, these materials topotactically exchange Na+ for H+, proceeding in a stepwise protonation pathway for Na5.33Sn2.67S8. Na-NMS is stable in 2 M HNO3 and Mg-NMS is stable in 4 M HNO3 for up to 4 h, while both NMS materials are stable in 6 M HCl for up to 4 days. However, the treatment of Mg-NMS and Na-NMS with 2-6 M H2SO4 reveals a much slower protonation process since after 4 h of contact both NMS and HMS are present in the solution. The resultant protonated materials, H2xMg2y-xSn4-yS8 and H4x[(HyNay-1)1.33xSn4--1.33x]S8, are themselves solid acids and readily react with and intercalate a variety of organic amines, where the band gap of the resultant adduct is influenced by amine choice and can be tuned within the range of 1.88(5)-2.27(5) eV. The work function energy values for all materials were extracted from photoemission yield spectroscopy in air (PYSA) measurements and range from 5.47 (2) to 5.76 (2) eV, and the relative band alignments of the materials are discussed. DFT calculations suggest that the electronic structure of Na2MgSn3S8 and H2MgSn3S8 makes them indirect gap semiconductors with multi-valley band edges, with carriers confined to the [MgSn3S8]2- layers. Light electron effective masses indicate high electron mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Quintero
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anastasia D Pournara
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard Godsel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shobhana Panuganti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiuquan Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher Wolverton
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Sahayaraj S, Starowicz Z, Ziółek M, Socha R, Major Ł, Góral A, Gawlińska-Nęcek K, Palewicz M, Sikora A, Piasecki T, Gotszalk T, Lipiński M. Synergistic Effect of Precursor and Interface Engineering Enables High Efficiencies in FAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5352. [PMID: 37570058 PMCID: PMC10419934 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3)-based perovskite solar cells have gained immense popularity over the last few years within the perovskite research community due to their incredible opto-electronic properties and the record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) achieved by the solar cells. However, FAPbI3 is vulnerable to phase transitions even at room temperature, which cause structural instability and eventual device failure during operation. We performed post-treatment of the FAPbI3 surface with octyl ammonium iodide (OAI) in order to stabilize the active phase and preserve the crystal structure of FAPbI3. The formation of a 2D perovskite at the interface depends on the stoichiometry of the precursor. By optimizing the precursor stoichiometry and the concentration of OAI, we observe a synergistic effect, which results in improved power conversion efficiencies, reaching the best values of 22% on a glass substrate. Using physical and detailed optical analysis, we verify the presence of the 2D layer on the top of the 3D surface of the perovskite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Sahayaraj
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Starowicz
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Marcin Ziółek
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 2 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Robert Socha
- CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Major
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Anna Góral
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Katarzyna Gawlińska-Nęcek
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
| | - Marcin Palewicz
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Andrzej Sikora
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Teodor Gotszalk
- Department of Nanometrology at the Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St., 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.P.); (A.S.); (T.P.); (T.G.)
| | - Marek Lipiński
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (S.S.); (Z.S.); (Ł.M.); (A.G.); (K.G.-N.)
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6
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Quintero MA, Shen J, Laing CC, Wolverton C, Kanatzidis MG. Cubic Stuffed-Diamond Semiconductors LiCu 3TiQ 4 (Q = S, Se, and Te). J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12789-12799. [PMID: 35797169 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lithium chalcogenides have been understudied, owing to the difficulty in managing the chemical reactivity of lithium. These materials are of interest as potential ion conductors and thermal neutron detectors. In this study, we describe three new cubic lithium copper chalcotitanates that crystallize in the P4̅3m space group. LiCu3TiS4, a = 5.5064(6) Å, and LiCu3TiSe4, a = 5.7122(7) Å, represent two members of a new stuffed diamond-type crystal structure, while LiCu3TiTe4, a = 5.9830(7) Å crystallized into a similar structure exhibiting lithium and copper mixed occupancy. These structures can be understood as hybrids of the zinc-blende and sulvanite structure types. In situ powder X-ray diffraction was utilized to construct a "panoramic" reaction map for the preparation of LiCu3TiTe4, facilitating the design of a rational synthesis and uncovering three new transient phases. LiCu3TiS4 and LiCu3TiSe4 are thermally stable up to 1000 °C under vacuum, while LiCu3TiTe4 partially decomposes when slowly cooled to 400 °C. Density functional theory calculations suggest that these compounds are indirect band gap semiconductors. The measured work functions are 4.77(5), 4.56(5), and 4.69(5) eV, and the measured band gaps are 2.23(5), 1.86(5), and 1.34(5) eV for the S, Se, and Te analogues, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Quintero
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiahong Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Craig C Laing
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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McClain R, Laing CC, Shen J, Wolverton C, Kanatzidis MG. Mixed Anion Semiconductor In 8S 2.82Te 6.18(Te 2) 3. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9040-9046. [PMID: 35658449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The new heteroanionic compound In8S2.82Te6.18(Te2)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with lattice parameters a = 14.2940(6) Å, b = 14.3092(4) Å, c = 14.1552(6) Å, and β = 90.845(3)°. The three-dimensional (3D) framework of In8S2.82Te6.18(Te2)3 is composed of a complex 3D network of corner-connected InQ4 tetrahedra with three Te22- dumbbell dimers per formula unit. The optical bandgap is 1.12(2) eV and the work function is 5.15(5) eV. First-principles electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT) indicate that this material has potential as a p-type thermoelectric material as it is a narrow bandgap semiconductor, incorporates several heavy elements, and has multiple overlapping bands near the valence band maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McClain
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Chicago, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Craig C Laing
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Chicago, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiahong Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Chicago, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Chicago, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Chicago, Illinois 60208, United States
