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Hu C, Priceputu E, Cool M, Chrobak P, Bouchard N, Forestier C, Lowell CA, Bénichou S, Hanna Z, Royal V, Jolicoeur P. NEF-Induced HIV-Associated Nephropathy Through HCK/LYN. Am J Pathol 2023:S0002-9440(23)00057-3. [PMID: 36868467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a severe complication of HIV-1 infection. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of kidney disease in the setting of HIV, we used a transgenic (Tg) mouse model (CD4C/HIV-Nef) in which HIV-1 nef expression is under control of regulatory sequences (CD4C) of the human CD4 gene, thus allowing expression in target cells of the virus. These Tg mice develop a collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with microcystic dilatation, similar to human HIVAN. Proliferation of tubular and glomerular Tg cells is enhanced. To identify kidney cells permissive to the CD4C promoter, CD4C/green fluorescent protein reporter Tg mice were used. They showed preferential expression in glomeruli, mainly in mesangial cells. Breeding CD4C/HIV Tg mice on 10 different mouse backgrounds showed that HIVAN was modulated by host genetic factors. Studies of gene-deficient Tg mice revealed that the presence of B and T cells and that of several genes was dispensable for the development of HIVAN: those involved in apoptosis (p53, TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, and Bax), in immune cell recruitment (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CCR-2, CCR-5, and CX3CR-1), in nitric oxide (NO) formation (endothelial NO synthase and inducible NO synthase), or in cell signaling (Fyn, Lck, and Hck/Fgr). However, deletion of Src partially and that of Hck/Lyn largely abrogated its development. Our data suggest that Nef expression in mesangial cells through Hck/Lyn represents important cellular and molecular events for the development of HIVAN in these Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Priceputu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Cool
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pavel Chrobak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bouchard
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clara Forestier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Serge Bénichou
- Insitut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris DesCartes and INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Zaher Hanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Virginie Royal
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Jolicoeur
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
The introduction in the late 20(th) century of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to treat patients infected with HIV has changed the natural history of the disease from an acute illness that rapidly culminates in death, to a chronic condition that can be managed with medications. Over the past decade the epidemiology of kidney disease in US patients infected with HIV has changed, perhaps because of the increased availability and use of cART. Patients with HIV infection exhibit unique immunologic characteristics, including immunodeficiency and dysregulation of immunoglobulin synthetic responses and T-cell function, which can result in glomerular immune complex deposition and subsequent kidney injury. This Review examines the differential diagnoses of HIV-associated immune complex kidney diseases (HIVICD), and discusses the clinical manifestations and mechanisms underlying their development. We address the issues associated with treatment, clinical outcomes, and research needs to enhance our ability to diagnose and optimally treat patients with HIVICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Nobakht
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW #3-438, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
| | - Scott D Cohen
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW #3-438, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Paul L Kimmel
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW #3-438, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
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Poli A, Tozon N, Guidi G, Pistello M. Renal alterations in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats: a natural model of lentivirus-induced renal disease changes. Viruses 2012; 4:1372-1389. [PMID: 23170163 PMCID: PMC3499810 DOI: 10.3390/v4091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with several renal syndromes including acute and chronic renal failures, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. HIV and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) share numerous biological and pathological features, including renal alterations. We investigated and compared the morphological changes of renal tissue of 51 experimentally and 21 naturally infected cats. Compared to the latter, the experimentally infected cats exhibited some mesangial widening and glomerulonephritis, milder proteinuria, and lower tubular and interstitial alterations. The numbers of giant protein tubular casts and tubular microcysts were also lower. In contrast, diffuse interstitial infiltrates and glomerular and interstitial amyloidosis were detected only in naturally infected cats. Similar alterations are found in HIV infected patients, thus supporting the idea of a causative role of FIV infection in renal disease, and underlining the relevance of the FIV and its natural host as an animal model for investigating lentivirus-associated nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, Veterinary Faculty, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa 56124, Italy;
| | - Natasa Tozon
- Clinic for Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia;
