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Kurita J, Iwasaki Y. Effect of Long-Distance Domestic Travel Ban Policies in Japan on COVID-19 Outbreak Dynamics During Dominance of the Ancestral Strain: Ex Post Facto Retrospective Observation Study. Online J Public Health Inform 2024; 16:e44931. [PMID: 38648635 PMCID: PMC11037452 DOI: 10.2196/44931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, long-distance domestic travel was banned while the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain was dominant under the first declared state of emergency from March 2020 until the end of May 2020. Subsequently, the "Go To Travel" campaign travel subsidy policy was activated, allowing long-distance domestic travel, until the second state of emergency as of January 7, 2021. The effects of this long-distance domestic travel ban on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity have not been adequately evaluated. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of the long-distance domestic travel ban in Japan on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, considering climate conditions, mobility, and countermeasures such as the "Go To Travel" campaign and emergency status. METHODS We calculated the effective reproduction number R(t), representing infectivity, using the epidemic curve in Kagoshima prefecture based on the empirical distribution of the incubation period and procedurally delayed reporting from an earlier study. Kagoshima prefecture, in southern Japan, has several resorts, with an airport commonly used for transportation to Tokyo or Osaka. We regressed R(t) on the number of long-distance domestic travelers (based on the number of airport limousine bus users provided by the operating company), temperature, humidity, mobility, and countermeasures such as state of emergency declarations and the "Go To Travel" campaign in Kagoshima. The study period was June 20, 2020, through February 2021, before variant strains became dominant. A second state of emergency was not declared in Kagoshima prefecture but was declared in major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka. RESULTS Estimation results indicated a pattern of declining infectivity with reduced long-distance domestic travel volumes as measured by the number of airport limousine bus users. Moreover, infectivity was lower during the "Go To Travel" campaign and the second state of emergency. Regarding mobility, going to restaurants, shopping malls, and amusement venues was associated with increased infectivity. However, going to grocery stores and pharmacies was associated with decreased infectivity. Climate conditions showed no significant association with infectivity patterns. CONCLUSIONS The results of this retrospective analysis suggest that the volume of long-distance domestic travel might reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Infectivity was lower during the "Go To Travel" campaign period, during which long-distance domestic travel was promoted, compared to that outside this campaign period. These findings suggest that policies banning long-distance domestic travel had little legitimacy or rationale. Long-distance domestic travel with appropriate infection control measures might not increase SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in tourist areas. Even though this analysis was performed much later than the study period, if we had performed this study focusing on the period of April or May 2021, it would likely yield the same results. These findings might be helpful for government decision-making in considering restarting a "Go To Travel" campaign in light of evidence-based policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kurita
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Daitobunka University, Higashimatsuyama-shi, Japan
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Li Y, Huang S, Fang P, Liang Y, Wang J, Xiong N. Vegetation net primary productivity in urban areas of China responded positively to the COVID-19 lockdown in spring 2020. Sci Total Environ 2024; 916:169998. [PMID: 38220011 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
To prevent the spread of COVID-19, China implemented large-scale lockdown measures in early 2020, resulting in a marked reduction in human activities over a short period. Studies have explored environmental changes during lockdowns, lacking analysis of response of net primary productivity (NPP) to lockdowns, especially for diverse vegetation types. Correlation between NPP and impact factors during lockdowns remains unclear. Through Google Earth Engine, we evaluated spatial-temporal changes in spring NPP at multiple scales during lockdown period (LD, 2020) compared with unlocked period (UL, 2017-2019) by remote sensing data in urban areas of China. Changes in four impact factors, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (via remote sensing data), alongside temperature (TEM) and precipitation (PRE) (via meteorological data) were explored. Additionally, geodetector, a valuable statistical tool for detecting the driving ability of various elements, was employed to explore the underlying causes of vegetation changes during LD. In the spring of LD: 1) National urban NPP generally increased (+6.50 %), notably in Northeast China (NE), North China (N) and East China (E). Besides, overall urban AOD decreased (-3.64 %), notably in N and Central China (C). National urban PAR increased (+2.7 %), particularly in C and Northwest China (NW). However, overall urban TEM (-0.06 %) and PRE (-1.21 %) changed negatively. 2) NPP in all three vegetation types in urban areas enhanced, with change rates: croplands > forests > grasslands. Evident enhancements occurred in the forests and croplands in N, and the grasslands in NE. 3) Through geodetector, during LD, AOD (q = 0.223) and TEM (q = 0.272) emerged as the dominant factors for NPP. Compared with UL, the explanatory power of AOD and PAR on NPP increased during LD. This study provides valuable insights into understanding the effects of short-term human activities on vegetation productivity, offering reference for the formulation of ecological and environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of GIS, RS & GPS, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaodong Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of GIS, RS & GPS, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Panfei Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of GIS, RS & GPS, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuying Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of GIS, RS & GPS, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of GIS, RS & GPS, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Nina Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of GIS, RS & GPS, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Chiu KHY, Sridhar S, Yuen KY. Preparation for the next pandemic: challenges in strengthening surveillance. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2240441. [PMID: 37474466 PMCID: PMC10478602 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2240441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The devastating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic indicates that early detection of candidates with pandemic potential is vital. However, comprehensive metagenomic sequencing of the total microbiome is not practical due to the astronomical and rapidly evolving numbers and species of micro-organisms. Analysis of previous pandemics suggests that an increase in human-animal interactions, changes in animal and arthropod distribution due to climate change and deforestation, continuous mutations and interspecies jumping of RNA viruses, and frequent travels are important factors driving pandemic emergence. Besides measures mitigating these factors, surveillance at human-animal interfaces targeting animals with unusual tolerance to viral infections, sick heathcare workers, and workers at high biosafety level laboratories is crucial. Surveillance of sick travellers is important when alerted by an early warning system of a suspected outbreak due to unknown agents. These samples should be screened by multiplex nucleic acid amplification and subsequent unbiased next-generation sequencing. Novel viruses should be isolated in routine cell cultures, complemented by organoid cultures, and then tested in animal models for interspecies transmission potential. Potential agents are candidates for designing rapid diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. For early detection of outbreaks, there are advantages in using event-based surveillance and artificial intelligence (AI), but high background noise and censorship are possible drawbacks. These systems are likely useful if they channel reliable information from frontline healthcare or veterinary workers and large international gatherings. Furthermore, sufficient regulation of high biosafety level laboratories, and stockpiling of broad spectrum antiviral drugs, vaccines, and personal protective equipment are indicated for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Hei-Yeung Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Chan YLE, Irvine MA, Prystajecky N, Sbihi H, Taylor M, Joffres Y, Schertzer A, Rose C, Dyson L, Hill EM, Tildesley M, Tyson JR, Hoang LMN, Galanis E. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant and Effect of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions, British Columbia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1999-2007. [PMID: 37640374 PMCID: PMC10521616 DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In British Columbia, Canada, initial growth of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant was slower than that reported in other jurisdictions. Delta became the dominant variant (>50% prevalence) within ≈7-13 weeks of first detection in regions within the United Kingdom and United States. In British Columbia, it remained at <10% of weekly incident COVID-19 cases for 13 weeks after first detection on March 21, 2021, eventually reaching dominance after 17 weeks. We describe the growth of Delta variant cases in British Columbia during March 1-June 30, 2021, and apply retrospective counterfactual modeling to examine factors for the initially low COVID-19 case rate after Delta introduction, such as vaccination coverage and nonpharmaceutical interventions. Growth of COVID-19 cases in the first 3 months after Delta emergence was likely limited in British Columbia because additional nonpharmaceutical interventions were implemented to reduce levels of contact at the end of March 2021, soon after variant emergence.