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Willis J, Bravić I, Schnepf RR, Heinselman KN, Monserrat B, Unold T, Zakutayev A, Scanlon DO, Crovetto A. Prediction and realisation of high mobility and degenerate p-type conductivity in CaCuP thin films. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5872-5883. [PMID: 35685803 PMCID: PMC9132065 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01538b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphides are interesting candidates for hole transport materials and p-type transparent conducting applications, capable of achieving greater valence band dispersion than their oxide counterparts due to the higher lying energy and increased size of the P 3p orbital. After computational identification of the indirect-gap semiconductor CaCuP as a promising candidate, we now report reactive sputter deposition of phase-pure p-type CaCuP thin films. Their intrinsic hole concentration and hole mobility exceed 1 × 1020 cm−3 and 35 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature, respectively. Transport calculations indicate potential for even higher mobilities. Copper vacancies are identified as the main source of conductivity, displaying markedly different behaviour compared to typical p-type transparent conductors, leading to improved electronic properties. The optical transparency of CaCuP films is lower than expected from first principles calculations of phonon-mediated indirect transitions. This discrepancy could be partly attributed to crystalline imperfections within the films, increasing the strength of indirect transitions. We determine the transparent conductor figure of merit of CaCuP films as a function of composition, revealing links between stoichiometry, crystalline quality, and opto-electronic properties. These findings provide a promising initial assessment of the viability of CaCuP as a p-type transparent contact. We synthesize air-stable, p-type CaCuP thin films with high hole concentration and high hole mobility as potential p-type transparent conductors. We study their optoelectronic properties in detail by advanced experimental and computational methods.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Willis
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK .,Thomas Young Centre, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK.,Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - Ivona Bravić
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Rekha R Schnepf
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado 80401 USA .,Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | | | - Bartomeu Monserrat
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK.,Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, GmbH Berlin Germany
| | | | - David O Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK .,Thomas Young Centre, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Andrea Crovetto
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado 80401 USA .,Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, GmbH Berlin Germany
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9
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Vasileiadou ES, Jiang X, Kepenekian M, Even J, De Siena MC, Klepov VV, Friedrich D, Spanopoulos I, Tu Q, Tajuddin IS, Weiss EA, Kanatzidis MG. Thick-Layer Lead Iodide Perovskites with Bifunctional Organic Spacers Allylammonium and Iodopropylammonium Exhibiting Trap-State Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6390-6409. [PMID: 35378979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the organic cation in two-dimensional (2D) hybrid lead iodide perovskites tailors the structural and technological features of the resultant material. Herein, we present three new homologous series of (100) lead iodide perovskites with the organic cations allylammonium (AA) containing an unsaturated C═C group and iodopropylammonium (IdPA) containing iodine on the organic chain: (AA)2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 3-4), [(AA)x(IdPA)1-x]2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1-4), and (IdPA)2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 (n = 1-4), as well as their perovskite-related substructures. We report the in situ transformation of AA organic layers into IdPA and the incorporation of these cations simultaneously into the 2D perovskite structure. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 crystallizes in the space group P21/c with a unique inorganic layer offset (0, <1/2), comprising the first example of n = 3 halide perovskite with a monoammonium cation that deviates from the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) halide structure type. (IdPA)2MA2Pb3I10 and the alloyed [(AA)x(IdPA)1-x]2MA2Pb3I10 crystallize in the RP structure, both in space group P21/c. The adjacent I···I interlayer distance in (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 is ∼5.6 Å, drawing the [Pb3I10]4- layers closer together among all reported n = 3 RP lead iodides. (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 presents band-edge absorption and photoluminescence (PL) emission at around 2.0 eV that is slightly red-shifted in comparison to (IdPA)2MA2Pb3I10. The band structure calculations suggest that both (AA)2MA2Pb3I10 and (IdPA)2MA2Pb3I10 have in-plane effective masses around 0.04m0 and 0.08m0, respectively. IdPA cations have a greater dielectric contribution than AA. The excited-state dynamics investigated by transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy reveal a long-lived (∼100 ps) trap state ensemble with broad-band emission; our evidence suggests that these states appear due to lattice distortions induced by the incorporation of IdPA cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia S Vasileiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Jacky Even
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON, UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Michael C De Siena
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vladislav V Klepov
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Daniel Friedrich
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Imra S Tajuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Abstract
Treatment with the superacid bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (sometimes known as TFSA, TFSI, or HNTf2) enhances the properties of a wide range of optoelectronic materials, resulting in longer effective carrier lifetimes and higher photoluminescence quantum yields. We have conducted a multimaterial study treating both crystalline silicon and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers and few-layer flakes with solutions formed from TFSA and a range of compounds with related chemical structures with different Lewis acidities, in order to elucidate the factors underpinning the TFSA-related class of enhancement treatments. We adopt dichloromethane (DCM) as a common solvent as it provides good results at room temperature and is potentially less hazardous than TFSA-dichloroethane (DCE) heated to ∼100 °C, which has been used previously. Kelvin probe experiments on silicon demonstrate that structurally similar chemicals give passivating films with substantially different charge levels, with the higher levels of charge associated with the presence of CF3SO2 groups resulting in longer effective lifetimes due to an enhancement in field-effect passivation. Treatment with all analogue solutions used results in enhanced photoluminescence in MoS2 and WS2 compared to untreated controls. Importantly we find that MoS2 and WS2 can be enhanced by analogues to TFSA that lack sulfonyl groups, meaning an alternative mechanism to that proposed in computational reports for TFSA enhancement must apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Pain
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas E Grant
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - John D Murphy
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