| | - Grazia Guidi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56122, Italy;
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35/39, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +39-050-221-3781; Fax: +39-050-221-3524
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Sanders-Beer BE, Spano YY, Golighty D, Lara A, Hebblewaite D, Nieves-Duran L, Rhodes L, Mansfield KG. Clinical monitoring and correlates of nephropathy in SIV-infected macaques during high-dose antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Ther 2011; 8:3. [PMID: 21255437 PMCID: PMC3038877 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many preclinical AIDS research studies, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is administered to experimentally simian immunodeficiency (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques for reduction of viral load to undetectable levels. Prolonged treatment of macaques with a high dose of PMPA (9-[2-(r)-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl] adenine or tenofovir; 30 mg/kg of body weight subcutaneously once daily) can result in proximal renal tubular dysfunction, a Fanconi-like syndrome characterized by glucosuria, aminoaciduria, hypophosphatemia, and bone pathology. In contrast, chronic administration of a low dose of PMPA (10 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily) starting at birth does not seem to be associated with any adverse health effects within 3 years of treatment. In contrast to PMPA, limited information on systemic toxicity in rhesus monkeys is available for FTC (5-fluoro-1-(2R,5S)-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine; emtricitabine) and stavudine (d4T). RESULTS In this study, the clinical and biochemical correlates of tubular nephrosis in SIV-infected rhesus macaques associated with systemic administration of high-dose ART consisting of the three nucleoside analog inhibitors PMPA, FTC, and d4T were investigated. It was found that acute renal failure was uncommon (7.1% of treated animals) and that morphologic evidence of nephropathy, which persisted for more than 300 days following discontinuation of the drug cocktail, was more frequent (52.4% of treated animals). While parameters from single time points lacked predictive value, biochemical alterations in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and phosphorus were frequently identified longitudinally in the blood of ART-treated animals that developed evidence of nephropathy, and these longitudinal changes correlated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations are proposed to limit the impact of drug-induced renal disease in future SIV macaque studies.
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Abstract
The two most common HIV-associated renal diseases, HIV-associated nephropathy and HIV immune-complex kidney disease, share the common pathologic finding of hyperplasia within the glomerulus. Podocyte injury is central to the pathogenesis of these diseases; however, the source of the proliferating glomerular epithelial cell remains a topic of debate. Parenchymal injury has been linked to direct infection of renal epithelial cells by HIV-1, although the mechanism of viral entry into this non-lymphoid compartment is unclear. Although transgenic rodent models have provided insight into viral proteins responsible for inducing renal disease, such models have substantial limitations. Rodent HIV-1 models, for instance, cannot replicate all features of immune activation, a process that could have an important role in the pathogenesis of the HIV-associated renal diseases.
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Hill MS, Ruiz A, Gomez LM, Miller JM, Berman NEJ, Stephens EB. APOBEC3G expression is restricted to epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules and is not expressed in the glomeruli of macaques. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 55:63-70. [PMID: 16982848 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7054.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vif protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) interacts with members of the APOBEC family of cytidine deaminases. In this study, we isolated RNA from renal cortex as well as from isolated glomeruli and tubulointerstitial fractions from two pigtailed macaques that were exsanguinated and perfused with saline. RT-PCR results indicate that APOBEC3G was detected in the tubule fractions but not in the glomerular fractions. Immunoblot analysis using lysates prepared from these same fractions and a monoclonal antibody to APOBEC3G confirmed the RT-PCR findings. To determine which cell types express APOBEC3G, immunohistochemical studies were performed using this monoclonal antibody on renal cortical sections. Our results clearly show that the glomeruli do not express APOBEC3G but that select tubules within the cortex express APOBEC3G at high levels. To further differentiate the distribution of APOBEC3G expression, serial sections were stained with the lectins Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E), which differentially bind to epithelial cells of the tubules and glomeruli. Our results indicate that APOBEC3G expression was restricted to PHA-E-staining tubules and not DBA-staining tubules, suggesting that APOBEC3G expression was restricted to proximal convoluted tubules. These findings suggest that infection of epithelial cells of proximal renal tubules could suppress Vif-defective HIV-1 replication, whereas infection of cells of the glomeruli, a major target of HIV-associated nephropathy, could act as a reservoir for the replication of Vif-defective HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarah Hill