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Min KD, Kim SY, Cho YY, Kim S, Yeom JS. Potential applicability of the importation risk index for predicting the risk of rarely imported infectious diseases. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1776. [PMID: 37700251 PMCID: PMC10496286 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been many prediction studies for imported infectious diseases, employing air-travel volume or the importation risk (IR) index, which is the product of travel-volume and disease burden in the source countries, as major predictors. However, there is a lack of studies validating the predictability of the variables especially for infectious diseases that have rarely been reported. In this study, we analyzed the prediction performance of the IR index and air-travel volume to predict disease importation. METHODS Rabies and African trypanosomiasis were used as target diseases. The list of rabies and African trypanosomiasis importation events, annual air-travel volume between two specific countries, and incidence of rabies and African trypanosomiasis in the source countries were obtained from various databases. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis showed that IR index was significantly associated with rabies importation risk (p value < 0.001), but the association with African trypanosomiasis was not significant (p value = 0.923). The univariable logistic regression models showed reasonable prediction performance for rabies (area under curve for Receiver operating characteristic [AUC] = 0.734) but poor performance for African trypanosomiasis (AUC = 0.641). CONCLUSIONS Our study found that the IR index cannot be generally applicable for predicting rare importation events. However, it showed the potential utility of the IR index by suggesting acceptable performance in rabies models. Further studies are recommended to explore the generalizability of the IR index's applicability and to propose disease-specific prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Duk Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Yoon Young Cho
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seyoung Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Joon-Sup Yeom
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Kıran Ş, Bostan S. A New Experience in the Turkish Health System in Response to COVID-19. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2023; 17:e483. [PMID: 37694296 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2023.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A substantial amount of work addressing strategies on how to respond to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis already exists. However, there is simply not enough evidence to support a systematic and all-encompassing approach. This study aims to systematically review and present the roadmap of Turkiye's response to COVID-19. METHODS This study is based on a thematic content analysis of official policy documents to present the roadmap in Turkiye's fight against COVID-19. The analysis included 46 press releases accessed from the Ministry of Health's website. The coding structure was created by the researchers based on the literature. Documents were analyzed by dividing them into 3 periods: the panic period, the controlled normalization period, and the normalization period. Each document was sub-coded under the main themes of "concerns" and "strategies" and interpreted by comparing them with each other. RESULTS The study results show that different categories and coding structures were formed between periods. Some categories that emerged under the theme of concerns were "vaccine concerns" and "social concerns." Similarly, some categories that appeared under the theme of strategies were "vaccine strategies," "monitoring and surveillance strategies," and "intervention strategies." CONCLUSION The results provide policy-makers with an appropriate conceptual framework to deal with the pandemic crisis that may be encountered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şafak Kıran
- Department of Health Management, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Sedat Bostan
- Department of Health Management, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
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Xu J, Wang Z, Moghadas SM. Modelling the effect of travel-related policies on disease control in a meta-population structure. J Math Biol 2023; 87:55. [PMID: 37688625 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Travel restrictions, while delaying the spread of an emerging disease from the source, could inflict substantial socioeconomic burden. Travel-related policies, such as quarantine and testing of travelers, may be considered as alternative strategies to mitigate the negative impact of travel bans. We developed a meta-population, delay-differential model to evaluate a strategy that combines testing of travelers prior to departure from the source of infection with quarantine and testing at exit from quarantine in the destination population. Our results, based on early parameter estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicate that testing travelers at exit from quarantine is more effective in delaying case importation than testing them before departure or upon arrival. We show that a 1-day quarantine with an exit test could outperform a longer, 3-day quarantine without testing in delaying the outbreak peak. Rapid, large-scale testing capacities with short turnaround times provide important means of detecting infectious cases and reducing case importation, while shortening quarantine duration for travelers at destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Zhen Wang
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Seyed M Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Moguem Soubgui AF, Kojom Foko LP, Embolo Enyegue EL, Ndeme Mboussi WS, Mbebi Enone JP, Ntatou Lemouchele I, Koanga Mogtomo ML. Confounding role of comorbidities and COVID-19 vaccination uptake in clinical utility of hematological biomarkers in Cameroonian patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. IJID Reg 2023; 8:129-136. [PMID: 37663007 PMCID: PMC10472227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To analyze variations in blood profile, the extent of hematological disorders, and the impact of comorbidities and COVID-19 vaccination on blood profile parameters and their clinical value for prognostic of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This cross-sectional study took place in Douala, Cameroon. A complete blood count and molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 were performed on patients. Clinical value was appraised using area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Results In total, 420 participants were included. A significant reduction of hematological parameters such as lymphocytes (p < 0.0001), red blood cells (P = 0.0025), mean corpuscular hemoglobin count (P < 0.0001), and platelets (P = 0.02) was seen in SARS-CoV-2 (+) patients. Anisocytosis was the main hematological disorder (95.5%). Normocytic normochromic anemia was predominant in SARS-CoV-2 (+) (35.3%) while microcytic normochromic anemia was more frequently seen in SARS-CoV-2 (-) (16.5%). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) consistently showed statistically significant AUC ∼0.75 upon stratification for age, gender, and comorbidities, with the exception of COVID-19 vaccination uptake. Conclusion In a context where molecular detection methods are difficultly affordable in health facilities in developing countries such as Cameroon, NLR could be clinically interesting for identifying SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, especially those with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, The University of Douala, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche et d'Expertise en Biologie, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Wilfried Steve Ndeme Mboussi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Douala, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche et d'Expertise en Biologie, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Idriss Ntatou Lemouchele
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Douala, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche et d'Expertise en Biologie, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Martin Luther Koanga Mogtomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Douala, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche et d'Expertise en Biologie, Douala, Cameroon
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Piccoli L, Dzankic J, Ruedin D, Jacob-Owens T. Restricting Human Movement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: New Research Avenues in the Study of Mobility, Migration, and Citizenship. Int Migr Rev 2023; 57:505-520. [PMID: 38603252 PMCID: PMC9669505 DOI: 10.1177/01979183221118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Every government in the world introduced restrictions to human mobility - that is, the movement of persons across and within state borders - in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Such restrictions thus constituted a global phenomenon, but they were by no means globally uniform; rather, they varied significantly between and within states, as well as over time. This research note presents different data sources for studying the drivers and outcomes of mobility restrictions, highlighting specific ways in which the data can be used. We begin by surveying seven new databases capturing various aspects of the regulation of human movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing inspiration from research on previous pandemics, we then outline five possible research avenues prompted by these data. We suggest that explaining the causes and consequences of such restrictions, as well as the differences between them, can significantly advance research on the governance of mobility, migration, and citizenship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Piccoli
- European University Institute, Florence, Italy
- University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
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Shi X, Ling GHT, Leng PC, Rusli N, Matusin AMRA. Associations between institutional-social-ecological factors and COVID -19 case-fatality: Evidence from 134 countries using multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). One Health 2023; 16:100551. [PMID: 37153369 PMCID: PMC10141798 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the period in which the Omicron coronavirus variant was rapidly spreading, the impact of the institutional-social-ecological dimensions on the case-fatality rate was rarely afforded attention. By adopting the diagnostic social-ecological system (SES) framework, the present paper aims to identify the impact of institutional-social-ecological factors on the case-fatality rate of COVID-19 in 134 countries and regions and test their spatial heterogeneity. Using statistical data from the Our World In Data website, the present study collected the cumulative case-fatality rate from 9 November 2021 to 23 June 2022, along with 11 country-level institutional-social-ecological factors. By comparing the goodness of fit of the multiple linear regression model and the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model, the study demonstrated that the effects of SES factors exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity in relation to the case-fatality rate of COVID-19. After substituting the data into the MGWR model, six SES factors were identified with an R square of 0.470 based on the ascending effect size: COVID-19 vaccination policy, age dependency ratio, press freedom, gross domestic product (GDP), COVID-19 testing policy, and population density. The GWR model was used to test and confirm the robustness of the research results. Based on the analysis results, it is suggested that the world needs to meet four conditions to restore normal economic activity in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: (i) Countries should increase their COVID-19 vaccination coverage and maximize COVID-19 testing expansion. (ii) Countries should increase public health facilities available to provide COVID-19 treatment and subsidize the medical costs of COVID-19 patients. (iii) Countries should strictly review COVID-19 news reports and actively publicize COVID-19 pandemic prevention knowledge to the public through a range of media. (iv) Countries should adopt an internationalist spirit of cooperation and help each other to navigate the COVID-19 pandemic. The study further tests the applicability of the SES framework to the field of COVID-19 prevention and control based on the existing research, offering novel policy insights to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic that coexists with long-term human production and life for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Shi
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Pau Chung Leng
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Noradila Rusli
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovative Planning and Development (CIPD), Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Grobusch MP, Weld L, Schnyder JL, Larsen CS, Lindner AK, Popescu CP, Huits R, Goorhuis A, Gautret P, Schlagenhauf P. COVID-19 impact on EuroTravNet infectious diseases sentinel surveillance in Europe. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 53:102583. [PMID: 37207977 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a sharp decline of post-travel patient encounters at the European sentinel surveillance network (EuroTravNet) of travellers' health. We report on the impact of COVID-19 on travel-related infectious diseases as recorded by EuroTravNet clinics. METHODS Travelers who presented between January 1, 2019 and September 30, 2021 were included. Comparisons were made between the pre-pandemic period (14 months from January 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020); and the pandemic period (19 months from March 1, 2020 to September 30, 2021). RESULTS Of the 15,124 visits to the network during the 33-month observation period, 10,941 (72%) were during the pre-pandemic period, and 4183 (28%) during the pandemic period. Average monthly visits declined from 782/month (pre-COVID-19 era) to 220/month (COVID-19 pandemic era). Among non-migrants the top-10 countries of exposure changed after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; destinations such as Italy and Austria, where COVID-19 exposure peaked in the first months, replaced typical travel destinations in Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, India). There was a small decline in migrant patients reported, with little change in the top countries of exposure (Bolivia, Mali). The three top diagnoses with the largest overall decreases in relative frequency were acute gastroenteritis (-5.3%), rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (-2.8%), and dengue (-2.6%). Apart from COVID-19 (which rose from 0.1% to 12.7%), the three top diagnoses with the largest overall relative frequency increase were schistosomiasis (+4.9%), strongyloidiasis (+2.7%), and latent tuberculosis (+2.4%). CONCLUSIONS A marked COVID-19 pandemic-induced decline in global travel activities is reflected in reduced travel-related infectious diseases sentinel surveillance reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Grobusch
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Leisa Weld
- Statistical Consultant, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jenny L Schnyder
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andreas K Lindner
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Center for Global Health, Institute of International Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corneliu Petru Popescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ralph Huits
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - A Goorhuis