We have witnessed tremendous progress of metal halide perovskite (MHP)-based optoelectronic devices, especially in the field of photovoltaics. Despite intensive research in the past few years, questions still remain regarding their fundamental optoelectronic properties, among which the electronic properties exhibit an interplay of numerous phenomena that deserve serious scrutiny. In this Focus article, we aim to provide a contemporary understanding of the unique electronic properties that has been resolved by the community. First introducing some of the basic concepts established in semiconductor physics, the intrinsic and extrinsic electronic properties of the MHPs are disentangled and explained. With this, the complex interplay of interface-, dopant-, and surface state-induced electronic states in determining the electrostatic landscape in the material can be comprehended, and the energy level alignment in device architectures more reliably assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshuo Zu
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dongguen Shin
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Buyruk A, Blätte D, Günther M, Scheel MA, Hartmann NF, Döblinger M, Weis A, Hartschuh A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Bein T, Ameri T. 1,10-Phenanthroline as an Efficient Bifunctional Passivating Agent for MAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:32894-32905. [PMID: 34240843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Passivation is one of the most promising concepts to heal defects created at the surface and grain boundaries of polycrystalline perovskite thin films, which significantly deteriorate the photovoltaic performance and stability of corresponding devices. Here, 1,10-phenanthroline, known as a bidentate chelating ligand, is implemented between the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) film and the hole-transport layer for both passivating the lead-based surface defects (undercoordinated lead ions) and converting the excess/unreacted lead iodide (PbI2) buried at interfaces, which is problematic for the long-term stability, into "neutralized" and beneficial species (PbI2(1,10-phen)x, x = 1, 2) for efficient hole transfer at the modified interface. The defect healing ability of 1,10-phenanthroline is verified with a set of complementary techniques including photoluminescence (steady-state and time-resolved), space-charge-limited current (SCLC) measurements, light intensity dependent JV measurements, and Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy (FTPS). In addition to these analytical methods, we employ advanced X-ray scattering techniques, nano-Fourier transform infrared (nano-FTIR) spectroscopy, and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) to further analyze the structure and chemical composition at the perovskite surface after treatment at nanoscale spatial resolution. On the basis of our experimental results, we conclude that 1,10-phenanthroline treatment induces the formation of different morphologies with distinct chemical compositions on the surface of the perovskite film such that surface defects are effectively passivated, and excess/unreacted PbI2 is converted into beneficial complex species at the modified interface. As a result, an improved power conversion efficiency (20.16%) and significantly more stable unencapsulated perovskite solar cells are obtained with the 1,10-phenanthroline treatment compared to the MAPbI3 reference device (18.03%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Buyruk
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominic Blätte
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcella Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel A Scheel
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Weis
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tayebeh Ameri
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Materials and Processes, Chemical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Robert Stevenson Road, EH9 3FB Edinburgh, U.K
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13
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Spanopoulos I, Hadar I, Ke W, Guo P, Mozur EM, Morgan E, Wang S, Zheng D, Padgaonkar S, Manjunatha Reddy GN, Weiss EA, Hersam MC, Seshadri R, Schaller RD, Kanatzidis MG. Tunable Broad Light Emission from 3D "Hollow" Bromide Perovskites through Defect Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7069-7080. [PMID: 33905231 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid halide perovskites consisting of corner-sharing metal halide octahedra and small cuboctahedral cages filled with counter cations have proven to be prominent candidates for many high-performance optoelectronic devices. The stability limits of their three-dimensional perovskite framework are defined by the size range of the cations present in the cages of the structure. In some cases, the stability of the perovskite-type structure can be extended even when the counterions violate the size and shape requirements, as is the case in the so-called "hollow" perovskites. In this work, we engineered a new family of 3D highly defective yet crystalline "hollow" bromide perovskites with general formula (FA)1-x(en)x(Pb)1-0.7x(Br)3-0.4x (FA = formamidinium (FA+), en = ethylenediammonium (en2+), x = 0-0.44). Pair distribution function analysis shed light on the local structural coherence, revealing a wide distribution of Pb-Pb distances in the crystal structure as a consequence of the Pb/Br-deficient nature and en inclusion in the lattice. By manipulating the number of Pb/Br vacancies, we finely tune the optical properties of the pristine FAPbBr3 by blue shifting the band gap from 2.20 to 2.60 eV for the x = 0.42 en sample. A most unexpected outcome was that at x> 0.33 en incorporation, the material exhibits strong broad light emission (1% photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY)) that is maintained after exposure to air for more than a year. This is the first example of strong broad light emission from a 3D hybrid halide perovskite, demonstrating that meticulous defect engineering is an excellent tool for customizing the optical properties of these semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ido Hadar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peijun Guo
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Eve M Mozur
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Emily Morgan
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ding Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Suyog Padgaonkar
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Applied Physics Program, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - G N Manjunatha Reddy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, Univ. Artois, UMR8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Applied Physics Program, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ram Seshadri
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Rusu M, Kodalle T, Choubrac L, Barreau N, Kaufmann CA, Schlatmann R, Unold T. Electronic Structure of the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Interface of KF- and RbF-Treated Samples by Kelvin Probe and Photoelectron Yield Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:7745-7755. [PMID: 33529003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ambient-pressure Kelvin probe and photoelectron yield spectroscopy methods were employed to investigate the impact of the KF and RbF postdeposition treatments (KF-PDT, RbF-PDT) on the electronic features of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin films and the CdS/CIGSe interface in a CdS thickness series that has been sequentially prepared during the chemical bath deposition (CBD) process depending on the deposition time. We observe distinct features correlated to the CBD-CdS growth stages. In particular, we find that after an initial CBD etching stage, the valence band maximum (VBM) of the CIGSe surface is significantly shifted (by 180-620 mV) toward the Fermi level. However, VBM positions at the surface of the CIGSe are still much below the VBM of the CIGSe bulk. The CIGSe surface band gap is found to depend on the type of postdeposition treatment, showing values between 1.46 and 1.58 eV, characteristic for a copper-poor CIGSe surface composition. At the CdS/CIGSe interface, the lowest VBM discontinuity is observed for the RbF-PDT sample. At this interface, a thin layer with a graded band gap is found. We also find that K and Rb act as compensating acceptors in the CdS layer. Detailed energy band diagrams of the CdS/CIGSe heterostructures are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Rusu