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Kaup FJ, Bruno SF, Mätz-Rensing K, Schneider T. Tubuloreticular structures in rectal biopsies of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Ultrastruct Pathol 2005; 29:357-66. [PMID: 16257862 DOI: 10.1080/019131290968740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tubuloreticular structures (TRS) are considered to be a specific ultrastructural marker for AIDS in various organs. Experimental SIV infection in rhesus macaques is the most appropriate animal model of HIV infection. In 8 rhesus monkeys, experimentally infected with SIVmac251/MPBC, rectum biopsies were taken prior to and post infection (day 3; 1, 2, 4, 12 weeks p.i.) and were investigated by transmissionelectron microscopy to determine incidence and extent of tubuloreticular structures as well as affected cells. From the first week p.i. on TRS were found in all experimental animals as tubuli with a diameter of 20-30 nm. The tubuli were arranged in regular paracristalline formations and formed intracytoplasmatic heterogenous, polymorph accumulations, which were localized close to the endoplasmatic reticulum. In the rectal lamina propria macrophages, endothelial cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and neutrophilic granulocytes were the affected cell types. In 5 control biopsies TRS were detected, too, but, in contrast to SIV-infected animals, they appeared only singular and very small. The results indicate that TRS are a characteristic morphologic criteria of intestinal SIV infection. They appear in very early stages of the infection. In the rectum, they can be detected as bigger, conspicuous, and abundant formations in several cells and have a restricted diagnostic and prognostic validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-J Kaup
- German Primate Center, Department of Infectious Pathology, Göttingen, Germany
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Dickie P, Roberts A, Uwiera R, Witmer J, Sharma K, Kopp JB. Focal glomerulosclerosis in proviral and c-fms transgenic mice links Vpr expression to HIV-associated nephropathy. Virology 2004; 322:69-81. [PMID: 15063118 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and morphologic features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), such as proteinuria, sclerosing glomerulopathy, tubular degeneration, and interstitial disease, have been modeled in mice bearing an HIV proviral transgene rendered noninfectious through a deletion in gag/pol. Exploring the genetic basis of HIVAN, HIV transgenic mice bearing mutations in either or both of the accessory genes nef and vpr were created. Proteinuria and focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) only developed in mice with an intact vpr gene. Transgenic mice bearing a simplified proviral DNA (encoding only Tat and Vpr) developed renal disease characterized by FGS in which Vpr protein was localized to glomerular and tubular epithelia by immunohistochemistry. The dual transgenic progeny of HIV[Tat/Vpr] mice bred to HIV[DeltaVpr] proviral transgenic mice displayed a more severe nephropathy with no apparent increase in Vpr expression, implying that multiple viral genes contribute to HIVAN. However, the unique contribution of macrophage-specific Vpr expression in the development of glomerular disease was underscored by the induction of FGS in multiple murine lines bearing a c-fms/vpr transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dickie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2.
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Van Rompay KKA, Brignolo LL, Meyer DJ, Jerome C, Tarara R, Spinner A, Hamilton M, Hirst LL, Bennett DR, Canfield DR, Dearman TG, Von Morgenland W, Allen PC, Valverde C, Castillo AB, Martin RB, Samii VF, Bendele R, Desjardins J, Marthas ML, Pedersen NC, Bischofberger N. Biological effects of short-term or prolonged administration of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (tenofovir) to newborn and infant rhesus macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1469-87. [PMID: 15105094 PMCID: PMC400569 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1469-1487.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse transcriptase inhibitor 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA; tenofovir) was previously found to offer strong prophylactic and therapeutic benefits in an infant macaque model of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We now summarize the toxicity and safety of PMPA in these studies. When a range of PMPA doses (4 to 30 mg/kg of body weight administered subcutaneously once daily) was administered to 39 infant macaques for a short period of time (range, 1 day to 12 weeks), no adverse effects on their health or growth were observed; this included a subset of 12 animals which were monitored for more than 2 years. In contrast, daily administration of a high dose of PMPA (30 mg/kg subcutaneously) for prolonged periods of time (>8 to 21 months) to 13 animals resulted in a Fanconi-like syndrome (proximal renal tubular disorder) with glucosuria, aminoaciduria, hypophosphatemia, growth restriction, bone pathology (osteomalacia), and reduced clearance of PMPA. The adverse effects were reversible or were alleviated following either complete withdrawal of PMPA treatment or reduction of the daily regimen from 30 mg/kg to 2.5 to 10 mg/kg subcutaneously. Finally, to evaluate the safety of a prolonged low-dose treatment regimen, two newborn macaques were started on a 10-mg/kg/day subcutaneous regimen; these animals are healthy and have normal bone density and growth after 5 years of daily treatment. In conclusion, our findings suggest that chronic daily administration of a high dose of PMPA results in adverse effects on kidney and bone, while short-term administration of