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, And Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Department of Global and Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Rapti Z, Cuevas-Maraver J, Kontou E, Liu S, Drossinos Y, Kevrekidis PG, Barmann M, Chen QY, Kevrekidis GA. The Role of Mobility in the Dynamics of the COVID-19 Epidemic in Andalusia. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:54. [PMID: 37166513 PMCID: PMC10173246 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metapopulation models have been a popular tool for the study of epidemic spread over a network of highly populated nodes (cities, provinces, countries) and have been extensively used in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In the present work, we revisit such a model, bearing a particular case example in mind, namely that of the region of Andalusia in Spain during the period of the summer-fall of 2020 (i.e., between the first and second pandemic waves). Our aim is to consider the possibility of incorporation of mobility across the province nodes focusing on mobile-phone time-dependent data, but also discussing the comparison for our case example with a gravity model, as well as with the dynamics in the absence of mobility. Our main finding is that mobility is key toward a quantitative understanding of the emergence of the second wave of the pandemic and that the most accurate way to capture it involves dynamic (rather than static) inclusion of time-dependent mobility matrices based on cell-phone data. Alternatives bearing no mobility are unable to capture the trends revealed by the data in the context of the metapopulation model considered herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rapti
- Department of Mathematics and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - J Cuevas-Maraver
- Grupo de Física No Lineal, Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla, Escuela Politécnica Superior, C/ Virgen de Africa, 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Matemáticas de la Universidad de Sevilla (IMUS), Edificio Celestino Mutis, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - E Kontou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Y Drossinos
- Thermal Hydraulics and Multiphase Flow Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15341, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - P G Kevrekidis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-4515, USA
| | - M Barmann
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-4515, USA
| | - Q-Y Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003-4515, USA
| | - G A Kevrekidis
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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13
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Jęczmyk A, Uglis J, Zawadka J, Pietrzak-Zawadka J, Wojcieszak-Zbierska MM, Kozera-Kowalska M. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Travel Risk Perception and Travel Behaviour: A Case Study of Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20085545. [PMID: 37107828 PMCID: PMC10139158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the perception of the risk of travel and travel behaviour by Poles. The study was conducted using the survey method and the CAWI technique and was carried out in January 2021. The final research sample consisted of 509 respondents. Tourism has always been exposed to various threats: natural disasters, terrorism, etc. In such cases, tourists choose a different, safe direction. However, in 2020, tourism found itself facing a crisis that brought it to a complete stop worldwide. The spread of the COVID-19 virus and safety concerns, as well as global travel restrictions, led to a change in travel during this time. The results show that the respondents resigned especially from going abroad for security reasons, choosing to rather stay in the country and other places that, from their point of view, were safer places to rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jęczmyk
- Department of Law and Enterprise Management in Agribusiness, Faculty of Economics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jarosław Uglis
- Department of Law and Enterprise Management in Agribusiness, Faculty of Economics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Zawadka
- Department of Tourism, Social Communication and Counselling, Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Pietrzak-Zawadka
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Kozera-Kowalska
- Department of Law and Enterprise Management in Agribusiness, Faculty of Economics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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14
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Chuan BC, Zulkufli NS, Rajesvaran C, Yon R, Khee SL. Lessons from the Lab: SARS-CoV-2 Detection Rate amongst the Vaccinated Travel Lane and Non-Vaccinated Travel Lane Travellers into Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:153-160. [PMID: 37102055 PMCID: PMC10125236 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The vaccinated travel lane (VTL) between Malaysia and Singapore was implemented to facilitate travelling between countries without the need for quarantine. Objectives i) Observe the rate of positive SARS-CoV-2 test results amongst inbound international travellers; ii) Explore possible factors associated with the outcome of test results between VTL and non-VTL travellers. Method This is a retrospective cross-sectional study involving air travellers arriving in Malaysia via the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) or Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 (KLIA2) who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from 29 November 2021 to 15 March 2022. Subject demographics and RT-PCR results were retrieved from the laboratory information system and statistically analysed. Results Out of 118,902 travellers, mostly were Malaysian nationals (62.7%) and VTL travellers (68.2%) with a median age of 35 years old. A total of 699 (0.6%) of travellers tested positive on arrival, out of which 70.2% had cycle threshold (Ct) values > 30 (70.8% of VTL and 70.0% of non-VTL cohorts). Non-VTL travellers were 4.5 times more likely to test positive compared with VTL travellers (1.25% versus 0.28%; P < 0.001). Conclusion Tighter entry requirements including vaccination status and testing frequency, the use of sensitive detection methods on arrival and similar public health policies between countries may have contributed to the VTL being a safe and cost-effective mode of travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beh Chun Chuan
- BP Clinical Lab Sdn Bhd, Temasya@Glenmarie, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Rohaizat Yon
- BP Clinical Lab Sdn Bhd, Temasya@Glenmarie, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Lara DVR, Pfaffenbichler P, Rodrigues da Silva AN. Modeling the resilience of urban mobility when exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative system dynamics approach. Sustain Cities Soc 2023; 91:104411. [PMID: 36683862 PMCID: PMC9847366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was detected in Wuhan, China. Due to the rapid spread of the disease, containment measures were adopted, which caused unprecedent shifts in individual mobility. Although some studies explored the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel patterns and resilience of transport systems based on different analysis techniques, there is a lack of studies addressing the impacts of the pandemic on the sustainability and resilience of urban mobility systems using in-depth and holistic methods, such as system dynamics. This research aims to characterize the dynamics present in urban mobility systems when exposed to pandemics and analyze the changes needed for systems to increase their resilience to pandemics using qualitative system dynamics modeling. The framework comprises the characterization of cause-and-effect relationships and the creation of systems' causal loop diagrams (CLD) in their basic state of functionality, when affected by pandemics, and still operating owing to its resilience. Our findings indicated that the CLD of a resilient system is driven by strategic preparedness and response plans, as well as research and development, which balance the spread of the pandemic and increase support on technological strengths and the activities performed from home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vanessa Rodriguez Lara
- Department of Transportation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Paul Pfaffenbichler
- Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, Vienna, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Transportation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
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16
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Hurford A, Martignoni MM, Loredo-Osti JC, Anokye F, Arino J, Husain BS, Gaas B, Watmough J. Pandemic modelling for regions implementing an elimination strategy. J Theor Biol 2023; 561:111378. [PMID: 36584747 PMCID: PMC9794400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, some countries, such as Australia, China, Iceland, New Zealand, Thailand, and Vietnam successfully implemented an elimination strategy, enacting strict border control and periods of lockdowns to end community transmission. Atlantic Canada and Canada's territories implemented similar policies, and reported long periods with no community cases. In Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island a median of 80% or more of daily reported cases were travel-related from July 1, 2020 to May 31, 2021. With increasing vaccination coverage, it may be appropriate to exit an elimination strategy, but most existing epidemiological frameworks are applicable only to situations where most cases occur in the community, and are not appropriate for regions that have implemented an elimination strategy. To inform the pandemic response in regions that are implementing an elimination strategy, we extend importation modelling to consider post-arrival travel restrictions, and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions in the local community. We find that shortly after the Omicron variant had begun spreading in Canada, the expected daily number of spillovers, infections spread to NL community members from travellers and their close contacts, was higher than any time previously in the pandemic. By December 24, 2021, the expected number of spillovers was 44% higher than the previous high, which occurred in late July 2021 shortly after travel restrictions were first relaxed. We develop a method to assess the characteristics of potential future community outbreaks in regions that are implementing an elimination strategy. We apply this method to predict the effect of variant and vaccination coverage on the size of hypothetical community outbreaks in Mount Pearl, a suburb of the St. John's metropolitan area in NL. Our methodology can be used to evaluate alternative plans to relax public health restrictions when vaccine coverage is high in regions that have implemented an elimination strategy. This manuscript was submitted as part of a theme issue on "Modelling COVID-19 and Preparedness for Future Pandemics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hurford
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of Biology, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; Memorial University of Newfoundland, Mathematics and Statistics Department, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Maria M. Martignoni
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Mathematics and Statistics Department, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - J. Concepción Loredo-Osti
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Mathematics and Statistics Department, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Francis Anokye
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of Biology, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Julien Arino
- University of Manitoba, Department of Mathematics and Data Science Nexus, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Bilal Saleh Husain
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Brian Gaas
- Government of Yukon, Department of Health and Social Services, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 3T8, Canada
| | - James Watmough
- University of New Brunswick, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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17
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Ye Q, Zhou R, Asmi F. Evaluating the Impact of the Pandemic Crisis on the Aviation Industry. Transp Res Rec 2023; 2677:1551-1566. [PMID: 37063707 PMCID: PMC10083695 DOI: 10.1177/03611981221125741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the intellectual structure of the literature addressing "epidemic/pandemic" and "aviation industry" through a bibliometric approach to the literature from 1991 to 2021. The final count of 856 publications was collected from Web of Science and analyzed by CiteSpace (version 5.8.R1) and VOS Viewer. Visualization tools are used to perform the co-citation, co-occurrence, and thematic-based cluster analysis. The results highlight the most prominent nodes (articles, authors, journals, countries, and institutions) within the literature on "epidemic/pandemic" and "aviation industry." Furthermore, this study conceptualizes and compares the growth of literature before theCOVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 ("hotspot") era. The conclusion is that the aviation industry is an engine for global economics on the road to recovery from COVID-19, in which soft (human) resources can play an integral part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- University of Science and Technology of
China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- FuYang Normal University, FuYang, Anhui,
China
| | - Rongting Zhou
- University of Science and Technology of
China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fahad Asmi
- University of Science and Technology of
China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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18
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Poirier MJP, Rogers Van Katwyk S, Lin G, Hoffman SJ. Quasi-experimental evaluation of national border closures on COVID-19 transmission. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0000980. [PMID: 36962967 PMCID: PMC10021705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
With over 200 pandemic threats emerging every year, the efficacy of closing national borders to control the transmission of disease in the first months of a pandemic remains a critically important question. Previous studies offer conflicting evidence for the potential effects of these closures on COVID-19 transmission and no study has yet empirically evaluated the global impact of border closures using quasi-experimental methods and real-world data. We triangulate results from interrupted time-series analysis, meta-regression, coarsened exact matching, and an extensive series of robustness checks to evaluate the effect of 166 countries' national border closures on the global transmission of COVID-19. Total border closures banning non-essential travel from all countries and (to a lesser extent) targeted border closures banning travel from specific countries had some effect on temporarily slowing COVID-19 transmission in those countries that implemented them. In contrast to these country-level impacts, the global sum of targeted border closures implemented by February 5, 2020 was not sufficient to slow global COVID-19 transmission, but the sum of total border closures implemented by March 19, 2020 did achieve this effect. Country-level results were highly heterogeneous, with early implementation and border closures so broadly targeted that they resemble total border closures improving the likelihood of slowing the pandemic's spread. Governments that can make productive use of extra preparation time and cannot feasibly implement less restrictive alternatives might consider enacting border closures. However, given their moderate and uncertain impacts and their significant harms, border closures are unlikely to be the best policy response for most countries and should only be deployed in rare circumstances and with great caution. All countries would benefit from global mechanisms to coordinate national decisions on border closures during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J. P. Poirier
