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Merle DA, Sen M, Armento A, Stanton CM, Thee EF, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaiser M, Clark SJ, Klaver CCW, Keane PA, Wright AF, Ehrmann M, Ueffing M. 10q26 - The enigma in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101154. [PMID: 36513584 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite comprehensive research efforts over the last decades, the pathomechanisms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remain far from being understood. Large-scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) were able to provide a defined set of genetic aberrations which contribute to disease risk, with the strongest contributors mapping to distinct regions on chromosome 1 and 10. While the chromosome 1 locus comprises factors of the complement system with well-known functions, the role of the 10q26-locus in AMD-pathophysiology remains enigmatic. 10q26 harbors a cluster of three functional genes, namely PLEKHA1, ARMS2 and HTRA1, with most of the AMD-associated genetic variants mapping to the latter two genes. High linkage disequilibrium between ARMS2 and HTRA1 has kept association studies from reliably defining the risk-causing gene for long and only very recently the genetic risk region has been narrowed to ARMS2, suggesting that this is the true AMD gene at this locus. However, genetic associations alone do not suffice to prove causality and one or more of the 14 SNPs on this haplotype may be involved in long-range control of gene expression, leaving HTRA1 and PLEKHA1 still suspects in the pathogenic pathway. Both, ARMS2 and HTRA1 have been linked to extracellular matrix homeostasis, yet their exact molecular function as well as their role in AMD pathogenesis remains to be uncovered. The transcriptional regulation of the 10q26 locus adds an additional level of complexity, given, that gene-regulatory as well as epigenetic alterations may influence expression levels from 10q26 in diseased individuals. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the 10q26 locus and its three gene products on various levels of biological complexity and discuss current and future research strategies to shed light on one of the remaining enigmatic spots in the AMD landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Merle
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Merve Sen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angela Armento
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chloe M Stanton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Eric F Thee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon J Clark
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboudumc, 6525EX, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pearse A Keane
- Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Chen L, Zhong Y, Sun S, Yang Z, Hong H, Zou D, Song C, Li W, Leng H. HTRA1 from OVX rat osteoclasts causes detrimental effects on endplate chondrocytes through NF-κB. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17595. [PMID: 37416639 PMCID: PMC10320255 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endplate osteochondritis is considered one of the major causes of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and low back pain. Menopausal women have a higher rate of endplate cartilage degeneration than similarly aged men, but the related mechanisms are still unclear. Subchondral bone changes, mainly mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, are considered an important reason for the degeneration of cartilage. This work explored the role of osteoclasts in endplate cartilage degeneration, as well as its underlying mechanisms. A rat ovariectomy (OVX) model was used to induce estrogen deficiency. Our experiments indicated that OVX significantly promoted osteoclastogenesis and anabolism and catabolism changes in endplate chondrocytes. OVX osteoclasts cause an imbalance between anabolism and catabolism in endplate chondrocytes, as shown by a decrease in anabolic markers such as Aggrecan and Collagen II, and an increase in catabolic markers such as a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP13). Osteoclasts were also confirmed in this study to be able to secrete HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1), which resulted in increased catabolism in endplate chondrocytes through the NF-κB pathway under estrogen deficiency. This study demonstrated the involvement and mechanism of osteoclasts in the anabolism and catabolism changes of endplate cartilage under estrogen deficiency, and proposed a new strategy for the treatment of endplate osteochondritis and IVDD by targeting HTRA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longting Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zihuan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haofeng Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Da Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Beijing Key Lab of Spine Diseases, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
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Hu Y, Li K, Swahn H, Ordoukhanian P, Head SR, Natarajan P, Woods AK, Joseph SB, Johnson KA, Lotz MK. Transcriptomic analyses of joint tissues during osteoarthritis development in a rat model reveal dysregulated mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix pathways. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:199-212. [PMID: 36354073 PMCID: PMC9892293 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcriptomic changes in joint tissues during the development of osteoarthritis (OA) are of interest for the discovery of biomarkers and mechanisms of disease. The objective of this study was to use the rat medial meniscus transection (MMT) model to discover stage and tissue-specific transcriptomic changes. DESIGN Sham or MMT surgeries were performed in mature rats. Cartilage, menisci and synovium were scored for histopathological changes at 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-surgery and processed for RNA-sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were used to identify pathways and mechanisms. Published transcriptomic datasets from animal models and human OA were used to confirm and extend present findings. RESULTS The total number of DEGs was already high at 2 weeks (723 in meniscus), followed by cartilage (259) and synovium (42) and declined to varying degrees in meniscus and synovium but increased in cartilage at 6 weeks. The most upregulated genes included tenascins. The 'response to mechanical stimulus' and extracellular matrix-related pathways were enriched in both cartilage and meniscus. Pathways that were enriched in synovium at 4 weeks indicate processes related to synovial hyperplasia and fibrosis. Synovium also showed upregulation of IL-11 and several MMPs. The mechanical stimulus pathway included upregulation of the mechanoreceptors PIEZO1, PIEZO2 and TRPV4 and nerve growth factor. Analysis of data from prior RNA-sequencing studies of animal models and human OA support these findings. CONCLUSION These results indicate several shared pathways that are affected during OA in cartilage and meniscus and support the role of mechanotransduction and other pathways in OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - K Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - H Swahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - P Ordoukhanian
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - S R Head
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - P Natarajan
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics and Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - A K Woods
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - S B Joseph
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K A Johnson
- Calibr, a Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - M K Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Bahar ME, Hwang JS, Ahmed M, Lai TH, Pham TM, Elashkar O, Akter KM, Kim DH, Yang J, Kim DR. Targeting Autophagy for Developing New Therapeutic Strategy in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081571. [PMID: 36009290 PMCID: PMC9405341 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a prevalent cause of low back pain. IVDD is characterized by abnormal expression of extracellular matrix components such as collagen and aggrecan. In addition, it results in dysfunctional growth, senescence, and death of intervertebral cells. The biological pathways involved in the development and progression of IVDD are not fully understood. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying IVDD could aid in the development of strategies for prevention and treatment. Autophagy is a cellular process that removes damaged proteins and dysfunctional organelles, and its dysfunction is linked to a variety of diseases, including IVDD and osteoarthritis. In this review, we describe recent research findings on the role of autophagy in IVDD pathogenesis and highlight autophagy-targeting molecules which can be exploited to treat IVDD. Many studies exhibit that autophagy protects against and postpones disc degeneration. Further research is needed to determine whether autophagy is required for cell integrity in intervertebral discs and to establish autophagy as a viable therapeutic target for IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Trang Minh Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Omar Elashkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Kazi-Marjahan Akter
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Hospital and Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, GyeongNam, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-8054
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Sun Y, Lyu M, Lu Q, Cheung K, Leung V. Current Perspectives on Nucleus Pulposus Fibrosis in Disc Degeneration and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6612. [PMID: 35743056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence in humans and animal models indicates an association between intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and increased fibrotic elements in the nucleus pulposus (NP). These include enhanced matrix turnover along with the abnormal deposition of collagens and other fibrous matrices, the emergence of fibrosis effector cells, such as macrophages and active fibroblasts, and the upregulation of the fibroinflammatory factors TGF-β1 and IL-1/-13. Studies have suggested a role for NP cells in fibroblastic differentiation through the TGF-βR1-Smad2/3 pathway, inflammatory activation and mechanosensing machineries. Moreover, NP fibrosis is linked to abnormal MMP activity, consistent with the role of matrix proteases in regulating tissue fibrosis. MMP-2 and MMP-12 are the two main profibrogenic markers of myofibroblastic NP cells. This review revisits studies in the literature relevant to NP fibrosis in an attempt to stratify its biochemical features and the molecular identity of fibroblastic cells in the context of IDD. Given the role of fibrosis in tissue healing and diseases, the perspective may provide new insights into the pathomechanism of IDD and its management.
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Tossetta G, Fantone S, Licini C, Marzioni D, Mattioli-Belmonte M. The multifaced role of HtrA1 in the development of joint and skeletal disorders. Bone 2022; 157:116350. [PMID: 35131488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HtrA1 (High temperature requirement A1) family proteins include four members, widely conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, named HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and HtrA4. HtrA1 is a serine protease involved in a variety of biological functions regulating many signaling pathways degrading specific components and playing key roles in many human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, pregnancy complications and cancer. Due to its role in the breakdown of many ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM) components of articular cartilage such as fibronectin, decorin and aggrecan, HtrA1 encouraged many researches on studying its role in several skeletal diseases (SDs). These studies were further inspired by the fact that HtrA1 is able to regulate the signaling of one of the most important cytokines involved in SDs, the TGFβ-1. This review aims to summarize the data currently available on the role of HtrA1 in skeletal diseases such as Osteoporosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (IDD). The use of HtrA1 as a marker of frailty in geriatric medicine would represent a powerful tool for identifying older individuals at risk of developing skeletal disorders, evaluating an appropriate intervention to improve quality care in these people avoiding or improving age-related SDs in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Salesi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Sonia Fantone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Caterina Licini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy
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Liang H, Luo R, Li G, Zhang W, Song Y, Yang C. The Proteolysis of ECM in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1715. [PMID: 35163637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is a pathological process that commonly occurs throughout the human life span and is a major cause of lower back pain. Better elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in disc degeneration could provide a theoretical basis for the development of lumbar disc intervention strategies. In recent years, extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis has received much attention due to its relevance to the mechanical properties of IVDs. ECM proteolysis mediated by a variety of proteases is involved in the pathological process of disc degeneration. Here, we discuss in detail the relationship between the IVD as well as the ECM and the role of ECM proteolysis in the degenerative process of the IVD. Targeting ECM proteolysis-associated proteases may be an effective means of intervention in IDD.