relatively high doses and prolonged low-dose administration are safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Borda JT, Pauley DR, MacKey JJ, Alvarez X, Simon MA, Klumpp SA. Immunoglobulin-A nephropathy with crescentic glomerulonephritis in a pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Vet Pathol 2004; 41:44-9. [PMID: 14715967 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-1-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old female pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), experimentally coinfected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251) and Mycobacterium bovis(bacillus Calmette-Guerin), was euthanatized 1 year after infection because of weight loss and labored breathing. On gross examination, both kidneys were found to be markedly enlarged (right: 54.7 g and left: 51.7 g; normal < 20 g). Renal lesions were evaluated by histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural methods. Light microscopy revealed that the glomeruli were diffusely hypercellular with expansion of the mesangial matrix, and crescent formation affected approximately 60% of the glomeruli. By immunohistochemical evaluation, it was found that the crescents were composed principally of macrophages, as seen by CD68 (KP1), MRP8, MAC387, and HAM56 expression. Electron microscopic examination of the glomeruli revealed extensive intramembranous, subendothelial, and mesangial electron-dense deposits and multifocal fusion of the visceral epithelial foot processes. Immunofluorescence, used to determine the composition of the electron-dense deposits, revealed diffuse granular mesangial and capillary staining for immunoglobulin A (IgA). The renal changes described in this case report are most consistent with the findings of crescentic gloerulonephritis with IgA immune complex deposition in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium as described in humans with IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Borda
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three River Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Ray PE, Liu XH, Robinson LR, Reid W, Xu L, Owens JW, Jones OD, Denaro F, Davis HG, Bryant JL. A novel HIV-1 transgenic rat model of childhood HIV-1-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003; 63:2242-53. [PMID: 12753314 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A characteristic finding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the presence of heavy proteinuria, focal or global glomerulosclerosis, and microcystic tubular dilatation leading to renal enlargement, and rapid progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). METHODS We have recently developed the first HIV-1 transgenic rat model that carry a noninfectious HIV-1 DNA construct lacking 3.1 kb of sequence overlapping the gag and pol sequences, and develop many of the clinical lesions seen in HIV-infected patients, including HIVAN. To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of childhood HIVAN, we followed the clinical and renal pathologic outcome of 165 HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-Tg) rats and their respective control littermates for a period of 18 months. RESULTS HIV-1 Tg rats progressively developed proteinuria and renal histologic lesions similar to those seen in children with HIVAN, leading to chronic renal failure. By in situ hybridization, HIV-1 genes were detected in glomerular and tubular epithelial cells and infiltrating mononuclear cells, which also expressed the HIV-1 envelop protein gp120. The development of HIVAN was associated with the accumulation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the kidney. CONCLUSION These data support the notion that HIV-1 plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of HIVAN, by affecting the function and growth of renal epithelial cells, inducing the recruitment of mononuclear cells, and accumulating bFGF in the kidney, even in the absence of viral replication. These rats may provide an excellent model system to study the pathogenesis of childhood HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio E Ray
- Children's Research Institute, Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20010, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Alpers
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195-6100, USA.
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Abstract
Improved therapy directed against opportunistic infection and HIV-1 itself has resulted in greatly enhanced patient survival in the past decade among patients infected with HIV-1. Since patients are living longer, HIV-1 infection is associated with a rising burden of kidney disease. Approximately 14% of black patients and 6% of white patients dying with HIV-1 infection in 1999 in the United States had renal disease. Overall, 10% of patients dying with HIV-1 infection had renal failure. The most common glomerular diseases are focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and immune complex glomerulonephritis. Appropriate therapy for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis includes effective antiretroviral therapy and angiotensin antagonist medication. Drug toxicity is also common, often manifesting as electrolyte abnormalities, acute renal failure, interstitial nephritis, or nephrolithiasis. In particular, indinavir is associated with crystalluria, nephrolithiasis, interstitial nephritis, and lower urinary tract inflammation. Appropriate screening for renal disease and appropriate intervention will likely reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with progressive renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Building 10, Room 3N114, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1268, USA.
