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Bibollet-Ruche F, Russell RM, Liu W, Stewart-Jones GBE, Sherrill-Mix S, Li Y, Learn GH, Smith AG, Gondim MVP, Plenderleith LJ, Decker JM, Easlick JL, Wetzel KS, Collman RG, Ding S, Finzi A, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Leendertz FH, van Schijndel J, Goedmakers A, Ton E, Boesch C, Kuehl H, Arandjelovic M, Dieguez P, Murai M, Colin C, Koops K, Speede S, Gonder MK, Muller MN, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Atencia R, Cox D, Piel AK, Stewart FA, Ndjango JBN, Mjungu D, Lonsdorf EV, Pusey AE, Kwong PD, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Hahn BH. CD4 receptor diversity in chimpanzees protects against SIV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3229-3238. [PMID: 30718403 PMCID: PMC6386711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821197116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV/SIVs) use CD4 as the primary receptor to enter target cells. Here, we show that the chimpanzee CD4 is highly polymorphic, with nine coding variants present in wild populations, and that this diversity interferes with SIV envelope (Env)-CD4 interactions. Testing the replication fitness of SIVcpz strains in CD4+ T cells from captive chimpanzees, we found that certain viruses were unable to infect cells from certain hosts. These differences were recapitulated in CD4 transfection assays, which revealed a strong association between CD4 genotypes and SIVcpz infection phenotypes. The most striking differences were observed for three substitutions (Q25R, Q40R, and P68T), with P68T generating a second N-linked glycosylation site (N66) in addition to an invariant N32 encoded by all chimpanzee CD4 alleles. In silico modeling and site-directed mutagenesis identified charged residues at the CD4-Env interface and clashes between CD4- and Env-encoded glycans as mechanisms of inhibition. CD4 polymorphisms also reduced Env-mediated cell entry of monkey SIVs, which was dependent on at least one D1 domain glycan. CD4 allele frequencies varied among wild chimpanzees, with high diversity in all but the western subspecies, which appeared to have undergone a selective sweep. One allele was associated with lower SIVcpz prevalence rates in the wild. These results indicate that substitutions in the D1 domain of the chimpanzee CD4 can prevent SIV cell entry. Although some SIVcpz strains have adapted to utilize these variants, CD4 diversity is maintained, protecting chimpanzees against infection with SIVcpz and other SIVs to which they are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Guillaume B E Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew G Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marcos V P Gondim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lindsey J Plenderleith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M Decker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Juliet L Easlick
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Katherine S Wetzel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shilei Ding
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X0A9, Canada
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joost van Schijndel
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Chimbo Foundation, 1011 PW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Els Ton
- Chimbo Foundation, 1011 PW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar Kuehl
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mizuki Murai
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christelle Colin
- Projet Primates France, Centre de Conservation pour Chimpanzés, BP 36 Faranah, Republic of Guinea
| | - Kathelijne Koops
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sheri Speede
- Sanaga-Yong Chimpanzee Rescue Center, In Defense of Animals-Africa, Portland, OR 97204
| | - Mary K Gonder
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Martin N Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Crickette M Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130
- Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, BP 14537 Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - David B Morgan
- Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, BP 14537 Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
| | - Rebecca Atencia
- Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center, The Jane Goodall Institute-Congo, BP 1206 Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Debby Cox
- Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center, The Jane Goodall Institute-Congo, BP 1206 Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
- Africa Programs, The Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, VA 22182
| | - Alex K Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Bosco N Ndjango
- Department of Ecology and Management of Plant and Animal Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, BP 2012 Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Deus Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | | | - Anne E Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Boué V, Locatelli S, Boucher F, Ayouba A, Butel C, Esteban A, Okouga AP, Ndoungouet A, Motsch P, Le Flohic G, Ngari P, Prugnolle F, Ollomo B, Rouet F, Liégeois F. High Rate of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infections in Wild Chimpanzees in Northeastern Gabon. Viruses 2015; 7:4997-5015. [PMID: 26389939 PMCID: PMC4584299 DOI: 10.3390/v7092855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and P is the result of four independent cross-species transmissions between chimpanzees (cpz) and gorillas (gor) from central/south Cameroon and humans respectively. Although the first two SIVcpz were identified in wild-born captive chimpanzees in Gabon in 1989, no study has been conducted so far in wild chimpanzees in Gabon. To document the SIVcpz infection rate, genetic diversity, and routes of virus transmission, we analyzed 1458 faecal samples collected in 16 different locations across the country, and we conducted follow-up missions in two of them. We found 380 SIV antibody positive samples in 6 different locations in the north and northeast. We determined the number of individuals collected by microsatellite analysis and obtained an adjusted SIV prevalence of 39.45%. We performed parental analysis to investigate viral spread between and within communities and found that SIVs were epidemiologically linked and were transmitted by both horizontal and vertical routes. We amplified pol and gp41 fragments and obtained 57 new SIVcpzPtt strains from three sites. All strains, but one, clustered together within a specific phylogeographic clade. Given that these SIV positive samples have been collected nearby villages and that humans continue to encroach in ape's territories, the emergence of a new HIV in this area needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Boué