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Peng Y, Qing X, Shu H, Tian S, Yang W, Chen S, Lin H, Lv X, Zhao L, Chen X, Pu F, Huang D, Cao X, Shao Z, Yp, Zs, Xc, Yp, Yp, Xq, Hs, St, Wy, Yp, Xq, Hs, St, Hl, Xl, Lz, Xc, Fp, Sc, Yp, Xq, Hs, St, Yp, Xq, Wy, Hl, Xl, Lz, Xc, Fp, Sc, Hdh, Wy, Hl, Xl, Lz, Xc, Fp, Sc, Hdh, Zs, Xc. Proper animal experimental designs for preclinical research of biomaterials for intervertebral disc regeneration. Biomater Transl 2021; 2:91-142. [PMID: 35836965 PMCID: PMC9255780 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain is a vital musculoskeletal disease that impairs life quality, leads to disability and imposes heavy economic burden on the society, while it is greatly attributed to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, the existing treatments, such as medicines, chiropractic adjustments and surgery, cannot achieve ideal disc regeneration. Therefore, advanced bioactive therapies are implemented, including stem cells delivery, bioreagents administration, and implantation of biomaterials etc. Among these researches, few reported unsatisfying regenerative outcomes. However, these advanced therapies have barely achieved successful clinical translation. The main reason for the inconsistency between satisfying preclinical results and poor clinical translation may largely rely on the animal models that cannot actually simulate the human disc degeneration. The inappropriate animal model also leads to difficulties in comparing the efficacies among biomaterials in different reaches. Therefore, animal models that better simulate the clinical charateristics of human IDD should be acknowledged. In addition, in vivo regenerative outcomes should be carefully evaluated to obtain robust results. Nevertheless, many researches neglect certain critical characteristics, such as adhesive properties for biomaterials blocking annulus fibrosus defects and hyperalgesia that is closely related to the clinical manifestations, e.g., low back pain. Herein, in this review, we summarized the animal models established for IDD, and highlighted the proper models and parameters that may result in acknowledged IDD models. Then, we discussed the existing biomaterials for disc regeneration and the characteristics that should be considered for regenerating different parts of discs. Finally, well-established assays and parameters for in vivo disc regeneration are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiangcheng Qing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongyang Shu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiologic Disorders, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Feifei Pu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Donghua Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding authors: Zengwu Shao, ; Xu Cao,
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China,Corresponding authors: Zengwu Shao, ; Xu Cao,
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Zhang Y, Tian Z, Gerard D, Yao L, Shofer FS, Cs-Szabo G, Qin L, Pacifici M, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Elevated inflammatory gene expression in intervertebral disc tissues in mice with ADAM8 inactivated. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1804. [PMID: 33469101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We found ADAM8 enzymatic activity elevated in degenerative human intervertebral disc (IVD). Here, we examined the discs in ADAM8-inactivation mice that carry a mutation preventing self-activation of the enzyme. Surprisingly, elevated gene expression for inflammatory markers (Cxcl1, IL6) was observed in injured discs of ADAM8 mutant mice, along with elevated expression of type 2 collagen gene (Col2a1), compared with wild type controls. Injured annulus fibrosus of mutant and wild type mice contained a higher proportion of large collagen fibers compared with intact discs, as documented by microscopic examination under circular polarized light. In the intact IVDs, Adam8EQ mouse AF contained lower proportion of yellow (intermediate) fiber than WT mice. This suggests that ADAM8 may regulate inflammation and collagen fiber assembly. The seemingly contradictory findings of elevated inflammatory markers in mutant mice and excessive ADAM8 activity in human degenerative discs suggest that ADAM8 may interact with other enzymatic and pro-inflammatory processes needed for tissue maintenance and repair. As a future therapeutic intervention to retard intervertebral disc degeneration, partial inhibition of ADAM8 proteolysis may be more desirable than complete inactivation of this enzyme.
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Schmidli MR, Sadowska A, Cvitas I, Gantenbein B, Lischer HEL, Forterre S, Hitzl W, Forterre F, Wuertz-Kozak K. Fibronectin Fragments and Inflammation During Canine Intervertebral Disc Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:547644. [PMID: 33304936 PMCID: PMC7701143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.547644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canine intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) represents a significant clinical problem in veterinary medicine, with similarities to the human pathology. Host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns like fibronectin fragments (FnF) that develop during tissue dysfunction may be of specific relevance to IVD pathologies by inducing an inflammatory response in resident cells. Aim: This project aimed to determine the presence and pathobiological role of FnF during IVD herniation in dogs, with a focus on inflammation. Methods: Herniated nucleus pulposus (NP) material from five dogs as well as non-herniated adjacent NP material from three dogs was collected during spinal surgery required due to acute IVD herniation. The presence of different types of FnF were determined by Western blot analysis. NP cells isolated from six herniated canine IVDs were then exposed to 30 kDa FnF. NP cell inflammation and catabolism was examined by investigating the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and COX-2, as well as MMP-1 and MMP-3 by qPCR (all targets) and ELISA (IL-6, PGE2). Results: Amongst multiple sized FnF (30, 35, 45, and >170kDa), N-terminal fragments at a size of ~30 kDa were most consistently expressed in all five herniated IVDs. Importantly, these fragments were exclusively present in herniated, but not in non-herniated IVDs. Exposure of canine NP cells to 500 nM 30 kDa FnF caused a significant upregulation of IL-6 (62.5 ± 79.9, p = 0.032) and IL-8 (53.0 ± 75.7, p = 0.031) on the gene level, whereas IL-6 protein analysis was inconclusive. Donor-donor variation was observed in response to FnF treatment, whereby this phenomenon was most evident for COX-2, with three donors demonstrating a significant downregulation (0.67 ± 0.03, p = 0.003) and three donors showing upregulation (6.9 ± 5.5, p = 0.21). Co-treatment with Sparstolonin B, a TRL-2/TRL-4 antagonist, showed no statistical difference to FnF treatment alone in all tested target genes. Conclusion: Given the presence of the 30 kDa FnF in canine herniated IVDs and the proinflammatory effect of 30 kDa FnF on NP cells, we concluded that the accumulation of FnF may be involved in the pathogenesis of canine IVDD. These results correspond to the findings in humans with IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Roland Schmidli
- Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Sadowska
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iva Cvitas
- Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology (TOM), Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) of the Medical Faculty of the University of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heidi E L Lischer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Forterre
- Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Office (Biostatistics), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Franck Forterre
- Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States.,Spine Center, Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelus Medical University Salzburg, Munich, Germany
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11
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Kupka J, Kohler A, El Bagdadi K, Bostelmann R, Brenneis M, Fleege C, Chan D, Zaucke F, Meurer A, Rickert M, Jenei-Lanzl Z. Adrenoceptor Expression during Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062085. [PMID: 32197418 PMCID: PMC7139977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy and degenerating intervertebral discs (IVDs) are innervated by sympathetic nerves, however, adrenoceptor (AR) expression and functionality have never been investigated systematically. Therefore, AR gene expression was analyzed in both tissue and isolated cells from degenerated human IVDs. Furthermore, human IVD samples and spine sections of wildtype mice (WT) and of a mouse line that develops spontaneous IVD degeneration (IVDD, in SM/J mice) were stained for ARs and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In IVD homogenates and cells α1a-, α1b-, α2a-, α2b-, α2c-, β1-, and β2-AR genes were expressed. In human sections, β2-AR was detectable, and its localization parallels with ECM alterations. Similarly, in IVDs of WT mice, only β2-AR was expressed, and in IVDs of SM/J mice, β2AR expression was stronger accompanied by increased collagen II, collagen XII, decorin as well as decreased cartilage oligomeric matrix protein expression. In addition, norepinephrine stimulation of isolated human IVD cells induced intracellular signaling via ERK1/2 and PKA. For the first time, the existence and functionality of ARs were demonstrated in IVD tissue samples, suggesting that the sympathicus might play a role in IVDD. Further studies will address relevant cellular mechanisms and thereby help to develop novel therapeutic options for IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kupka
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Annika Kohler
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Karima El Bagdadi
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Richard Bostelmann
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Marco Brenneis
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Christoph Fleege
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrea Meurer
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcus Rickert
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany (A.K.); (K.E.B.); (M.B.); (F.Z.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6705-408
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12
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Li Y, Yuan J, Rothzerg E, Wu X, Xu H, Zhu S, Xu J. Molecular structure and the role of high-temperature requirement protein 1 in skeletal disorders and cancers. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12746. [PMID: 31867863 PMCID: PMC7048211 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human high‐temperature requirement protein 1 (HTRA1) is a member of serine proteases and consists of four well‐defined domains—an IGFBP domain, a Kazal domain, a protease domain and a PDZ domain. HTRA1 is a secretory protein and also present intracellularly and associated with microtubules. HTRA1 regulates a broad range of physiological processes via its proteolytic activity. This review examines the role of HTRA1 in bone biology, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and tumorigenesis. HTRA1 mediates diverse pathological processes via a variety of signalling pathways, such as TGF‐β and NF‐κB. The expression of HTRA1 is increased in arthritis and IVD degeneration, suggesting that HTRA1 protein is attributed to cartilage degeneration and disease progression. Emerging evidence also suggests that HTRA1 has a role in tumorigenesis. Further understanding the mechanisms by which HTRA1 displays as an extrinsic and intrinsic regulator in a cell type–specific manner will be important for the development of HTRA1 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jinbo Yuan
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emel Rothzerg
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xinghuo Wu
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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13