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Simard MC, Chrobak P, Kay DG, Hanna Z, Jothy S, Jolicoeur P. Expression of simian immunodeficiency virus nef in immune cells of transgenic mice leads to a severe AIDS-like disease. J Virol 2002; 76:3981-95. [PMID: 11907238 PMCID: PMC136064 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.8.3981-3995.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the functions of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef in vivo in a small-animal model, we constructed transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the SIV(mac)239 nef gene in the natural target cells of the virus under the control of the human CD4 gene promoter (CD4C). These CD4C/SHIV-nef(SIV) Tg mice develop a severe AIDS-like disease, with manifestations including premature death, failure to thrive or weight loss, wasting, thymic atrophy, an especially low number of peripheral CD8+ T cells as well as a low number of peripheral CD4+ T cells, diarrhea, splenomegaly, and kidney (interstitial nephritis, segmental glomerulosclerosis), lung (lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis), and heart disease. In addition, these Tg mice fail to mount a class-switched antibody response after immunization with ovalbumin, they produce anti-DNA autoantibodies, and some of them develop Pneumocystis carinii lung infections. All these results suggest a generalized Nef-induced immunodeficiency. The low numbers of peripheral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are likely to reflect a thymic defect and may be similar to the DiGeorge-like "thymic defect" immunophenotype described for a subgroup of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Therefore, it appears that SIV Nef alone expressed in mice, in appropriate cell types and at sufficient levels, can elicit many of the phenotypes of simian and human AIDS. These Tg mice should be instrumental in studying the pathogenesis of SIV Nef-induced phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Chantal Simard
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive patients are at risk for the development of a variety of acute and chronic renal diseases. The most common cause of chronic renal failure in HIV-1-seropositive patients is HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). HIVAN occurs almost exclusively in black patients and the majority of published cases are of patients who present with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This disease is currently the third leading cause of end-stage renal disease in blacks aged 20-64. Because HIV-1-seropositive patients may develop a wide variety of acute and chronic renal diseases, definitive diagnosis requires renal biopsy. Emerging data suggest a direct role of HIV-1 infection of kidney cells in the pathogenesis of HIVAN. There have been no well-controlled clinical trials in the treatment of HIVAN. The therapeutic agents with the most promise are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and antiretroviral medications. Long-term renal prognosis may be changing in the setting of improved aggressive antiretroviral therapy. Patient survival is determined primarily by the stage of HIV-1 infection. In this article, we present the case history of a patient who developed HIVAN. We then review the current literature concerning the epidemiology, differential diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ross
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Bruggeman LA, Ross MD, Tanji N, Cara A, Dikman S, Gordon RE, Burns GC, D'Agati VD, Winston JA, Klotman ME, Klotman PE. Renal epithelium is a previously unrecognized site of HIV-1 infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:2079-2087. [PMID: 11053484 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v11112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The striking emergence of an epidemic of HIV-related renal disease in patients with end-stage renal disease provided the rationale for the exploration of whether HIV-1 directly infects renal parenchymal cells. Renal glomerular and tubular epithelial cells contain HIV-1 mRNA and DNA, indicating infection by HIV-1. In addition, circularized viral DNA, a marker of recent nuclear import of full-length, reverse-transcribed RNA, was detected in the biopsies, suggesting active replication in renal tissue. Infiltrating infected leukocytes harbored more viral mRNA than renal epithelium. Identification of this novel reservoir suggests that effectively targeting the kidney with antiretrovirals may be critical for patients who are seropositive with renal disease. Thus, renal epithelium constitutes a unique and previously unrecognized cell target for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Bruggeman
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michael D Ross
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nozomu Tanji
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Cara
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Steven Dikman
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ronald E Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Godfrey C Burns
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan A Winston
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mary E Klotman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Paul E Klotman
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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18
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Abstract
The podocyte has diverse functions including glomerular filtration, biosynthesis and maintenance of the glomerular capillary architecture. It discharges these functions by virtue of a unique morphology, an intimate relationship with the capillary wall, and diverse synthetic and membrane specializations. Despite the complex role that it plays in glomerular function, the clinical manifestations of podocyte dysfunction are limited to proteinuria and renal insufficiency. Recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in renal transplants provides a unique opportunity to study the pathogenesis of FSGS in human beings, because the patients are monitored carefully to identify the onset of disease, the recurrence is presumed to have the same etiology as the primary disease, renal biopsy is a tool to study the pathogenesis of the lesion, and therapeutic intervention provides a mechanism to test pathogenesis. Pathologic studies have identified a proliferative lesion of the podocytes as the first sign of recurrent disease. The glomerular lesions evolve to form segmental glomerular scars with time. These findings and studies in experimental models of FSGS implicate podocyte injury in the pathogenesis of the recurrent disease. The cellular lesion (similar to the proliferative lesion of podocytes in recurrent FSGS), seen early in the course of primary FSGS suggests that the pathogenic sequence in recurrent FSGS also applies to primary FSGS. A soluble circulating factor that increases glomerular permeability and correlates with recurrence of FSGS has been identified in the pretransplant serum of patients with end-stage FSGS, but the mechanism of podocyte injury by this factor remains speculative. In any case, podocytes in the cellular lesion undergo morphologic changes and lose specialized functions seen in the normal mature cell, and these structural and functional abnormalities cause the permeability changes associated with proteinuria and destruction of glomerular filtration surface by scarring associated with loss of glomerular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Schwartz
- Department of Pathology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA.