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
- School of Global Health, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Rogers Van Katwyk
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gigi Lin
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven J. Hoffman
- Global Strategy Lab, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
- School of Global Health, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and McMaster Health Forum, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Kashyap R, Kuttippurath J, Patel VK. Improved air quality leads to enhanced vegetation growth during the COVID-19 lockdown in India. Appl Geogr 2023; 151:102869. [PMID: 36619606 PMCID: PMC9805897 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The direct effect of pandemic induced lockdown (LD) on environment is widely explored, but its secondary impacts remain largely unexplored. Therefore, we assess the response of surface greenness and photosynthetic activity to the LD-induced improvement of air quality in India. Our analysis reveals a significant improvement in air quality marked by reduced levels of aerosols (AOD, -19.27%) and Particulate Matter (PM 2.5, -23%) during LD (2020)from pre-LD (March-September months for the period 2017-2019). The vegetation exhibits a positive response, reflected by the increase in surface greenness [Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI, +10.4%)] and photosynthetic activity [Solar Induced Fluorescence (SiF, +11%)], during LD from pre-LD that coincides with two major agricultural seasons of India; Zaid (March-May) and Kharif (June-September). In addition, the croplands show a higher response [two-fold in EVI (14.45%) and four-fold in SiF (17.7%)] than that of forests. The prolonged growing period (phenology) and high rate of photosynthesis (intensification) led to the enhanced greening during LD owing to the reduced atmospheric pollution. This study, therefore, provides new insights into the response of vegetation to the improved air quality, which would give ideas to counter the challenges of food security in the context of climate pollution, and combat global warming by more greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kashyap
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - J Kuttippurath
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - V K Patel
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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20
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Jiang F, Liu Y, Xue Y, Cheng P, Wang J, Lian J, Gong W. Developing a multiepitope vaccine for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox virus co-infection: A reverse vaccinology analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109728. [PMID: 36652758 PMCID: PMC9832108 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and monkeypox virus (MPXV) severely threaten human health; however, currently, no vaccine can prevent a co-infection with both viruses. METHODS Five antigens were selected to predict dominant T and B cell epitopes screened for immunogenicity, antigenicity, toxicity, and sensitization. After screening, all antigens joined in the construction of a novel multiepitope vaccine. The physicochemical and immunological characteristics, and secondary and tertiary structures of the vaccine were predicted and analyzed using bio- and immunoinformatics. Finally, codon optimization and cloning in-silico were performed. RESULTS A new multiepitope vaccine, named S7M8, was constructed based on four helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, six cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, five B cell epitopes, as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The antigenicity and immunogenicity scores of the S7M8 vaccine were 0.907374 and 0.6552, respectively. The S7M8 vaccine was comprised of 26.96% α-helices, the optimized Z-value of the tertiary structure was -5.92, and the favored area after majorization in the Ramachandran plot was 84.54%. Molecular docking showed that the S7M8 vaccine could tightly bind to TLR2 (-1100.6 kcal/mol) and TLR4 (-950.3 kcal/mol). In addition, the immune stimulation prediction indicated that the S7M8 vaccine could activate T and B lymphocytes to produce high levels of Th1 cytokines and antibodies. CONCLUSION S7M8 is a promising biomarker with good antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and non-sensitization. The S7M8 vaccine can trigger significantly high levels of Th1 cytokines and antibodies and may be a potentially powerful tool in preventing SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,The Second Brigade of Cadet, Basic Medical Science Academy of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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21
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Han J, Yin J, Wu X, Wang D, Li C. Environment and COVID-19 incidence: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:933-951. [PMID: 36182196 PMCID: PMC8858699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented worldwide health crisis. Many previous research studies have found and investigated its links with one or some natural or human environmental factors. However, a review on the relationship between COVID-19 incidence and both the natural and human environment is still lacking. This review summarizes the inter-correlation between COVID-19 incidence and environmental factors. Based on keyword searching, we reviewed 100 relevant peer-reviewed articles and other research literature published since January 2020. This review is focused on three main findings. One, we found that individual environmental factors have impacts on COVID-19 incidence, but with spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty. Two, environmental factors exert interactive effects on COVID-19 incidence. In particular, the interactions of natural factors can affect COVID-19 transmission in micro- and macro- ways by impacting SARS-CoV-2 survival, as well as human mobility and behaviors. Three, the impact of COVID-19 incidence on the environment lies in the fact that COVID-19-induced lockdowns caused air quality improvement, wildlife shifts and socio-economic depression. The additional value of this review is that we recommend future research perspectives and adaptation strategies regarding the interactions of the environment and COVID-19. Future research should be extended to cover both the effects of the environment on the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19-induced impacts on the environment. Future adaptation strategies should focus on sustainable environmental and public policy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Danyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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22
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Wang J, Shi H, Ji J, Lin X, Tian H, Tian H. High-Resolution Data on Human Behavior for Effective COVID-19 Policy-Making - Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, January 1-February 29, 2020. China CDC Wkly 2023; 5:76-81. [PMID: 36777900 PMCID: PMC9902759 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2023.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction High-resolution data is essential for understanding the complexity of the relationship between the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resident behavior, and interventions, which could be used to inform policy responses for future prevention and control. Methods We obtained high-resolution human mobility data and epidemiological data at the community level. We propose a metapopulation Susceptible-Exposed-Presymptomatic-Infectious-Removal (SEPIR) compartment model to utilize the available data and explore the internal driving forces of COVID-19 transmission dynamics in the city of Wuhan. Additionally, we will assess the effectiveness of the interventions implemented in the smallest administrative units (subdistricts) during the lockdown. Results In the Wuhan epidemic of March 2020, intra-subdistrict transmission caused 7.6 times more infections than inter-subdistrict transmission. After the city was closed, this ratio increased to 199 times. The main transmission path was dominated by population activity during peak evening hours. Discussion Restricting the movement of people within cities is an essential measure for controlling the spread of COVID-19. However, it is difficult to contain intra-street transmission solely through city-wide mobility restriction policies. This can only be accomplished by quarantining communities or buildings with confirmed cases, and conducting mass nucleic acid testing and enforcing strict isolation protocols for close contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China,Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China,School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China,Jingyuan Wang,
| | - Honghao Shi
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Ji
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Huaiyu Tian,
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Cheng AY, Harris S, Krawchenko I, Tytus R, Hahn J, Liu A, Millson B, Golden S, Goldenberg R. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Care and Clinical Parameters in a Primary Care Setting in Ontario, Canada: A Cross-sectional Study. Can J Diabetes 2023:S1499-2671(23)00001-1. [PMID: 36828737 PMCID: PMC9829439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes requires ongoing monitoring and care to prevent long-term adverse health outcomes. In Canada, quarantine restrictions were put into place to address the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020. Primary care diabetes clinics limited their in-person services and were advised to manage type 2 diabetes (T2D) through virtual visits and reduce the frequency of routine diabetes-related lab tests and screening. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study used de-identified patient records from a primary care electronic medical records database in Ontario, Canada, to identify people with T2D who had at least 1 health-care touchpoint between March 1, 2018, and February 28, 2021. Outcomes were described on a monthly or yearly basis: 1) number of people with primary care visits (in-person vs virtual); 2) number of people with referrals; 3) number of people with each of the vital/lab measures; and 4) results of the vital/lab measures. RESULTS A total of 16,845 individuals with T2D were included. Compared with the pre-pandemic period, the COVID-19 period had a 16.8% reduction in the T2D population utilizing any primary care and an increase of 330.4% in the number of people with at least 1 virtual visit. Compared with the pre-pandemic period, fewer people had vital/lab measures in the pandemic period. However, among the people with the test results available, the average values for all tests were similar in the pre- and pandemic periods. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to understand the impact of the reduction of in-person clinical care on the entire population with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y.Y. Cheng
- Trillium Health Partners & Unity Health Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada,Address for correspondence: Alice Y.Y. Cheng MD, FRCPC, Trillium Health Partners & Unity Health Toronto, 507-2300 Eglinton Avenue West, Mississauga, Ontario L5M 2V8, Canada
| | - Stewart Harris
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Jina Hahn
- Novo Nordisk Canada, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aiden Liu
- Novo Nordisk Canada, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad Millson
- Real World Solutions, IQVIA Solutions Canada Inc, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shane Golden
- Real World Solutions, IQVIA Solutions Canada Inc, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Quy Nguyen-Phuoc D, Ngoc Su D, Thanh Tran Dinh M, David Albert Newton J, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Passengers' self-protective intentions while using ride-hailing services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Saf Sci 2023; 157:105920. [PMID: 36091924 PMCID: PMC9444896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the transport context, there has been limited research examining passengers' health-protective behaviour while travelling during a health-related crisis such as COVID-19. This study develops a conceptual model aiming to explore determinants associated with passengers' self-protective intentions using the context of ride-hailing services in Vietnam. Ride-hailing services are popular in countries where public transport is underdeveloped. The conceptual model is based on perceived risk and self-efficacy as the main predictor of self-protective intentions when using ride-hailing services. In addition, the proposed conceptual model explores the direct and indirect impact of subjective knowledge and the perceived effectiveness of preventive measures on self-protective intentions. The proposed conceptual model was tested on a large sample of ride-hailing users in Vietnam (n = 527). The structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis results indicate that self-efficacy has the highest total impact on self-protective behaviour, followed by subject knowledge and perceived effectiveness of preventive measures. Self-efficacy also plays a fully mediating role in the linkage between the perceived effectiveness of preventive measures implemented by ride-hailing organisations and the intention to engage in self-protective behaviour. The results of this study expand the current understanding of ride-hailing passengers' health-protective behaviour and contribute to the transport and public health literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Quy Nguyen-Phuoc
- Faculty of Road and Bridge Engineering, The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Diep Ngoc Su
- The University of Danang - University of Economics, 71 Ngu Hanh Son, Danang City, Viet Nam
- The University of Danang - Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Le Duan, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - My Thanh Tran Dinh
- The University of Danang - University of Economics, 71 Ngu Hanh Son, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, 2 George St., S Block, Room 701, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Long JA, Malekzadeh M, Klar B, Martin G. Do regionally targeted lockdowns alter movement to non-lockdown regions? Evidence from Ontario, Canada. Health Place 2023; 79:102668. [PMID: 34548221 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regionally targeted interventions are being used by governments to slow the spread of COVID-19. In areas where free movement is not being actively restricted, there is uncertainty about how effective such regionally targeted interventions are due to the free movement of people between regions. We use mobile-phone network mobility data to test two hypotheses: 1) do regions targeted by exhibit increased outflows into other regions and 2) do regions targeted by interventions increase outflows specifically into areas with lesser restrictions. Our analysis focuses on two well-defined regionally targeted interventions in Ontario, Canada the first intervention as the first wave subsided (July 17, 2020) and the second intervention as we entered into new restrictions during the onset of the second wave (November 23, 2020). We use a difference-in-difference model to investigate hypothesis 1 and an interrupted time series model to investigate hypothesis 2, controlling for spatial effects (using a spatial-error model) in both cases. Our findings suggest that there that the regionally targeted interventions had a neutral effect (or no effect) on inter-regional mobility, with no significant differences associated with the interventions. We also found that overall inter-regional mobility was associated with socio-economic factors and the distance to the boundary of the intervention region. These findings are important as they should guide how governments design regionally targeted interventions (from a geographical perspective) considering observed patterns of mobility.
