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Estevam GO, Linossi EM, Macdonald CB, Espinoza CA, Michaud JM, Coyote-Maestas W, Collisson EA, Jura N, Fraser JS. Conserved regulatory motifs in the juxtamembrane domain and kinase N-lobe revealed through deep mutational scanning of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase domain. bioRxiv 2024:2023.08.03.551866. [PMID: 37577651 PMCID: PMC10418267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) responsible for initiating signaling pathways involved in development and wound repair. MET activation relies on ligand binding to the extracellular receptor, which prompts dimerization, intracellular phosphorylation, and recruitment of associated signaling proteins. Mutations, which are predominantly observed clinically in the intracellular juxtamembrane and kinase domains, can disrupt typical MET regulatory mechanisms. Understanding how juxtamembrane variants, such as exon 14 skipping (METΔEx14), and rare kinase domain mutations can increase signaling, often leading to cancer, remains a challenge. Here, we perform a parallel deep mutational scan (DMS) of the MET intracellular kinase domain in two fusion protein backgrounds: wild type and METΔEx14. Our comparative approach has revealed a critical hydrophobic interaction between a juxtamembrane segment and the kinase ⍺C-helix, pointing to potential differences in regulatory mechanisms between MET and other RTKs. Additionally, we have uncovered a β5 motif that acts as a structural pivot for the kinase domain in MET and other TAM family of kinases. We also describe a number of previously unknown activating mutations, aiding the effort to annotate driver, passenger, and drug resistance mutations in the MET kinase domain.
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2
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Guérin C, Tulasne D. Recording and classifying MET receptor mutations in cancers. eLife 2024; 13:e92762. [PMID: 38652103 PMCID: PMC11042802 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) directed against MET have been recently approved to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbouring activating MET mutations. This success is the consequence of a long characterization of MET mutations in cancers, which we propose to outline in this review. MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), displays in a broad panel of cancers many deregulations liable to promote tumour progression. The first MET mutation was discovered in 1997, in hereditary papillary renal cancer (HPRC), providing the first direct link between MET mutations and cancer development. As in other RTKs, these mutations are located in the kinase domain, leading in most cases to ligand-independent MET activation. In 2014, novel MET mutations were identified in several advanced cancers, including lung cancers. These mutations alter splice sites of exon 14, causing in-frame exon 14 skipping and deletion of a regulatory domain. Because these mutations are not located in the kinase domain, they are original and their mode of action has yet to be fully elucidated. Less than five years after the discovery of such mutations, the efficacy of a MET TKI was evidenced in NSCLC patients displaying MET exon 14 skipping. Yet its use led to a resistance mechanism involving acquisition of novel and already characterized MET mutations. Furthermore, novel somatic MET mutations are constantly being discovered. The challenge is no longer to identify them but to characterize them in order to predict their transforming activity and their sensitivity or resistance to MET TKIs, in order to adapt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Guérin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
| | - David Tulasne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
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3
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Guérin C, Vinchent A, Fernandes M, Damour I, Laratte A, Tellier R, Estevam GO, Meneboo JP, Villenet C, Descarpentries C, Fraser JS, Figeac M, Cortot AB, Rouleau E, Tulasne D. MET variants with activating N-lobe mutations identified in hereditary papillary renal cell carcinomas still require ligand stimulation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.03.565283. [PMID: 37965202 PMCID: PMC10635098 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRCC), the MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) mutations recorded to date are located in the kinase domain and lead to constitutive MET activation. This contrasts with MET mutations recently identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which lead to exon 14 skipping and deletion of a regulatory domain: in this latter case, the mutated receptor still requires ligand stimulation. Sequencing of MET in samples from 158 HPRCC and 2808 NSCLC patients revealed ten uncharacterized mutations. Four of these, all found in HPRCC and leading to amino acid substitutions in the N-lobe of the MET kinase, proved able to induce cell transformation, further enhanced by HGF stimulation: His1086Leu, Ile1102Thr, Leu1130Ser, and Cis1125Gly. Similar to the variant resulting in MET exon14 skipping, the two N-lobe MET variants His1086Leu, Ile1102Thr further characterized were found to require stimulation by HGF in order to strongly activate downstream signaling pathways and epithelial cell motility. The Ile1102Thr mutation displayed also transforming potential, promoting tumor growth in a xenograft model. In addition, the N-lobe-mutated MET variants were found to trigger a common HGF-stimulation-dependent transcriptional program, consistent with an observed increase in cell motility and invasion. Altogether, this functional characterization revealed that N-lobe variants still require ligand stimulation, in contrast to other RTK variants. This suggests that HGF expression in the tumor microenvironment is important for tumor growth. The sensitivity of these variants to MET TKIs opens the way for use of targeted therapies for patients harboring the corresponding mutations.