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19
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Wozniak E, McBride J, DeNardo D, Tarara R, Wong V, Osburn B. Isolation and characterization of an antigenically distinct 68-kd protein from nonviral intracytoplasmic inclusions in Boa constrictors chronically infected with the inclusion body disease virus (IBDV: Retroviridae). Vet Pathol 2000; 37:449-59. [PMID: 11055868 DOI: 10.1354/vp.37-5-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between a retroviral infection and the development of nonviral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies was studied in a Boa constrictor model. Twelve juvenile age- and size-matched inclusion body disease (IBD)-negative boas were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 ml of an IBD virus (IBDV)-infected liver homogenate or 1 ml of normal boa liver homogenate (sham-inoculated control) or was left untreated. All boas were monitored for development of IBD by daily examination and serial liver biopsy over 1 year. The 4 IBDV-inoculated boas became IBDV and inclusion positive by 10 weeks postinoculation. The average size and density of inclusion bodies increased with the duration of infection. Ultrastructurally, inclusion bodies <2 microm in diameter consisted of intracytoplasmic aggregates of granular electron-dense material that were not membrane limited. Larger inclusions (3-6 microm in diameter) were characterized as membrane-bound aggregates of amorphous to granular electron-dense material admixed with membranelike fragments. The sham-inoculated and untreated control snakes did not become inclusion or IBDV positive. Direct comparison of the protein electrophoretograms of IBDV-infected and normal boa tissues demonstrated a prominent 68-kd protein band unique to infected inclusion-positive tissues. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the 68-kd protein band specifically labeled inclusion bodies. The results of this study demonstrate that IBD inclusions represent an intracytoplasmic accumulation of an antigenically distinct IBDV-associated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wozniak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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20
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Abstract
A number of chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) viruses containing tat, rev, vpu, and env from HIV-1 (strain HXBc2) in a genetic background of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(mac)239) have been derived from the parental nonpathogenic SHIV-4 virus. In this article we examine the renal pathology associated with the derivation of these pathogenic SHIV strains. The first of the pathogenic SHIVs, SHIV(KU-1), is associated with rapid CD4(+) T cell loss and opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, but only one of four infected pigtail macaques examined has developed significant renal pathology. The renal pathology in this macaque consists of a diffuse increase in matrix in the core of each lobule with collapsed glomerular capillries, which is similar to the renal changes reported in HIVAN. Passage of this virus into rhesus macaques yielded SHIV(KU-2), which results in renal pathology in three of four inoculated rhesus macaques in which <10% of the glomeruli are involved. A molecular clone of SHIV(KU-2) was derived (SHIV(KU-2MC4)) that causes neurologic and renal pathology with more than 60% of the glomeruli involved and results in uremic level BUN concentrations. These results indicate that SHIV(KU-2MC4) causes severe significant glomerular pathology and should permit a detailed analysis of the molecular determinants associated with the development of SHIV-associated glomerulosclerosis in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Stephens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA.