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", IRD / UM-INSERM U1175/ UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Sabrina Locatelli
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", IRD / UM-INSERM U1175/ UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Floriane Boucher
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", IRD / UM-INSERM U1175/ UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", IRD / UM-INSERM U1175/ UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Christelle Butel
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", IRD / UM-INSERM U1175/ UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Amandine Esteban
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", IRD / UM-INSERM U1175/ UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | - Peggy Motsch
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| | | | - Paul Ngari
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution, Contrôle, UMR 224IRD/CNRS/UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France4 Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom-Penh BP 983, Royaume du Cambodge.
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| | - François Rouet
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom-Penh BP 983, Royaume du Cambodge.
| | - Florian Liégeois
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", IRD / UM-INSERM U1175/ UM1, 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
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Barbian HJ, Decker JM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Galimidi RP, West AP, Learn GH, Parrish NF, Iyer SS, Li Y, Pace CS, Song R, Huang Y, Denny TN, Mouquet H, Martin L, Acharya P, Zhang B, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Verrips CT, Strokappe NM, Rutten L, McCoy LE, Weiss RA, Brown CS, Jackson R, Silvestri G, Connors M, Burton DR, Shaw GM, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ, Ho DD, Farzan M, Hahn BH. Neutralization properties of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and gorillas. mBio 2015; 6:e00296-15. [PMID: 25900654 PMCID: PMC4453581 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00296-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) represent powerful tools to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Here, we examined whether HIV-1-specific bNabs are capable of cross-neutralizing distantly related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting central (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) (SIVcpzPtt) and eastern (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) (SIVcpzPts) chimpanzees (n = 11) as well as western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) (SIVgor) (n = 1). We found that bNabs directed against the CD4 binding site (n = 10), peptidoglycans at the base of variable loop 3 (V3) (n = 5), and epitopes at the interface of surface (gp120) and membrane-bound (gp41) envelope glycoproteins (n = 5) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. In addition, apex V2-directed bNabs (n = 3) as well as llama-derived (heavy chain only) antibodies (n = 6) recognizing both the CD4 binding site and gp41 epitopes were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpzPtt strains. In contrast, one antibody targeting the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 (10E8), functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Ig(mim2), CD4-218.3-E51, and CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), as well as mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 (iMab and LM52) and CCR5 (PRO140, PRO140-10E8) receptor antibodies neutralized >90% of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains with low-nanomolar (0.13 to 8.4 nM) potency. Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5 and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4(+) T cells, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 3.6 to 40.5 nM. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bNabs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIVcpz infection. IMPORTANCE SIVcpz is widespread in wild-living chimpanzees and can cause AIDS-like immunopathology and clinical disease. HIV-1 infection of humans can be controlled by antiretroviral therapy; however, treatment of wild-living African apes with current drug regimens is not feasible. Nonetheless, it may be possible to curb the spread of SIVcpz in select ape communities using vectored immunoprophylaxis and/or therapy. Here, we show that antibodies and antibody-like inhibitors developed to combat HIV-1 infection in humans are capable of neutralizing genetically diverse SIVcpz and SIVgor strains with considerable breadth and potency, including in primary chimpanzee CD4(+) T cells. These reagents provide an important first step toward translating intervention strategies currently developed to treat and prevent AIDS in humans to SIV-infected apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Barbian
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie M Decker
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel P Galimidi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Anthony P West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas F Parrish
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shilpa S Iyer
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingying Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ruijiang Song
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Loic Martin
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nika M Strokappe