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Grädler U, Schwarz D, Wegener A, Eichhorn T, Bandeiras TM, Freitas MC, Lammens A, Ganichkin O, Augustin M, Minguzzi S, Becker F, Bomke J. Biophysical and structural characterization of the impacts of MET phosphorylation on tepotinib binding. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105328. [PMID: 37806493 PMCID: PMC10654029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase MET is activated by hepatocyte growth factor binding, followed by phosphorylation of the intracellular kinase domain (KD) mainly within the activation loop (A-loop) on Y1234 and Y1235. Dysregulation of MET can lead to both tumor growth and metastatic progression of cancer cells. Tepotinib is a highly selective, potent type Ib MET inhibitor and approved for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer harboring METex14 skipping alterations. Tepotinib binds to the ATP site of unphosphorylated MET with critical π-stacking contacts to Y1230 of the A-loop, resulting in a high residence time. In our study, we combined protein crystallography, biophysical methods (surface plasmon resonance, differential scanning fluorimetry), and mass spectrometry to clarify the impacts of A-loop conformation on tepotinib binding using different recombinant MET KD protein variants. We solved the first crystal structures of MET mutants Y1235D, Y1234E/1235E, and F1200I in complex with tepotinib. Our biophysical and structural data indicated a linkage between reduced residence times for tepotinib and modulation of A-loop conformation either by mutation (Y1235D), by affecting the overall Y1234/Y1235 phosphorylation status (L1195V and F1200I) or by disturbing critical π-stacking interactions with tepotinib (Y1230C). We corroborated these data with target engagement studies by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy using KD constructs in cell lysates or full-length receptors from solubilized cellular membranes as WT or activated mutants (Y1235D and Y1234E/1235E). Collectively, our results provide further insight into the MET A-loop structural determinants that affect the binding of the selective inhibitor tepotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grädler
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schwarz
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ansgar Wegener
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Tiago M Bandeiras
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Micael C Freitas
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jörg Bomke
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Taghehchian N, Moghbeli M, Mashkani B, Abbaszadegan MR. The Level of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition Autophosphorylation is Correlated with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Migration. Iran Biomed J 2021; 25:243-54. [PMID: 34217156 PMCID: PMC8334392 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.25.4.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The MET receptor is a critical member of cancer-associated receptor tyrosine kinases and plays an important role in different biological activities, including differentiation, migration, and cell proliferation. Methods In this study, novel MET inhibitors were introduced and applied on esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line KYSE-30, and the level of proliferation and migration, as well as the activated form of MET receptor protein were assessed in the examined cells. The human KYSE-30 cell line was cultured according to ATCC recommendations. The mRNA level of the MET gene was measured in the examined cell line using the quantitative RT-PCR assay. Cytotoxicity evaluation test was performed at different concentrations of heterocyclic anti-MET compounds (i.e. D1, D2, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Finally, the capability of these compounds in MET receptor inhibition was evaluated using the migration assay and Western blot. All experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times with similar results. Results Cell growth and proliferation were significantly inhibited (p ≤ 0.05) by all the above-mentioned compounds. Moreover, the majority of compounds significantly prevented the cell migration (p ≤ 0.05) and inhibited MET autophosphorylation. Interestingly, the level of phosphorylated MET was significantly correlated with KYSE-30 cell migration. Conclusion The obtained data introduced and confirmed the biological activities of the mentioned novel compounds in KYSE-30 cells and proposed that the therapeutic inhibition of MET with these compounds may be a powerful approach for inhibiting cancer cell migration and proliferation although some structural optimizations are needed to improve their inhibitory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Taghehchian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Shi M, Ma J, Feng M, Liang L, Chen H, Wang T, Xie Z. Novel MET exon 14 skipping analogs characterized in non-small cell lung cancer patients: A case study. Cancer Genet 2021; 256-257:62-67. [PMID: 33905998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MET exon 14 skipping (METex14) is a validated oncogenic driver in lung cancer and MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors are now available as effective clinical treatments. The majority of known METex14 alterations are typical donor/acceptor splicing or ubiquitination site mutations. Herein, two new METex14 variants were detected in two patients with lung adenocarcinoma by targeted next generation sequencing (NGS). Reverse transcription (RT)-based analysis confirmed that these mutations led to MET exon 14 skipping. Our analysis provided evidence for possible targeted therapy options for patients carrying these MET mutations or similar METex14 analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Data System, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Meilin Feng
- Department of Data System, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Research and Development, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of Research and Development, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China.
| | - Zhenghua Xie
- Department of Research and Development, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China.
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Linossi EM, Estevam GO, Oshima M, Fraser JS, Collisson EA, Jura N. State of the structure address on MET receptor activation by HGF. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:645-61. [PMID: 33860789 DOI: 10.1042/BST20200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its cognate ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) comprise a signaling axis essential for development, wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant HGF/MET signaling is a driver of many cancers and contributes to drug resistance to several approved therapeutics targeting other RTKs, making MET itself an important drug target. In RTKs, homeostatic receptor signaling is dependent on autoinhibition in the absence of ligand binding and orchestrated set of conformational changes induced by ligand-mediated receptor dimerization that result in activation of the intracellular kinase domains. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms in the MET receptor remains incomplete, despite decades of research. This is due in part to the complex structure of the HGF ligand, which remains unknown in its full-length form, and a lack of high-resolution structures of the complete MET extracellular portion in an apo or ligand-bound state. A current view of HGF-dependent MET activation has evolved from biochemical and structural studies of HGF and MET fragments and here we review what these findings have thus far revealed.
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8
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Artim SC, Kiyatkin A, Lemmon MA. Comparison of tyrosine kinase domain properties for the neurotrophin receptors TrkA and TrkB. Biochem J 2020; 477:4053-70. [PMID: 33043964 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) family consists of three receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) called TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. These RTKs are regulated by the neurotrophins, a class of secreted growth factors responsible for the development and function of neurons. The Trks share a high degree of homology and utilize overlapping signaling pathways, yet their signaling is associated with starkly different outcomes in certain cancers. For example, in neuroblastoma, TrkA expression and signaling correlates with a favorable prognosis, whereas TrkB is associated with poor prognoses. To begin to understand how activation of the different Trks can lead to such distinct cellular outcomes, we investigated differences in kinase activity and duration of autophosphorylation for the TrkA and TrkB tyrosine kinase domains (TKDs). We find that the TrkA TKD has a catalytic efficiency that is ∼2-fold higher than that of TrkB, and becomes autophosphorylated in vitro more rapidly than the TrkB TKD. Studies with mutated TKD variants suggest that a crystallographic dimer seen in many TrkA (but not TrkB) TKD crystal structures, which involves the kinase-insert domain, may contribute to this enhanced TrkA autophosphorylation. Consistent with previous studies showing that cellular context determines whether TrkB signaling is sustained (promoting differentiation) or transient (promoting proliferation), we also find that TrkB signaling can be made more transient in PC12 cells by suppressing levels of p75NTR. Our findings shed new light on potential differences between TrkA and TrkB signaling, and suggest that subtle differences in signaling dynamics can lead to substantial shifts in the cellular outcome.