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Krupkova O, Greutert H, Boos N, Lemcke J, Liebscher T, Wuertz-Kozak K. Expression and activity of hyaluronidases HYAL-1, HYAL-2 and HYAL-3 in the human intervertebral disc. Eur Spine J 2019; 29:605-615. [PMID: 31758257 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyaluronic acid plays an essential role in water retention of the intervertebral disc (IVD) and thus provides flexibility and shock absorbance in the spine. Hyaluronic acid gets degraded by hyaluronidases (HYALs), and some of the resulting fragments were previously shown to induce an inflammatory and catabolic response in human IVD cells. However, no data currently exist on the expression and activity of HYALs in IVD health and disease. METHODS Gene expression, protein expression and activity of HYALs were determined in human IVD biopsies with different degrees of degeneration (n = 50 total). Furthermore, freshly isolated human IVD cells (n = 23 total) were stimulated with IL-1β, TNF-α or H2O2, followed by analysis of HYAL-1, HYAL-2 and HYAL-3 gene expression. RESULTS Gene expression of HYAL-1 and protein expression of HYAL-2 significantly increased in moderate/severe disc samples when compared to samples with no or low IVD degeneration. HYAL activity was not significantly increased due to high donor-donor variation, but seemed overall higher in the moderate/severe group. An inflammatory environment, as seen during IVD disease, did not affect HYAL-1, HYAL-2 or HYAL-3 expression, whereas exposure to oxidative stress (100 µM H2O2) upregulated HYAL-2 expression relative to untreated controls. CONCLUSION Although HYAL-1, HYAL-2 and HYAL-3 are all expressed in the IVD, HYAL-2 seems to have the highest pathophysiological relevance. Nonetheless, further studies will be needed to comprehensively elucidate its significance and to determine its potential as a therapeutic target. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krupkova
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Greutert
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Boos
- Prodorso Spine Center, Walchestrasse 15, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Lemcke
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injuries, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Warener Str. 7, 12683, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Liebscher
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injuries, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Warener Str. 7, 12683, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 160 Lomb Memorial Drive Bldg. 73, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA. .,Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), Harlachinger Str. 51, 81547, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Elshamly M, Kinslechner K, Grohs JG, Weinmann D, Walzer SM, Windhager R, Gabius H, Toegel S. Galectins-1 and -3 in Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Non-Uniform Distribution Profiles and Activation of Disease Markers Involving NF-κB by Galectin-1. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2204-2216. [PMID: 31115931 PMCID: PMC6771593 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the human intervertebral disc (IVD) is assumed to underlie severe clinical symptoms, in particular chronic back pain. Since adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins are linked to arthritis/osteoarthritis pathogenesis by activating a pro-degradative/-inflammatory gene expression signature, we hypothesized a similar functional involvement of galectins in IVD degeneration. Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of galectins-1 and -3 in IVD is provided comparatively for specimens of spondylochondrosis, spondylolisthesis, and spinal deformity. Immunopositivity was detected in sections of fixed IVD specimens in each cellular compartment with age-, disease-, and galectin-type-related differences. Of note, presence of both galectins correlated with IVD degeneration, whereas correlation with age was seen only for galectin-3. In addition, staining profiles for these two galectins showed different distribution patterns in serial sections, an indication for non-redundant functionalities. In vitro, both galectins bound to IVD cells in a glycan-dependent manner. However, exclusively galectin-1 binding triggered a significant induction of functional disease markers (i.e., IL6, CXCL8, and MMP1/3/13) with involvement of the nuclear factor-kB pathway. This study thus gives direction to further network analyses and functional studies on galectins in IVD degeneration. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:2204-2216, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elshamly
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Kinslechner
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Josef G. Grohs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Sonja M. Walzer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Division of OrthopedicsMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians University Munich, 80539MunichGermany
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic BiologyMedical University of Vienna1090ViennaAustria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and RehabilitationViennaAustria
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15
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Gerhardt MJ, Marsh JA, Morrison M, Kazlauskas A, Khadka A, Rosenkranz S, DeAngelis MM, Saint-Geniez M, Jacobo SMP. ER stress-induced aggresome trafficking of HtrA1 protects against proteotoxicity. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 9:516-532. [PMID: 28992183 PMCID: PMC5823240 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) belongs to an ancient protein family that is linked to various human disorders. The precise role of exon 1-encoded N-terminal domains and how these influence the biological functions of human HtrA1 remain elusive. In this study, we traced the evolutionary origins of these N-terminal domains to a single gene fusion event in the most recent common ancestor of vertebrates. We hypothesized that human HtrA1 is implicated in unfolded protein response. In highly secretory cells of the retinal pigmented epithelia, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upregulated HtrA1. HtrA1 co-localized with vimentin intermediate filaments in highly arborized fashion. Upon ER stress, HtrA1 tracked along intermediate filaments, which collapsed and bundled in an aggresome at the microtubule organizing center. Gene silencing of HtrA1 altered the schedule and amplitude of adaptive signaling and concomitantly resulted in apoptosis. Restoration of wild-type HtrA1, but not its protease inactive mutant, was necessary and sufficient to protect from apoptosis. A variant of HtrA1 that harbored exon 1 substitutions displayed reduced efficacy in rescuing cells from proteotoxicity. Our results illuminate the integration of HtrA1 in the toolkit of mammalian cells against protein misfolding and the implications of defects in HtrA1 in proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Gerhardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department III of Internal Medicine, Cologne University Heart Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph A Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaux Morrison
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah and John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Andrius Kazlauskas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Arogya Khadka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stephan Rosenkranz
- Department III of Internal Medicine, Cologne University Heart Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah and John A. Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sarah Melissa P Jacobo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, The Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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16
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Thomas M, Fronk Z, Gross A, Willmore D, Arango A, Higham C, Nguyen V, Lim H, Kale V, McMillan G, Seegmiller RE. Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:676-686. [PMID: 30610922 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. METHODS A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. RESULTS Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. CONCLUSION Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
| | - Z Fronk
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - A Gross
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA.
| | - D Willmore
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - A Arango
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
| | - C Higham
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
| | - V Nguyen
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
| | - H Lim
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
| | - V Kale
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
| | - G McMillan
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA
| | - R E Seegmiller
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA; Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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17
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Guo TM, Lu J, Xing YL, Liu GX, Zhu HY, Yang L, Qiao XM. A 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Adjacent Segment Disk Degeneration Induced by Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion After Pedicle Screw Fixation. World Neurosurg 2018; 124:S1878-8750(18)32754-2. [PMID: 30503290 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is an effective treatment of upper lumbar intervertebral disk herniation. However, its clinical efficacy for adjacent segment disk degeneration (ASDD) remains undefined. Therefore, the biomechanical evaluation of ASDD caused by TLIF after pedicle screw fixation (PSF) was explored via a 3-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis. METHODS Computed tomography images of a healthy male adult volunteer were used in this study. A L3-4 3D finite element model (model) was successfully constructed using Pro/E software, which was also used to establish the L4-5 of the TLIF, PSF, and PSF + TLIF models. Under the same loading conditions, the protrusion and retraction of the adjacent intervertebral disk and the stress distribution of the annulus fibrosis, facet joint, and articular process in the TLIF, PSF, and PSF + TLIF models were all compared. RESULTS Protrusion and retraction of the adjacent intervertebral disk were more notable in the PSF + TLIF model than in the PSF model under the same loading conditions. The stress of the annulus fibrosis of the PSF + TLIF model was stronger relative to that of the PSF model under flexion, extension, or lateral bending. The stress of the articular process of the PSF + TLIF model was also stronger than that of the PSF model under extension or lateral bending. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that TLIF may aggravate ASDD after PSF. Furthermore, the findings provided in this report represent the theoretic basis for the clinical analysis of ASDD caused by TLIF after PSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Mao Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Li Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xiong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yun Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Min Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang, P.R. China.
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Krock E, Millecamps M, Currie JB, Stone LS, Haglund L. Low back pain and disc degeneration are decreased following chronic toll-like receptor 4 inhibition in a mouse model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1236-46. [PMID: 29908959 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intervertebral disc degeneration is a leading cause of chronic low back pain (LBP) but current treatment is limited. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on disc cells are activated by endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM) fragments and modulate degeneration in vitro. This study investigated whether inhibiting TLR4 slows disc degeneration and reduces behavioral signs of LBP in vivo. DESIGN 7-9-month old wild-type and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)-null (a model of disc degeneration and LBP) male mice were treated with TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor) once, and following a 10-day washout, mice were treated 3 times/week for 8 weeks. Behavioral signs of axial discomfort and radiating leg pain were assessed weekly with the grip force assay and acetone test, respectively. Following treatment, pain-related spinal cord changes were evaluated and lumbar discs were excised and cultured. Cytokine secretion from discs was evaluated with protein arrays. RESULTS SPARC-null mice displayed elevated signs of axial and radiating pain at baseline compared to wild-type. Chronic, but not acute, TLR4 inhibition reduced behavioral signs of pain compared to vehicle. SPARC-null mice have increased calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity (astrocyte marker) in the dorsal horn compared to wild-type, which is reduced by chronic TLR4 inhibition. Ex vivo degenerating discs from SPARC-null mice secrete increased levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, which chronic TLR4 inhibition reduced. CONCLUSION Chronic TLR4 inhibition decreased behavioral signs of LBP, pain-related neuroplasticity and disc inflammation in SPARC-null mice. TAK-242 inhibits TLR4 activation within discs, as evidenced by decreases in cytokine release. Therefore, TLRs are potential therapeutic targets to slow disc degeneration and reduce pain.
