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Westphal D, Meinhardt M, Grützmann K, Schöne L, Steininger J, Neuhaus LT, Wiegel M, Schrimpf D, Aust DE, Schröck E, Baretton GB, Beissert S, Juratli TA, Schackert GG, Gravemeyer J, Becker JC, von Deimling A, Koelsche C, Klink B, Meier F, Schulz A, Muders MH, Seifert M. Identification of Epigenetically Regulated Genes Distinguishing Intracranial from Extracranial Melanoma Metastases. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1233-1245.e17. [PMID: 36716920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in treating patients with metastatic melanoma, the management of melanoma brain metastases remains challenging. Recent evidence suggests that epigenetic reprogramming is an important mechanism for the adaptation of melanoma cells to the brain environment. In this study, the methylomes and transcriptomes of a cohort of matched melanoma metastases were evaluated by integrated omics data analysis. The identified 38 candidate genes displayed distinct promoter methylation and corresponding gene expression changes in intracranial compared with extracranial metastases. The 11 most promising genes were validated on protein level in both tumor and surrounding normal tissue using immunohistochemistry. In accordance with the underlying promoter methylation and gene expression changes, a significantly different protein expression was confirmed for STK10, PDXK, WDR24, CSSP1, NMB, RASL11B, phosphorylated PRKCZ, PRKCZ, and phosphorylated GRB10 in the intracranial metastases. The observed changes imply a distinct intracranial phenotype with increased protein kinase B phosphorylation and a higher frequency of proliferating cells. Knockdown of PRKCZ or GRB10 altered the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B and decreased the viability of a brain-specific melanoma cell line. In summary, epigenetically regulated cancer-relevant alterations were identified that provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that discriminate brain metastases from other organ metastases, which could be exploited by targeting the affected signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Westphal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Konrad Grützmann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Schöne
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Steininger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena T Neuhaus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Miriam Wiegel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Schrimpf
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela E Aust
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioBank Dresden (BBD), Tumor and Normal Tissue Bank (TNTB), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; BioBank Dresden (BBD), Tumor and Normal Tissue Bank (TNTB), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Tareq A Juratli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele G Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Gravemeyer
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Koelsche
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Klink
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumor Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany; Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Seifert
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Parker SS, Ly KT, Grant AD, Sweetland J, Wang AM, Parker JD, Roman MR, Saboda K, Roe DJ, Padi M, Wolgemuth CW, Langlais P, Mouneimne G. EVL and MIM/MTSS1 regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling to promote dendritic filopodia in neurons. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202106081. [PMID: 36828364 PMCID: PMC9998662 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic compartment of a neuronal synapse and are critical for synaptic connectivity and plasticity. A developmental precursor to dendritic spines, dendritic filopodia (DF), facilitate synapse formation by sampling the environment for suitable axon partners during neurodevelopment and learning. Despite the significance of the actin cytoskeleton in driving these dynamic protrusions, the actin elongation factors involved are not well characterized. We identified the Ena/VASP protein EVL as uniquely required for the morphogenesis and dynamics of DF. Using a combination of genetic and optogenetic manipulations, we demonstrated that EVL promotes protrusive motility through membrane-direct actin polymerization at DF tips. EVL forms a complex at nascent protrusions and DF tips with MIM/MTSS1, an I-BAR protein important for the initiation of DF. We proposed a model in which EVL cooperates with MIM to coalesce and elongate branched actin filaments, establishing the dynamic lamellipodia-like architecture of DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S. Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth Tran Ly
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Adam D. Grant
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jillian Sweetland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ashley M. Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James D. Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mackenzie R. Roman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathylynn Saboda
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Denise J. Roe
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Megha Padi
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Charles W. Wolgemuth
- University of Arizona Cancer Center and Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Gu X, Jia C, Wang J. Advances in Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Polarity. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2851-2870. [PMID: 36738353 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity are important for neural development and function. Abnormal neuronal polarity establishment commonly leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Over the past three decades, with the continuous development and improvement of biological research methods and techniques, we have made tremendous progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neuronal polarity establishment. The activity of positive and negative feedback signals and actin waves are both essential in this process. They drive the directional transport and aggregation of key molecules of neuronal polarity, promote the spatiotemporal regulation of ordered and coordinated interactions of actin filaments and microtubules, stimulate the specialization and growth of axons, and inhibit the formation of multiple axons. In this review, we focus on recent advances in these areas, in particular the important findings about neuronal polarity in two classical models, in vitro primary hippocampal/cortical neurons and in vivo cortical pyramidal neurons, and discuss our current understanding of neuronal polarity..
