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Uryash A, Mijares A, Lopez CE, Adams JA, Allen PD, Lopez JR. Post-Anesthesia Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice Is Associated with an Age-Related Increase in Neuronal Intracellular [Ca 2+]-Neuroprotective Effect of Reducing Intracellular [Ca 2+]: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Cells 2024; 13:264. [PMID: 38334656 PMCID: PMC10854970 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common disorder after general anesthesia in elderly patients, the precise mechanisms of which remain unclear. Methods: We investigated the effect of isoflurane with or without dantrolene pretreatment on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leak, calpain activity, and cognitive function using the Morris water maze test of young (3 months), middle-aged (12-13 months), and aged (24-25 months) C57BL6/J mice. Results: Aged cortical and hippocampal neurons showed chronically elevated [Ca2+]i compared to young neurons. Furthermore, aged hippocampal neurons exhibited higher ROS production, increased LDH leak, and elevated calpain activity. Exposure to isoflurane exacerbated these markers in aged neurons, contributing to increased cognitive deficits in aged mice. Dantrolene pretreatment reduced [Ca2+]i for all age groups and prevented or significantly mitigated the effects of isoflurane on [Ca2+]i, ROS production, LDH leak, and calpain activity in aged neurons. Dantrolene also normalized or improved age-associated cognitive deficits and mitigated the cognitive deficits caused by isoflurane. Conclusions: These findings suggest that isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity and cognitive decline in aging are linked to disruptions in neuronal intracellular processes, highlighting the reduction of [Ca2+]i as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA; (A.U.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Alfredo Mijares
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela;
| | | | - Jose A. Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA; (A.U.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Paul D. Allen
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
| | - Jose R. Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
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Uryash A, Adams JA, Lopez JR. Altered [Ca2+] Regulation in Cortical Neurons of Mice Susceptible to Malignant Hyperthermia: An In Vivo Study. Anesthesiology 2023; 139:543-545. [PMID: 37535934 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose R Lopez
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, Florida (J.R.L.).
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Aishworiya R, Hwang YH, Santos E, Hayward B, Usdin K, Durbin-Johnson B, Hagerman R, Tassone F. Clinical implications of somatic allele expansion in female FMR1 premutation carriers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7050. [PMID: 37120588 PMCID: PMC10148869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carriers of a premutation allele (PM) in the FMR1 gene are at risk of developing a number of Fragile X premutation asssociated disorders (FXPAC), including Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), Fragile X-associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI), and Fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND). We have recently reported somatic CGG allele expansion in female PM; however, its clinical significance remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the potential clinical association between somatic FMR1 allele instability and PM associated disorders. Participants comprised of 424 female PM carriers age 0.3- 90 years. FMR1 molecular measures and clinical information on the presence of medical conditions, were determined for all subjects for primary analysis. Two sub-groups of participants (age ≥ 25, N = 377 and age ≥ 50, N = 134) were used in the analysis related to presence of FXPOI and FXTAS, respectively. Among all participants (N = 424), the degree of instability (expansion) was significantly higher (median 2.5 vs 2.0, P = 0.026) in participants with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to those without. FMR1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in subjects with any psychiatric disorder diagnosis (P = 0.0017); specifically, in those with ADHD (P = 0.009), and with depression (P = 0.025). Somatic FMR1 expansion was associated with the presence of ADHD in female PM and FMR1 mRNA levels were associated with the presence of mental health disorders. The findings of our research are innovative as they suggest a potential role of the CGG expansion in the clinical phenotype of PM and may potentially guide clinical prognosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Aishworiya
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50Th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Ye Hyun Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Ellery Santos
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50Th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Bruce Hayward
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karen Usdin