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Capossela S, Bertolo A, Gunasekera K, Pötzel T, Baur M, Stoyanov JV. VEGF vascularization pathway in human intervertebral disc does not change during the disc degeneration process. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:333. [PMID: 29784013 PMCID: PMC5963106 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective During degeneration of the intervertebral disc ingrowth of blood vessels and nerves into the disc are associated with back pain. Vascular endothelial growth factors promote vasculogenesis by binding to the membrane vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, while shorter soluble forms of this receptor can inhibit vascularization. We hypothesized that membrane and soluble receptor forms might change between stages of intervertebral disc degeneration. Results Expression of soluble and membrane forms of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in human degenerated intervertebral discs and healthy bovine caudal discs was assessed by qRT-PCR and immunoblot. Comparative microarray meta-analysis across disc degeneration grades showed that membrane and soluble forms of this receptor, together with other components of classic vascularization pathways, are constitutively expressed across human disc degeneration stages. Contrary to our hypothesis, we observed that expression of the classic vascularization pathway is stable across degeneration stages and we assume that soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 does not contribute to prevent disc degeneration. However, we observed increased expression levels of genes involved in alternative vascularization signalling pathways in severely degenerated discs, suggesting that abnormal vascularization is part of the pathological progression of disc degeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3441-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Capossela
- Biomedical Laboratories, Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bertolo
- Biomedical Laboratories, Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Kapila Gunasekera
- Biomedical Laboratories, Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Baur
- Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.,Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Jivko V Stoyanov
- Biomedical Laboratories, Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland.
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20
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Tu J, Li W, Zhang Y, Wu X, Song Y, Kang L, Liu W, Wang K, Li S, Hua W, Yang C. Simvastatin Inhibits IL-1β-Induced Apoptosis and Extracellular Matrix Degradation by Suppressing the NF-kB and MAPK Pathways in Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Inflammation 2018; 40:725-734. [PMID: 28188410 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used hypocholesterolemic drugs that block the mevalonate pathway. Some studies have shown that statins may have the potential to inhibit intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration (IDD). Interleukin (IL)-1β, a catabolic cytokine, is a key regulator of IDD. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of simvastatin on IDD. The viability of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells was determined by the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The apoptosis of NP cells was measured by flow cytometric analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and western blotting of relevant apoptotic proteins. The protein levels of catabolic factors and anabolic factors were determined by western blotting. The cells were stimulated with IL-1β in the absence or presence of simvastatin to investigate the effects on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4, ADAMTS-5, type II collagen, and aggrecan expression. Our findings indicate that simvastatin considerably inhibited IL-1β-induced apoptosis in NP cells. We also found that simvastatin attenuated IL-1β-induced expression and MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5 activities and also reduced the decrease in type II collagen and aggrecan expression. In addition, simvastatin considerably suppressed the nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-KB) by inhibiting p65 phosphorylation and translocation and blocking inhibitor kB-α degradation. It also inhibited MAPK pathway activation by blocking c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK phosphorylation. The results of our study revealed that simvastatin is a potential agent for IDD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentian Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., 430207, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghuo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Li D, Yue J, Wu Y, Barnie PA, Wu Y. HtrA1 up-regulates expression of MMPs via Erk1/2/Rock-dependent pathways. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2018; 11:998-1008. [PMID: 31938194 PMCID: PMC6958014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies that have identified the potential role of a high temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). This study was undertaken to investigate the regulatory role of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of IDD. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mRNA levels of HtrA1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of human intervertebral disc degeneration tissues were measured by real-time quantitative PCR, and a correlation between the expression level of HtrA1 and MMPs was also investigated. Human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs) were challenged with rHtrA1, and expression of MMPs was measured by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. Moreover, to analyze the mechanism by which HtrA1 up-regulates MMPs, ERK1/2/ROCK signaling pathway inhibitors were also used. RESULTS We found significant increases in mRNA expression of HtrA1 and MMP1, 3, 9, and 13 in IDD tissues compared with control. HtrA1 expression level was associated with the levels of MMP1, 3, and 13. Expression of MMP1, 3, and 13 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in HNPCs treated by rHtrA1. Moreover, administration of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor or ROCK signaling pathway inhibitor decreased rHtrA1-induced MMPs production. Therefore, changes in HtrA1 expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of IDD. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that HtrA1 can induce increases in MMPs in HNPCs via the ERK1/2/ROCK signaling pathway, thus providing new insights into the role of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiawei Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhou 213003, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape CoastGhana
| | - Yumin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of ChangzhouChangzhou 213003, China
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22
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Krock E, Rosenzweig DH, Currie JB, Bisson DG, Ouellet JA, Haglund L. Toll-like Receptor Activation Induces Degeneration of Human Intervertebral Discs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17184. [PMID: 29215065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are activated by endogenous alarmins such as fragmented extracellular matrix compounds found in the degenerating disc. TLRs regulate cytokine, neurotrophin, and protease expression in human disc cells in vitro, and thus control key factors in disc degeneration. However, whether TLR activation leads to degenerative changes in intact human discs is unclear. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells isolated from non-degenerating discs increase IL-1β and nerve growth factor gene expression following treatment with Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6 agonist) but not Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 agonist). Challenging NP cells with Pam2CSK4 or 30 kDa fibronectin fragments (FN-f, an endogenous TLR2 and TLR4 alarmin) increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. We then investigated the effect of TLR activation in intact, non-degenerate, ex vivo human discs. Discs were injected with PBS, Pam2CSK4 and FN-f, and cultured for 28 days. TLR activation increased proteoglycan and ECM protein release into the culture media and decreased proteoglycan content in the NP. Proteases, including MMP3, 13 and HTRA1, are secreted at higher levels following TLR activation. In addition, proinflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-6, TNFα and IFNγ, increased following TLR activation. These results indicate that TLR activation induces degeneration in human discs. Therefore, TLRs are potential disease-modifying therapeutic targets to slow disc degeneration.
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Filliat G, Mirsaidi A, Tiaden AN, Kuhn GA, Weber FE, Oka C, Richards PJ. Role of HTRA1 in bone formation and regeneration: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181600. [PMID: 28732055 PMCID: PMC5521800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mammalian high temperature requirement protease A1 (HTRA1) in somatic stem cell differentiation and mineralized matrix formation remains controversial, having been demonstrated to impart either anti- or pro-osteogenic effects, depending on the in vitro cell model used. The aim of this study was therefore to further evaluate the role of HTRA1 in regulating the differentiation potential and lineage commitment of murine mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and to assess its influence on bone structure and regeneration in vivo. Our results demonstrated that short hairpin RNA-mediated ablation of Htra1 in the murine mesenchymal cell line C3H10T1/2 increased the expression of several osteogenic gene markers, and significantly enhanced matrix mineralization in response to BMP-2 stimulation. These effects were concomitant with decreases in the expression of chondrogenic gene markers, and increases in adipogenic gene expression and lipid accrual. Despite the profound effects of loss-of-function of HTRA1 on this in vitro osteochondral model, these were not reproduced in vivo, where bone microarchitecture and regeneration in 16-week-old Htra1-knockout mice remained unaltered as compared to wild-type controls. By comparison, analysis of femurs from 52-week-old mice revealed that bone structure was better preserved in Htra1-knockout mice than age-matched wild-type controls. These findings therefore provide additional insights into the role played by HTRA1 in regulating mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, and offer opportunities for improving our understanding of how this multifunctional protease may act to influence bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Filliat
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Mirsaidi
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André N. Tiaden
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gisela A. Kuhn
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E. Weber
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chio Oka
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Peter J. Richards
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Li D, Yue J, Jiang L, Huang Y, Sun J, Wu Y. Correlation Between Expression of High Temperature Requirement Serine Protease A1 (HtrA1) in Nucleus Pulposus and T2 Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1940-1946. [PMID: 28432852 PMCID: PMC5411019 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degrading enzymes play an important role in the process of disc degeneration. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the expression of high temperature requirement serine protease A1 (HtrA1) in the nucleus pulposus and the T2 value of the nucleus pulposus region in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six patients who had undergone surgical excision of the nucleus pulposus were examined by MRI before surgery. Pfirrmann grading of the target intervertebral disc was performed according to the sagittal T2-weighted imaging, and the T2 value of the target nucleus pulposus was measured according to the median sagittal T2 mapping. The correlation between the Pfirrmann grade and the T2 value was analyzed. The expression of HtrA1 in the nucleus pulposus was analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot. The correlation between the expression of HtrA1 and the T2 value was analyzed. RESULTS The T2 value of the nucleus pulposus region was 33.11-167.91 ms, with an average of 86.64±38.73 ms. According to Spearman correlation analysis, there was a rank correlation between T2 value and Pfirrmann grade (P<0.0001), and the correlation coefficient (rs)=-0.93617. There was a linear correlation between the mRNA level of HtrA1 and T2 value in nucleus pulposus tissues (a=3.88, b=-0.019, F=112.63, P<0.0001), normalized regression coefficient=-0.88. There was a linear correlation between the expression level of HtrA1 protein and the T2 value in the nucleus pulposus tissues (a=3.30, b=-0.016, F=93.15, P<0.0001) and normalized regression coefficient=-0.86. CONCLUSIONS The expression of HtrA1 was strongly related to the T2 value, suggesting that HtrA1 plays an important role in the pathological process of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Yue
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jifu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Zhou X, Chen L, Grad S, Alini M, Pan H, Yang D, Zhen W, Li Z, Huang S, Peng S. The roles and perspectives of microRNAs as biomarkers for intervertebral disc degeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:3481-3487. [PMID: 28256798 DOI: 10.1002/term.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital; Jinan University School of Medicine; Shenzhen 518020 China
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen 518055 China
- Department of Science and Education; Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital; Shenzhen 518001 China
| | - Lili Chen
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos Clavadelerstrasse; 8, 7270 Davos Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos Clavadelerstrasse; 8, 7270 Davos Switzerland
| | - Haobo Pan
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital; Jinan University School of Medicine; Shenzhen 518020 China
| | - Wanxin Zhen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital; Jinan University School of Medicine; Shenzhen 518020 China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital; Jinan University School of Medicine; Shenzhen 518020 China
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen 518055 China
- Department of Spine Surgery; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital; Jinan University School of Medicine; Shenzhen 518020 China
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen 518055 China
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Krupkova O, Hlavna M, Amir Tahmasseb J, Zvick J, Kunz D, Ito K, Ferguson SJ, Wuertz-Kozak K. An Inflammatory Nucleus Pulposus Tissue Culture Model to Test Molecular Regenerative Therapies: Validation with Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101640. [PMID: 27689996 PMCID: PMC5085673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ cultures are practical tools to investigate regenerative strategies for the intervertebral disc. However, most existing organ culture systems induce severe tissue degradation with only limited representation of the in vivo processes. The objective of this study was to develop a space- and cost-efficient tissue culture model, which represents degenerative processes of the nucleus pulposus (NP). Intact bovine NPs were cultured in a previously developed system using Dyneema jackets. Degenerative changes in the NP tissue were induced either by the direct injection of chondroitinase ABC (1-20 U/mL) or by the diffusion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (both 100 ng/mL) from the culture media. Extracellular matrix composition (collagens, proteoglycans, water, and DNA) and the expression of inflammatory and catabolic genes were analyzed. The anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic compound epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG, 10 µM) was employed to assess the relevance of the degenerative NP model. Although a single injection of chondroitinase ABC reduced the proteoglycan content in the NPs, it did not activate cellular responses. On the other hand, IL-1β and TNF-α significantly increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13). The cytokine-induced gene expression in the NPs was ameliorated with EGCG. This study provides a proof of concept that inflammatory NP cultures, with appropriate containment, can be useful for the discovery and evaluation of molecular therapeutic strategies against early degenerative disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krupkova
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marian Hlavna
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Julie Amir Tahmasseb
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Joel Zvick
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik Kunz
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Health Department, ZHAW-Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Technikumstrasse 71, CH-8401 Winterthur, Switzerland.