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Collie GW, Koh CM, O’Neill DJ, Stubbs CJ, Khurana P, Eddershaw A, Snijder A, Mauritzson F, Barlind L, Dale IL, Shaw J, Phillips C, Hennessy EJ, Cheung T, Narvaez AJ. Structural and Molecular Insight into Resistance Mechanisms of First Generation cMET Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1322-1327. [PMID: 31531204 PMCID: PMC6746082 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Many
small molecule inhibitors of the cMET receptor tyrosine kinase
have been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer
and resistance-conferring mutations of cMET are beginning to be reported
for a number of such compounds. There is now a need to understand
specific cMET mutations at the molecular level, particularly concerning
small molecule recognition. Toward this end, we report here the first
crystal structures of the recent clinically observed resistance-conferring
D1228V cMET mutant in complex with small molecule inhibitors, along
with a crystal structure of wild-type cMET bound by the clinical compound
savolitinib and supporting cellular, biochemical, and biophysical
data. Our findings indicate that the D1228V alteration induces conformational
changes in the kinase, which could have implications for small molecule
inhibitor design. The data we report here increases our molecular
understanding of the D1228V cMET mutation and provides insight for
future inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl M. Koh
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ian L. Dale
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Joseph Shaw
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | | | - Tony Cheung
- Oncology, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Srivastava AK, Hollingshead MG, Govindharajulu JP, Covey JM, Liston D, Simpson MA, Peggins JO, Bottaro DP, Wright JJ, Kinders RJ, Doroshow JH, Parchment RE. Molecular Pharmacodynamics-Guided Scheduling of Biologically Effective Doses: A Drug Development Paradigm Applied to MET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:698-709. [PMID: 29444985 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of molecularly targeted agents has benefited from use of pharmacodynamic markers to identify "biologically effective doses" (BED) below MTDs, yet this knowledge remains underutilized in selecting dosage regimens and in comparing the effectiveness of targeted agents within a class. We sought to establish preclinical proof-of-concept for such pharmacodynamics-based BED regimens and effectiveness comparisons using MET kinase small-molecule inhibitors. Utilizing pharmacodynamic biomarker measurements of MET signaling (tumor pY1234/1235MET/total MET ratio) in a phase 0-like preclinical setting, we developed optimal dosage regimens for several MET kinase inhibitors and compared their antitumor efficacy in a MET-amplified gastric cancer xenograft model (SNU-5). Reductions in tumor pY1234/1235MET/total MET of 95%-99% were achievable with tolerable doses of EMD1214063/MSC2156119J (tepotinib), XL184 (cabozantinib), and XL880/GSK1363089 (foretinib), but not ARQ197 (tivantinib), which did not alter the pharmacodynamic biomarker. Duration of kinase suppression and rate of kinase recovery were specific to each agent, emphasizing the importance of developing customized dosage regimens to achieve continuous suppression of the pharmacodynamic biomarker at the required level (here, ≥90% MET kinase suppression). The customized dosage regimen of each inhibitor yielded substantial and sustained tumor regression; the equivalent effectiveness of customized dosage regimens that achieve the same level of continuous molecular target control represents preclinical proof-of-concept and illustrates the importance of proper scheduling of targeted agent BEDs. Pharmacodynamics-guided biologically effective dosage regimens (PD-BEDR) potentially offer a superior alternative to pharmacokinetic guidance (e.g., drug concentrations in surrogate tissues) for developing and making head-to-head comparisons of targeted agents. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(3); 698-709. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva K Srivastava
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarker Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Melinda G Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeevan Prasaad Govindharajulu
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarker Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joseph M Covey
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dane Liston
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melanie A Simpson
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarker Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - James O Peggins
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Donald P Bottaro
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John J Wright
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarker Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.,Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Biomarker Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
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11
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Srivastava AK, Navas T, Herrick WG, Hollingshead MG, Bottaro DP, Doroshow JH, Parchment RE. Effective implementation of novel MET pharmacodynamic assays in translational studies. Ann Transl Med 2017; 5:3. [PMID: 28164088 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MET tyrosine kinase (TK) dysregulation is significantly implicated in many types of cancer. Despite over 20 years of drug development to target MET in cancers, a pure anti-MET therapeutic has not yet received market approval. The failure of two recently concluded phase III trials point to a major weakness in biomarker strategies to identify patients who will benefit most from MET therapies. The capability to interrogate oncogenic mutations in MET via circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) provides an important advancement in identification and stratification of patients for MET therapy. However, a wide range in type and frequency of these mutations suggest there is a need to carefully link these mutations to MET dysregulation, at least in proof-of-concept studies. In this review, we elaborate how we can utilize recently developed and validated pharmacodynamic biomarkers of MET not only to show target engagement, but more importantly to quantitatively measure MET dysregulation in tumor tissues. The MET assay endpoints provide evidence of both canonical and non-canonical MET signaling, can be used as "effect markers" to define biologically effective doses (BEDs) for molecularly targeted drugs, confirm mechanism-of-action in testing combination of drugs, and establish whether a diagnostic test is reporting MET dysregulation. We have established standard operating procedures for tumor biopsy collections to control pre-analytical variables that have produced valid results in proof-of-concept studies. The reagents and procedures are made available to the research community for potential implementation on multiple platforms such as ELISA, quantitative immunofluorescence assay (qIFA), and immuno-MRM assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony Navas
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - William G Herrick
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Melinda G Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald P Bottaro
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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12
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Abstract
Analyzing the molecular interplay between malignancies and therapeutic agents is rarely a straightforward process, but we hope that this special issue of Seminars has highlighted the clinical value of such endeavors as well as the relevant theoretical and practical considerations. Here, we conclude with both an overview of the various high-value applications of clinical pharmacodynamics (PD) in developmental therapeutics and an outline of the framework for incorporating PD analyses into the design of clinical trials. Given the increasingly recognized importance of determining and administering the biologically effective dose (BED) and schedule of targeted agents, we explain how clinical PD biomarkers specific to the agent mechanism of action (MOA) can be used for the development of pharmacodynamics-guided biologically effective dosage regimens (PD-BEDR) to maximize the efficacy and minimize the toxicity of targeted therapies. In addition, we discuss how MOA-based PD biomarker analyses can be used both as patient selection diagnostic tools and for designing novel drug combinations targeting the specific mutational signature of a given malignancy. We also describe the role of PD analyses in clinical trials, including for MOA confirmation and dosage regimen optimization during phase 0 trials as well as for correlating molecular changes with clinical efficacy when establishing proof-of-concept in phase I/II trials. Finally, we outline the critical technological developments that are needed to enhance the quality and quantity of future clinical PD data collection, broaden the types of molecular questions that can be answered in the clinic, and, ultimately, improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamics Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