- Struktur und Dynamik von Energiematerialien, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Lise-Meitner Campus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Kodalle
- PVcomB, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstr. 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo Choubrac
- Struktur und Dynamik von Energiematerialien, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Lise-Meitner Campus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Barreau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christian A Kaufmann
- PVcomB, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstr. 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rutger Schlatmann
- PVcomB, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstr. 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Struktur und Dynamik von Energiematerialien, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Lise-Meitner Campus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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15
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He Y, Stoumpos CC, Hadar I, Luo Z, McCall KM, Liu Z, Chung DY, Wessels BW, Kanatzidis MG. Demonstration of Energy-Resolved γ-Ray Detection at Room Temperature by the CsPbCl 3 Perovskite Semiconductor. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2068-2077. [PMID: 33492148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection of γ-rays at room temperature with high-energy resolution using semiconductors is one of the most challenging applications. The presence of even the smallest amount of defects is sufficient to kill the signal generated from γ-rays which makes the availability of semiconductors detectors a rarity. Lead halide perovskite semiconductors exhibit unusually high defect tolerance leading to outstanding and unique optoelectronic properties and are poised to strongly impact applications in photoelectric conversion/detection. Here we demonstrate for the first time that large size single crystals of the all-inorganic perovskite CsPbCl3 semiconductor can function as a high-performance detector for γ-ray nuclear radiation at room temperature. CsPbCl3 is a wide-gap semiconductor with a bandgap of 3.03 eV and possesses a high effective atomic number of 69.8. We identified the two distinct phase transitions in CsPbCl3, from cubic (Pm-3m) to tetragonal (P4/mbm) at 325 K and finally to orthorhombic (Pbnm) at 316 K. Despite crystal twinning induced by phase transitions, CsPbCl3 crystals in detector grade can be obtained with high electrical resistivity of ∼1.7 × 109 Ω·cm. The crystals were grown from the melt with volume over several cubic centimeters and have a low thermal conductivity of 0.6 W m-1 K-1. The mobilities for electron and hole carriers were determined to ∼30 cm2/(V s). Using photoemission yield spectroscopy in air (PYSA), we determined the valence band maximum at 5.66 ± 0.05 eV. Under γ-ray exposure, our Schottky-type planar CsPbCl3 detector achieved an excellent energy resolution (∼16% at 122 keV) accompanied by a high figure-of-merit hole mobility-lifetime product (3.2 × 10-4 cm2/V) and a long hole lifetime (16 μs). The results demonstrate considerable defect tolerance of CsPbCl3 and suggest its strong potential for γ-radiation and X-ray detection at room temperature and above.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Duck Young Chung
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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16
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Zhang Y, Bu Y, Jiang F, Li H, Chen X, Ao J. Mechanism on BiVO4 photoanode photoelectrochemical performance improving: Based on surface electrochemical reduction method. Electrochim Acta 2021; 366:137288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Crovetto A, Hempel H, Rusu M, Choubrac L, Kojda D, Habicht K, Unold T. Water Adsorption Enhances Electrical Conductivity in Transparent P-Type CuI. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:48741-48747. [PMID: 33059445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CuI has been recently rediscovered as a p-type transparent conductor with a high figure of merit. Even though many metal iodides are hygroscopic, the effect of moisture on the electrical properties of CuI has not been clarified. In this work, we observe a 2-fold increase in the conductivity of CuI after exposure to ambient humidity for 5 h, followed by slight long-term degradation. Simultaneously, the work function of CuI decreases by almost 1 eV, which can explain the large spread in the previously reported work function values. The conductivity increase is partially reversible and is maximized at intermediate humidity levels. On the basis of the large intragrain mobility measured by THz spectroscopy, we suggest that hydration of grain boundaries may be beneficial for the overall hole mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Crovetto
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Hempel
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marin Rusu
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leo Choubrac
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Kojda
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Habicht
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Kim BS, Han Y, Kim JJ. Growth mechanism of CH 3NH 3I in a vacuum processed perovskite. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:3906-3911. [PMID: 36132785 PMCID: PMC9417702 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the field of halide perovskite research, the growth of high quality films has been a critical issue. Among the reported growth methods, vacuum processes have attracted much attention due to their accurate controllability and high reproducibility, as proven in the manufacture of vacuum deposited organic-light-emitting-diode industry. In a vacuum process, the major difficulty for growing a perovskite film is control of a precursor, methylammonium iodide (MAI), originating from its uncontrollable behavior i.e., a high working pressure and poor adsorption characteristics. Thus, it is crucial to understand the growth mechanism of MAI vapor for the successful application of vacuum processes in the growth of halide perovskite films. In this paper, we report the growth mechanism and deposition kinetics of MAI in a vacuum. Unlike that of conventional materials evaporated in a vacuum, the deposition rate of MAI was found to be much faster on the reactive surface, PbI2, compared to other non-reactive materials. Surprisingly, a very thin (2 nm-thick) PbI2 layer increased the initial growth rate of MAI 2.7-fold. Based on the real-time monitored data from a quartz microbalance and surface study, we suggest dipole-induced adsorption as the MAI growth mechanism on PbI2 and the perovskite in the vacuum process. We believe that this work will provide meaningful insight into film growth in vacuum processed perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Yoonjay Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul 151-742 South Korea
| | - Jang-Joo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul 151-742 South Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University Seoul 151-744 South Korea
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19