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen J Ferguson
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kerr GJ, Veras MA, Kim MK, Séguin CA. Decoding the intervertebral disc: Unravelling the complexities of cell phenotypes and pathways associated with degeneration and mechanotransduction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 62:94-103. [PMID: 27208724 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Back pain is the most common cause of pain and disability worldwide. While its etiology remains unknown, it is typically associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Despite the prevalence of back pain, relatively little is known about the specific cellular pathways and mechanisms that contribute to the development, function and degeneration of the IVD. Consequently, current treatments for back pain are largely limited to symptomatic interventions. However, major progress is being made in multiple research directions to unravel the biology and pathology of the IVD, raising hope that effective disease-modifying interventions will soon be developed. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge and gaps in knowledge on the developmental origin of the IVD, the phenotype of the distinct cell types found within the IVD tissues, molecular targets in IVD degeneration identified using bioinformatics strategies, and mechanotransduction pathways that influence IVD cell fate and function.
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Glanz S, Mirsaidi A, López-Fagundo C, Filliat G, Tiaden AN, Richards PJ. Loss-of-Function of HtrA1 Abrogates All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation of Mouse Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Through Deficiencies in p70S6K Activation. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:687-98. [PMID: 26950191 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a potent inducer of osteogenic differentiation in mouse adipose-derived stromal cells (mASCs), although the underlying mechanisms responsible for its mode of action have yet to be completely elucidated. High temperature requirement protease A1 (HtrA1) is a newly recognized modulator of human multipotent stromal cell (MSC) osteogenesis and as such, may play a role in regulating ATRA-dependent osteogenic differentiation of mASCs. In this study, we assessed the influence of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced repression of HtrA1 production on mASC osteogenesis and examined its effects on ATRA-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Inhibition of HtrA1 production in osteogenic mASCs resulted in a significant reduction of alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized matrix formation. Western blot analyses revealed the rapid activation of Akt (Ser473) and p70S6K (Thr389) in ATRA-treated mASCs, and that levels of phosphorylated p70S6K were noticeably reduced in HtrA1-deficient mASCs. Further studies using mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and siRNA specific for the p70S6K gene Rps6kb1 confirmed ATRA-mediated mASC osteogenesis as being dependent on p70S6K activation. Finally, transfection of cells with a constitutively active rapamycin-resistant p70S6K mutant could restore the mineralizing capacity of HtrA1-deficient mASCs. These findings therefore lend further support for HtrA1 as a positive mediator of MSC osteogenesis and provide new insights into the molecular mode of action of ATRA in regulating mASC lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Glanz
- 1 Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland .,2 Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Mirsaidi
- 1 Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gladys Filliat
- 1 Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland .,2 Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André N Tiaden
- 1 Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Richards
- 1 Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland .,2 Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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Yee A, Lam MPY, Tam V, Chan WCW, Chu IK, Cheah KSE, Cheung KMC, Chan D. Fibrotic-like changes in degenerate human intervertebral discs revealed by quantitative proteomic analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:503-13. [PMID: 26463451 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) can lead to symptomatic conditions including sciatica and back pain. The purpose of this study is to understand the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in disc biology through comparative proteomic analysis of degenerated and non-degenerated human intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues of different ages. DESIGN Seven non-degenerated (11-46 years of age) and seven degenerated (16-53 years of age) annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) samples were used. Proteins were extracted using guanidine hydrochloride, separated from large proteoglycans (PGs) by caesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient ultracentrifugation, and identified using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For quantitative comparison, proteins were labeled with iTRAQ reagents. Collagen fibrils in the NP were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS In the AF, quantitative analysis revealed increased levels of HTRA1, COMP and CILP in degeneration when compared with samples from older individuals. Fibronectin showed increment with age and degeneration. In the NP, more CILP and CILP2 were present in degenerated samples of younger individuals. Reduced protein solubility was observed in degenerated and older non-degenerated samples correlated with an accumulation of type I collagen in the insoluble fibers. Characterization of collagen fibrils in the NP revealed smaller mean fibril diameters and decreased porosity in the degenerated samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified distinct matrix changes associated with aging and degeneration in the intervertebral discs (IVDs). The nature of the ECM changes, together with observed decreased in solubility and changes in fibril diameter is consistent with a fibrotic-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - M P Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - V Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - W C W Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - I K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - K S E Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - K M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - D Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Tiaden AN, Bahrenberg G, Mirsaidi A, Glanz S, Blüher M, Richards PJ. Novel Function of Serine Protease HTRA1 in Inhibiting Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells via MAP Kinase-Mediated MMP Upregulation. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1601-14. [PMID: 26864869 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is the process by which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) develop into lipid-laden adipocytes. Being the dominant cell type within adipose tissue, adipocytes play a central role in regulating circulating fatty acid levels, which is considered to be of critical importance in maintaining insulin sensitivity. High temperature requirement protease A1 (HTRA1) is a newly recognized regulator of MSC differentiation, although its role as a mediator of adipogenesis has not yet been defined. The aim of this work was therefore to evaluate HTRA1's influence on human MSC (hMSC) adipogenesis and to establish a potential mode of action. We report that the addition of exogenous HTRA1 to hMSCs undergoing adipogenesis suppressed their ability to develop into lipid laden adipocytes. These effects were demonstrated as being reliant on both its protease and PDZ domain, and were mediated through the actions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The relevance of such findings with regards to HTRA1's potential influence on adipocyte function in vivo is made evident by the fact that HTRA1 and MMP-13 were readily identifiable within crown-like structures present in visceral adipose tissue samples from insulin resistant obese human subjects. These data therefore implicate HTRA1 as a negative regulator of MSC adipogenesis and are suggestive of its potential involvement in adipose tissue remodeling under pathological conditions. Stem Cells 2016;34:1601-1614.
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Affiliation(s)
- André N Tiaden
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Bahrenberg
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Mirsaidi
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Glanz
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter J Richards
- Bone and Stem Cell Research Group, CABMM, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gantenbein B, Illien-Jünger S, Chan SCW, Walser J, Haglund L, Ferguson SJ, Iatridis JC, Grad S. Organ culture bioreactors--platforms to study human intervertebral disc degeneration and regenerative therapy. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 10:339-52. [PMID: 25764196 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x10666150312102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades the application of bioreactors has revolutionized the concept of culturing tissues and organs that require mechanical loading. In intervertebral disc (IVD) research, collaborative efforts of biomedical engineering, biology and mechatronics have led to the innovation of new loading devices that can maintain viable IVD organ explants from large animals and human cadavers in precisely defined nutritional and mechanical environments over extended culture periods. Particularly in spine and IVD research, these organ culture models offer appealing alternatives, as large bipedal animal models with naturally occurring IVD degeneration and a genetic background similar to the human condition do not exist. Latest research has demonstrated important concepts including the potential of homing of mesenchymal stem cells to nutritionally or mechanically stressed IVDs, and the regenerative potential of "smart" biomaterials for nucleus pulposus or annulus fibrosus repair. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about cell therapy, injection of cytokines and short peptides to rescue the degenerating IVD. We further stress that most bioreactor systems simplify the real in vivo conditions providing a useful proof of concept. Limitations are that certain aspects of the immune host response and pain assessments cannot be addressed with ex vivo systems. Coccygeal animal disc models are commonly used because of their availability and similarity to human IVDs. Although in vitro loading environments are not identical to the human in vivo situation, 3D ex vivo organ culture models of large animal coccygeal and human lumbar IVDs should be seen as valid alternatives for screening and feasibility testing to augment existing small animal, large animal, and human clinical trial experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gantenbein
- Institute for Surgical Technology & Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University, Stauffacherstrasse 78, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland.