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junhao Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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4
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Pramio DT, Vieceli FM, Varella-Branco E, Goes CP, Kobayashi GS, da Silva Pelegrina DV, de Moraes BC, El Allam A, De Kumar B, Jara G, Farfel JM, Bennett DA, Kundu S, Viapiano MS, Reis EM, de Oliveira PSL, Dos Santos E Passos-Bueno MR, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S, Schechtman D. DNA methylation of the promoter region at the CREB1 binding site is a mechanism for the epigenetic regulation of brain-specific PKMζ. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2023; 1866:194909. [PMID: 36682583 PMCID: PMC10037092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase M zeta, PKMζ, is a brain enriched kinase with a well characterized role in Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), the activity-dependent strengthening of synapses involved in long-term memory formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that maintain the tissue specificity of this kinase. Here, we characterized the epigenetic factors, mainly DNA methylation, regulating PKMζ expression in the human brain. The PRKCZ gene has an upstream promoter regulating Protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ), and an internal promoter driving PKMζ expression. A demethylated region, including a canonical CREB binding site, situated at the internal promoter was only observed in human CNS tissues. The induction of site-specific hypermethylation of this region resulted in decreased CREB1 binding and downregulation of PKMζ expression. Noteworthy, CREB binding sites were absent in the upstream promoter of PRKCZ locus, suggesting a specific mechanism for regulating PKMζ expression. These observations were validated using a system of human neuronal differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). CREB1 binding at the internal promoter was detected only in differentiated neurons, where PKMζ is expressed. The same epigenetic mechanism in the context of CREB binding site was identified in other genes involved in neuronal differentiation and LTP. Additionally, aberrant DNA hypermethylation at the internal promoter was observed in cases of Alzheimer's disease, correlating with decreased expression of PKMζ in patient brains. Altogether, we present a conserved epigenetic mechanism regulating PKMζ expression and other genes enhanced in the CNS with possible implications in neuronal differentiation and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolina Purcell Goes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuromodulation of Experimental Pain, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aicha El Allam
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Jara
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio) Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Marcelo Farfel
- Traumatology and Orthopedy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Health Sciences Program, Instituto de Assistência Medica ao Servidor Público do Estado (IAMSPE), SP, Brazil
| | - David Alan Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Somanath Kundu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo Moraes Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Lopes de Oliveira
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian National Biosciences Laboratory (LNBio) Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Deborah Schechtman
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Chau DDL, Li W, Chan WWR, Sun JKL, Zhai Y, Chow HM, Lau KF. Insulin stimulates atypical protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of the neuronal adaptor FE65 to potentiate neurite outgrowth by activating ARF6-Rac1 signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22594. [PMID: 36250347 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200757r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is a fundamental process in neurons that produces extensions and, consequently, neural connectivity. Neurite damage and atrophy are observed in various brain injuries and disorders. Understanding the intrinsic pathways of neurite outgrowth is essential for developing strategies to stimulate neurite regeneration. Insulin is a pivotal hormone in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. There is increasing evidence for the neurotrophic functions of insulin, including the induction of neurite outgrowth. However, the associated mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that insulin potentiates neurite outgrowth mediated by the small GTPases ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) through the neuronal adaptor FE65. Moreover, insulin enhances atypical protein kinase Cι/λ (PKCι/λ) activation and FE65 phosphorylation at serine 459 (S459) in neurons and mouse brains. In vitro and cellular assays show that PKCι/λ phosphorylated FE65 at S459. Consistently, insulin potentiates FE65 S459 phosphorylation only in the presence of PKCι/λ. Phosphomimetic studies show that an FE65 S459E mutant potently activates ARF6, Rac1, and neurite outgrowth. Notably, this phosphomimetic mutation enhances the FE65-ARF6 interaction, a process that promotes ARF6-Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth. Likewise, insulin treatment and PKCι/λ overexpression potentiate the FE65-ARF6 interaction. Conversely, PKCι/λ knockdown suppresses the stimulatory effect of FE65 on ARF6-Rac1-mediated neurite outgrowth. The effect of insulin on neurite outgrowth is also markedly attenuated in PKCι/λ knockdown neurons, in the presence and absence of FE65. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism linking insulin with ARF6-Rac1-dependent neurite extension through the PKCι/λ-mediated phosphorylation of FE65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dik-Long Chau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wai Wa Ray Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacquelyne Ka-Li Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuqi Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Zhang L, Wei X. The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-93. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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7