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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D'arc M, Ayouba A, Esteban A, Learn GH, Boué V, Liegeois F, Etienne L, Tagg N, Leendertz FH, Boesch C, Madinda NF, Robbins MM, Gray M, Cournil A, Ooms M, Letko M, Simon VA, Sharp PM, Hahn BH, Delaporte E, Mpoudi Ngole E, Peeters M. Origin of the HIV-1 group O epidemic in western lowland gorillas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1343-52. [PMID: 25733890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502022112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups M, N, O, and P, each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting African apes. Although groups M and N have been traced to geographically distinct chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon, the reservoirs of groups O and P remain unknown. Here, we screened fecal samples from western lowland (n = 2,611), eastern lowland (n = 103), and mountain (n = 218) gorillas for gorilla SIV (SIVgor) antibodies and nucleic acids. Despite testing wild troops throughout southern Cameroon (n = 14), northern Gabon (n = 16), the Democratic Republic of Congo (n = 2), and Uganda (n = 1), SIVgor was identified at only four sites in southern Cameroon, with prevalences ranging from 0.8-22%. Amplification of partial and full-length SIVgor sequences revealed extensive genetic diversity, but all SIVgor strains were derived from a single lineage within the chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) radiation. Two fully sequenced gorilla viruses from southwestern Cameroon were very closely related to, and likely represent the source population of, HIV-1 group P. Most of the genome of a third SIVgor strain, from central Cameroon, was very closely related to HIV-1 group O, again pointing to gorillas as the immediate source. Functional analyses identified the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G as a barrier for chimpanzee-to-gorilla, but not gorilla-to-human, virus transmission. These data indicate that HIV-1 group O, which spreads epidemically in west central Africa and is estimated to have infected around 100,000 people, originated by cross-species transmission from western lowland gorillas.
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Souquière S, Makuwa M, Sallé B, Kazanji M. New strain of simian immunodeficiency virus identified in wild-born chimpanzees from central Africa. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44298. [PMID: 22984489 PMCID: PMC3440395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of primate lentiviruses continue to provide information about the evolution of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) and the origin and emergence of HIV since chimpanzees in west–central Africa (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) were recognized as the reservoir of SIVcpzPtt viruses, which have been related phylogenetically to HIV-1. Using in-house peptide ELISAs to study SIV prevalence, we tested 104 wild-born captive chimpanzees from Gabon and Congo. We identified two new cases of SIVcpz infection in Gabon and characterized a new SIVcpz strain, SIVcpzPtt-Gab4. The complete sequence (9093 bp) was obtained by a PCR-based ‘genome walking’ approach to generate 17 overlapping fragments. Phylogenetic analyses of separated genes (gag, pol-vif and env-nef) showed that SIVcpzPtt-Gab4 is closely related to SIVcpzPtt-Gab1 and SIVcpzPtt-Gab2. No significant variation in viral load was observed during 3 years of follow-up, but a significantly lower CD4+ T cells count was found in infected than in uninfected chimpanzees (p<0.05). No clinical symptoms of SIV infection were observed in the SIV-positive chimpanzees. Further field studies with non-invasive methods are needed to determine the prevalence, geographic distribution, species association, and natural history of SIVcpz strains in the chimpanzee habitat in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Souquière
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bettina Sallé
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Bangui, Central African Republic
- * E-mail:
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Bello NF, Dussupt V, Sette P, Rudd V, Nagashima K, Bibollet-Ruche F, Chen C, Montelaro RC, Hahn BH, Bouamr F. Budding of retroviruses utilizing divergent L domains requires nucleocapsid. J Virol 2012; 86:4182-93. [PMID: 22345468 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.07105-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) carrying PTAP and LYPX(n)L L domains ceased budding when the nucleocapsid (NC) domain was mutated, suggesting a role for NC in HIV-1 release. Here we investigated whether NC involvement in virus release is a property specific to HIV-1 or a general requirement of retroviruses. Specifically, we examined a possible role for NC in the budding of retroviruses relying on divergent L domains and structurally homologous NC domains that harbor diverse protein sequences. We found that NC is critical for the release of viruses utilizing the PTAP motif whether it functions within its native Gag in simian immunodeficiency virus cpzGAB2 (SIVcpzGAB2) or SIVsmmE543 or when it is transplanted into the heterologous Gag protein of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). In both cases, virus release was severely diminished even though NC mutant Gag proteins retained the ability to assemble spherical particles. Moreover, budding-defective NC mutants, which displayed particles tethered to the plasma membrane, were triggered to release virus when access to the cell endocytic sorting complex required for transport pathway was restored (i.e., in trans expression of Nedd4.2s). We also examined the role of NC in the budding of EIAV, a retrovirus relying exclusively on the (L)YPX(n)L-type L domain. We found that EIAV late budding defects were rescued by overexpression of the isolated Alix Bro1 domain (Bro1). Bro1-mediated rescue of EIAV release required the wild-type NC. EIAV NC mutants lost interactions with Bro1 and failed to produce viruses despite retaining the ability to self-assemble. Together, our studies establish a role for NC in the budding of retroviruses harboring divergent L domains and evolutionarily diverse NC sequences, suggesting the utilization of a common conserved mechanism and/or cellular factor rather than a specific motif.