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Muñoz-Gutiérrez JF, Aguilar Pierlé S, Schneider DA, Baszler TV, Stanton JB. Transcriptomic Determinants of Scrapie Prion Propagation in Cultured Ovine Microglia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147727. [PMID: 26807844 PMCID: PMC4726464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to infection by prions is highly dependent on the amino acid sequence and host expression of the cellular prion protein (PrPC); however, cellular expression of a genetically susceptible PrPC is insufficient. As an example, it has been shown in cultured cells that permissive and resistant sublines derived from the same parental population often have similar expression levels of PrPC. Thus, additional cellular factors must influence susceptibility to prion infection. The aim of this study was to elucidate the factors associated with relative permissiveness and resistance to scrapie prions in cultured cells derived from a naturally affected species. Two closely related ovine microglia clones with different prion susceptibility, but no detectable differences in PrPC expression levels, were inoculated with either scrapie-positive or scrapie-negative sheep brainstem homogenates. Five passages post-inoculation, the transcriptional profiles of mock and infected clones were sequenced using Illumina technology. Comparative transcriptional analyses identified twenty-two differentially transcribed genes, most of which were upregulated in poorly permissive microglia. This included genes encoding for selenoprotein P, endolysosomal proteases, and proteins involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. Furthermore, in highly permissive microglia, transforming growth factor β–induced, retinoic acid receptor response 1, and phosphoserine aminotranspherase 1 gene transcripts were upregulated. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis identified proteolysis, translation, and mitosis as the most affected pathways and supported the upregulation trend of several genes encoding for intracellular proteases and ribosomal proteins in poorly permissive microglia. This study identifies new genes potentially involved in scrapie prion propagation, corroborates results from other studies, and extends those results into another cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Muñoz-Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JFMG); (JBS)
| | - Sebastián Aguilar Pierlé
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy V. Baszler
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - James B. Stanton
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JFMG); (JBS)
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Binch ALA, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Syndecan-4 in intervertebral disc and cartilage: Saint or synner? Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:355-362. [PMID: 26796346 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ECM of the intervertebral disc and articular cartilage contains a highly organised network of collagens and proteoglycans which resist compressive forces applied to these tissues. A pathological hallmark of the intervertebral disc is the imbalance between production of anabolic and catabolic factors by the resident cells. This process is thought to be mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, predominantly TNF-α and IL-1β, which upregulate expression of matrix degrading enzymes such as MMPs and ADAMTSs. This imbalance ultimately results in tissue degeneration causing failure of the biomechanical function of the tissues. A similar cascade of events is thought to occur in articular cartilage during development of osteoarthritis. Within these skeletal tissues a small, cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycan; syndecan-4 (SDC4) has been implicated in maintaining physiological functions. However in the degenerating niche of the intervertebral disc and cartilage, dysregulated activities of this molecule may exacerbate pathological changes. Studies in recent years have elucidated a role for SDC4 in mediating matrix degradation in both intervertebral discs and cartilage by controlling ADAMTS-5 function and MMP3 expression. Discourse presented in this review highlights the potential of SDC4 as a possible therapeutic target in slowing the progression of ECM degradation in both degenerative disc disease and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie L A Binch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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Weber KT, Alipui DO, Sison CP, Bloom O, Quraishi S, Overby MC, Levine M, Chahine NO. Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 vary based on diagnoses in individuals with lumbar intervertebral disc diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:3. [PMID: 26743937 PMCID: PMC4718017 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many intervertebral disc diseases cause low back pain (LBP). Proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in disc pathology. In this study, we examined levels of serum cytokines and MMPs in human subjects with diagnoses of disc herniation (DH), spinal stenosis (SS), or degenerative disc disease (DDD) relative to levels in control subjects. Comparison between subjects with DH and those with other diagnoses (Other Dx, grouped from SS and DDD) was performed to elaborate a pathological mechanism based on circulating cytokine levels. METHODS Study participants were recruited from a spine neurosurgery practice (n = 80), a back pain management practice (n = 27), or a control cohort (n = 26). Serum samples were collected before treatment and were assayed by multiplex assays for levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9. Inflammatory and degradative mediator levels were compared for subjects with LBP and control subjects, by diagnosis and by treatment groups, controlling for effects of sex, age, and reported history of osteoarthritis. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships with age, body mass index (BMI), symptom duration, and smoking history. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in subjects with LBP compared with control subjects. Participants with LBP due to Other Dx had significantly higher levels of IL-6 than DH and controls. Serum levels of MMP-1 were significantly lower in LBP subjects, specifically those with DH, than in control subjects. Positive correlations were found between IL-6 levels and BMI, symptom duration, and age. MMP-1 levels were positively correlated with age. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present clinical study are the results of the first examination of circulating cytokine levels in DDD and SS and provide evidence for a more extensive role of IL-6 in disc diseases, where patients with DDD or SS have higher serum cytokine levels than those with DH or control subjects. These findings suggest that LBP subjects have low-grade systemic inflammation, and biochemical profiling of circulating cytokines may assist in refining personalized diagnoses of disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Weber
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - D Olivier Alipui
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Cristina P Sison
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA. .,Department of Population Health, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Ona Bloom
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Shaheda Quraishi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - M Chris Overby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Mitchell Levine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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35
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Krock E, Currie JB, Weber MH, Ouellet JA, Stone LS, Rosenzweig DH, Haglund L. Nerve Growth Factor Is Regulated by Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Human Intervertebral Discs. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3541-51. [PMID: 26668319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.675900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) contributes to the development of chronic pain associated with degenerative connective tissue pathologies, such as intervertebral disc degeneration and osteoarthritis. However, surprisingly little is known about the regulation of NGF in these conditions. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors classically associated with innate immunity but more recently were found to be activated by endogenous alarmins such as fragmented extracellular matrix proteins found in degenerating discs or cartilage. In this study we investigated if TLR activation regulates NGF and which signaling mechanisms control this response in intervertebral discs. TLR2 agonists, TLR4 agonists, or IL-1β (control) treatment increased NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and IL-1β gene expression in human disc cells isolated from healthy, pain-free organ donors. However, only TLR2 activation or IL-1β treatment increased NGF protein secretion. TLR2 activation increased p38, ERK1/2, and p65 activity and increased p65 translocation to the cell nucleus. JNK activity was not affected by TLR2 activation. Inhibition of NF-κB, and to a lesser extent p38, but not ERK1/2 activity, blocked TLR2-driven NGF up-regulation at both the transcript and protein levels. These results provide a novel mechanism of NGF regulation in the intervertebral disc and potentially other pathogenic connective tissues. TLR2 and NF-κB signaling are known to increase cytokines and proteases, which accelerate matrix degradation. Therefore, TLR2 or NF-κB inhibition may both attenuate chronic pain and slow the degenerative progress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Krock
- From the Orthopeadic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group
| | - J Brooke Currie
- From the Orthopeadic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Jean A Ouellet
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group
| | - Laura S Stone
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group, Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Derek H Rosenzweig
- From the Orthopeadic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- From the Orthopeadic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group,
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Sakai D, Grad S. Advancing the cellular and molecular therapy for intervertebral disc disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:159-71. [PMID: 24993611 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The healthy intervertebral disc (IVD) fulfils the essential function of load absorption, while maintaining multi-axial flexibility of the spine. The interrelated tissues of the IVD, the annulus fibrosus, the nucleus pulposus, and the cartilaginous endplate, are characterised by their specific niche, implying avascularity, hypoxia, acidic environment, low nutrition, and low cellularity. Anabolic and catabolic factors balance a slow physiological turnover of extracellular matrix synthesis and breakdown. Deviations in mechanical load, nutrient supply, cellular activity, matrix composition and metabolism may initiate a cascade ultimately leading to tissue dehydration, fibrosis, nerve and vessel ingrowth, disc height loss and disc herniation. Spinal instability, inflammation and neural sensitisation are sources of back pain, a worldwide leading burden that is challenging to cure. In this review, advances in cell and molecular therapy, including mobilisation and activation of endogenous progenitor cells, progenitor cell homing, and targeted delivery of cells, genes, or bioactive factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.