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Shaha S, Patel K, Saadat S, Panahi S, de Almeida MM, Voronova A, Riddell M. Human placenta and trophoblasts simultaneously express three isoforms of atypical protein kinase-c. Placenta 2022; 119:39-43. [PMID: 35124330 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase-c (aPKC) isoforms are important regulators of polarity and stem cell differentiation. There are three isoforms of aPKC: aPKC-ι, aPKC-ζ, and PKM-ζ. Recently, aPKC-ι was shown to regulate human trophoblast stem cell (TSC) differentiation. Compensation by remaining isoforms when a single aPKC isoform is lost can occur, but the expression pattern of aPKC-ζ in placenta is unknown. Here we show that aPKC-ι, aPKC-ζ and a new isoform, aPKC-ζ III, are expressed in trophoblasts. Therefore, studies examining the role of aPKC isoforms that control for potential compensation between aPKC isoforms are necessary to understand aPKC-mediated regulation of TSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyah Shaha
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khushali Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Saba Saadat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sareh Panahi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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8
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Zhang C, Tian F, Tan Z, Du J, Long X. Altered Expression of Par3, aPKC-λ, and Lgl1 in Hippocampus in Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model. Front Neurol 2021; 12:780042. [PMID: 34956060 PMCID: PMC8692670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.780042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) is a frequent histopathological finding in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and is involved in the pathology of TLE. However, molecular signals underlying MFS remain unclear. Partitioning defective 3(Par3), atypical protein kinase C-λ(aPKC-λ), and lethal giant larvae 1(Lgl1) were involved in the neuronal polarity and axon growth. The potential roles of those proteins in MFS and epileptogenesis of TLE were investigated.Material and Methods: The epileptic rat models were established by intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid (KA). The degree of MFS was measured by using Timm staining, Neuronal loss and the expression aPKC-λ, Par3, and Lgl1 in hippocampus were measured by using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis.Results: The neuronal loss in CA3 region was observed from 3 days to 8 weeks, while the neuronal loss in the hilar region was observed from 1 to 8 weeks in experimental group. The Timm score in the CA3 region in experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group from 2 to 8 weeks. Compared with control group, the expressions of Par3 and Lgl1 were upregulated and the expression of aPKC-λ was downregulated in the experimental groups. Positive correlation between the Par3 expression and Timm scores, and the negative correlation between the aPKC-λ expression and Timm scores in CA3 region were discovered in experimental group.Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that aPKC-λ, Par3, and Lgl1 may be involved in MFS and in the epileptogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fafa Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheren Tan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Long ;
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9
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Chau DDL, Lau KF. The roles of atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs) in the nervous system: targets for neuroregeneration? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1475-1476. [PMID: 31997808 PMCID: PMC7059589 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dik-Long Chau
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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10
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Hapak SM, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. aPKC in neuronal differentiation, maturation and function. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20190019. [PMID: 32269838 DOI: 10.1042/NS20190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical Protein Kinase Cs (aPKCs)—PRKCI, PRKCZ and PKMζ—form a subfamily within the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family. These kinases are expressed in the nervous system, including during its development and in adulthood. One of the aPKCs, PKMζ, appears to be restricted to the nervous system. aPKCs are known to play a role in a variety of cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, polarity, migration, survival and key metabolic functions such as glucose uptake, that are critical for nervous system development and function. Therefore, these kinases have garnered a lot of interest in terms of their functional role in the nervous system. Here we review the expression and function of aPKCs in neural development and in neuronal maturation and function. Despite seemingly paradoxical findings with genetic deletion versus gene silencing approaches, we posit that aPKCs are likely candidates for regulating many important neurodevelopmental and neuronal functions, and may be associated with a number of human neuropsychiatric diseases.