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13
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Srivastava AK, Hollingshead MG, Weiner J, Navas T, Evrard YA, Khin SA, Ji JJ, Zhang Y, Borgel S, Pfister TD, Kinders RJ, Bottaro DP, Linehan WM, Tomaszewski JE, Doroshow JH, Parchment RE. Pharmacodynamic Response of the MET/HGF Receptor to Small-Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Examined with Validated, Fit-for-Clinic Immunoassays. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3683-94. [PMID: 27001313 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rational development of targeted MET inhibitors for cancer treatment requires a quantitative understanding of target pharmacodynamics, including molecular target engagement, mechanism of action, and duration of effect. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sandwich immunoassays and specimen handling procedures were developed and validated for quantifying full-length MET and its key phosphospecies (pMET) in core tumor biopsies. MET was captured using an antibody to the extracellular domain and then probed using antibodies to its C-terminus (full-length) and epitopes containing pY1234/1235, pY1235, and pY1356. Using pMET:MET ratios as assay endpoints, MET inhibitor pharmacodynamics were characterized in MET-amplified and -compensated (VEGFR blockade) models. RESULTS By limiting cold ischemia time to less than two minutes, the pharmacodynamic effects of the MET inhibitors PHA665752 and PF02341066 (crizotinib) were quantifiable using core needle biopsies of human gastric carcinoma xenografts (GTL-16 and SNU5). One dose decreased pY1234/1235 MET:MET, pY1235-MET:MET, and pY1356-MET:MET ratios by 60% to 80% within 4 hours, but this effect was not fully sustained despite continued daily dosing. VEGFR blockade by pazopanib increased pY1235-MET:MET and pY1356-MET:MET ratios, which was reversed by tivantinib. Full-length MET was quantifiable in 5 of 5 core needle samples obtained from a resected hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, but the levels of pMET species were near the assay lower limit of quantitation. CONCLUSIONS These validated immunoassays for pharmacodynamic biomarkers of MET signaling are suitable for studying MET responses in amplified cancers as well as compensatory responses to VEGFR blockade. Incorporating pharmacodynamic biomarker studies into clinical trials of MET inhibitors could provide critical proof of mechanism and proof of concept for the field. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3683-94. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Melinda G Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Weiner
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Tony Navas
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Yvonne A Evrard
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sonny A Khin
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Jay Ji
- National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Yiping Zhang
- National Clinical Target Validation Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Suzanne Borgel
- In Vivo Evaluation Group, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thomas D Pfister
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
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14
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Van Der Steen N, Pauwels P, Gil-Bazo I, Castañon E, Raez L, Cappuzzo F, Rolfo C. cMET in NSCLC: Can We Cut off the Head of the Hydra? From the Pathway to the Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:556-73. [PMID: 25815459 PMCID: PMC4491670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the tyrosine kinase receptor cMET, together with its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has become a target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Signalization via cMET stimulates several oncological processes amongst which are cell motility, invasion and metastasis. It also confers resistance against several currently used targeted therapies, e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. In this review, we will discuss the basic structure of cMET and the most important signaling pathways. We will also look into aberrations in the signaling and the effects thereof in cancer growth, with the focus on NSCLC. Finally, we will discuss the role of cMET as resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Van Der Steen
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium; E-Mails: (N.V.D.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium; E-Mails: (N.V.D.S.); (P.P.)
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem 2650, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (I.G.-B.); (E.C.)
| | - Eduardo Castañon
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; E-Mails: (I.G.-B.); (E.C.)
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem 2650, Belgium
| | - Luis Raez
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33024, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Federico Cappuzzo
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Health Care System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33024, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium; E-Mails: (N.V.D.S.); (P.P.)
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem 2650, Belgium
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +32-3-821-3646; Fax: +32-3-825-1592
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15
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Prat M, Oltolina F, Basilico C. Monoclonal Antibodies against the MET/HGF Receptor and Its Ligand: Multitask Tools with Applications from Basic Research to Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:359-383. [PMID: 28548076 PMCID: PMC5344273 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can be seen as valuable tools for many aspects of basic as well as applied sciences. In the case of MET/HGFR, they allowed the identification of truncated isoforms of the receptor, as well as the dissection of different epitopes, establishing structure-function relationships. Antibodies directed against MET extracellular domain were found to be full or partial receptor agonists or antagonists. The agonists can mimic the effects of the different isoforms of the natural ligand, but with the advantage of being more stable than the latter. Thus, some agonist antibodies promote all the biological responses triggered by MET activation, including motility, proliferation, morphogenesis, and protection from apoptosis, while others can induce only a migratory response. On the other hand, antagonists can inhibit MET-driven biological functions either by competing with the ligand or by removing the receptor from the cell surface. Since MET/HGFR is often over-expressed and/or aberrantly activated in tumors, monoclonal antibodies can be used as probes for MET detection or as "bullets" to target MET-expressing tumor cells, thus pointing to their use in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prat
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Francesca Oltolina
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Cristina Basilico
- Laboratory of Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Str. Prov. 142, 10060 Candiolo, Italy.
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16
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Lesca E, Lammens A, Huber R, Augustin M. Structural Analysis of the Human Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Kinase. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3744-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The HGF/MET signaling pathway is critical in mediating a wide range of normal physiological functions including embryological development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Aberrant activation of the pathway has frequently been found in human cancers via protein overexpression, mutation, gene amplification, and also paracrine or autocrine up-regulation. In addition, the activation of HGF/MET signaling confers resistance to the effects of cancer treatments. Therefore, inhibition of the HGF/MET signaling pathway has great potential for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Currently, there are three approaches toward modulating HGF/MET signaling in human clinical studies of cancer: anti-HGF monoclonal antibodies, MET monoclonal antibodies, and small molecule MET inhibitors. Preliminary clinical benefit from inhibition of HGF or MET has been reported. This Perspective will provide an overview of the HGF/MET signaling pathway in cancer and then will review the development of small molecule MET inhibitors and their progress in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean Cui
- TP Therapeutics, Inc. , 6150 Lusk Boulevard, Suite B100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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18