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50Th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50Th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Uryash A, Mijares A, Estève E, Adams JA, Lopez JR. Smooth Muscle Cells of Dystrophic (mdx) Mice Are More Susceptible to Hypoxia; The Protective Effect of Reducing Ca 2+ Influx. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020623. [PMID: 36831159 PMCID: PMC9953629 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited muscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DMD patients have hypoxemic events due to sleep-disordered breathing. We reported an anomalous regulation of resting intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a mouse (mdx) model of DMD. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on [Ca2+]i in isolated and quiescent VSMCs from C57BL/10SnJ (WT) and C57BL/10ScSn-Dmd (mdx) male mice. [Ca2+]i was measured using Ca2+-selective microelectrodes under normoxic conditions (95% air, 5% CO2) and after hypoxia (glucose-free solution aerated with 95% N2-5% CO2 for 30 min). [Ca2+]i in mdx VSMCs was significantly elevated compared to WT under normoxia. Hypoxia-induced [Ca2+]i overload, which was significantly greater in mdx than in WT VSMCs. A low Ca2+ solution caused a reduction in [Ca2+]i and prevented [Ca2+]i overload secondary to hypoxia. Nifedipine (10 µM), a Ca2+ channel blocker, did not modify resting [Ca2+]i in VSMCs but partially prevented the hypoxia-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i in both genotypes. SAR7334 (1 µM), an antagonist of TRPC3 and TRPC6, reduced the basal and [Ca2+]i overload caused by hypoxia. Cell viability, assessed by tetrazolium salt (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, was significantly reduced in mdx compared to WT VSMCs. Pretreatment with SAR7341 increases cell viability in normoxic mdx (p < 0.001) and during hypoxia in WT and mdx VSMCs. These results provide evidence that the lack of dystrophin makes VSMCs more susceptible to hypoxia-induced [Ca2+]i overload, which appears to be mediated by increased Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ and TRPC channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA
| | - Alfredo Mijares
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 21827, Venezuela
| | - Eric Estève
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, CHRU Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG/PRETA (UMR 5525), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jose A. Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA
| | - Jose R. Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-674-2727
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Fan C, Chen K, Wang Y, Ball EV, Stenson PD, Mort M, Bacolla A, Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Tainer JA, Cooper DN, Zhao H. Profiling human pathogenic repeat expansion regions by synergistic and multi-level impacts on molecular connections. Hum Genet 2023; 142:245-274. [PMID: 36344696 PMCID: PMC10290229 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Whilst DNA repeat expansions cause numerous heritable human disorders, their origins and underlying pathological mechanisms are often unclear. We collated a dataset comprising 224 human repeat expansions encompassing 203 different genes, and performed a systematic analysis with respect to key topological features at the DNA, RNA and protein levels. Comparison with controls without known pathogenicity and genomic regions lacking repeats, allowed the construction of the first tool to discriminate repeat regions harboring pathogenic repeat expansions (DPREx). At the DNA level, pathogenic repeat expansions exhibited stronger signals for DNA regulatory factors (e.g. H3K4me3, transcription factor-binding sites) in exons, promoters, 5'UTRs and 5'genes but were not significantly different from controls in introns, 3'UTRs and 3'genes. Additionally, pathogenic repeat expansions were also found to be enriched in non-B DNA structures. At the RNA level, pathogenic repeat expansions were characterized by lower free energy for forming RNA secondary structure and were closer to splice sites in introns, exons, promoters and 5'genes than controls. At the protein level, pathogenic repeat expansions exhibited a preference to form coil rather than other types of secondary structure, and tended to encode surface-located protein domains. Guided by these features, DPREx ( http://biomed.nscc-gz.cn/zhaolab/geneprediction/# ) achieved an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.88 in a test on an independent dataset. Pathogenic repeat expansions are thus located such that they exert a synergistic influence on the gene expression pathway involving inter-molecular connections at the DNA, RNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fan
- Department of Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 500001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ken Chen
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 500001, China
| | - Yukai Wang
- School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 500001, China
| | - Edward V Ball
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Peter D Stenson
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Matthew Mort
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Albino Bacolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - John A Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang West Road, Guangzhou, 500001, People's Republic of China.