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11
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Hapak SM, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Axon Regeneration: Antagonistic Signaling Pairs in Neuronal Polarization. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:615-629. [PMID: 29934283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screens, proteomics, and candidate-based approaches have identified numerous genes associated with neuronal regeneration following central nervous system (CNS) injury. Despite significant progress, functional recovery remains a challenge, even in model systems. Neuronal function depends on segregation of axonal versus dendritic domains. A key to functional recovery may lie in recapitulating the developmental signals that instruct axon specification and growth in adult neurons post-injury. Theoretically, binary activator-inhibitor elements operating as a Turing-like system within neurons can specify axonal versus dendritic domains and promote axon growth. We review here various molecules implicated in axon specification that function as signaling pairs driving neuronal polarization and axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
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12
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Hapak SM, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. PAR3-PAR6-atypical PKC polarity complex proteins in neuronal polarization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2735-2761. [PMID: 29696344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental feature of cells. Protein complexes, including the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex, have conserved roles in establishing polarity across a number of eukaryotic cell types. In neurons, polarity is evident as distinct axonal versus dendritic domains. The PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins also play important roles in neuronal polarization. During this process, either aPKC kinase activity, the assembly of the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex or the localization of these proteins is regulated downstream of a number of signaling pathways. In turn, the PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins control various effector molecules to establish neuronal polarity. Herein, we discuss the many signaling mechanisms and effector functions that have been linked to PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC during the establishment of neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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13
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Hori I, Kawamura R, Nakabayashi K, Watanabe H, Higashimoto K, Tomikawa J, Ieda D, Ohashi K, Negishi Y, Hattori A, Sugio Y, Wakui K, Hata K, Soejima H, Kurosawa K, Saitoh S. CTCFdeletion syndrome: clinical features and epigenetic delineation. J Med Genet 2017; 54:836-842. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Hansen AH, Duellberg C, Mieck C, Loose M, Hippenmeyer S. Cell Polarity in Cerebral Cortex Development-Cellular Architecture Shaped by Biochemical Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:176. [PMID: 28701923 PMCID: PMC5487411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex is the seat of our cognitive abilities and composed of an extraordinary number of neurons, organized in six distinct layers. The establishment of specific morphological and physiological features in individual neurons needs to be regulated with high precision. Impairments in the sequential developmental programs instructing corticogenesis lead to alterations in the cortical cytoarchitecture which is thought to represent the major underlying cause for several neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases. In this review article we discuss the role of cell polarity at sequential stages during cortex development. We first provide an overview of morphological cell polarity features in cortical neural stem cells and newly-born postmitotic neurons. We then synthesize a conceptual molecular and biochemical framework how cell polarity is established at the cellular level through a break in symmetry in nascent cortical projection neurons. Lastly we provide a perspective how the molecular mechanisms applying to single cells could be probed and integrated in an in vivo and tissue-wide context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Christine Mieck
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria
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15
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Dorfman MD, Krull JE, Scarlett JM, Guyenet SJ, Sajan MP, Damian V, Nguyen HT, Leitges M, Morton GJ, Farese RV, Schwartz MW, Thaler JP. Deletion of Protein Kinase C λ in POMC Neurons Predisposes to Diet-Induced Obesity. Diabetes 2017; 66:920-934. [PMID: 28073831 PMCID: PMC5360303 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effectors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway contribute to the hypothalamic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in divergent ways. Here we show that central nervous system (CNS) action of the PI3K signaling intermediate atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) constrains food intake, weight gain, and glucose intolerance in both rats and mice. Pharmacological inhibition of CNS aPKC activity acutely increases food intake and worsens glucose tolerance in chow-fed rodents and causes excess weight gain during high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Similarly, selective deletion of the aPKC isoform Pkc-λ in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons disrupts leptin action, reduces melanocortin content in the paraventricular nucleus, and markedly increases susceptibility to obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance specifically in HFD-fed male mice. These data implicate aPKC as a novel regulator of energy and glucose homeostasis downstream of the leptin-PI3K pathway in POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio D Dorfman