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Tebit DM, Arts EJ. Tracking a century of global expansion and evolution of HIV to drive understanding and to combat disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2011; 11:45-56. [PMID: 21126914 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Teixeira D, Munerato P, Komninakis SCV, Fusuma EE, Janini LM, Sucupira MCA, Diaz RS. The detection of in vivo and in vitro HIV type 1 B/F profiles in Brazil using a real-time PCR assay for five HIV type 1 genomic regions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:981-90. [PMID: 20707640 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the frequency and profile of HIV-1 BF recombinants in vitro and in vivo. Laboratory HIV-1 strains from subtypes B and F were cocultured and evaluated. Clinical samples from the city of Santos, Brazil, where the first HIV-1 B/F circulating recombinant forms (CRF) were described, were also assessed. Five real-time PCR assays were developed to equally amplify subtypes B and F, and subtype-specific probes were developed and optimized. To validate the PCR systems, clinical samples from Santos were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The real-time PCR assays were performed on these samples and on the supernatant of an in vitro competition assay to assess emergent recombinant strains. Out of 157 clinical samples, 62.1% were defined as subtype B, 3.0% were subtype F, 16.7% presented the CRF28_BF profile, and 13.6% of the samples presented the CRF29_BF profile. The specificity and sensitivity in the discrimination assay for this sample panel were 93% and 92%, respectively. The HIV that emerged from the coinfected cell culture closely resembled the CRF28_BF profile. The first-described CRFs are still fixed in this geographic region of Brazil, and the in vitro emerging strains detected by real-time PCR suggest that in addition to the shaping of recombinant strains by immune selection, viral structures may also play an important role in emerging CRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Teixeira
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Munerato
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Etsuko Fusuma
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Mario Janini
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Neel C, Etienne L, Li Y, Takehisa J, Rudicell RS, Bass IN, Moudindo J, Mebenga A, Esteban A, Van Heuverswyn F, Liegeois F, Kranzusch PJ, Walsh PD, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Ndjango JB, Plantier JC, Locatelli S, Gonder MK, Leendertz FH, Boesch C, Todd A, Delaporte E, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Hahn BH, Peeters M. Molecular epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living gorillas. J Virol 2010; 84:1464-76. [PMID: 19906908 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02129-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees and gorillas are the only nonhuman primates known to harbor viruses closely related to HIV-1. Phylogenetic analyses showed that gorillas acquired the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVgor from chimpanzees, and viruses from the SIVcpz/SIVgor lineage have been transmitted to humans on at least four occasions, leading to HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and P. To determine the geographic distribution, prevalence, and species association of SIVgor, we conducted a comprehensive molecular epidemiological survey of wild gorillas in Central Africa. Gorilla fecal samples were collected in the range of western lowland gorillas (n = 2,367) and eastern Grauer gorillas (n = 183) and tested for SIVgor antibodies and nucleic acids. SIVgor antibody-positive samples were identified at 2 sites in Cameroon, with no evidence of infection at 19 other sites, including 3 in the range of the Eastern gorillas. In Cameroon, based on DNA and microsatellite analyses of a subset of samples, we estimated the prevalence of SIVgor to be 1.6% (range, 0% to 4.6%), which is significantly lower than the prevalence of SIVcpzPtt in chimpanzees (5.9%; range, 0% to 32%). All newly identified SIVgor strains formed a monophyletic lineage within the SIVcpz radiation, closely related to HIV-1 groups O and P, and clustered according to their field site of origin. At one site, there was evidence for intergroup transmission and a high intragroup prevalence. These isolated hot spots of SIVgor-infected gorilla communities could serve as a source for human infection. The overall low prevalence and sporadic distribution of SIVgor could suggest a decline of SIVgor in wild populations, but it cannot be excluded that SIVgor is still more prevalent in other parts of the geographical range of gorillas.