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21
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Tokizawa S, Shimizu N, Hui-Yu L, Deyu F, Haraguchi Y, Oite T, Hoshino H. Infection of mesangial cells with HIV and SIV: identification of GPR1 as a coreceptor. Kidney Int 2000; 58:607-17. [PMID: 10916084 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesangial cells are an important component of the glomerulus. Dysfunction of mesangial cells is thought to be involved in the development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). HIVAN is a structural renal failure frequently observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. However, the susceptibility of mesangial cells to HIV-1 is disputable. More than ten G protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, have been shown to act as HIV-1 coreceptors that determine the susceptibilities of cells to HIV-1 strains with specific cell tropisms. METHODS We examined the susceptibility of mesangial cells to various HIV-1, HIV type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains. Expression of CD4 and HIV/SIV coreceptors was examined by Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Mesangial cells were found to be susceptible to HIV-1 variant and mutants that infect brain-derived cells, but highly resistant to T-tropic (X4), M-tropic (R5) or dual-tropic (X4R5) HIV-1 strains. In addition, mesangial cells were also susceptible to HIV-2 and SIV strains that infect the brain-derived cells. Among HIV/SIV coreceptors we tested, the expression of GPR1 mRNA was detected in mesangial cells. Expression of CD4 mRNA and protein was also detected in them. Mesangial cells and GPR1-transduced CD4-positive cells showed similar susceptibilities to the HIV-1 variant and mutants and HIV-2 and SIV strains. CONCLUSIONS CD4 and GPR1 mRNAs were detected in mesangial cells. Mesangial cells were susceptible to HIV/SIV strains that use GPR1 as a coreceptor. Our findings suggest that an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR1, is a coreceptor expressed in mesangial cells. It remains to be investigated whether the interaction of mesangial cells with specific HIV-1 strains through GPR1 plays a role in the development of HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tokizawa
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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22
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Eitner F, Cui Y, Hudkins KL, Schmidt A, Birkebak T, Agy MB, Hu SL, Morton WR, Anderson DM, Alpers CE. Thrombotic microangiopathy in the HIV-2-infected macaque. Am J Pathol 1999; 155:649-61. [PMID: 10433958 PMCID: PMC1866875 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) has been increasingly reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans over the past decade. The pathogenesis is unknown. We prospectively analyzed the renal pathology and function of 27 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina), infected intravenously with a virulent HIV-2 strain, HIV-2(287), in addition to that of four uninfected control macaques. Necropsies were performed between 12 hours and 28 days after infection. HIV-2 antigen was detectable in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cocultures in all animals after 10 days of HIV-2 infection; a rapid decline in CD4(+) PBMC (<350/microliter) was seen in five of six animals 21 days and 28 days after infection. No macaque developed features of clinical AIDS. Typical lesions of human HIV-associated nephropathy were undetectable. Six of the 27 HIV-2-infected macaques demonstrated both histological TMA lesions (thrombi in glomerular capillary loops and small arteries, mesangiolysis) and ultrastructural lesions (mesangiolysis, subendothelial lucency, platelet thrombi in glomerular capillary lumina). Extrarenal thrombi were detected in the gastrointestinal and adrenal microvasculature of macaques that had developed renal TMA. None of the control animals demonstrated features of renal TMA at necropsy. In a retrospective analysis of kidneys obtained from 39 additional macaques infected with HIV-2(287), seven cases demonstrated TMA. In situ hybridization showed no detectable HIV-2 RNA in kidney sections of 65/66 HIV-2-infected macaques, including all 13 TMA cases. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, the putative coreceptor for HIV-2(287), was absent in intrinsic renal cells in all HIV-2-infected macaques. The HIV-2-infected macaque may be a useful model of human HIV-associated TMA. Our data do not support a role of direct HIV-2 infection of intrinsic renal cells as an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Eitner
- Department of Pathology, The Washington Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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23
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Hill LR, Hess KR, Stephens LC, Tinkey PT, Price RE. Comparison of kidney weight and volume to selected anatomical parameters in the adult female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 1999; 28:67-72. [PMID: 10431696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1999.tb00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the normal distribution of renal weight and volume was determined and the correlation between the weight and volume and various skeletal measurements taken from radiographs and at necropsy was assessed. Values from 136 female monkeys with complete data (including all bone, radiographic, and kidney measurements) were analyzed. The mean kidney weight was 13 g with a standard deviation (SD) of 2 g. The mean kidney volume was 12 ml, SD 2 ml. The estimation of kidney weight and volume from bone length, age, or body weight was not reliable according to statistical analysis of our data. We did find that all apparently normal adult female rhesus monkeys typically have similar sized kidneys. This information is useful in that it reduces concerns about consistency in experimental subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Hill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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24