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Önder E, Arıkök AT, Seçkin H, Alper M. Decrease in serine protease HtrA1 expression correlates with grade and recurrence in meningiomas. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:139-43. [PMID: 25687108 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HtrA1 is a serine protease which was shown to be down-regulated in a variety of human cancers. It is considered to be a tumor suppressor and suggested as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic candidate. In order to investigate any possible implication of HtrA1 in meningioma we studied 100 cases. MATERIAL/METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to determine HtrA1 expression in tumor tissue. Expression levels were evaluated with respect to tumor grade and recurrence. RESULTS Our data revealed a strong association between decrease in HtrA1 expression and increase in meningioma grade (p=0.005). Most importantly, patients with higher HtrA1 expression had a lower rate of recurrence (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS According to our results HtrA1 appeared as an immunohistochemical marker to predict behaviour of the meningioma, mainly the recurrence. Although the exact mechanisms of HtrA1 are still largely unknown, we think that further in vivo and in vitro studies explaining the molecular targets of HtrA1 would have a great importance with regard to its role as a therapeutic agent for meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Önder
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ata Türker Arıkök
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Seçkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Alper
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Gaffney J, Solomonov I, Zehorai E, Sagi I. Multilevel regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in tissue homeostasis indicates their molecular specificity in vivo. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:191-9. [PMID: 25622911 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in irreversible remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in normal homeostasis and pathological states. Accumulating data from various studies strongly suggest that MMPs are tightly regulated, starting from the level of gene expression all the way to zymogen activation and endogenous inhibition, with each level controlled by multiple factors. Recent in vivo findings indicate that cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions, as well as ECM bio-active products, contribute an additional layer of regulation at all levels, indicating that individual MMP expression and activity in vivo are highly coordinated and tissue specific processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gaffney
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inna Solomonov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eldar Zehorai
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Gantenbein B, Calandriello E, Wuertz-Kozak K, Benneker LM, Keel MJB, Chan SCW. Activation of intervertebral disc cells by co-culture with notochordal cells, conditioned medium and hypoxia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:422. [PMID: 25496082 PMCID: PMC4295479 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Notochordal cells (NC) remain in the focus of research for regenerative therapy for the degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD) due to their progenitor status. Recent findings suggested their regenerative action on more mature disc cells, presumably by the secretion of specific factors, which has been described as notochordal cell conditioned medium (NCCM). The aim of this study was to determine NC culture conditions (2D/3D, fetal calf serum, oxygen level) that lead to significant IVD cell activation in an indirect co-culture system under normoxia and hypoxia (2% oxygen). Methods Porcine NC was kept in 2D monolayer and in 3D alginate bead culture to identify a suitable culture system for these cells. To test stimulating effects of NC, co-cultures of NC and bovine derived coccygeal IVD cells were conducted in a 1:1 ratio with no direct cell contact between NC and bovine nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) or annulus fibrosus cells (AFC) in 3D alginate beads under normoxia and hypoxia (2%) for 7 and 14 days. As a positive control, NPC and AFC were stimulated with NC-derived conditioned medium (NCCM). Cell activity, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, DNA content and relative gene expression was measured. Mass spectrometry analysis of the NCCM was conducted. Results We provide evidence by flow cytometry that monolayer culture is not favorable for NC culture with respect to maintaining NC phenotype. In 3D alginate culture, NC activated NPC either in indirect co-culture or by addition of NCCM as indicated by the gene expression ratio of aggrecan/collagen type 2. This effect was strongest with 10% fetal calf serum and under hypoxia. Conversely, AFC seemed unresponsive to co-culture with pNC or to the NCCM. Further, the results showed that hypoxia led to decelerated metabolic activity, but did not lead to a significant change in the GAG/DNA ratio. Mass spectrometry identified connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, syn. CCN2) in the NCCM. Conclusions Our results confirm the requirement to culture NC in 3D to best maintain their phenotype, preferentially in hypoxia and with the supplementation of FCS in the culture media. Despite these advancements, the ideal culture condition remains to be identified. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-422) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue & Organ Mechanobiology, Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Gawri R, Ouellet J, Önnerfjord P, Alkhatib B, Steffen T, Heinegård D, Roughley P, Antoniou J, Mwale F, Haglund L. Link N is cleaved by human annulus fibrosus cells generating a fragment with retained biological activity. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1189-97. [PMID: 24861010 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Presently, there are no established treatments to prevent, stop or even retard back pain arising from disc degeneration. Previous studies have shown that Link N can act as a growth factor and stimulate the synthesis of proteoglycans and collagens, in IVD. However, the sequences in Link N involved in modulating cellular activity are not well understood. To determine if disc cells can proteolytically process Link N, human disc cells were exposed to native Link N over a 48 h period and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that a peptide spanning residues 1-8 was generated in the presence of AF cells but not NP cells. Link N 1-8 significantly induced proteoglycan production in the presence of IL-1β NP and AF cells, confirming that the biological effect is maintained in the first 8 amino acids of the peptide and indicating that the effect is sustained in an inflammatory environment. Thus Link-N 1-8 could be a promising candidate for biologically induced disc repair, and the identification of such a stable specific peptide may facilitate the design of compounds to promote disc repair and provide alternatives to surgical intervention for early stage disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gawri
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Canada; McGill Scoliosis and Spine Center, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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Ruel N, Markova DZ, Adams SL, Scanzello C, Cs-Szabo G, Gerard D, Shi P, Anderson DG, Zack M, An HS, Chen D, Zhang Y. Fibronectin fragments and the cleaving enzyme ADAM-8 in the degenerative human intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014; 39:1274-9. [PMID: 25010013 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN The presence of fibronectin fragments (FN-fs) and the cleaving enzyme, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein (ADAM)-8 were examined in human intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue in vitro. OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence and pathophysiological concentration of FN-fs and their cleaving enzyme, ADAM-8, in the human IVD tissue. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The 29-kDa FN-f has been shown to result in extracellular matrix loss in rabbit IVDs. However, the concentration of this biologically active fragment in the degenerative human IVD tissue has previously not been determined. Furthermore, it is critical to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for FN cleavage in the IVD. METHODS Human degenerative IVD tissues were removed during spinal surgery. A normal seeming young adult and an infant human cadaveric sample were obtained as controls. Soluble proteins were extracted, and analyzed by Western blotting using antibodies specific for the human FN neoepitope VRAA²⁷¹. A purified 29-kDa FN-f was used to allow estimation of the concentration of FN-fs in the tissues. ADAM-8, a FN-cleaving enzyme, was analyzed by Western blotting and immunostaining. RESULTS All adult IVD tissues contain many FN-f species, but these species were absent from the infant disc tissue. Moderately degenerative discs contained the highest amount of FN-fs; the concentration was estimated to be in the nanomolar range per gram of tissue. ADAM-8, known to cleave FN resulting in the VRAA²⁷¹ neoepitope, was present in the human disc. ADAM-8 primarily localized in the pericellular matrix of the nucleus pulposus tissue, as determined by immunostaining. CONCLUSION This is the first report that N-terminal FN-fs are consistently present in IVD tissues from adult subjects. The pathophysiological concentration of these fragments is estimated to be at nanomolar range per gram of IVD tissue. Furthermore, ADAM-8, known to cleave FN, is present at the pericellular matrix of disc cells.
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Klawitter M, Hakozaki M, Kobayashi H, Krupkova O, Quero L, Ospelt C, Gay S, Hausmann O, Liebscher T, Meier U, Sekiguchi M, Konno SI, Boos N, Ferguson SJ, Wuertz K. Expression and regulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in human intervertebral disc cells. Eur Spine J 2014; 23:1878-91. [PMID: 24997157 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although inflammatory processes play an essential role in painful intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. This study was designed to investigate the expression, regulation and importance of specific toll-like receptors (TLRs)--which have been shown to play an essential role e.g. in osteoarthritis--during degenerative disc disease. METHODS The expression of TLRs in human IVDs was measured in isolated cells as well as in normal or degenerated IVD tissue. The role of IL-1β or TNF-α in regulating TLRs (expression/activation) as well as in regulating activity of down-stream pathways (NF-κB) and expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-6, IL-8, HSP60, HSP70, HMGB1) was analyzed. RESULTS Expression of TLR1/2/3/4/5/6/9/10 was detected in isolated human IVD cells, with TLR1/2/4/6 being dependent on the degree of IVD degeneration. Stimulation with IL-1β or TNF-α moderately increased TLR1/TLR4 mRNA expression (TNF-α only), and strongly increased TLR2 mRNA expression (IL-1β/TNF-α), with the latter being confirmed on the protein level. Stimulation with IL-1β, TNF-α or Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2-ligand) stimulated IL-6 and IL-8, which was inhibited by a TLR2 neutralizing antibody for Pam3CSK4; IL-1β and TNF-α caused NF-κB activation. HSP60, HSP70 and HMGB1 did not increase IL-6 or IL-8 and were not regulated by IL-1β/TNF-α. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that several TLRs are expressed in human IVD cells, with TLR2 possibly playing the most crucial role. As TLRs mediate catabolic and inflammatory processes, increased levels of TLRs may lead to aggravated disc degeneration, chronic inflammation and pain development. Especially with the identification of more endogenous TLR ligands, targeting these receptors may hold therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Klawitter
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
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Kumar S, Berriochoa Z, Ambati BK, Fu Y. Angiographic features of transgenic mice with increased expression of human serine protease HTRA1 in retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:3842-50. [PMID: 24854852 PMCID: PMC4581615 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is characterized by a branching vascular network (BVN) of choroid that terminates in polypoidal dilations. We have previously reported the generation of the first PCV model by transgenically expressing human HTRA1 (hHTRA1(+)), a multifunctional serine protease, in mouse RPE. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive examination of the PCV phenotypes (e.g., lesion type and distribution) of hHTRA1(+) mice by a variety of in vivo imaging techniques. METHODS We generated improved hHTRA1(+) mice with a more consistent phenotype. Transgenic mice were examined by indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), fluorescein angiography, funduscopy, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. In particular, we performed ICGA by tail vein injection of ICG to obtain high-quality ICGA comparable to human studies in terms of the three phases (early, middle, and late) of angiography. RESULTS The polyps can be detected in the early "fill-in" phase of ICGA, and most lesions become visible in the middle phase and are more distinct in the late phase with the fading of surrounding vessels. In addition to the two key features of PCV (polypoidal dilations and BVNs), hHTRA1(+) mice exhibit other features of PCV (i.e., late geographic hyperfluorescence, pigment epithelial detachment, and hyperfluorescent plaque). Polypoidal lesions appear as reddish orange nodules on funduscopy. CONCLUSIONS Transgenic hHTRA1(+) mice exhibit a rich spectrum of "clinical" features that closely mimic human PCV. This animal model will serve as an invaluable tool for future mechanistic and translational studies of PCV and other forms of choroidal vasculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Zachary Berriochoa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Yingbin Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Furtwängler T, Chan SC, Bahrenberg G, Richards PJ, Gantenbein-Ritter B. Assessment of the matrix degenerative effects of MMP-3, ADAMTS-4, and HTRA1, injected into a bovine intervertebral disc organ culture model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:E1377-87. [PMID: 23778376 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31829ffde8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN In vitro study to develop an intervertebral disc degeneration organ culture model, using coccygeal bovine intervertebral discs (IVDs) and injection of proteolytic enzymes MMP-3, ADAMTS-4, and HTRA1. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop an in vitro model of enzyme-mediated intervertebral disc degeneration to mimic the clinical outcome in humans for investigation of therapeutic treatment options. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Bovine IVDs are comparable with human IVDs in terms of cell composition and biomechanical behavior. Researchers injected papain and trypsin into them to create an intervertebral disc degeneration model with a degenerated nucleus pulposus (NP) area. They achieved macroscopic cavities as well as a loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, none of these enzymes are clinically relevant. METHODS Bovine IVDs were harvested maintaining the endplates. Active forms of MMP-3, ADAMTS-4, and HTRA1 were injected at a dose of 10 μg/mL each. Phosphate-buffered saline was injected as a control. Discs were cultured for 8 days and loaded diurnally (days 1-4 with ≈0.4 MPa for 16 hr) and left under free swelling condition from days 4 to 8 to avoid expected artifacts because of dehydration of the NP. Outcome parameters included disc height, metabolic cell activity, DNA content, GAG content, total collagen content, relative gene expression, and histological investigation. RESULTS The mean metabolic cell activity was significantly lower in the NP area of discs injected with ADAMTS-4 than the day 0 control discs. Disc height was decreased after injection with HTRA1 and was significantly correlated with changes in GAG/DNA of the NP tissue. Total collagen content tended to be lower in groups injected with ADAMTS4 and MMP-3. CONCLUSION MMP-3, ADAMTS-4, and HTRA1 provoked neither visible matrix degradation nor major shifts in gene expression. However, cell activity was significantly reduced and HTRA1 induced loss of disc height that positively correlated with changes in GAG/DNA content. The use of higher doses of these enzymes or a combination thereof may, therefore, be necessary to induce disc degeneration.