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jordan E Krull
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephan J Guyenet
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mini P Sajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
- Research & Internal Medicine Services, James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Vincent Damian
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hong T Nguyen
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Leitges
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gregory J Morton
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
- Research & Internal Medicine Services, James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joshua P Thaler
- UW Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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16
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Abstract
The lens originates from a simple cuboidal epithelium, which, on its basal side, contacts the optic vesicle, whilst facing the extraembryonic environment on its apical side. As this epithelium changes into the pseudostratified lens placode, its cells elongate and become narrower at their apical ends. This is due to the formation of an apical actin network, whose appearance is restricted to cells of the placodal region, as a result of region-specific signaling mechanisms that remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the polarity protein PAR3 and the phosphorylation state of its Threonine 833 (T833) aPKC-binding site in the recruitment of aPKC and in the establishment of actin network in the chick lens placode. Overexpression of wild type PAR3 recruited aPKC and punctate actin clusters to the basolateral membranes of the placodal cells. Recruitment of aPKC depended on the charge of the residue that replaced the T833 residue. In contrast, induction of the ectopic actin spots was independent on the charge of this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraysa de Oliveira Melo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moraes Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Chao Yun Irene Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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17
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Li W, Yang X, Zheng T, Xing S, Wu Y, Bian F, Wu G, Li Y, Li J, Bai X, Wu D, Jia X, Wang L, Zhu L, Jin S. TNF-α stimulates endothelial palmitic acid transcytosis and promotes insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44659. [PMID: 28304381 DOI: 10.1038/srep44659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent elevation of plasma TNF-α is a marker of low grade systemic inflammation. Palmitic acid (PA) is the most abundant type of saturated fatty acid in human body. PA is bound with albumin in plasma and could not pass through endothelial barrier freely. Albumin-bound PA has to be transported across monolayer endothelial cells through intracellular transcytosis, but not intercellular diffusion. In the present study, we discovered that TNF-α might stimulate PA transcytosis across cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, which further impaired the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by cardiomyocytes and promoted insulin resistance. In this process, TNF-α-stimulated endothelial autophagy and NF-κB signaling crosstalk with each other and orchestrate the whole event, ultimately result in increased expression of fatty acid transporter protein 4 (FATP4) in endothelial cells and mediate the increased PA transcytosis across microvascular endothelial cells. Hopefully the present study discovered a novel missing link between low grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance.
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18
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Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric localization of cellular components that allows cells to carry out their specialized functions, be they epithelial barrier function, transmission of action potentials in nerve cells, or modulation of the immune response. The establishment and maintenance of cell polarity requires the directed trafficking of membrane proteins and lipids - essential processes that are mediated by Rab GTPases. Interestingly, several of the Rabs that impact polarity are present in the earliest eukaryotes, and the Rab polarity repertoire has expanded as cells have become more complex. There is a substantial conservation of Rab function across diverse cell types. Rabs act through an assortment of effector proteins that include scaffolding proteins, cytoskeletal motors, and other small GTPases. In this review we highlight the similarities and differences in Rab function for the instruction of polarity in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Parker
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Christopher Cox
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Jean M Wilson
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
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19