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Spanopoulos I, Hadar I, Ke W, Guo P, Sidhik S, Kepenekian M, Even J, Mohite AD, Schaller RD, Kanatzidis MG. Water-Stable 1D Hybrid Tin(II) Iodide Emits Broad Light with 36% Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9028-9038. [PMID: 32283025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The optical and light emission properties of tin and lead halide perovskites are remarkable because of the robust room-temperature (RT) performance, broad wavelength tunability, high efficiency, and good quenching resistance to defects. These highly desirable attributes promise to transform current light-emitting devices, phosphors, and lasers. One disadvantage in most of these materials is the sensitivity to moisture. Here, we report a new air-stable one-dimensional (1D) hybrid lead-free halide material (DAO)Sn2I6 (DAO, 1,8-octyldiammonium) that is resistant to water for more than 15 h. The material exhibits a sharp optical absorption edge at 2.70 eV and a strong broad orange light emission centered at 634 nm, with a full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of 142 nm (0.44 eV). The emission has a long photoluminescence (PL) lifetime of 582 ns, while the intensity is constant over a very broad temperature range (145-415 K) with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 20.3% at RT. Above 415 K the material undergoes a structural phase transition from monoclinic (C2/c) to orthorhombic (Ibam) accompanied by a red shift in the band gap and a quench in the photoluminescence emission. Density functional theory calculations support the trend in the optical properties and the 1D electronic nature of the structure, where the calculated carrier effective masses along the inorganic chain are significantly lower than those perpendicular to the chain. Thin films of the compound readily fabricated from solutions exhibit the same optical properties, but with improved PLQY of 36%, for a 60 nm thick film, among the highest reported for lead-free low-dimensional 2D and 1D perovskites and metal halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ido Hadar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peijun Guo
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Siraj Sidhik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | - Jacky Even
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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20
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Pecoraro A, De Maria A, Delli Veneri P, Pavone M, Muñoz-García AB. Interfacial electronic features in methyl-ammonium lead iodide and p-type oxide heterostructures: new insights for inverted perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28401-28413. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First-principles simulations unveil the interface electronic structures of MAPI/NiO and MAPI/CuGaO2 heterojunctions in inverted perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pecoraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Comp. Univ. Monte Sant’Angelo
- Via Cintia 21
- Naples
| | - Antonella De Maria
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) – Portici, Research Centre
- Piazzale E. Fermi 1
- 80055 Portici
- Italy
| | - Paola Delli Veneri
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies
- Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) – Portici, Research Centre
- Piazzale E. Fermi 1
- 80055 Portici
- Italy
| | - Michele Pavone
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Comp. Univ. Monte Sant’Angelo
- Via Cintia 21
- Naples
| | - Ana B. Muñoz-García
- Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Naples Federico II
- Comp. Univ. Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 21
- Naples
- Italy
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21
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Lee DG, Kim MC, Wang S, Kim BJ, Meng YS, Jung HS. Effect of Metal Electrodes on Aging-Induced Performance Recovery in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:48497-48504. [PMID: 31799829 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), it is important to substitute the alternative electrode for Au to decrease the unit cost. From the early stage, Ag exhibits a potential to be a good counter electrode in PSCs; however, there is an abnormal s-shaped J-V curve with the Ag electrode, and it is recovered as time passes. The perception of the aging-induced recovery process and refutation of the raised stability issues are required for commercial application of Ag electrodes. Herein, we compared the aging effect of PSCs with Ag and Au electrodes and found that only devices with Ag electrodes have a dramatical aging-induced recovery process. We observed the change of photoelectronic properties only in the devices with Ag electrodes as time passes, which mainly contributes to recovery of the s-shaped J-V curve. We verified the work function change of an aged Ag electrode and its mechanism by photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. By comparing the light stability under 1 sun intensity illumination, we can assure the practical stability of Ag electrodes in case of being encapsulated. This work suggests the profound understanding of the aging-induced recovery process of PSCs and the possibility of commercial application of Ag electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Geon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Byeong Jo Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523, SE 75120 Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | - Hyun Suk Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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22
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Daboczi M, Hamilton I, Xu S, Luke J, Limbu S, Lee J, McLachlan MA, Lee K, Durrant JR, Baikie ID, Kim JS. Origin of Open-Circuit Voltage Losses in Perovskite Solar Cells Investigated by Surface Photovoltage Measurement. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:46808-46817. [PMID: 31738042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is one of the key strategies for further improvement of the efficiency of perovskite solar cells. It requires fundamental understanding of the complex optoelectronic processes related to charge carrier generation, transport, extraction, and their loss mechanisms inside a device upon illumination. Herein, we report the important origin of Voc losses in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPI)-based solar cells, which results from undesirable positive charge (hole) accumulation at the interface between the perovskite photoactive layer and the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole-transport layer. We show strong correlation between the thickness-dependent surface photovoltage and device performance, unraveling that the interfacial charge accumulation leads to charge carrier recombination and results in a large decrease in Voc for the PEDOT:PSS/MAPI inverted devices (180 mV reduction in 50 nm thick device compared to 230 nm thick one). In contrast, accumulated positive charges at the TiO2/MAPI interface modify interfacial energy band bending, which leads to an increase in Voc for the TiO2/MAPI conventional devices (70 mV increase in 50 nm thick device compared to 230 nm thick one). Our results provide an important guideline for better control of interfaces in perovskite solar cells to improve device performance further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinho Lee
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kwanghee Lee
- Heeger Center for Advanced Materials and Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Iain D Baikie
- KP Technology , Burn Street , Wick KW1 5EH , Caithness, U.K
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23