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Wang J, Steinbacher S, Augustin M, Schreiner P, Epstein D, Mulvihill MJ, Crew AP. The crystal structure of a constitutively active mutant RON kinase suggests an intramolecular autophosphorylation hypothesis. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7972-4. [PMID: 20726546 DOI: 10.1021/bi100409w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A complex of RON(M1254T) with AMP-PNP and Mg(2+) reveals a substratelike positioning of Tyr1238 as well as likely catalysis-competent placement of the AMP-PNP and Mg(2+) components and indicates a tendency for cis phosphorylation. The structure shows how the oncogenic mutation may cause the constitutive activation and suggests a mechanistic hypothesis for the autophosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1 Bioscience Park Drive, Farmingdale, New York 11735, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding Janus kinases have been discovered in various haematologic diseases. Jaks are composed of a FERM domain, an SH2 domain, a pseudokinase domain and a kinase domain, and a complex interplay of the Jak domains is involved in regulation of catalytic activity and association to cytokine receptors. Most activating mutations are found in the pseudokinase domain. Here we present recently discovered mutations in the context of our structural models of the respective domains. We describe two structural hotspots in the pseudokinase domain of Jak2 that seem to be associated either to myeloproliferation or to lymphoblastic leukaemia, pointing at the involvement of distinct signalling complexes in these disease settings. The different domains of Jaks are discussed as potential drug targets. We present currently available inhibitors targeting Jaks and indicate structural differences in the kinase domains of the different Jaks that may be exploited in the development of specific inhibitors. Moreover, we discuss recent chemical genetic approaches which can be applied to Jaks to better understand the role of these kinases in their biological settings and as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Haan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, 162A, av. de la Faïencerie, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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20
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Dixit A, Yi L, Gowthaman R, Torkamani A, Schork NJ, Verkhivker GM. Sequence and structure signatures of cancer mutation hotspots in protein kinases. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7485. [PMID: 19834613 PMCID: PMC2759519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are the most common protein domains implicated in cancer, where somatically acquired mutations are known to be functionally linked to a variety of cancers. Resequencing studies of protein kinase coding regions have emphasized the importance of sequence and structure determinants of cancer-causing kinase mutations in understanding of the mutation-dependent activation process. We have developed an integrated bioinformatics resource, which consolidated and mapped all currently available information on genetic modifications in protein kinase genes with sequence, structure and functional data. The integration of diverse data types provided a convenient framework for kinome-wide study of sequence-based and structure-based signatures of cancer mutations. The database-driven analysis has revealed a differential enrichment of SNPs categories in functional regions of the kinase domain, demonstrating that a significant number of cancer mutations could fall at structurally equivalent positions (mutational hotspots) within the catalytic core. We have also found that structurally conserved mutational hotspots can be shared by multiple kinase genes and are often enriched by cancer driver mutations with high oncogenic activity. Structural modeling and energetic analysis of the mutational hotspots have suggested a common molecular mechanism of kinase activation by cancer mutations, and have allowed to reconcile the experimental data. According to a proposed mechanism, structural effect of kinase mutations with a high oncogenic potential may manifest in a significant destabilization of the autoinhibited kinase form, which is likely to drive tumorigenesis at some level. Structure-based functional annotation and prediction of cancer mutation effects in protein kinases can facilitate an understanding of the mutation-dependent activation process and inform experimental studies exploring molecular pathology of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Dixit
- Graduate Program for Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lin Yi
- Graduate Program for Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ragul Gowthaman
- Graduate Program for Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ali Torkamani
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Health and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Health and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gennady M. Verkhivker
- Graduate Program for Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Timofeevski SL, McTigue MA, Ryan K, Cui J, Zou HY, Zhu JX, Chau F, Alton G, Karlicek S, Christensen JG, Murray BW. Enzymatic characterization of c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase oncogenic mutants and kinetic studies with aminopyridine and triazolopyrazine inhibitors. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5339-49. [PMID: 19459657 DOI: 10.1021/bi900438w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a key regulator in cancer, in part, through oncogenic mutations. Eight clinically relevant mutants were characterized by biochemical, biophysical, and cellular methods. The c-Met catalytic domain was highly active in the unphosphorylated state (k(cat) = 1.0 s(-1)) and achieved 160-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) upon activation to 425000 s(-1) M(-1). c-Met mutants had 2-10-fold higher basal enzymatic activity (k(cat)) but achieved maximal activities similar to those of wild-type c-Met, except for Y1235D, which underwent a reduction in maximal activity. Small enhancements of basal activity were shown to have profound effects on the acquisition of full enzymatic activity achieved through accelerating rates of autophosphorylation. Biophysical analysis of c-Met mutants revealed minimal melting temperature differences indicating that the mutations did not alter protein stability. A model of RTK activation is proposed to describe how a RTK response may be matched to a biological context through enzymatic properties. Two c-Met clinical candidates from aminopyridine and triazolopyrazine chemical series (PF-02341066 and PF-04217903) were studied. Biochemically, each series produced molecules that are highly selective against a large panel of kinases, with PF-04217903 (>1000-fold selective relative to 208 kinases) being more selective than PF-02341066. Although these prototype inhibitors have similar potencies against wild-type c-Met (K(i) = 6-7 nM), significant differences in potency were observed for clinically relevant mutations evaluated in both biochemical and cellular contexts. In particular, PF-02341066 was 180-fold more active against the Y1230C mutant c-Met than PF-04217903. These highly optimized inhibitors indicate that for kinases susceptible to active site mutations, inhibitor design may need to balance overall kinase selectivity with the ability to inhibit multiple mutant forms of the kinase (penetrance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei L Timofeevski
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla, Pfizer Inc., 10777 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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22
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Torkamani A, Verkhivker G, Schork NJ. Cancer driver mutations in protein kinase genes. Cancer Lett 2008; 281:117-27. [PMID: 19081671 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies investigating the genetic determinants of cancer suggest that some of the genetic alterations contributing to tumorigenesis may be inherited, but the vast majority is somatically acquired during the transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell. A systematic understanding of the genetic and molecular determinants of cancers has already begun to have a transformative effect on the study and treatment of cancer, particularly through the identification of a range of genetic alterations in protein kinase genes, which are highly associated with the disease. Since kinases are prominent therapeutic targets for intervention within the cancer cell, studying the impact that genomic alterations within them have on cancer initiation, progression, and treatment is both logical and timely. In fact, recent sequencing and resequencing (i.e., polymorphism identification) efforts have catalyzed the quest for protein kinase 'driver' mutations (i.e., those genetic alterations which contribute to the transformation of a normal cell to a proliferating cancerous cell) in distinction to kinase 'passenger' mutations which reflect mutations that merely build up in course of normal and unchecked (i.e., cancerous) somatic cell replication and proliferation. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in the discovery and functional characterization of protein kinase cancer driver mutations and the implications of this progress for understanding tumorigenesis as well as the design of 'personalized' cancer therapeutics that target an individual's unique mutational profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Torkamani