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Sharma R, Chen KT, Sharma R. Emerging evidence on Monkeypox: resurgence, global burden, molecular insights, genomics and possible management. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1134712. [PMID: 37153147 PMCID: PMC10154632 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of monkeypox (encoded enveloped double stranded DNA), resurgence and expansion has emerged in early 2022, posing a new threat to global health. Even though, many reports are available on monkeypox, still a comprehensive updated review is needed. Present updated review is focused to fill the research gaps pertaining to the monkeypox, and an extensive search was conducted in a number of databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Although the disease usually progresses self-limiting, some patients require admission for kidney injury, pharyngitis, myocarditis, and soft tissue super infections. There is no well-known treatment available yet; still there has been a push for the use of antiviral therapy and tecovirimat as a promising option when dealing with co-morbidities. In this study, we mapped and discussed the updates and scientific developments surrounding monkeypox, including its potential molecular mechanisms, genomics, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, vaccines, treatment, possible plant-based treatment along with their proposed mechanisms. Each day, a growing number of monkeypox cases are reported, and more cases are expected in the near future. As of now, monkeypox does not have a well-established and proven treatment, and several investigations are underway to find the best possible treatment from natural or synthetic drug sources. Multiple molecular mechanisms on pathophysiological cascades of monkeypox virus infection are discussed here along with updates on genomics, and possible preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Rohit Sharma, ; Kow-Tong Chen,
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Rohit Sharma, ; Kow-Tong Chen,
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Duarte HO, Siqueira PG, Oliveira ACA, Moura MDC. A probabilistic epidemiological model for infectious diseases: The case of COVID-19 at global-level. Risk Anal 2023; 43:183-201. [PMID: 35589673 PMCID: PMC9347552 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study has developed a probabilistic epidemiological model a few weeks after the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic (based on the little data available at that time). The aim was to assess relative risks for future scenarios and evaluate the effectiveness of different management actions for 1 year ahead. We quantified, categorized, and ranked the risks for scenarios such as business as usual, and moderate and strong mitigation. We estimated that, in the absence of interventions, COVID-19 would have a 100% risk of explosion (i.e., more than 25% infections in the world population) and 34% (2.6 billion) of the world population would have been infected until the end of simulation. We analyzed the suitability of model scenarios by comparing actual values against estimated values for the first 6 weeks of the simulation period. The results proved to be more suitable with a business-as-usual scenario in Asia and moderate mitigation in the other continents. If everything went on like this, we would have 55% risk of explosion and 22% (1.7 billion) of the world population would have been infected. Strong mitigation actions in all continents could reduce these numbers to, 7% and 3% (223 million), respectively. Although the results were based on the data available in March 2020, both the model and probabilistic approach proved to be practicable and could be a basis for risk assessment in future pandemic episodes with unknown virus, especially in the early stages, when data and literature are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Oliveira Duarte
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Coordenação de Engenharia NavalUniversidade Federal de PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
| | - Paulo Gabriel Siqueira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Centro de Estudos e Ensaios em Risco e Modelagem Ambiental (CEERMA)Universidade Federal de PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
| | | | - Márcio das Chagas Moura
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Centro de Estudos e Ensaios em Risco e Modelagem Ambiental (CEERMA)Universidade Federal de PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
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Akowuah KA, Akuffo RA, Boateng AT, Asigbee TW, Bonney JHK, Lamptey H, Adusei-Poku MA, Obodai E, Asante IA, Adjei S, Aboagye JO, Adu-Amankwah S, Partey FD, Kyei GB, Ampofo WK, Odoom JK, Bonney EY. SARS-CoV-2 infections among asymptomatic individuals contributed to COVID-19 cases: A cross-sectional study among prospective air travelers from Ghana. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1035763. [PMID: 36589973 PMCID: PMC9795010 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by asymptomatic individuals has been reported since the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in various parts of the world. However, there are limited data regarding SARS-CoV-2 among asymptomatic individuals in Ghana. The aim of the study was to use test data of prospective travelers from Ghana as a proxy to estimate the contribution of asymptomatic cases to the spread of COVID-19. Methods The study analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 PCR test data of clients whose purpose for testing was classified as "Travel" at the COVID-19 walk-in test center of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) from July 2020 to July 2021. These individuals requesting tests for travel generally had no clinical symptoms of COVID-19 at the time of testing. Data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel office 16 and STATA version 16. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data on test and demographic characteristics. Results Out of 42,997 samples tested at the center within that period, 28,384 (66.0%) were classified as "Travel" tests. Of these, 1,900 (6.7%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. The majority (64.8%) of the "Travel" tests were requested by men. The men recorded a SARS-CoV-2 positivity of 6.9% compared to the 6.4% observed among women. Test requests for SARS-CoV-2 were received from all regions of Ghana, with a majority (83.3%) received from the Greater Accra Region. Although the Eastern region recorded the highest SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate of 8.35%, the Greater Accra region contributed 81% to the total number of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases detected within the period of study. Conclusion Our study found substantial SARS-CoV-2 positivity among asymptomatic individuals who, without the requirement for a negative SARS-CoV-2 result for travel, would have no reason to test. These asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals could have traveled to other countries and unintentionally spread the virus. Our findings call for enhanced tracing and testing of asymptomatic contacts of individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwasi A. Akowuah
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard A. Akuffo
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anthony T. Boateng
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theodore W. Asigbee
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph H. K. Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mildred A. Adusei-Poku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ivy A. Asante
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adjei
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - James O. Aboagye
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Susan Adu-Amankwah
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frederica D. Partey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B. Kyei
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - William K. Ampofo
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - John K. Odoom
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y. Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana,*Correspondence: Evelyn Y. Bonney
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Zhang W, Yue Y, Hu M, Du C, Wang C, Tuo X, Jiang X, Fan S, Chen Z, Chen H, Liang X, Luan R. Epidemiological characteristics and quarantine assessment of imported international COVID-19 cases, March to December 2020, Chengdu, China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21132. [PMID: 36477091 PMCID: PMC9729223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
International flights have accelerated the global spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Determination of the optimal quarantine period for international travelers is crucial to prevent the local spread caused by imported COVID-19 cases. We performed a retrospective epidemiological study using 491 imported COVID-19 cases in Chengdu, China, to describe the characteristic of the cases and estimate the time from arrival to confirmation for international travelers using nonparametric survival methods. Among the 491 imported COVID-19 cases, 194 (39.5%) were asymptomatic infections. The mean age was 35.6 years (SD = 12.1 years) and 83.3% were men. The majority (74.1%) were screened positive for SARS-CoV-2, conducted by Chengdu Customs District, the People's Republic of China. Asymptomatic cases were younger than presymptomatic or symptomatic cases (P < 0.01). The daily number of imported COVID-19 cases displayed jagged changes. 95% of COVID-19 cases were confirmed by PT-PCR within 14 days (95% CI 13-15) after arriving in Chengdu. A 14-day quarantine measure can ensure non-infection among international travelers with a 95% probability. Policymakers may consider an extension of the quarantine period to minimize the negative consequences of the COVID-19 confinement and prevent the international spread of COVID-19. Nevertheless, the government should consider the balance between COVID-19 and socioeconomic development, which may cause more serious social and health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yong Yue
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Min Hu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Changhui Du
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Cheng Wang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xiaoli Tuo
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Shuangfeng Fan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Heng Chen
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Xian Liang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.507966.bChengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Rongsheng Luan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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30
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Xu Z, Hu D, Luu LDW, Octavia S, Keil AD, Sintchenko V, Tanaka MM, Mooi FR, Robson J, Lan R. Genomic dissection of the microevolution of Australian epidemic Bordetella pertussis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1460-1473. [PMID: 35543519 PMCID: PMC9176669 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2077129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite high vaccine coverage, pertussis has re-emerged in many countries including Australia and caused two large epidemics in Australia since 2007. Here, we undertook a genomic and phylogeographic study of 385 Australian B. pertussis isolates collected from 2008 to 2017. The Australian B. pertussis population was found to be composed of mostly ptxP3 strains carrying different fim3 alleles, with ptxP3-fim3A genotype expanding far more than ptxP3-fim3B. Within the former, there were six co-circulating epidemic lineages (EL1 to EL6). The multiple ELs emerged, expanded, and then declined at different time points over the two epidemics. In population genetics terms, both hard and soft selective sweeps through vaccine selection pressures have determined the population dynamics of Australian B. pertussis. Relative risk estimation suggests that once a new B. pertussis lineage emerged, it was more likely to spread locally within the first 1.5 years. However, after 1.5 years, any new lineage was likely to expand to a wider region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the expansion of ptxP3 strains was also associated with replacement of the type III secretion system allele bscI1 with bscI3. bscI3 is associated with decreased T3SS secretion and may allow B. pertussis to reduce immune recognition. This study advanced our understanding of the epidemic population structure and spatial and temporal dynamics of B. pertussis in a highly immunized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dalong Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony D Keil
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark M Tanaka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frits R Mooi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny Robson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Fernandez-Pacheco A, Taylor L, Kahar P, Khanna D. A Survey of Public Health Failures During COVID-19. Cureus 2022; 14:e32437. [PMID: 36644033 PMCID: PMC9833812 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised concerns about the failures in the public health measures used to manage the spread of this deadly virus. This review focuses its attention on research papers that at their core highlight the individual public health measures instituted by organizations, institutions, and the government of the United States (US) since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and that were published in 2019 to 2022. Together, these sources help paint a well-rounded view of the US management of this pandemic so that conclusions may be drawn from mistakes that were made and this country may respond better in the future to such situations. This paper is unique because it highlights the areas where improvement is needed, whereas other published work describes the measures taken and how they were carried out, not the failures, which leaves a gap in the literature that this paper hopes to fill. Through a deep dive into public health measures, seven areas in which improvements could be made were pinpointed by the authors. Such measures included mask mandates, social distancing, lockdown/quarantine, hand hygiene, COVID-19 testing, travel screening, and vaccine hesitancy. In exploring each measure, a discussion was carried out about its benefits and shortcomings in alleviating the ramifications of a global pandemic. In addition to the poor supply chain for critical products like personal protective equipment (PPE), the miscommunication between states and federal policies did not allow for the entirety of the US to respond cohesively in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. This general review is crucial to know what is working and what needs to be changed to increase the benefits provided to the population.