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Arhel N, Lehmann M, Clauss K, Nienhaus GU, Piguet V, Kirchhoff F. The inability to disrupt the immunological synapse between infected human T cells and APCs distinguishes HIV-1 from most other primate lentiviruses. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2965-75. [PMID: 19759518 DOI: 10.1172/jci38994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses that infect T cells, including those of the lentivirus genus, such as HIV-1, modulate the responsiveness of infected T cells to stimulation by interacting APCs in a manner that renders the T cells more permissive for viral replication. HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses use their Nef proteins to manipulate the T cell/APC contact zone, the immunological synapse (IS). It is known that primate lentiviral Nef proteins differ substantially in their ability to modulate cell surface expression of the TCR-CD3 and CD28 receptors critical for the formation and function of the IS. However, the impact of these differences in Nef function on the interaction and communication between virally infected T cells and primary APCs has not been investigated. Here we have used primary human cells to show that Nef proteins encoded by HIV-2 and most SIVs, which downmodulate cell surface expression of TCR-CD3, disrupt formation of the IS between infected T cells and Ag-presenting macrophages or DCs. In contrast, nef alleles from HIV-1 and its simian precursor SIVcpz failed to suppress synapse formation and events downstream of TCR signaling. Our data suggest that most primate lentiviruses disrupt communication between virally infected CD4+ Th cells and APCs, whereas HIV-1 and its SIV precursor have largely lost this capability. The resulting differences in the levels of T cell activation and apoptosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Arhel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Decker JM, Zammit KP, Easlick JL, Santiago ML, Bonenberger D, Hahn BH, Kutsch O, Bibollet-Ruche F. Effective activation alleviates the replication block of CCR5-tropic HIV-1 in chimpanzee CD4+ lymphocytes. Virology 2009; 394:109-18. [PMID: 19748647 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) originated in chimpanzees; yet, several previous studies have shown that primary HIV-1 isolates replicate poorly in chimpanzee CD4+ T lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. The reasons for this apparent restriction are not understood. Here, we describe a new activation protocol that led to a reproducible expansion and activation of chimpanzee CD4+ T lymphocytes in vitro. Using this protocol, we uncovered species-specific differences in the activation profiles of human and chimpanzee CD4+ T-cells, including HLA-DR and CD62L. Moreover, we found that improved activation facilitated the replication of both CXCR4 and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 in CD4+ T-cell cultures from over 30 different chimpanzees. Thus, the previously reported "replication block" of CCR5-tropic HIV-1 in chimpanzee lymphocytes appears to be due, at least in large part, to suboptimal T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Decker
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th Street South, KAUL 852, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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12
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Takehisa J, Kraus MH, Ayouba A, Bailes E, Van Heuverswyn F, Decker JM, Li Y, Rudicell RS, Learn GH, Neel C, Ngole EM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Origin and biology of simian immunodeficiency virus in wild-living western gorillas. J Virol 2009; 83:1635-48. [PMID: 19073717 PMCID: PMC2643789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02311-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are infected with a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVgor) that is closely related to chimpanzee and human immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz and HIV-1, respectively) in west central Africa. Although existing data suggest a chimpanzee origin for SIVgor, a paucity of available sequences has precluded definitive conclusions. Here, we report the molecular characterization of one partial (BQ664) and three full-length (CP684, CP2135, and CP2139) SIVgor genomes amplified from fecal RNAs of wild-living gorillas at two field sites in Cameroon. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all SIVgor strains clustered together, forming a monophyletic lineage throughout their genomes. Interestingly, the closest relatives of SIVgor were not SIVcpzPtt strains from west central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) but human viruses belonging to HIV-1 group O. In trees derived from most genomic regions, SIVgor and HIV-1 group O formed a sister clade to the SIVcpzPtt lineage. However, in a tree derived from 5' pol sequences ( approximately 900 bp), SIVgor and HIV-1 group O fell within the SIVcpzPtt radiation. The latter was due to two SIVcpzPtt strains that contained mosaic pol sequences, pointing to the existence of a divergent SIVcpzPtt lineage that gave rise to SIVgor and HIV-1 group O. Gorillas appear to have acquired this lineage at least 100 to 200 years ago. To examine the biological properties of SIVgor, we synthesized a full-length provirus from fecal consensus sequences. Transfection of the resulting clone (CP2139.287) into 293T cells yielded infectious virus that replicated efficiently in both human and chimpanzee CD4(+) T cells and used CCR5 as the coreceptor for viral entry. Together, these results provide strong evidence that P. t. troglodytes apes were the source of SIVgor. These same apes may also have spawned the group O epidemic; however, the possibility that gorillas served as an intermediary host cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takehisa