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Huber S, Mardare CC, Mardare AI, Kleber C, Hassel AW. Strong Volta potential change in doped zinc oxide as a photoresponse to UV irradiation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35579-35587. [PMID: 35528075 PMCID: PMC9074733 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Doped ZnO thin films on ITO substrates were prepared by reactive co-sputtering of ZnO and several dopant metals, namely Al, Mn, Ti, W or Zr. To elucidate the influence of the dopant, morphological and compositional investigations were performed applying SEM/EDX, XRD and AFM. The optical band gaps of the materials were determined by UV-VIS measurements and the subsequent analysis of the derived Tauc plots. SKP (Scanning Kelvin Probe) measurements were performed under alternating illumination periods in order to measure the CPD (contact potential difference) response on UV irradiation; effective donor concentrations were calculated from the SKP results. The obtained X-ray diffractograms revealed that W : ZnO is amorphous, whereas all other dopants form crystalline structures with diffraction angles shifted towards lower values. SEM and AFM imaging revealed a significant influence of the dopant on the film morphology. The optical band gap values are in the range of the ZnO value (∼3.30 eV), with the lowest value of 3.29 eV being measured for Mn : ZnO. An exception was found for W : ZnO, which exhibits significant band gap widening reaching 4.35 eV. The effective donor concentrations are low for all samples under dark conditions, whereas they showed enhanced values under illumination. The sensitivity of all materials towards illumination makes them promising candidates for future research activities in the field of photovoltaics. Doped ZnO thin films on ITO substrates were prepared by reactive co-sputtering of ZnO and several dopant metals, namely Al, Mn, Ti, W or Zr.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry at the Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria.,TIM, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Cezarina Cela Mardare
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry at the Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria.,TIM, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | | | - Christoph Kleber
- TIM, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry at the Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria.,TIM, Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria
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24
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Grzibovskis R, Vembris A. Influence of organic material and sample parameters on the surface potential in Kelvin probe measurements. SN Appl Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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25
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Spanopoulos I, Hadar I, Ke W, Tu Q, Chen M, Tsai H, He Y, Shekhawat G, Dravid VP, Wasielewski MR, Mohite AD, Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG. Uniaxial Expansion of the 2D Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite Family for Improved Environmental Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5518-5534. [PMID: 30827098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique hybrid nature of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) perovskites has bestowed upon them not only tunability of their electronic properties but also high-performance electronic devices with improved environmental stability as compared to their 3D analogs. However, there is limited information about their inherent heat, light, and air stability and how different parameters such as the inorganic layer number and length of organic spacer molecule affect stability. To gain deeper understanding on the matter we have expanded the family of 2D R-P perovskites, by utilizing pentylamine (PA)2(MA) n-1Pb nI3 n+1 ( n = 1-5, PA = CH3(CH2)4NH3+, C5) and hexylamine (HA)2(MA) n-1Pb nI3 n+1 ( n = 1-4, HA = CH3(CH2)5NH3+, C6) as the organic spacer molecules between the inorganic slabs, creating two new series of layered materials, for up to n = 5 and 4 layers, respectively. The resulting compounds were extensively characterized through a combination of physical and spectroscopic methods, including single crystal X-ray analysis. High resolution powder X-ray diffraction studies using synchrotron radiation shed light for the first time to the phase transitions of the higher layer 2D R-P perovskites. The increase in the length of the organic spacer molecules did not affect their optical properties; however, it has a pronounced effect on the air, heat, and light stability of the fabricated thin films. An extensive study of heat, light, and air stability with and without encapsulation revealed that specific compounds can be air stable (relative humidity (RH) = 20-80% ± 5%) for more than 450 days, while heat and light stability in air can be exponentially increased by encapsulating the corresponding films. Evaluation of the out-of-plane mechanical properties of the corresponding materials showed that their soft and flexible nature can be compared to current commercially available polymer substrates (e.g., PMMA), rendering them suitable for fabricating flexible and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Ido Hadar
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Hsinhan Tsai
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Yihui He
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Gajendra Shekhawat
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.,Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.,Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Aditya D Mohite
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Constantinos C Stoumpos
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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26
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Zhang F, Ullrich F, Silver S, Kerner RA, Rand BP, Kahn A. Complexities of Contact Potential Difference Measurements on Metal Halide Perovskite Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:890-896. [PMID: 30739454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the stability of metal halide perovskite (MHP) surfaces is of considerable interest for the development of devices based on these materials. We present here a vacuum-based study of the surface potential and response to illumination of two different types of perovskite films, methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) and the 2D Ruddlesden-Popper phase butylammonium lead iodide (BA2PbI4, n = 1), using Kelvin probe-based contact potential difference and surface photovoltage measurements. We show that supraband gap light irradiation can induce the loss of halide species, which adsorb on the Kelvin probe tip, inducing quasi-irreversible changes of the MHP surface and tip work functions. If undetected, this can lead to misinterpretations of the MHP surface potential. Our results illustrate the effectiveness of the Kelvin probe-based technique in providing complementary information on the energetics of perovskite surfaces and the necessity to monitor the work function of the probe to avoid erroneous conclusions when working on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Florian Ullrich
- Materials Science Department , Technische Universität Darmstadt , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Scott Silver
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Ross A Kerner
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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27