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Azh N, Najafimoghadam T, Motamed Gorji N, Koohpayehzadeh J, Asadi Lari M, Tavakoli N, Zahraei SM, Goshtae M, Eshrati B, Moghtadaei M, Motevalian SA, Baradaran HR. Risk Communication in Early Containment of COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: Implementation of the World Health Organization Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (WHO-SPRP). Med J Islam Repub Iran 2022; 36:143. [PMID: 36569395 PMCID: PMC9774988 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.36.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Health systems must have functional and efficient preparedness and response plans to manage pandemics. Moreover, it is essential to adjust to changing circumstances and the dynamic character of pandemics. The World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP), emphasizing 144 measures across 10 pillars, helping governments prepare and respond to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to determine how the Iranian health system, based on the WHO-SPRP, addresses strategic preparedness and response plan in the COVID-19 pandemic at the national level. Methods: The WHO-SPRP was adopted and translated into Persian by 2 bilingual natives. The chief of the health office requested that authorized officers complete the SPRP. Then, a meeting was held by officers of related units involved in COVID-19 management to address the SPRP at regional and national levels. Results: Our findings suggest that up to August 2020, effective risk communication and community engagement were not fully established. Our response plan lacked evidence-based information and educational messaging to consistently shape public opinion and impression of a respiratory pandemic. Conclusion: The Iranian health care system and services were almost able to address the SPRP and perform the major indicators that the WHO had proposed. However, special attention should be paid to risk communication and community engagement to empower informed decision-making by individuals and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Azh
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Jalil Koohpayehzadeh
- Department of Community Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadi Lari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Tavakoli
- Emergency Medicine Department, Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Massomeh Goshtae
- Deputy of Healthcare, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Eshrati
- Center for Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moghtadaei
- International Affairs Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Motevalian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Baradaran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Corresponding author:Hamid Reza Baradaran,
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Hu H, Kennedy CM, Kevrekidis PG, Zhang HK. A Modified PINN Approach for Identifiable Compartmental Models in Epidemiology with Application to COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:2464. [PMID: 36366562 PMCID: PMC9692762 DOI: 10.3390/v14112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches using compartmental models have been used to study the COVID-19 pandemic, with machine learning methods applied to these models having particularly notable success. We consider the Susceptible-Infected-Confirmed-Recovered-Deceased (SICRD) compartmental model, with the goal of estimating the unknown infected compartment I, and several unknown parameters. We apply a variation of a "Physics Informed Neural Network" (PINN), which uses knowledge of the system to aid learning. First, we ensure estimation is possible by verifying the model's identifiability. Then, we propose a wavelet transform to process data for the network training. Finally, our central result is a novel modification of the PINN's loss function to reduce the number of simultaneously considered unknowns. We find that our modified network is capable of stable, efficient, and accurate estimation, while the unmodified network consistently yields incorrect values. The modified network is also shown to be efficient enough to be applied to a model with time-varying parameters. We present an application of our model results for ranking states by their estimated relative testing efficiency. Our findings suggest the effectiveness of our modified PINN network, especially in the case of multiple unknown variables.
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Khan MMUR, Arefin MR, Tanimoto J. Investigating the trade-off between self-quarantine and forced quarantine provisions to control an epidemic: An evolutionary approach. Appl Math Comput 2022; 432:127365. [PMID: 35812766 PMCID: PMC9257552 DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2022.127365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During a pandemic event like the present COVID-19, self-quarantine, mask-wearing, hygiene maintenance, isolation, forced quarantine, and social distancing are the most effective nonpharmaceutical measures to control the epidemic when the vaccination and proper treatments are absent. In this study, we proposed an epidemiological model based on the SEIR dynamics along with the two interventions defined as self-quarantine and forced quarantine by human behavior dynamics. We consider a disease spreading through a population where some people can choose the self-quarantine option of paying some costs and be safer than the remaining ones. The remaining ones act normally and send to forced quarantine by the government if they get infected and symptomatic. The government pays the forced quarantine costs for individuals, and the government has a budget limit to treat the infected ones. Each intervention derived from the so-called behavior model has a dynamical equation that accounts for a proper balance between the costs for each case, the total budget, and the risk of infection. We show that the infection peak cannot be reduced if the authority does not enforce a proactive (quantified by a higher sensitivity parameter) intervention. While comparing the impact of both self- and forced quarantine provisions, our results demonstrate that the latter is more influential to reduce the disease prevalence and the social efficiency deficit (a gap between social optimum payoff and equilibrium payoff).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mamun-Ur-Rashid Khan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rajib Arefin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Jun Tanimoto
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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Sachs JD, Karim SSA, Aknin L, Allen J, Brosbøl K, Colombo F, Barron GC, Espinosa MF, Gaspar V, Gaviria A, Haines A, Hotez PJ, Koundouri P, Bascuñán FL, Lee JK, Pate MA, Ramos G, Reddy KS, Serageldin I, Thwaites J, Vike-Freiberga V, Wang C, Were MK, Xue L, Bahadur C, Bottazzi ME, Bullen C, Laryea-Adjei G, Ben Amor Y, Karadag O, Lafortune G, Torres E, Barredo L, Bartels JGE, Joshi N, Hellard M, Huynh UK, Khandelwal S, Lazarus JV, Michie S. The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 2022; 400:1224-1280. [PMID: 36115368 PMCID: PMC9539542 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Sachs
- Center for Sustainable Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lara Aknin
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Francesca Colombo
- Health Division, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Vitor Gaspar
- Fiscal Affairs Department, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Andy Haines
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peter J Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Phoebe Koundouri
- Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece; Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Athens, Greece
| | - Felipe Larraín Bascuñán
- Department of Economics and Administration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jong-Koo Lee
- National Academy of Medicine of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ali Pate
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - John Thwaites
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Chen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lan Xue
- Schwarzman College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chandrika Bahadur
- The Lancet COVID-19 Commission Regional Task Force: India, New Delhi, India
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chris Bullen
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Yanis Ben Amor
- Center for Sustainable Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ozge Karadag
- Center for Sustainable Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Emma Torres
- United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lauren Barredo
- United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliana G E Bartels
- Center for Sustainable Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Neena Joshi
- United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susan Michie
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, UK
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Zhao W, Vandelanotte C, Khalesi S, Alley SJ, Williams SL, Thwaite TL, Fenning AS, Stanton R, To QG. Depression, anxiety, stress, and physical activity of Australian adults during COVID-19: A combined longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:962962. [PMID: 36275328 PMCID: PMC9581268 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a worsening of mental health and health behaviors. While physical activity is positively associated mental health, there is limited understanding of how mental health and physical activity evolve throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to examine changes in depression, anxiety and stress and physical activity, and associations between depression, anxiety, and stress with physical activity in Australian adults across three-time points during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods This study collected both longitudinal and cross-sectional data at three-time points during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (i.e., April, July/August, and December 2020). Australians aged 18 years and over were invited to complete online surveys hosted on Qualtrics survey platform. Linear mixed models with random subject effect and general linear models were used to analyze the longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data respectively. Results The number of participants in cross-sectional surveys and longitudinal surveys was 1,877 and 849, respectively. There was an overall reduction between time 2 vs. time 3 in depression (d = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.20, 1.85), anxiety (d = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.02, 1.12), and stress (d = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.21, 2.04) scores but no significant differences in physical activity across three-time points. On average, participants who met the physical activity guidelines had lower depression (d = −2.08, 95% CI = −2.90, −1.26), anxiety (d = −0.88, 95% CI = −1.41, −0.34), and stress (d = −1.35, 95% CI = −2.13, −0.56) scores compared to those not meeting the guidelines. Conclusion In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, both governments and service providers should continue to provide the public with timely mental health support and promote the benefits of physical activity, as a cost-effective strategy to improve mental health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Corneel Vandelanotte
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Saman Khalesi
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie J. Alley
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Sue L. Williams
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanya L. Thwaite
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Fenning
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert Stanton
- Cluster for Resilience and Wellbeing, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Quyen G. To
- Physical Activity Research Group, School for Health Medical and Applied Science, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Quyen G. To,
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Recchi E, Ferrara A, Rodriguez Sanchez A, Deutschmann E, Gabrielli L, Iacus S, Bastiani L, Spyratos S, Vespe M. The impact of air travel on the precocity and severity of COVID-19 deaths in sub-national areas across 45 countries. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16522. [PMID: 36192435 PMCID: PMC9527720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human travel fed the worldwide spread of COVID-19, but it remains unclear whether the volume of incoming air passengers and the centrality of airports in the global airline network made some regions more vulnerable to earlier and higher mortality. We assess whether the precocity and severity of COVID-19 deaths were contingent on these measures of air travel intensity, adjusting for differences in local non-pharmaceutical interventions and pre-pandemic structural characteristics of 502 sub-national areas on five continents in April-October 2020. Ordinary least squares (OLS) models of precocity (i.e., the timing of the 1st and 10th death outbreaks) reveal that neither airport centrality nor the volume of incoming passengers are impactful once we consider pre-pandemic demographic characteristics of the areas. We assess severity (i.e., the weekly death incidence of COVID-19) through the estimation of a generalized linear mixed model, employing a negative binomial link function. Results suggest that COVID-19 death incidence was insensitive to airport centrality, with no substantial changes over time. Higher air passenger volume tends to coincide with more COVID-19 deaths, but this relation weakened as the pandemic proceeded. Different models prove that either the lack of airports in a region or total travel bans did reduce mortality significantly. We conclude that COVID-19 importation through air travel followed a 'travel as spark' principle, whereby the absence of air travel reduced epidemic risk drastically. However, once some travel occurred, its impact on the severity of the pandemic was only in part associated with the number of incoming passengers, and not at all with the position of airports in the global network of airline connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Recchi
- Sciences Po, Centre for Research On Social Inequalities (CRIS), CNRS, Paris, France.