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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MacFie TS, Nerrienet E, de Groot NG, Bontrop RE, Mundy NI. Patterns of diversity in HIV-related loci among subspecies of chimpanzee: concordance at CCR5 and differences at CXCR4 and CX3CR1. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:719-27. [PMID: 19182224 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) arose in humans via zoonotic transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV(cpz)) from common chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. Despite the close relatedness of the two viruses and their hosts, we do not yet understand what causes SIV(cpz) to be nonpathogenic in chimpanzees, and HIV/AIDS to be one of the most devastating infectious diseases to have emerged in humans. There have been a number of genes identified in humans that confer disease resistance/susceptibility toward HIV-1, but little is known about the evolution and diversity of most of these chemokine receptor genes in chimpanzees. Here we show that genetic variation in chimpanzees differs across the various loci related to HIV-1, and that the pattern of variation differs among the chimpanzee subspecies. For all three subspecies, low diversity at CCR5 is confined to a small area of chromosome 3, suggesting that a selective sweep at this locus may have predated subspeciation. In contrast, diversity and neutrality tests suggest differing evolutionary forces among subspecies at CXCR4 and CX(3)CR1, with directional selection (in Pan troglodytes vellerosus) and demographic expansion (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) offering the most likely scenarios. These are some of the first data demonstrating differentiation in functional loci among chimpanzee subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S MacFie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Kratovac Z, Virgen CA, Bibollet-Ruche F, Hahn BH, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T. Primate lentivirus capsid sensitivity to TRIM5 proteins. J Virol 2008; 82:6772-7. [PMID: 18417575 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00410-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells express several factors that inhibit lentiviral infection and that have been under strong selective pressure. One of these factors, TRIM5, targets the capsid protein of incoming retrovirus particles and inhibits subsequent steps of the replication cycle. By substituting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid, we were able to show that a set of divergent primate lentivirus capsids was generally not susceptible to restriction by TRIM5 proteins from higher primates. TRIM5alpha proteins from other primates exhibited distinct restriction specificities for primate lentivirus capsids. Finally, we identified novel primate lentiviral capsids that are targeted by TRIMCyp proteins.
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the similarity (or lack of) between the phylogenetic substructure of HIV-1 groups O and M. METHODS Two phylogenetic tree statistics--the subtype diversity ratio (SDR) and the subtype diversity variance (SDV)--were used in conjunction with bootstrap replicates on gag, pol and env sequence alignments of group O and M strains. Randomly generated phylogenetic trees were used as a control. RESULTS We show that, as expected, the established global-group M subtypes have a high degree of phylogenetic symmetry in relation to each other in terms of inter- and intra-subtype diversification. They are significantly different from the substructure present amongst the random trees. To the contrary, the group O diversification does not display this highly symmetrical substructure and is not significantly different from the substructure present on randomly generated trees. Phylogenies comprised of group M strains from the epicentre of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), exhibit a substructure more similar to group O than to global-group M. CONCLUSIONS The substructure present within groups O and M is quantifiably different. The well defined clades, the subtypes that characterize group M diversification, are not present in group O or amongst group M strains from the DRC. The group M subtypes are thus unique and a signature of pandemic HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Archer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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16