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Najafi L, Taheri B, Martín-García B, Bellani S, Di Girolamo D, Agresti A, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Pescetelli S, Vesce L, Calabrò E, Prato M, Del Rio Castillo AE, Di Carlo A, Bonaccorso F. MoS 2 Quantum Dot/Graphene Hybrids for Advanced Interface Engineering of a CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cell with an Efficiency of over 20. ACS Nano 2018; 12:10736-10754. [PMID: 30240189 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Interface engineering of organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) plays a pivotal role in achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE). In fact, the perovskite photoactive layer needs to work synergistically with the other functional components of the cell, such as charge transporting/active buffer layers and electrodes. In this context, graphene and related two-dimensional materials (GRMs) are promising candidates to tune "on demand" the interface properties of PSCs. In this work, we fully exploit the potential of GRMs by controlling the optoelectronic properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrids both as hole transport layer (HTL) and active buffer layer (ABL) in mesoscopic methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite (MAPbI3)-based PSCs. We show that zero-dimensional MoS2 quantum dots (MoS2 QDs), derived by liquid phase exfoliated MoS2 flakes, provide both hole-extraction and electron-blocking properties. In fact, on one hand, intrinsic n-type doping-induced intraband gap states effectively extract the holes through an electron injection mechanism. On the other hand, quantum confinement effects increase the optical band gap of MoS2 (from 1.4 eV for the flakes to >3.2 eV for QDs), raising the minimum energy of its conduction band (from -4.3 eV for the flakes to -2.2 eV for QDs) above the one of the conduction band of MAPbI3 (between -3.7 and -4 eV) and hindering electron collection. The van der Waals hybridization of MoS2 QDs with functionalized reduced graphene oxide (f-RGO), obtained by chemical silanization-induced linkage between RGO and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane, is effective to homogenize the deposition of HTLs or ABLs onto the perovskite film, since the two-dimensional nature of RGO effectively plugs the pinholes of the MoS2 QD films. Our "graphene interface engineering" (GIE) strategy based on van der Waals MoS2 QD/graphene hybrids enables MAPbI3-based PSCs to achieve a PCE up to 20.12% (average PCE of 18.8%). The possibility to combine quantum and chemical effects into GIE, coupled with the recent success of graphene and GRMs as interfacial layer, represents a promising approach for the development of next-generation PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Najafi
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Babak Taheri
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Beatriz Martín-García
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Diego Di Girolamo
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Reinier Oropesa-Nuñez
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- BeDimensional Srl. , Via Albisola 121 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Sara Pescetelli
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Luigi Vesce
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Emanuele Calabrò
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | | | - Aldo Di Carlo
- C.H.O.S.E. (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via del Politecnico 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
- L.A.S.E.-Laboratory for Advanced Solar Energy , National University of Science and Technology "MISiS" , Leninskiy Prosect 6 , 119049 Moscow , Russia
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- BeDimensional Srl. , Via Albisola 121 , 16163 Genova , Italy
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28
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Lee S, Kim DB, Hamilton I, Daboczi M, Nam YS, Lee BR, Zhao B, Jang CH, Friend RH, Kim J, Song MH. Control of Interface Defects for Efficient and Stable Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Using Nickel Oxide Hole Injection Layer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1801350. [PMID: 30479940 PMCID: PMC6247068 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as promising materials for light-emitting diodes owing to their narrow emission spectrum and wide range of color tunability. However, the low exciton binding energy in MHPs leads to a competition between the trap-mediated nonradiative recombination and the bimolecular radiative recombination. Here, efficient and stable green emissive perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with an external quantum efficiency of 14.6% are demonstrated through compositional, dimensional, and interfacial modulations of MHPs. The interfacial energetics and optoelectronic properties of the perovskite layer grown on a nickel oxide (NiO x ) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate hole injection interfaces are investigated. The better interface formed between the NiO x /perovskite layers in terms of lower density of traps/defects, as well as more balanced charge carriers in the perovskite layer leading to high recombination yield of carriers are the main reasons for significantly improved device efficiency, photostability of perovskite, and operational stability of PeLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Low Dimensional Carbon Center and KIST‐UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent MaterialsUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)UNIST‐gil 50Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Da Bin Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Low Dimensional Carbon Center and KIST‐UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent MaterialsUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)UNIST‐gil 50Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Iain Hamilton
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonPrince Consort RoadLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Matyas Daboczi
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonPrince Consort RoadLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Yun Seok Nam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Low Dimensional Carbon Center and KIST‐UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent MaterialsUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)UNIST‐gil 50Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Department of PhysicsPukyong National University45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐GuBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Baodan Zhao
- Cavendish LaboratoryJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Chung Hyeon Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Low Dimensional Carbon Center and KIST‐UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent MaterialsUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)UNIST‐gil 50Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji‐Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonPrince Consort RoadLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Low Dimensional Carbon Center and KIST‐UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent MaterialsUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)UNIST‐gil 50Ulsan44919Republic of Korea
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29
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Lee Y, Lee S, Seo G, Paek S, Cho KT, Huckaba AJ, Calizzi M, Choi D, Park J, Lee D, Lee HJ, Asiri AM, Nazeeruddin MK. Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Using Passivated Tin Oxide as an Electron Transport Layer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2018; 5:1800130. [PMID: 29938189 PMCID: PMC6010698 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Planar perovskite solar cells using low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) of the SnO2 electron transporting layer (ETL), with excellent electron extraction and hole-blocking ability, offer significant advantages compared with high-temperature deposition methods. The optical, chemical, and electrical properties of the ALD SnO2 layer and its influence on the device performance are investigated. It is found that surface passivation of SnO2 is essential to reduce charge recombination at the perovskite and ETL interface and show that the fabricated planar perovskite solar cells exhibit high reproducibility, stability, and power conversion efficiency of 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Lee