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Eitner F, Cui Y, Hudkins KL, Anderson DM, Schmidt A, Morton WR, Alpers CE. Chemokine receptor (CCR5) expression in human kidneys and in the HIV infected macaque. Kidney Int 1998; 54:1945-54. [PMID: 9853259 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine receptor, CCR5, has been identified as an essential co-receptor with CD4, which permits entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into mammalian cells. This receptor may also mediate leukocyte and parenchymal responses to injury by virtue of its binding to locally released chemokines such as RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta during inflammation. The localization of CCR5 in human or primate kidney is unknown. In this study we sought to identify sites of CCR5 synthesis through localization of mRNA coding for this peptide. METHODS CCR5 cDNA cloned into an expression vector was transcribed into a 1.1 Kb antisense riboprobe that was utilized for in situ hybridization (ISH) and Northern blotting studies. RESULTS Northern analysis demonstrated positive hybridization for CCR5 mRNA in total RNA isolated from allograft nephrectomy tissue with features of severe transplant rejection as well as in kidney tissue with focal interstitial nephritis. No comparable hybridization signal was achieved with human kidney tissue uninvolved by disease. CCR5 mRNA was not identified in intrinsic renal cell types by ISH in normal human (N = 6), normal macaque kidney (N = 5), in kidneys from macaques with established infection by HIV-2 (N = 9), kidneys from macaques infected with HIV-1 (N = 4), nor in kidneys from SIV-infected macaques (N = 5). CCR5 was identified by ISH in human kidneys with features of interstitial nephritis (N = 3) and in rejected human allograft kidneys (N = 14). The expression of CCR5 was restricted to infiltrating mononuclear leukocytes at sites of chronic tubulointerstitial injury and at sites of vascular and interestitial rejection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the localization of CCR5 as well as other chemokine receptors may help us understand how specificity in leukocyte trafficking is achieved in renal inflammatory processes such as allograft rejection and interstitial nephritis. They provide additional evidence that chemokines may be critical mediators of leukocyte trafficking in renal allograft rejection. These findings may account in part for the difficulty in demonstrating HIV infection of renal cells in human HIV infection, since these cells appear to lack constitutive expression of an essential co-receptor needed for viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Eitner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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25
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Kuller L, Thompson J, Watanabe R, Iskandriati D, Alpers CE, Morton WR, Agy MB. Mucosal antibody expression following rapid SIV(Mne) dissemination in intrarectally infected Macaca nemestrina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:1345-56. [PMID: 9788676 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early kinetics of antibody expression following transmucosal infection by SIV(Mne) were examined in several mucosal compartments in Macaca nemestrina. Five male-female pairs of macaques were inoculated intrarectally with SIV(Mne) E11S, a biological clone, and serially euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinoculation. Plasma, tears, saliva, rectal secretions, and vaginal washes were collected serially and just prior to euthanasia. Both total and SIV-specific IgG and IgA levels were measured by immunoglobulin isotype-specific quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and were further examined by conventional and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) immunoblots. Virus coculture, polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization assays revealed the systemic spread of virus as early as 1 week postinoculation in 8 of 10 animals. ECL immunoblots detected SIV-specific antibodies in mucosal samples collected 1 week postinoculation. The most dramatic increases in both total and SIV-specific IgA levels were detected in rectal secretion samples. In contrast, plasma and nonrectal mucosal samples from the same time points increased only slightly, suggesting that the most robust antibody response occurred at the portal of infection. Our results show that the SIV-infected macaque is an excellent model for studies designed to assess mucosal immune responses to primate lentivirus infections. Additional studies will assess the correlation between the antiviral protection afforded by candidate vaccines and mucosal antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuller
- Washington Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7330, USA
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26
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Gattone VH, Tian C, Zhuge W, Sahni M, Narayan O, Stephens EB. SIV-associated nephropathy in rhesus macaques infected with lymphocyte-tropic SIVmac239. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:1163-80. [PMID: 9737588 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the renal pathology and viral genetic changes following inoculation of six rhesus macaques with lymphocyte-tropic SIVmac239. Portions of the renal cortex were sieved into glomerular and tubulointerstitial (TI) fractions and examined for SIVmac sequences by PCR and for p27 core antigen. SIVmac sequences were detected in renal tissue from five of six macaques (three of five glomerular and five of five TI fractions were positive for SIV by PCR). Glomerulosclerosis (segmental and global) was evident in two macaques that were positive for env sequences in the glomerular fractions. Diffuse mesangial hyperplasia and matrix expansion were present in all three animals with glomerular SIV, as was an increase in glomerular collagen I and collagen IV. Tubulointerstitial inflammation was evident in all virus-inoculated macaques. The TI infiltration of CD68+ cells was most pronounced in the animals with SIVmac present in the glomerulus. All SIVmac-infected macaques exhibited increased glomerular deposition of IgM and to a lesser extent IgG, but no C3 or IgA was evident. Sequence analyses of the viral env gene (gp120) isolated from the glomerular and TI fractions of a macaque that developed glomerulopathy revealed the presence of specific viral variants in glomerular and TI fractions. In addition, chimeric viruses constructed with glomerular but not tubulointerstitial gp120 sequences were converted to a macrophage-tropic phenotype. These results indicate that infection by lymphocyte-tropic SIVmac239 is primarily associated with immunoglobulin deposition in the glomerulus and suggests that when glomerulosclerosis develops there is selection of viral variants that are macrophage tropic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Gattone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA
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