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Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Neel C, Lafay B, Keele BF, Shaw KS, Takehisa J, Kraus MH, Loul S, Butel C, Liegeois F, Yangda B, Sharp PM, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M. Genetic diversity and phylogeographic clustering of SIVcpzPtt in wild chimpanzees in Cameroon. Virology 2007; 368:155-71. [PMID: 17651775 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that the clade of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting west central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) comprises the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we have greatly expanded our previous molecular epidemiological survey of SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees in Cameroon. The new results confirm a wide but uneven distribution of SIVcpzPtt in P. t. troglodytes throughout southern Cameroon and indicate the absence of SIVcpz infection in Pan troglodytes vellerosus. Analyzing 725 fecal samples from 15 field sites, we obtained partial nucleotide sequences from 16 new SIVcpzPtt strains and determined full-length sequences for two of these. Phylogenetic analyses of these new viruses confirmed the previously reported phylogeographic clustering of SIVcpzPtt lineages, with viruses related to the ancestors of HIV-1 groups M and N circulating exclusively in southeastern and south central P. t. troglodytes communities, respectively. Importantly, the SIVcpzPtt strains from the southeastern corner of Cameroon represent a relatively isolated clade indicating a defined geographic origin of the chimpanzee precursor of HIV-1 group M. Since contacts between humans and apes continue, the possibility of ongoing transmissions of SIV from chimpanzees (or gorillas) to humans has to be considered. In this context, our finding of distinct SIVcpzPtt envelope V3 sequence clades suggests that these peptides may be useful for the serological differentiation of SIVcpzPtt and HIV-1 infections, and thus the diagnosis of new cross-species transmissions if they occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Van Heuverswyn
- UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Department of International Health, University of Montpellier 1, 911, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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17
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Wain LV, Bailes E, Bibollet-Ruche F, Decker JM, Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Takehisa J, Ngole EM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Hahn BH, Sharp PM. Adaptation of HIV-1 to its human host. Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:1853-60. [PMID: 17545188 PMCID: PMC4053193 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) originated from three independent cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpzPtt) infecting chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in west central Africa, giving rise to pandemic (group M) and non-pandemic (groups N and O) clades of HIV-1. To identify host-specific adaptations in HIV-1 we compared the inferred ancestral sequences of HIV-1 groups M, N and O to 12 full length genome sequences of SIVcpzPtt and four of the outlying but closely related SIVcpzPts (from P. t. schweinfurthii). This analysis revealed a single site that was completely conserved among SIVcpzPtt strains but different (due to the same change) in all three groups of HIV-1. This site, Gag-30, lies within p17, the gag-encoded matrix protein. It is Met in SIVcpzPtt, underwent a conservative replacement by Leu in one lineage of SIVcpzPts but changed radically to Arg on all three lineages leading to HIV-1. During subsequent diversification this site has been conserved as a basic residue (Arg or Lys) in most lineages of HIV-1. Retrospective analysis revealed that Gag-30 had reverted to Met in a previous experiment in which HIV-1 was passaged through chimpanzees. To examine whether this substitution conferred a species specific growth advantage, we used site-directed mutagenesis to generate variants of these chimpanzee-adapted HIV-1 strains with Lys at Gag-30, and tested their replication in both human and chimpanzee CD4+ T lymphocytes. Remarkably, viruses encoding Met replicated to higher titers than viruses encoding Lys in chimpanzee T cells, but the opposite was found in human T cells. Taken together, these observations provide compelling evidence for host-specific adaptation during the emergence of HIV-1 and identify the viral matrix protein as a modulator of viral fitness following transmission to the new human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise V Wain
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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18
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Abstract
Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80538-1619, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Sharp
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
The third variable region, V3, of the gp120 surface envelope glycoprotein is an approximately 35-residue-long, frequently glycosylated, highly variable, disulfide-bonded structure that has a major influence on HIV-1 tropism. Thus the sequence of V3, directly or indirectly, can determine which coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) is used to trigger the fusion potential of the Env complex, and hence which cells the virus can infect. V3 also influences HIV-1's sensitivity to, and ability to escape from, entry inhibitors that are being developed as antiviral drugs. For some strains, V3 is a prominent target for HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs); indeed, for many years it was considered to be the "principal neutralization determinant" (PND). Some efforts to use V3 as a vaccine target continue to this day, despite disappointing progress over more than a decade. Recent findings on the structure, function, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of V3 cast new doubts on the value of this vaccine approach. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of V3 as a determinant of viral tropism, and discuss how this new knowledge may inform the development of HIV-1 drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hartley
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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