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Division of Materials Science and EngineeringHanyang University222 Wangsimni‐roSeongdong‐guSeoul133‐791Korea
| | - Gabseok Seo
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Sanghyun Paek
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Kyung Taek Cho
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Aron J. Huckaba
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Marco Calizzi
- Laboratory of Materials for Renewable EnergyEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
| | - Dong‐won Choi
- Division of Materials Science and EngineeringHanyang University222 Wangsimni‐roSeongdong‐guSeoul133‐791Korea
| | - Jin‐Seong Park
- Division of Materials Science and EngineeringHanyang University222 Wangsimni‐roSeongdong‐guSeoul133‐791Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Division of Physics and Applied PhysicsSchool of Physical and Mathematical ScienceNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637371Singapore
| | - Hyo Joong Lee
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry, and Bioactive Material SciencesChonbuk National UniversityJeonju561‐756Korea
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)King Abdulaziz UniversityP. O. Box 80203Jeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneCH‐1951SionSwitzerland
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30
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Park SM, Mazza SM, Liang Z, Abtahi A, Boehm AM, Parkin SR, Anthony JE, Graham KR. Processing Dependent Influence of the Hole Transport Layer Ionization Energy on Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photovoltaics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:15548-15557. [PMID: 29672012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometal halide perovskite photovoltaics typically contain both electron and hole transport layers, both of which influence charge extraction and recombination. The ionization energy (IE) of the hole transport layer (HTL) is one important material property that will influence the open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and short-circuit current. Herein, we introduce a new series of triarylaminoethynylsilanes with adjustable IEs as efficient HTL materials for methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite based photovoltaics. The three triarylaminoethynylsilanes investigated can all be used as HTLs to yield PV performance on par with the commonly used HTLs PEDOT:PSS and Spiro-OMeTAD in inverted architectures (i.e., HTL deposited prior to the perovskite layer). We further investigate the influence of the HTL IE on the photovoltaic performance of MAPbI3 based inverted devices using two different MAPbI3 processing methods with a series of 11 different HTL materials, with IEs ranging from 4.74 to 5.84 eV. The requirements for the HTL IE change based on whether MAPbI3 is formed from lead acetate, Pb(OAc)2, or PbI2 as the Pb source. The ideal HTL IE range is between 4.8 and 5.3 eV for MAPbI3 processed from Pb(OAc)2, while with PbI2 the PV performance is relatively insensitive to variations in the HTL IE between 4.8 and 5.8 eV. Our results suggest that contradictory findings in the literature on the effect of the HTL IE in perovskite photovoltaics stem partly from the different processing methods employed.
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31
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Zhou W, Zhou P, Lei X, Fang Z, Zhang M, Liu Q, Chen T, Zeng H, Ding L, Zhu J, Dai S, Yang S. Phase Engineering of Perovskite Materials for High-Efficiency Solar Cells: Rapid Conversion of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 to Phase-Pure CH 3NH 3PbCl 3 via Hydrochloric Acid Vapor Annealing Post-Treatment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:1897-1908. [PMID: 29271198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organometal halide CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) has been commonly used as the light absorber layer of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and, especially, another halide element chlorine (Cl) has been often incorporated to assist the crystallization of perovskite film. However, in most cases, a predominant MAPbI3 phase with trace of Cl- is obtained ultimately and the role of Cl involvement remains unclear. Herein, we develop a low-cost and facile method, named hydrochloric acid vapor annealing (HAVA) post-treatment, and realize a rapid conversion of MAPbI3 to phase-pure MAPbCl3, demonstrating a new concept of phase engineering of perovskite materials toward efficiency enhancement of PSCs for the first time. The average grain size of perovskite film after HAVA post-treatment increases remarkably through an Ostwald ripening process, leading to a denser and smoother perovskite film with reduced trap states and enhanced crystallinity. More importantly, the generation of MAPbCl3 secondary phase via phase engineering is beneficial for improving the carrier mobility with a more balanced carrier transport rate and enlarging the band gap of perovskite film along with optimized energy level alignment. As a result, under the optimized HAVA post-treatment time (2 min), we achieved a significant enhancement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the MAPbI3-based planar heterojunction-PSC device from 14.02 to 17.40% (the highest PCE reaches 18.45%) with greatly suppressed hysteresis of the current-voltage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xunyong Lei
- ICQD, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhimin Fang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hualing Zeng
- ICQD, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly-coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liming Ding
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009, China
| | - Songyuan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
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Abstract
The current challenges (e.g., stability, hysteresis, etc.) in organometal halide perovskite solar cell research are closely correlated with surfaces and interfaces. For instance, efficient generation of charges, extraction, and transport with minimum recombination through interlayer interfaces is crucial to attain high-efficiency solar cell devices. Furthermore, intralayer interfaces may be present in the form of grain boundaries within a film composed of the same material, for example, a polycrystalline perovskite layer. The adjacent grains may assume different crystal orientations and/or have different chemical compositions, which impacts charge excitation and dynamics and thereby the overall solar cell performance. In this Perspective, we present case studies to demonstrate (1) how surfaces and interfaces can impact material properties and device performance and (2) how these issues can be investigated by surface science techniques, such as scanning probe microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and so forth. We end this Perspective by outlining the future research directions based on the reported results as well as the new trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis K Ono
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yabing Qi
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSS), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Gottesman R, Lopez-varo P, Gouda L, Jimenez-tejada J, Hu J, Tirosh S, Zaban A, Bisquert J. Dynamic Phenomena at Perovskite/Electron-Selective Contact Interface as Interpreted from Photovoltage Decays. Chem 2016; 1:776-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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