- Migration Policy Centre (MPC), European University Institute, Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Alejandra Rodriguez Sanchez
- Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsche Zentrum für Integrations-und Migrationsforschung (DeZIM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Deutschmann
- Migration Policy Centre (MPC), European University Institute, Florence, Italy
- Europa-Universität Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Gabrielli
- Migration Policy Centre (MPC), European University Institute, Florence, Italy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Stefano Iacus
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luca Bastiani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Michele Vespe
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Mantri N, Joshi NK, Bhardwaj P, Goel AD, Gupta MK, Singh K, Misra S. Barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 screening at Jaipur International Airport, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:5969-5982. [PMID: 36618255 PMCID: PMC9810875 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_427_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airports pose a possible threat in facilitating global disease transmission within the community which may be prevented by rigorous systematic entry-exit screening. This study captures the perception of stakeholders on barriers and facilitators of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) screening. Further, key outcomes viz. total passengers screened, suspected cases, and confirmed cases were assessed. Methods An inductive-deductive mix-method thematic analysis was conducted to capture qualitative data of key stakeholders on COVID-19 disease screening at Jaipur International Airport. Additionally, secondary data retrieved from Rajasthan Medical & Health Department team deployed for COVID-19 airport screening were analyzed. Results Jaipur International Airport screened 4565 passengers (Males = 4073 and Females = 492) with 23 suspected cases during an outlined period of declaration of Pandemic to Lockdown in India (11 to 24 March 2020). Total 65 passengers had travel history from China (3 from Wuhan). The mean average age of passengers was 40.95 ± 7.8 years. The average screening time per passenger was 2-3 min with a load of 25-90 passengers per team per flight. Fishbone analysis of screening challenges revealed poor cooperation of passengers, masking symptoms, apprehension, and stigma related to quarantine. Moreover, inadequate human resources and changing guidelines overburdened healthcare providers. But, perception of risk, and social responsibility of travelers together with supportive organization behavior act as facilitators. Overall, groundwork on airport screening was insightful to propose key action areas for screening. Conclusions Globally, COVID-19 has an impact on health infrastructure and international travel. International coordination with streamlined screening will go an extended way in virus containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mantri
- School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Joshi
- School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India,Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Pankaj Bhardwaj, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur - 342 005, Rajasthan, India. E-mail:
| | - Akhil Dhanesh Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Dean Academics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Director, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Mashrur SM, Wang K, Habib KN. Will COVID-19 be the end for the public transit? Investigating the impacts of public health crisis on transit mode choice. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 2022; 164:352-378. [PMID: 36060447 PMCID: PMC9428602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 had an unprecedented impact on transit demand and usage. Stiff and vigilant hygiene safety requirements changed travellers' mode choice preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, transit modal share is radically impacted. Therefore, quantitative measurements on transit demand impact are urgently needed to facilitate evidence-based policy responses to COVID-19. Thus, we collected 1000 random samples through a web-based survey in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada, on traveler's modal choices behavior during the COIVD-19 pandemic. The paper presents an analysis with this firsthand dataset to understand transit users' behavioral adaptation resulting from the spreading of COVID-19 in 2020. We found that the transit frequency dropped by 21% to 71% for various socioeconomic groups in the GTA during the pandemic. The transit modal share dipped for all trip purposes. For private vehicle owners, around 70% of transit users switched to their private vehicles. More than 60% of those without cars switched to active transport for all travel purposes. Also, ride-hailing services are the second most popular substitution of transit for them. More than 80% of the respondents agreed with all transit safety policies, such as mandatory face-covering listed in the survey. Moreover, a similar proportion of the respondents agreed to return to public transit in the future. Multinomial, nested, and mixed logit models are estimated to capture relationships between modal choices and various factors. We found that the daily number of new COVID-19 cases impacts the choice of transit negatively. However, vaccine availability and mandatory face-covering onboard positively affect travellers' choices of riding transit during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Md Mashrur
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaili Wang
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khandker Nurul Habib
- Percy Edward Hart Professor in Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Past pandemic experience can affect health outcomes in future pandemics. This paper focuses on the last major influenza pandemic in 1968 (H3N2), which killed up to 100,000 people in the US. We find that places with high influenza mortality in 1968 experienced 1-4% lower COVID-19 death rates. Our identification strategy isolates variation in COVID-19 rates across people born before and after 1968. In places with high 1968 influenza incidence, older cohorts experience lower COVID-19 death rates relative to younger ones. The relationship holds using county and patient-level data, as well as in hospital and nursing home settings. Results do not appear to be driven by systemic or policy-related factors, instead suggesting an individual-level response to prior influenza pandemic exposure. The findings merit investigation into potential biological and immunological mechanisms that account for these differences-and their implications for future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Taylor
- School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University; University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - Matthew J Memoli
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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Kubo Y, Okada I. COVID-19 health certification reduces outgroup bias: evidence from a conjoint experiment in Japan. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 2022; 9:306. [PMID: 36105276 PMCID: PMC9462644 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-022-01324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The psychological theory argues that serious threats cause negative attitudes from ingroups to outgroups. However, the factors that can reduce such outgroup bias caused by the health threats of a pandemic are unknown. Here, we provide evidence that health certifications to prove immunity or negative test result for COVID-19 reduce outgroup bias. Using a discrete choice experiment with a randomized conjoint design in Japan, we investigated public attitudes towards inbound travelers entering the country, including foreigners, immigrants, and tourists. We found that travelers carrying a vaccination certificate or a negative test result for COVID-19 have a higher probability or rating of being admitted to the country. These effects are the same size as those for travelers undergoing self-isolation. Thus, our results demonstrate that health certification can mitigate outgroup bias among ingroup members experiencing threats to health due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We anticipate that the findings would support the combined usage of vaccine passports and negative certificates to reopen the international borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kubo
- Department of Law, Politics, and International Relations, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
- Program on U.S.-Japan Relations, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Present Address: Department of Urban Studies, School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo Japan
| | - Isamu Okada
- Department of International Development and Cooperation Studies, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Onwan M, Matsee W, Lawpoolsri S, Pisutsan P, Siripoon T, Punrin S, Piyaphanee W. Temporal Trend of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Factors Influencing International Travellers. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:223. [PMID: 36136634 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has seen disrupted international travel due to travel restrictions and public health measures aimed at containing the spread of the virus. With increasing evidence of the COVID-19 vaccines' ability to mitigate disease severity, reopening tourism is desirable to promote the recovery of the global economy. However, the COVID-19 vaccine and vaccination passport for international travellers remains an ongoing debate. Little is known of the acceptance of these and the influencing factors among this population group. Therefore, this study sought to determine the temporal trend in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and influencing factors among international travellers. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire among international travellers who visited the Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Thailand from June 2021 to December 2021 (3 different variants dominated during this period). Study data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 23. Chi-square was used to demonstrate associations. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the magnitude of effect, demonstrated by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. All significant variables were included in a multinomial logistic regression model to estimate adjusted odds ratios. The study enrolled 1068 travellers, 719 (67.3%) Thai and 349 (32.7%) foreign travellers. Most travellers were female (55.4%) and aged 18-30 years. The three main purposes for visiting the clinic were: for study, visiting friends and relatives, and returning to their home country. The overall COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate among the travellers was 96.2%. The temporal trend of acceptance among Thai and non-Thai travelers varied from 93-99% and 93-100%, respectively. Vaccine efficacy, protective duration of the vaccine, risk of infection, and travel plan were factors strongly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. In conclusion, the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate among these international travellers was very high. The safe and effective reopening of tourism to international travellers will facilitate economic recovery.
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Fan C, Jiang X, Lee R, Mostafavi A. Data-driven contact network models of COVID-19 reveal trade-offs between costs and infections for optimal local containment policies. Cities 2022; 128:103805. [PMID: 35694433 PMCID: PMC9174357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2022.103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While several non-pharmacological measures have been implemented for a few months in an effort to slow the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, the disease remains a danger in a number of counties as restrictions are lifted to revive the economy. Making a trade-off between economic recovery and infection control is a major challenge confronting many hard-hit counties. Understanding the transmission process and quantifying the costs of local policies are essential to the task of tackling this challenge. Here, we investigate the dynamic contact patterns of the populations from anonymized, geo-localized mobility data and census and demographic data to create data-driven, agent-based contact networks. We then simulate the epidemic spread with a time-varying contagion model in ten large metropolitan counties in the United States and evaluate a combination of mobility reduction, mask use, and reopening policies. We find that our model captures the spatial-temporal and heterogeneous case trajectory within various counties based on dynamic population behaviors. Our results show that a decision-making tool that considers both economic cost and infection outcomes of policies can be informative in making decisions of local containment strategies for optimal balancing of economic slowdown and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fan
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States of America
| | - Xiangqi Jiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3112, United States of America
| | - Ronald Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3112, United States of America
| | - Ali Mostafavi
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, United States of America
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Bhattacharya M, Dhama K, Chakraborty C. Recently spreading human monkeypox virus infection and its transmission during COVID-19 pandemic period: A travelers' prospective. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 49:102398. [PMID: 35779853 PMCID: PMC9239924 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Presently, monkeypox has emerged in multiple countries with many confirmed cases, posing a global public health threat. A link has been found between air travel and the international spread of infectious diseases including the previous spread of monkeypox. This article highlights the spread of COVID-19 through air travel, and then monkeypox spread from one country to another. Scientists are trying to establish the air travel and monkeypox spread. Any travel link from an endemic country has not been proven yet to describe the rising number of current monkeypox cases in non-endemic countries. Due to the quantification method, the direct link of the diseases with air travel might be difficult to establish. However, we have also developed different statistical models of the confirmed cases and the number of air travelers per year (noted in countries where monkeypox has spread). As there is no direct link, these models might show a probability of an indirect association of air travel. However, more strong evidence is needed in this direction. Although, the sudden appearance of monkeypox cases in multiple countries in a few days demands comprehensive epidemiological investigations, genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates to prove the travel link from an endemic country. At the same time, it is also necessary to know the real cause while also exploring any direct and/or indirect travel links between different countries. Similarly, the possibility of any zoonotic event should find out to understand the more about natural animal reservoir(s) for the monkeypox virus, which is unknown until now. However, this report will help researchers for conducting further explorative research and investigations for understanding transmission patterns and guide policymakers to make proactive policies to limit the spread of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
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Ramírez-Castañeda V, Westeen EP, Frederick J, Amini S, Wait DR, Achmadi AS, Andayani N, Arida E, Arifin U, Bernal MA, Bonaccorso E, Bonachita Sanguila M, Brown RM, Che J, Condori FP, Hartiningtias D, Hiller AE, Iskandar DT, Jiménez RA, Khelifa R, Márquez R, Martínez-Fonseca JG, Parra JL, Peñalba JV, Pinto-García L, Razafindratsima OH, Ron SR, Souza S, Supriatna J, Bowie RCK, Cicero C, McGuire JA, Tarvin RD. A set of principles and practical suggestions for equitable fieldwork in biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122667119. [PMID: 35972961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122667119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Field biology is an area of research that involves working directly with living organisms in situ through a practice known as “fieldwork.” Conducting fieldwork often requires complex logistical planning within multiregional or multinational teams, interacting with local communities at field sites, and collaborative research led by one or a few of the core team members. However, existing power imbalances stemming from geopolitical history, discrimination, and professional position, among other factors, perpetuate inequities when conducting these research endeavors. After reflecting on our own research programs, we propose four general principles to guide equitable, inclusive, ethical, and safe practices in field biology: be collaborative, be respectful, be legal, and be safe. Although many biologists already structure their field programs around these principles or similar values, executing equitable research practices can prove challenging and requires careful consideration, especially by those in positions with relatively greater privilege. Based on experiences and input from a diverse group of global collaborators, we provide suggestions for action-oriented approaches to make field biology more equitable, with particular attention to how those with greater privilege can contribute. While we acknowledge that not all suggestions will be applicable to every institution or program, we hope that they will generate discussions and provide a baseline for training in proactive, equitable fieldwork practices.