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Klocke B, Krone K, Tornes J, Moore C, Ott H, Pitychoutis PM. Insights into the role of intracellular calcium signaling in the neurobiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1093099. [PMID: 36875674 PMCID: PMC9975342 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1093099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) comprises a critical ionic second messenger in the central nervous system that is under the control of a wide array of regulatory mechanisms, including organellar Ca2+ stores, membrane channels and pumps, and intracellular Ca2+-binding proteins. Not surprisingly, disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, aberrations in Ca2+ homeostasis have also been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders with a strong neurodevelopmental component including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). While plasma membrane Ca2+ channels and synaptic Ca2+-binding proteins have been extensively studied, increasing evidence suggests a prominent role for intracellular Ca2+ stores, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in aberrant neurodevelopment. In the context of the current mini-review, we discuss recent findings implicating critical intracellular Ca2+-handling regulators such as the sarco-ER Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2), ryanodine receptors (RyRs), inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), and parvalbumin (PVALB), in the emergence of ASD, SCZ, and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Klocke
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kylie Krone
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jason Tornes
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Carter Moore
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Hayden Ott
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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Keil-Stietz K, Lein PJ. Gene×environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 152:221-284. [PMID: 36707213 PMCID: PMC10496028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is credible evidence that environmental factors influence individual risk and/or severity of autism spectrum disorders (hereafter referred to as autism). While it is likely that environmental chemicals contribute to the etiology of autism via multiple mechanisms, identifying specific environmental factors that confer risk for autism and understanding how they contribute to the etiology of autism has been challenging, in part because the influence of environmental chemicals likely varies depending on the genetic substrate of the exposed individual. Current research efforts are focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals interact with autism genetic susceptibilities to adversely impact neurodevelopment. The goal is to not only generate insights regarding the pathophysiology of autism, but also inform the development of screening platforms to identify specific environmental factors and gene×environment (G×E) interactions that modify autism risk. Data from such studies are needed to support development of intervention strategies for mitigating the burden of this neurodevelopmental condition on individuals, their families and society. In this review, we discuss environmental chemicals identified as putative autism risk factors and proposed mechanisms by which G×E interactions influence autism risk and/or severity using polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Keil-Stietz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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Aishworiya R, Protic D, Tang SJ, Schneider A, Tassone F, Hagerman R. Fragile X-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) in Young Fragile X Premutation Carriers. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122399. [PMID: 36553666 PMCID: PMC9778214 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The fragile X premutation carrier state (PM) (55-200 CGG repeats in the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1, FMR1 gene) is associated with several conditions, including fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and fragile X-associated tremor ataxia (FXTAS), with current literature largely primarily investigating older PM individuals. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of fragile X-associated neurodevelopmental disorders (FXAND) in a sample of young PM individuals. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted through a medical record review of PM individuals who were seen either for clinical concerns (probands, 45.9%) or identified through the cascade testing (non-probands, 54.1%) of an affected sibling with fragile X syndrome. Information on the presence of autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, long-term psychiatric medication intake, and cognitive function, based on standardized assessments, was obtained. Molecular data, including CGG repeat number and FMR1 mRNA levels, were also available for a subset of participants. Analysis included descriptive statistics and a test of comparison to describe the clinical profile of PM individuals pertinent to FXAND. Results: Participants included 61 individuals (52 males and 9 females) aged 7.8 to 20.0 years (mean 12.6 ± 3.4) with a mean full-scale IQ of 90.9 ± 22.7. The majority (N = 52; 85.2%) had at least one mental health disorder, with anxiety being the most common (82.0% of subjects), followed by ADHD (66.5%), and ASD (32.8%). Twenty-seven (87.1%) of non-probands also had at least one mental health condition, with probands having lower cognitive and adaptive skills than non-probands. ASD was present in 20 participants (17/52 males and 3/9 females; 15 probands) with significantly lower FSIQ in those with ASD (mean 73.5 vs. 98.0, p < 0.001). Participants with ASD had a higher number of long-term medications compared to those without (2.32 vs. 1.3, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Our findings indicate a high rate of FXAND diagnoses within a cohort of young PM individuals, including those identified via cascade testing, although this was not a population sample. An awareness of the entity of FXAND and the early recognition of the symptoms of associated conditions may facilitate timely and appropriate care for PM individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Aishworiya
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +916-703-0247; Fax: +916-703-0240
| | - Dragana Protic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Si Jie Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Yousuf A, Ahmed N, Qurashi A. Non-canonical DNA/RNA structures associated with the pathogenesis of Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:866021. [PMID: 36110216 PMCID: PMC9468596 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.866021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X syndrome (FXS) are primary examples of fragile X-related disorders (FXDs) caused by abnormal expansion of CGG repeats above a certain threshold in the 5′-untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. Both diseases have distinct clinical manifestations and molecular pathogenesis. FXTAS is a late-adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by a premutation (PM) allele (CGG expansion of 55–200 repeats), resulting in FMR1 gene hyperexpression. On the other hand, FXS is a neurodevelopmental disorder that results from a full mutation (FM) allele (CGG expansions of ≥200 repeats) leading to heterochromatization and transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene. The main challenge is to determine how CGG repeat expansion affects the fundamentally distinct nature of FMR1 expression in FM and PM ranges. Abnormal CGG repeat expansions form a variety of non-canonical DNA and RNA structures that can disrupt various cellular processes and cause distinct effects in PM and FM alleles. Here, we review these structures and how they are related to underlying mutations and disease pathology in FXS and FXTAS. Finally, as new CGG expansions within the genome have been identified, it will be interesting to determine their implications in disease pathology and treatment.