- The Scripps Translational Science Institute and Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Takahara T, Xue F, Mazzone M, Yata Y, Nonome K, Kanayama M, Kawai K, Pisacane AM, Takahara S, Li XK, Comoglio PM, Sugiyama T, Michieli P. Metron factor-1 prevents liver injury without promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Hepatology 2008; 47:2010-25. [PMID: 18506889 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is the most powerful hepatotrophic factor identified so far. However, the ability of HGF to promote tumor cell "scattering" and invasion raises some concern about its therapeutic safety. We compared the therapeutic efficacy of HGF with that of Metron Factor-1 (MF-1), an engineered cytokine derived from HGF and the HGF-like factor macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), in mouse models of acute and chronic liver injury. At the same time, we tested the ability of HGF and MF-1 to promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasion in several mouse models of cancer. We show that (1) MF-1 and HGF stimulate hepatocyte proliferation in vitro; (2) MF-1 and HGF protect primary hepatocytes against Fas-induced and drug-induced apoptosis; (3) HGF but not MF-1 induces scattering and matrigel invasion of carcinoma cell lines in vitro; (4) HGF but not MF-1 promotes migration and extracellular matrix invasion of endothelial cells in vitro; (5) MF-1 and HGF prevent CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury as measured by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, histology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis, and phospho-histone-3 immunostaining; (6) MF-1 and HGF attenuate liver fibrosis caused by chronic CCl(4) intoxication and promote regeneration as measured by Sirius red staining, alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining, and Ki-67 analysis; (7) HGF but not MF-1 promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in a variety of xenograft models; (8) HGF but not MF-1 promotes intrahepatic dissemination of hepatocarcinoma cells injected orthotopically. CONCLUSION These data suggest that MF-1 is as effective as HGF at preventing liver injury and at promoting hepatocyte regeneration, but therapeutically safer than HGF because it lacks proangiogenic and prometastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumi Takahara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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24
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Linehan WM, Pinto PA, Srinivasan R, Merino M, Choyke P, Choyke L, Coleman J, Toro J, Glenn G, Vocke C, Zbar B, Schmidt LS, Bottaro D, Neckers L. Identification of the genes for kidney cancer: opportunity for disease-specific targeted therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:671s-679s. [PMID: 17255292 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the kidney cancer gene pathways has provided the foundation for the development of targeted therapeutic approaches for patients with this disease. Kidney cancer is not a single disease; it includes a number of different types of renal cancers, each with different histologic features, a different clinical course, a different response to therapy, and different genes causing the defects. Most of what is known about the genetic basis of kidney cancer has been learned from study of the inherited forms of kidney cancer: von Hippel Lindau (VHL gene), hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (c-Met gene), Birt Hogg Dubé (BHD gene), and hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell cancer (fumarate hydratase gene). These Mendelian single-gene syndromes provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of agents that target the VHL, c-Met, BHD, and fumarate hydratase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Abstract
It has been recognized for more than a century that most tumors tend to become more aggressive in clinical behavior over time, although this time course may be variable. This phenomenon has been termed "cancer progression," a process that appears to develop in a stepwise fashion through qualitatively different stages. Cancer progression relies on the ability of neoplastic cells to abandon their primary site of accretion, trespass tissue boundaries, and penetrate into the vasculature to colonize and repopulate distant sites. Among the various properties associated with cancer progression, the acquisition by neoplastic cells of the capacity to invade locally and to metastasize is of great clinical significance, and is still the fundamental definition of malignancy. This process represents the aberrant counterpart of a physiological morphogenetic program, known as invasive growth, occurring during embryo development and, in some instances, in adulthood for the generation and maintenance of normal organ complexity and architecture. Here we summarize some of the strategies adopted to inhibit cancer cell growth and spreading. We also review the current findings about cancer and metastasis inhibitors. As we suggest possible directions for drug development, we propose the receptor for the hepatocyte growth factor, Met, as an ideal target for tackling cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mazzone
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Torino Medical School, Strada Provinciale 142, km 3.95, I-10060 Candiolo (Torino), Italy.
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26
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Abstract
On binding to the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase (TK) known as c-Met, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates mitogenesis, motogenesis, and morphogenesis in a wide range of cellular targets including, epithelial and endothelial cells, hematopoietic cells, neurons, melanocytes, and hepatocytes. These pleiotropic actions are fundamentally important during development, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration. HGF signaling also contributes to oncogenesis and tumor progression in several human cancers and promotes aggressive cellular invasiveness that is strongly linked to tumor metastasis. Our present understanding of c-Met oncogenic signaling supports at least three avenues of pathway selective anticancer drug development: antagonism of ligand/receptor interaction, inhibition of TK catalytic activity, and blockade of intracellular receptor/effector interactions. Potent and selective preclinical drug candidates have been developed using all three strategies, and human clinical trials in two of the three areas are now under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Peruzzi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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27
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Correll PH, Paulson RF, Wei X. Molecular regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases in hematopoietic malignancies. Gene 2006; 374:26-38. [PMID: 16524673 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity has been implicated in the progression of a variety of human leukemias. Most notably, mutations and chromosomal translocations affecting regulation of tyrosine kinase activity in the Kit receptor, the Flt3 receptor, and the PDGFbeta/FGF1 receptors have been demonstrated in mast cell leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemias (CML), respectively. In addition, critical but non-overlapping roles for the Ron and Kit receptor tyrosine kinases in the progression of animal models of erythroleukemia have been demonstrated [Persons, D., Paulson, R., Loyd, M., Herley, M., Bodner, S., Bernstein, A., Correll, P. and Ney, P., 1999. Fv2 encodes a truncated form of the Stk receptor tyrosine kinase. Nat. Gen. 23, 159-165.; Subramanian, A., Teal, H.E., Correll, P.H. and Paulson, R.F., 2005. Resistance to friend virus-induced erythroleukemia in W/Wv mice is caused by a spleen-specific defect which results in a severe reduction in target cells and a lack of Sf-Stk expression. J. Virol. 79 (23), 14586-14594.]. The various classes of RTKs implicated in the progression of leukemia have been recently reviewed [Reilly, J., 2003. Receptor tyrosine kinases in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. Blood Rev. 17 (4), 241-248.]. Here, we will discuss the mechanism by which alterations in these receptors result in transformation of hematopoietic cells, in the context of what is known about the molecular regulation of RTK activity, with a focus on our recent studies of the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela H Correll
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802-3500, United States.