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Tsokas P, Hsieh C, Yao Y, Lesburguères E, Wallace EJC, Tcherepanov A, Jothianandan D, Hartley BR, Pan L, Rivard B, Farese RV, Sajan MP, Bergold PJ, Hernández AI, Cottrell JE, Shouval HZ, Fenton AA, Sacktor TC. Compensation for PKMζ in long-term potentiation and spatial long-term memory in mutant mice. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27187150 PMCID: PMC4869915 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PKMζ is a persistently active PKC isoform proposed to maintain late-LTP and long-term memory. But late-LTP and memory are maintained without PKMζ in PKMζ-null mice. Two hypotheses can account for these findings. First, PKMζ is unimportant for LTP or memory. Second, PKMζ is essential for late-LTP and long-term memory in wild-type mice, and PKMζ-null mice recruit compensatory mechanisms. We find that whereas PKMζ persistently increases in LTP maintenance in wild-type mice, PKCι/λ, a gene-product closely related to PKMζ, persistently increases in LTP maintenance in PKMζ-null mice. Using a pharmacogenetic approach, we find PKMζ-antisense in hippocampus blocks late-LTP and spatial long-term memory in wild-type mice, but not in PKMζ-null mice without the target mRNA. Conversely, a PKCι/λ-antagonist disrupts late-LTP and spatial memory in PKMζ-null mice but not in wild-type mice. Thus, whereas PKMζ is essential for wild-type LTP and long-term memory, persistent PKCι/λ activation compensates for PKMζ loss in PKMζ-null mice. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14846.001 How are long-term memories stored in the brain? The formation of memories is believed to depend on the strengthening of connections between neurons. During learning, neurons produce an enzyme called PKMzeta (or PKMζ), which is thought to be responsible for maintaining the newly strengthened connections. Inhibitors of PKMzeta, such as a drug called ZIP, disrupt long-term memories. This suggests that the brain may be like a computer hard disc in that its stored information — its memories — could be erased. However, recent experiments on genetically engineered mice have thrown the role of PKMzeta into question. Knockout mice that lack the gene for PKMzeta can still strengthen connections between neurons and can still learn and remember. Moreover, ZIP still works to reverse the strengthening and to erase long-term memories. This indicates that ZIP can act on something other than the PKMzeta enzyme. These results have led many neuroscientists to doubt that PKMzeta has anything to do with memory. Yet there are two possible explanations for the normal memory in PKMzeta knockout mice. First, PKMzeta is not required for memory, so getting rid of it has no effect. Second, PKMzeta is essential for long-term memory in normal mice. However, knockout mice recruit a back-up mechanism for long-term memory storage, which is also sensitive to the effects of ZIP. To test these possibilities, Tsokas et al. used a modified piece of DNA that prevents neurons with the gene for PKMzeta from producing the enzyme. The DNA blocked memory formation in normal mice, consistent with a role for PKMzeta in memory. However, it had no effect in knockout mice — the DNA had nothing to work on. This suggests that another molecule does indeed act as a back-up for PKMzeta in these animals. Further experiments revealed that an enzyme closely related to PKMzeta, called PKCiota/lambda (PKCι/λ), substitutes for PKMzeta during memory storage in the knockout mice. These findings restore PKMzeta to its early promise. They show that PKMzeta is crucial for long-term memory in normal mice, but that something as important as memory storage has a back-up mechanism should PKMzeta fail. Future work may reveal when and how this back-up becomes engaged. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14846.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Tsokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Changchi Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Yudong Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | | | - Emma Jane Claire Wallace
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Andrew Tcherepanov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Desingarao Jothianandan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Benjamin Rush Hartley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Ling Pan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Bruno Rivard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Internal Medicine, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States
| | - Mini P Sajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, United States
| | - Peter John Bergold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Alejandro Iván Hernández
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - James E Cottrell
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Harel Z Shouval
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, United States
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States.,Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
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20
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Ierusalimsky VN, Borodinova AA, Balaban PM. Localization of the atypical protein kinase Cζ in the Nervous System of the terrestrial snail Helix. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Palida SF, Butko MT, Ngo JT, Mackey MR, Gross LA, Ellisman MH, Tsien RY. PKMζ, but not PKCλ, is rapidly synthesized and degraded at the neuronal synapse. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7736-49. [PMID: 25995463 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0004-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesizing, localizing, and stabilizing new protein copies at synapses are crucial factors in maintaining the synaptic changes required for storing long-term memories. PKMζ recently emerged as a molecule putatively responsible for maintaining encoded memories over time because its presence correlates with late LTP and because its inhibition disrupts LTP in vitro and long-term memory storage in vivo. Here we investigated PKMζ stability in rat neurons to better understand its role during information encoding and storage. We used TimeSTAMP reporters to track the synthesis and degradation of PKMζ as well as a related atypical PKC, PKCλ. These reporters revealed that both PKMζ and PKCλ were upregulated after chemical LTP induction; however, these new PKMζ copies exhibited more rapid turnover than basally produced PKMζ, particularly in dendritic spines. In contrast to PKMζ, new PKCλ copies exhibited elevated stability. Stable information storage over long periods of time is more challenging the shorter the metabolic lifetime of the candidate molecules.