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Russell TM, Delorey MJ, Johnson BJB. Borrelia burgdorferi BbHtrA degrades host ECM proteins and stimulates release of inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:241-51. [PMID: 23980719 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes damage to diverse host tissues and induces inflammation but the mechanisms of injury are poorly understood. We recently reported that a surface-exposed B. burgdorferi protease, which is expressed during human disease and is conserved within the major Lyme disease spirochaete species, degrades the extracellular matrix proteoglycan, aggrecan. Here we demonstrate that BbHtrA also degrades fibronectin and numerous proteoglycans found in skin, joints and neural tissues. BbHtrA degradation of fibronectin released known pro-inflammatory fibronectin fragments FnIII(13-14) and Fnf-29, which may amplify the inflammatory processes triggered by the presence of the bacteria. When this hypothesis was tested directly by exposing chondrocytes to BbHtrA in vitro, inflammatory cytokines (sICAM-1 and IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL1, CCL1, CCL2 and CCL5) that are hallmarks of Lyme disease were induced. These results provide the first evidence that, by utilizing BbHtrA, B. burgdorferi may actively participate in its dissemination and in the tissue damage and inflammation observed in Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Russell
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Gherardini
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA; National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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Chen K, Wu D, Zhu X, Ni H, Wei X, Mao N, Xie Y, Niu Y, Li M. Gene expression profile analysis of human intervertebral disc degeneration. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:448-54. [PMID: 24130454 PMCID: PMC3795174 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013000300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used microarray analysis to investigate the biogenesis and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. The gene expression profiles of 37 disc tissue samples obtained from patients with herniated discs and degenerative disc disease collected by the National Cancer Institute Cooperative Tissue Network were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes between more and less degenerated discs were identified by significant analysis of microarray. A total of 555 genes were significantly overexpressed in more degenerated discs with a false discovery rate of < 3%. Functional annotation showed that these genes were significantly associated with membrane-bound vesicles, calcium ion binding and extracellular matrix. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that these genes, including previously reported genes such as fibronectin, COL2A1 and β-catenin, may play key roles in disc degeneration. Unsupervised clustering indicated that the widely used morphology-based Thompson grading system was only marginally associated with the molecular classification of intervertebral disc degeneration. These findings indicate that detailed, systematic gene analysis may be a useful way of studying the biology of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Haijian Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Xianzhao Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Ningfang Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Yunfei Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai,
China
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Quero L, Klawitter M, Schmaus A, Rothley M, Sleeman J, Tiaden AN, Klasen J, Boos N, Hottiger MO, Wuertz K, Richards PJ. Hyaluronic acid fragments enhance the inflammatory and catabolic response in human intervertebral disc cells through modulation of toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathways. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R94. [PMID: 23968377 PMCID: PMC3978638 DOI: 10.1186/ar4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is characterized by extracellular matrix breakdown and is considered to be a primary cause of discogenic back pain. Although increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels within degenerating discs are associated with discogenic back pain, the mechanisms leading to their overproduction have not yet been elucidated. As fragmentation of matrix components occurs during IVD degeneration, we assessed the potential involvement of hyaluronic acid fragments (fHAs) in the induction of inflammatory and catabolic mediators. Methods Human IVD cells isolated from patient biopsies were stimulated with fHAs (6 to 12 disaccharides) and their effect on cytokine and matrix degrading enzyme production was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The involvement of specific cell surface receptors and signal transduction pathways in mediating the effects of fHAs was tested using small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches and kinase inhibition assays. Results Treatment of IVD cells with fHAs significantly increased mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -13. The stimulatory effects of fHAs on IL-6 protein production were significantly impaired when added to IVD cells in combination with either Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 siRNA or a TLR2 neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, the ability of fHAs to enhance IL-6 and MMP-3 protein production was found to be dependent on the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway. Conclusions These findings suggest that fHAs may have the potential to mediate IVD degeneration and discogenic back pain through activation of the TLR2 signaling pathway in resident IVD cells.
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Akhatib B, Önnerfjord P, Gawri R, Ouellet J, Jarzem P, Heinegård D, Mort J, Roughley P, Haglund L. Chondroadherin fragmentation mediated by the protease HTRA1 distinguishes human intervertebral disc degeneration from normal aging. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19280-7. [PMID: 23673665 PMCID: PMC3696698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.443010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroadherin, a member of the leucine-rich repeat family, has previously been demonstrated to be fragmented in some juveniles with idiopathic scoliosis. This observation led us to investigate adults with disc degeneration. Immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that non-degenerate discs from three different age groups show no chondroadherin fragmentation. Furthermore, the chondroadherin fragments in adult degenerate disc and the juvenile scoliotic disc were compared via immunoblot analysis and appeared to have a similar size. We then investigated whether or not chondroadherin fragmentation increases with the severity of disc degeneration. Three different samples with different severities were chosen from the same disc, and chondroadherin fragmentation was found to be more abundant with increasing severity of degeneration. This observation led us to the creation of a neoepitope antibody to the cleavage site observed. We then observed that the cleavage site in adult degenerate discs and juvenile scoliotic discs was identical as confirmed by the neoepitope antibody. Consequently, investigation of the protease capable of cleaving chondroadherin at this site was necessary. In vitro digests of disc tissue demonstrated that ADAMTS-4 and -5; cathepsins K, B, and L; and MMP-3, -7, -12, and -13 were incapable of cleavage of chondroadherin at this site and that HTRA1 was indeed the only protease capable. Furthermore, increased protein levels of the processed form of HTRA1 were demonstrated in degenerate disc tissues via immunoblotting. The results suggest that chondroadherin fragmentation can be used as a biomarker to distinguish the processes of disc degeneration from normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Akhatib
- From the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Patrik Önnerfjord
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rahul Gawri
- From the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Jean Ouellet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada, and
| | - Peter Jarzem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada, and
| | - Dick Heinegård
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - John Mort
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Peter Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- From the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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Abstract
Although degeneration of the intervertebral disk has historically been described as a misbalance between anabolic and catabolic factors, the role of inflammatory mediators has long been neglected. However, past research clearly indicates that inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α are expressed at higher levels in "diseased" intervertebral disks. Both disk cells as well as invading macrophages can be the source of the detected cytokines. Importantly, occurrence of inflammatory mediators in the disk can worsen the progress of degeneration by inducing the expression of matrix degrading enzymes as well as by inhibiting extracellular matrix synthesis. In addition, inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in pain development during intervertebral disk herniation (i.e., sciatica) and disk degeneration (i.e., discogenic pain). This review provides information on the most relevant inflammatory mediators during different types of disk diseases and explains how these factors can induce disk degeneration and the development of discogenic and sciatic/radiculopathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wuertz
- Institute for Biomechanics, D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,AOSpine Research Network, Duebendorf, Switzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Address for correspondence Dr. Karin Wuertz, PhD Institute for Biomechanics, D-HESTETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 30, HPP-O12, 8093 ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Orthopeadic Research Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,Dr. Lisbet Haglund, PhD Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Montreal General HospitalRoom C9.173, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QCCanada H3G 1A4
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