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Wang W, Marimuthu A, Tsai J, Kumar A, Krupka HI, Zhang C, Powell B, Suzuki Y, Nguyen H, Tabrizizad M, Luu C, West BL. Structural characterization of autoinhibited c-Met kinase produced by coexpression in bacteria with phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3563-8. [PMID: 16537444 PMCID: PMC1450123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600048103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are a large family of cell signaling mediators undergoing intensive research to identify inhibitors or modulators useful for medicine. As one strategy, small-molecule compounds that bind the active site with high affinity can be used to inhibit the enzyme activity. X-ray crystallography is a powerful method to reveal the structures of the kinase active sites, and thus aid in the design of high-affinity, selective inhibitors. However, a limitation still exists in the ability to produce purified kinases in amounts sufficient for crystallography. Furthermore, kinases exist in different conformation states as part of their normal regulation, and the ability to prepare crystals of kinases in these various states also remains a limitation. In this study, the c-Abl, c-Src, and c-Met kinases are produced in high yields in Escherichia coli by using a bicistronic vector encoding the PTP1B tyrosine phosphatase. A 100-fold lower dose of the inhibitor, Imatinib, was observed to inhibit the unphosphorylated form of c-Abl kinase prepared by using this vector, compared to the phosphorylated form produced without PTP1B, consistent with the known selectivity of this inhibitor for the unactivated conformation of the enzyme. Unphosphorylated c-Met kinase produced with this vector was used to obtain the crystal structure, at 2.15-A resolution, of the autoinhibited form of the kinase domain, revealing an intricate network of interactions involving c-Met residues documented previously to cause dysregulation when mutated in several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Wang
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | | | - James Tsai
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | | | - Chao Zhang
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | - Ben Powell
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | | | - Hoa Nguyen
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | | | - Catherine Luu
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | - Brian L. West
- Plexxikon, Inc., 91 Bolivar Drive, Berkeley, CA 94710
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Tjin EPM, Groen RWJ, Vogelzang I, Derksen PWB, Klok MD, Meijer HP, van Eeden S, Pals ST, Spaargaren M. Functional analysis of HGF/MET signaling and aberrant HGF-activator expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2006; 107:760-8. [PMID: 16189274 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractInappropriate activation of MET, the receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Although we have previously shown that HGF/MET signaling controls survival and proliferation of multiple myeloma (MM), its role in the pathogenesis of other B-cell malignancies has remained largely unexplored. Here, we have examined a panel of 110 B-cell malignancies for MET expression, which, apart from MM (48%), was found to be largely confined to diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) (30%). No amplification of the MET gene was found; however, mutational analysis revealed 2 germ-line missense mutations: R1166Q in the tyrosine kinase domain in 1 patient, and R988C in the juxtamembrane domain in 4 patients. The R988C mutation has recently been shown to enhance tumorigenesis. In MET-positive DLBCL cells, HGF induces MEK-dependent activation of ERK and PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of PKB, GSK3, and FOXO3a. Furthermore, HGF induces PI3K-dependent α4β1 integrin-mediated adhesion to VCAM-1 and fibronectin. Within the tumor microenvironment of DLBCL, HGF is provided by macrophages, whereas DLBCL cells themselves produce the serine protease HGF activator (HGFA), which autocatalyzes HGF activation. Taken together, these data indicate that HGF/MET signaling, and secretion of HGFA by DLBCL cells, contributes to lymphomagenesis in DLBCL. (Blood. 2006;107:760-768)
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MESH Headings
- 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases
- Cell Adhesion
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Forkhead Box Protein O3
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/genetics
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1/metabolism
- Macrophages
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Mutation, Missense
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met
- RNA Probes
- RNA, Messenger
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther P M Tjin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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30
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Chen JH, Wu CW, Kao HL, Chang HM, Li AFY, Liu TY, Chi CW. Effects of COX-2 inhibitor on growth of human gastric cancer cells and its relation to hepatocyte growth factor. Cancer Lett 2005; 239:263-70. [PMID: 16243430 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2005] [Revised: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is known that hepatocyte growth factor binding to its receptor regulates gastric cancer progression and metastasis. HGF was found to up-regulate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 gene and increases prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in gastric mucosa cells. Overexpression of COX-2 and increased PG secretion have also been found to be involved in the regulation of growth and metastasis of gastric cancer. Results from this study showed that c-Met and COX-2 are expressed in 28 cases (93.3%) and 16 cases (53.3%) of 30 human gastric cancer tissues, respectively. Expressions of c-Met positively correlated with that of COX-2 (r=0.41; P=0.024). Using in vivo and in vitro models to further examine the interaction between c-MET and COX-2, we found that HGF stimulated the growth of SC-M1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. COX-2-specific inhibitor-NS398 inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer SC-M1 cells as well as HGF stimulated the growth of SC-M1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. HGF treatment of SC-M1 cells increased the secretion of PGE2 and this stimulation was blocked by NS398. In vivo SC-M1 tumor model showed that HGF stimulated the tumor growth and NS398 retarded the tumor growth. These results suggest that COX-2-specific inhibitors may play some role on the therapy of gastric cancer patients with high serum HGF level and overexpression of c-Met in tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hao Chen
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
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31
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Cristiani C, Rusconi L, Perego R, Schiering N, Kalisz HM, Knapp S, Isacchi A. Regulation of the Wild-Type and Y1235D Mutant Met Kinase Activation. Biochemistry 2005; 44:14110-9. [PMID: 16245927 DOI: 10.1021/bi051242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Met receptor tyrosine kinase plays a crucial role in the regulation of a large number of cellular processes and, when deregulated by overexpression or mutations, leads to tumor growth and invasion. The Y1235D mutation identified in metastases was shown to induce constitutive activation and a motile-invasive phenotype on transduced carcinoma cells. Wild-type Met activation requires phosphorylation of both Y1234 and Y1235 in the activation loop. We mapped the major phosphorylation sites in the kinase domain of a recombinant Met protein and identified the known residues Y1234 and Y1235 as well as a new phosphorylation site at Y1194 in the hinge region. Combining activating and silencing mutations at these sites, we characterized in depth the mechanism of activation of wild-type and mutant Met proteins. We found that the phosphotyrosine mimetic mutation Y1235D is sufficient to confer constitutive kinase activity, which is not influenced by phosphorylation at Y1234. However, the specific activity of this mutant was lower than that observed for fully activated wild-type Met and induced less phosphorylation of Y1349 in the signaling site, indicating that this mutation cannot entirely compensate for a phosphorylated tyrosine at this position. The Y1194F silencing mutation yielded an enzyme that could be activated to a similar extent as the wild type but with significantly slower activation kinetics, underlying the importance of this residue, which is conserved among different tyrosine kinase receptors. Finally, we observed different interactions of wild-type and mutant Met with the inhibitor K252a that may have therapeutic implications for the selective inhibition of this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cristiani
- Biology Department, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Abstract
The receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Met, controls a programme of invasive growth that combines proliferation with various moto- and morphogenetic processes. This process is important for development and organ regeneration, but dysregulation in transformed tissues can contribute to cancer progression and metastasis. Acute stimulation of tissue culture cells with HGF leads to Met downregulation via degradation through an endocytic mechanism that also requires proteasome activity. Perturbation of Met trafficking on the endocytic pathway, either at the level of the internalisation step or during sorting at the early endosome, leads to altered signalling outputs. Ubiquitination of Met through the E3-ligase Cbl is required for receptor downregulation, and a mutant receptor defective in Cbl binding is able to transform cells. We discuss the hypothesis that some naturally occurring Met mutants implicated in cancer may transform cells owing to defects in their trafficking along the endosomal degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Hammond
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Inoue T, Kataoka H, Goto K, Nagaike K, Igami K, Naka D, Kitamura N, Miyazawa K. Activation of c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) in human gastric cancer tissue. Cancer Sci 2005; 95:803-8. [PMID: 15504247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met is a high-affinity receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and plays a crucial role in embryonic development, as well as in the process of tissue repair. Overexpression and amplification of c-Met are often observed in various cancer tissues, especially in gastric carcinoma. It has, however, been unclear whether the overexpression leads to activation of the c-Met receptor. To address this point, we prepared an antibody (anti-phospho-Met) which specifically recognizes c-Met that is phosphorylated at Y1235, a major phosphorylation site of c-Met. Normal as well as cancerous gastric tissue was positive for anti-total-Met staining, whereas only cancerous tissue was strongly positive for anti-phospho-Met staining; cells near the basal layer were moderately positive, and the proliferative zone in normal tissue was only weakly positive. Among cancerous tissues from seven patients examined in the present study, those from six patients were strongly positive for phospho-Met staining. These results indicate that c-Met is actually activated in gastric carcinoma tissue, and may trigger proliferation/anti-apoptotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Inoue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Chiara F, Goumans MJ, Forsberg H, Ahgrén A, Rasola A, Aspenström P, Wernstedt C, Hellberg C, Heldin CH, Heuchel R. A Gain of Function Mutation in the Activation Loop of Plateletderived Growth Factor β-Receptor Deregulates Its Kinase Activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:42516-27. [PMID: 15284236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in multiple aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Recently, a gain of function mutation in the activation loop of the human PDGFRalpha has been found in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Here we show that a mutation in the corresponding codon in the activation loop of the murine PDGFRbeta, namely an exchange of asparagine for aspartic acid at amino acid position 849 (D849N), confers transforming characteristics to embryonic fibroblasts from mutant mice, generated by a knock-in strategy. By comparing the enzymatic properties of the wild-type versus the mutant receptor protein, we demonstrate that the D849N mutation lowers the threshold for kinase activation, causes a dramatic alteration in the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation kinetics following ligand stimulation, and induces a ligand-independent phosphorylation of several tyrosine residues. These changes result in deregulated recruitment of specific signal transducers. The GTPase-activating protein for Ras (RasGAP), a negative regulator of the Ras mitogenic pathway, displayed a delayed binding to the mutant receptor. Moreover, we have observed enhanced ligand-independent ERK1/2 activation and an increased proliferation of mutant cells. The p85 regulatory subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3 '-kinase was constitutively associated with the mutant receptor, and this ligand-independent activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway may explain the observed strong protection against apoptosis and increased motility in cellular wounding assays. Our findings support a model whereby an activating point mutation results in a deregulated PDGFRbeta with oncogenic predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Box 595, Uppsala S-751 24, Sweden
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35
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Rulli K, Yugawa T, Hanson C, Thompson D, Ruscetti S, Nishigaki K. Ex vivo and in vivo biological effects of a truncated form of the receptor tyrosine kinase stk when activated by interaction with the friend spleen focus-forming virus envelope glycoprotein or by point mutation. J Virol 2004; 78:4573-81. [PMID: 15078939 PMCID: PMC387688 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4573-4581.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythroleukemia-inducing Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) encodes a unique envelope protein, gp55, which interacts with the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor complex, causing proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells in the absence of Epo. Susceptibility to SFFV-induced erythroleukemia is conferred by the Fv-2 gene, which encodes a short form of the receptor tyrosine kinase Stk/Ron (sf-Stk) only in susceptible strains of mice. We recently demonstrated that sf-Stk becomes activated by forming a strong interaction with SFFV gp55. To examine the biological consequences of activated sf-Stk on erythroid cell growth, we prepared retroviral vectors which express sf-Stk, either in conjunction with gp55 or alone in a constitutively activated mutant form, and tested them for their ability to induce Epo-independent erythroid colonies ex vivo and disease in mice. Our data indicate that both gp55-activated sf-Stk and the constitutively activated mutant of sf-Stk induce erythroid cells from Fv-2-susceptible and Fv-2-resistant (sf-Stk null) mice to form Epo-independent colonies. Mutational analysis of sf-Stk indicated that a functional kinase domain and 8 of its 12 tyrosine residues are required for the induction of Epo-independent colonies. Further studies demonstrated that coexpression of SFFV gp55 with sf-Stk significantly extends the half-life of the kinase. When injected into Fv-2-resistant mice, neither the gp55-activated sf-Stk nor the constitutively activated mutant caused erythroleukemia. Surprisingly, both Fv-2-susceptible and -resistant mice injected with the gp55-sf-Stk vector developed clinical signs not previously associated with SFFV-induced disease. We conclude that sf-Stk, activated by either point mutation or interaction with SFFV gp55, is sufficient to induce Epo-independent erythroid colonies from both Fv-2-susceptible and -resistant mice but is unable to cause erythroleukemia in Fv-2-resistant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rulli
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Pavlovich
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Brady Urological Institute, A-345, 4940 Eastern Ave., Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Chiara F, Bishayee S, Heldin CH, Demoulin JB. Autoinhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor tyrosine kinase by its C-terminal tail. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19732-8. [PMID: 14996833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we investigated the role of the C-terminal tail of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta-receptor in the control of the receptor kinase activity. Using a panel of PDGF beta-receptor mutants with progressive C-terminal truncations, we observed that deletion of the last 46 residues, which contain a proline- and glutamic acid-rich motif, increased the autoactivation velocity in vitro and the V(max) of the phosphotransfer reaction, in the absence of ligand, as compared with wild-type receptors. By contrast, the kinase activity of mutant and wild-type receptors that were pre-activated by treatment with PDGF was comparable. Using a conformation-sensitive antibody, we found that truncated receptors presented an active conformation even in the absence of PDGF. A soluble peptide containing the Pro/Glu-rich motif specifically inhibited the PDGF beta-receptor kinase activity. Whereas deletion of this motif was not enough to confer ligand-independent transforming ability to the receptor, it dramatically enhanced the effect of the weakly activating D850N mutation in a focus formation assay. These findings indicate that allosteric inhibition of the PDGF beta-receptor by its C-terminal tail is one of the mechanisms involved in keeping the receptor inactive in the absence of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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