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22
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Balaban PM, Roshchin M, Timoshenko AK, Zuzina AB, Lemak M, Ierusalimsky VN, Aseyev NA, Malyshev AY. Homolog of protein kinase Mζ maintains context aversive memory and underlying long-term facilitation in terrestrial snail Helix. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:222. [PMID: 26157359 PMCID: PMC4475826 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that a variety of long-term memories in different regions of the brain and in different species are quickly erased by local inhibition of protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ), a persistently active protein kinase. Using antibodies to mammalian PKMζ, we describe in the present study the localization of immunoreactive molecules in the nervous system of the terrestrial snail Helix lucorum. Presence of a homolog of PKMζ was confirmed with transcriptomics. We have demonstrated in behavioral experiments that contextual fear memory disappeared under a blockade of PKMζ with a selective peptide blocker of PKMζ zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP), but not with scrambled ZIP. If ZIP was combined with a “reminder” (20 min in noxious context), no impairment of the long-term contextual memory was observed. In electrophysiological experiments we investigated whether PKMζ takes part in the maintenance of long-term facilitation (LTF) in the neural circuit mediating tentacle withdrawal. LTF of excitatory synaptic inputs to premotor interneurons was induced by high-frequency nerve stimulation combined with serotonin bath applications and lasted at least 4 h. We found that bath application of 2 × 10−6 M ZIP at the 90th min after the tetanization reduced the EPSP amplitude to the non-tetanized EPSP values. Applications of the scrambled ZIP peptide at a similar time and concentration didn’t affect the EPSP amplitudes. In order to test whether effects of ZIP are specific to the synapses, we performed experiments with LTF of somatic membrane responses to local glutamate applications. It was shown earlier that serotonin application in such an “artificial synapse” condition elicits LTF of responses to glutamate. It was found that ZIP had no effect on LTF in these conditions, which may be explained by the very low concentration of PKMζ molecules in somata of these identified neurons, as evidenced by immunochemistry. Obtained results suggest that the Helix homolog of PKMζ might be involved in post-induction maintenance of long-term changes in the nervous system of the terrestrial snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia
| | - Matvey Roshchin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Alia Kh Timoshenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena B Zuzina
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Lemak
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor N Ierusalimsky
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Aseyev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Y Malyshev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
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23
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Kusne Y, Carrera-Silva EA, Perry AS, Rushing EJ, Mandell EK, Dietrich JD, Errasti AE, Gibbs D, Berens ME, Loftus JC, Hulme C, Yang W, Lu Z, Aldape K, Sanai N, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. Targeting aPKC disables oncogenic signaling by both the EGFR and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα in glioblastoma. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra75. [PMID: 25118327 PMCID: PMC4486020 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Grade IV glioblastoma is characterized by increased kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); however, EGFR kinase inhibitors have failed to improve survival in individuals with this cancer because resistance to these drugs often develops. We showed that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) produced in the glioblastoma microenvironment activated atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), thereby producing resistance to EGFR kinase inhibitors. Additionally, we identified that aPKC was required both for paracrine TNFα-dependent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and for tumor cell-intrinsic receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Targeting aPKC decreased tumor growth in mouse models of glioblastoma, including models of EGFR kinase inhibitor-resistant glioblastoma. Furthermore, aPKC abundance and activity were increased in human glioblastoma tumor cells, and high aPKC abundance correlated with poor prognosis. Thus, targeting aPKC might provide an improved molecular approach for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kusne
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85287, USA
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | | | - Anthony S. Perry
- Department of Pathology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ 85234, USA
| | | | - Edward K. Mandell
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Andrea E. Errasti
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Gibbs
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael E. Berens
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | | | | | - Weiwei Yang
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhimin Lu
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Nader Sanai
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85287, USA
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Carla V. Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85287, USA
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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24
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Perry AS, Furusato B, Nagle RB, Ghosh S. Increased aPKC Expression Correlates with Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Gleason Score and Tumor Stage in the Japanese Population. Prostate Cancer 2014; 2014:481697. [PMID: 24868468 PMCID: PMC4020167 DOI: 10.1155/2014/481697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Levels of the protein kinase aPKC have been previously correlated with prostate cancer prognosis in a British cohort. However, prostate cancer incidence and progression rates, as well as genetic changes in this disease, show strong ethnic variance, particularly in Asian populations. Objective. The aim of this study was to validate association of aPKC expression with prostatic adenocarcinoma stages in a Japanese cohort. Methods. Tissue microarrays consisting of 142 malignant prostate cancer cases and 21 benign prostate tissues were subject to immunohistological staining for aPKC. aPKC staining intensity was scored by three independent pathologists and categorized as absent (0), dim (1+), intermediate (2+), and bright (3+). aPKC staining intensities were correlated with Gleason score and tumor stage. Results. Increased aPKC staining was observed in malignant prostate cancer, in comparison to benign tissue. Additionally, aPKC staining levels correlated with Gleason score and tumor stage. Our results extend the association of aPKC with prostate cancer to a Japanese population and establish the suitability of aPKC as a universal prostate cancer biomarker that performs consistently across ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Perry
- Department of Pathology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ 85234, USA
| | - Bungo Furusato
- Department of Pathology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Raymond B. Nagle
- Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona and Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona and Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724-5044, USA
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