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Zhang D, Yan Y, Liao MX, Liu TF. How to evaluate surgical tourism service organizations in China: indicators system development and a pilot application. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:26. [PMID: 35971140 PMCID: PMC9378254 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical tourism is an emerging economic sector, with the most growth potential demonstrated in China's health industry before the COVID-19 pandemic. Surgical tourism accounts for a large part of medical tourism services in China, with high requirements in terms of quality and safety. By contrast, China suffers from insufficient measurement tools and theoretical research. The aim of this study was to develop a set of reliable and feasible indicators by augmenting the Donabedian model to evaluate the quality of surgical tourism services. Methods A literature review and focus group interview were used to generate indicators for the quality of surgical tourism services. The basic framework of the evaluation system was based on the structure–process–outcome Donabedian model. The screening and weight setting were conducted through an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and a two-round Delphi consultation with 13 panelists. The validity and reliability of experts were tested by the experts' positive coefficient, authority coefficient, and coordination coefficient. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by a pre-test distributed within an International Medical Department of a public hospital in China. Results Based on the Donabedian quality theory, a novel evaluation system of surgical tourism service institutions was constructed with three dimensions, nine first-level items and 39 second-level items. The three dimensions consisted of the structure (0.315), process (0.287), and outcome (0.398), with several indicators for each dimension and each indicator was given a weight. Of the two rounds of Delphi consultation, the response rates were 86.67% and 100%. The coordination coefficient of expert opinions in the two rounds of consultation were 0.49 and 0.65 (p < 0.05). For the empirical study, the self-evaluation score of a public hospital was 86, which could rate as a two-star institution. Conclusions Our evaluation system identified three suitable quality dimensions of surgical tourism services to improve the safety and quality of practical healthcare. It reflects the access criterion of surgical tourism institutions, provides references for the best choice of surgical services for tourists, and can be applied by healthcare managers and policy makers to allocate resources more efficiently and promote more surgical tourism services with international standards. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41256-022-00262-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, No.2279 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yan
- Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, No.2279 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Xia Liao
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Ting-Fang Liu
- Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, No.2279 Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China. .,School of Health Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Harris P, Harris-Roxas B, Prior J, Morrison N, McIntyre E, Frawley J, Adams J, Bevan W, Haigh F, Freeman E, Hua M, Pry J, Mazumdar S, Cave B, Viliani F, Kwan B. Respiratory pandemics, urban planning and design: A multidisciplinary rapid review of the literature. Cities 2022; 127:103767. [PMID: 35663146 PMCID: PMC9150858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2022.103767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the most recent respiratory pandemic to necessitate better knowledge about city planning and design. The complex connections between cities and pandemics, however challenge traditional approaches to reviewing literature. In this article we adopted a rapid review methodology. We review the historical literature on respiratory pandemics and their documented connections to urban planning and design (both broadly defined as being concerned with cities as complex systems). Our systematic search across multidisciplinary databases returned a total of 1323 sources, with 92 articles included in the final review. Findings showed that the literature represents the multi-scalar nature of cities and pandemics - pandemics are global phenomena spread through an interconnected world, but require regional, city, local and individual responses. We characterise the literature under ten themes: scale (global to local); built environment; governance; modelling; non-pharmaceutical interventions; socioeconomic factors; system preparedness; system responses; underserved and vulnerable populations; and future-proofing urban planning and design. We conclude that the historical literature captures how city planning and design intersects with a public health response to respiratory pandemics. Our thematic framework provides parameters for future research and policy responses to the varied connections between cities and respiratory pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Harris
- Centre for Health Equity Training, Research & Evaluation (CHETRE), Part of the UNSW Australia Research Centre for Primary Health Care & Equity, A Unit of Population Health, South Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, A member of the Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, Locked Bag 7103, Liverpool BC, NSW 1871, Australia
| | | | - Jason Prior
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, UTS, Australia
| | - Nicky Morrison
- Institute for Culture and Society, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jane Frawley
- Centre of Public and Population Health Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, UTS, Australia
| | - Jon Adams
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, UTS, Australia
| | | | - Fiona Haigh
- Centre for Health Equity Training, Research & Evaluation (CHETRE), Part of the UNSW Australia Research Centre for Primary Health Care & Equity, A Unit of Population Health, South Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, A member of the Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, Locked Bag 7103, Liverpool BC, NSW 1871, Australia
| | - Evan Freeman
- South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia
| | - Myna Hua
- South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia
| | - Jennie Pry
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia
| | - Soumya Mazumdar
- South Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Australia
| | | | | | - Benjamin Kwan
- Sleep Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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48
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Li Y, Hou S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Fan H, Cao C. Effect of Travel Restrictions of Wuhan City Against COVID-19: A Modified SEIR Model Analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 16:1431-1437. [PMID: 33413723 PMCID: PMC8027550 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since December 2019, a new coronavirus viral was initially detected in Wuhan, China. Population migration increases the risk of epidemic transmission. Here, the objective of study is to estimate the output risk quantitatively and evaluate the effectiveness of travel restrictions of Wuhan city. METHODS We proposed a modified susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) dynamics model to predict the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in Wuhan. And, subsequently, we estimated the export risk of COVID-19 epidemic from Wuhan to other provinces in China. Finally, we estimated the effectiveness of travel restrictions of Wuhan city quantitatively by the export risk on the assumption that the measure was postponed. RESULTS The export risks of COVID-19 varied from Wuhan to other provinces of China. The peak of export risk was January 21-23, 2020. With the travel restrictions of Wuhan delayed by 3, 5, and 7 d, the export risk indexes will increase by 38.50%, 55.89%, and 65.63%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the travel restrictions of Wuhan reduced the export risk and delayed the overall epidemic progression of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. The travel restrictions of Wuhan city may provide a reference for the control of the COVID-19 epidemic all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhong Zhang
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Mathematics, Renai College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Cao
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Chan TC, Chou CC, Chu YC, Tang JH, Chen LC, Lin HH, Chen KJ, Chen RC. Effectiveness of controlling COVID-19 epidemic by implementing soft lockdown policy and extensive community screening in Taiwan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12053. [PMID: 35835796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Strict and repeated lockdowns have caused public fatigue regarding policy compliance and had a large impact on several countries’ economies. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a soft lockdown policy and the strategy of active community screening for controlling COVID-19 in Taiwan. We used village-based daily confirmed COVID-19 statistics in Taipei City and New Taipei City, between May 2, 2021, and July 17, 2021. The temporal Gi* statistic was used to compute the spatiotemporal hotspots. Simple linear regression was used to evaluate the trend of the epidemic, positivity rate from community screening, and mobility changes in COVID-19 cases and incidence before and after a level three alert in both cities. We used a Bayesian hierarchical zero-inflated Poisson model to estimate the daily infection risk. The cities accounted for 11,403 (81.17%) of 14,048 locally confirmed cases. The mean effective reproduction number (Re) surged before the level three alert and peaked on May 16, 2021, the day after the level three alert in Taipei City (Re = 3.66) and New Taipei City (Re = 3.37). Mobility reduction and a lower positive rate were positively associated with a lower number of cases and incidence. In the spatiotemporal view, seven major districts were identified with a radial spreading pattern from one hard-hit district. Villages with a higher inflow degree centrality among people aged ≥ 60 years, having confirmed cases, specific land-use types, and with a higher aging index had higher infection risks than other villages. Early soft lockdown policy and detection of infected patients showed an effective strategy to control COVID-19 in Taiwan.
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50
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Le Targa L, Wurtz N, Lacoste A, Penant G, Jardot P, Annessi A, Colson P, La Scola B, Aherfi S. SARS-CoV-2 Testing of Aircraft Wastewater Shows That Mandatory Tests and Vaccination Pass before Boarding Did Not Prevent Massive Importation of Omicron Variant into Europe. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071511. [PMID: 35891491 PMCID: PMC9319773 DOI: 10.3390/v14071511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most new SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in France occurred following the importation from abroad of emerging viral variants. Currently, the risk of new variants being imported is controlled based on a negative screening test (PCR or antigenic) and proof of up-to-date vaccine status, such as the International Air Transport Association travel pass. METHODS The wastewater from two planes arriving in Marseille (France) from Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) in December 2021 was tested by RT-PCR to detect SARS-CoV2 and screen for variants. These tests were carried out between landing and customs clearance and were then sequenced by MiSeq Illumina. Antigenic tests and sequencing by NovaSeq were carried out on respiratory samples collected from the 56 passengers on the second flight. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 RNA suspected of being from the Omicron BA.1 variant was detected in the aircraft's wastewater. SARS-CoV2 RNA was detected in 11 [20%) passengers and the Omicron BA.1 variant was identified. CONCLUSION Our work shows the efficiency of aircraft wastewater testing to detect SARS-CoV-2 cases among travellers and to identify the viral genotype. It also highlights the low efficacy of the current control strategy for flights entering France from outside Europe, which combines a requirement to produce a vaccine pass and proof of a negative test before boarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorlane Le Targa
- Microbes Evolution PHylogénie et Infections, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.T.); (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.J.); (P.C.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Biosellal, 27 Chemin des Peupliers, 69570 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Wurtz
- Microbes Evolution PHylogénie et Infections, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.T.); (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.J.); (P.C.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Lacoste
- Bataillon des Marins Pompiers de la ville de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Gwilherm Penant
- Microbes Evolution PHylogénie et Infections, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.T.); (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.J.); (P.C.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Priscilla Jardot
- Microbes Evolution PHylogénie et Infections, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.T.); (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.J.); (P.C.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Annessi
- Bataillon des Marins Pompiers de la ville de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Philippe Colson
- Microbes Evolution PHylogénie et Infections, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.T.); (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.J.); (P.C.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Microbes Evolution PHylogénie et Infections, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.T.); (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.J.); (P.C.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (B.L.S.); (S.A.); Tel.: +33-413-732-401 (B.L.S. & S.A.); Fax: +33-413-732-402 (B.L.S.); +33-413-732-052 (S.A.)
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- Microbes Evolution PHylogénie et Infections, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.T.); (N.W.); (G.P.); (P.J.); (P.C.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (B.L.S.); (S.A.); Tel.: +33-413-732-401 (B.L.S. & S.A.); Fax: +33-413-732-402 (B.L.S.); +33-413-732-052 (S.A.)
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