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Abstract
Neurological disorders are a group of disorders with motor, sensory or cognitive damage, caused by dysfunction of the central or peripheral nervous system. Cyclin-dependent kinases 5 (Cdk5) is of vital significance for the development of the nervous system, including the migration and differentiation of neurons, the formation of synapses, and axon regeneration. However, when the nervous system is subject to pathological stimulation, aberrant activation of Cdk5 will induce abnormal phosphorylation of a variety of substrates, resulting in a cascade signaling pathway, and thus lead to pathological changes. Cdk5 is intimately related to the pathological mechanism of a variety of neurological disorders, such as A-β protein formation in Alzheimer’s disease, mitochondrial fragmentation in cerebral ischemia, and apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. It is worth noting that Cdk5 inhibitors have been reported to have neuroprotective effects by inhibiting related pathological processes. Therefore, in this review, we will briefly introduce the physiological and pathological mechanisms of Cdk5 in the nervous system, focusing on the recent advances of Cdk5 in neurological disorders and the prospect of targeted Cdk5 for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncao Ao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinlun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liuwang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Liuwang Zeng
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Focchi E, Cambria C, Pizzamiglio L, Murru L, Pelucchi S, D'Andrea L, Piazza S, Mattioni L, Passafaro M, Marcello E, Provenzano G, Antonucci F. ATM rules neurodevelopment and glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus but not in the cortex. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:616. [PMID: 35842432 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the function of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM) is extensively growing as evidenced by preclinical studies that continuously link ATM with new intracellular pathways. Here, we exploited Atm+/- and Atm-/- mice and demonstrate that cognitive defects are rescued by the delivery of the antidepressant Fluoxetine (Fluox). Fluox increases levels of the chloride intruder NKCC1 exclusively at hippocampal level suggesting an ATM context-specificity. A deeper investigation of synaptic composition unveils increased Gluk-1 and Gluk-5 subunit-containing kainate receptors (KARs) levels in the hippocampus, but not in the cortex, of Atm+/- and Atm-/- mice. Analysis of postsynaptic fractions and confocal studies indicates that KARs are presynaptic while in vitro and ex vivo electrophysiology that are fully active. These changes are (i) linked to KCC2 activity, as the KCC2 blockade in Atm+/- developing neurons results in reduced KARs levels and (ii) developmental regulated. Indeed, the pharmacological inhibition of ATM kinase in adults produces different changes as identified by RNA-seq investigation. Our data display how ATM affects both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission, extending its role to a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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12
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Aishworiya R, Protic D, Hagerman R. Autism spectrum disorder in the fragile X premutation state: possible mechanisms and implications. J Neurol 2022; 269:4676-4683. [PMID: 35723724 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of origin of cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with multiple forms of ASD having been identified over the decades. Among these, a genetic etiology can be identified in 20-40% of cases when a full genetic work-up is completed. The Fragile X premutation state (characterized by the presence of 55-200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene) is a relatively newly identified disease state that has since been associated with several disorders including fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and most recently, fragile X-associated neurodevelopmental disorders (FXAND) which commonly includes anxiety and depression. In addition to these associated disorders, extant literature and clinical observations have suggested an association between the premutation state and ASD. In this paper, we review the literature pertinent to this and discuss possible molecular mechanisms that may explain this association. This includes lowered levels of the FMR1 Protein (FMRP), GABA deficits, mitochondrial dysfunction and secondary genetic abnormalities that is seen in premutation carriers as well as their increased vulnerability to environmental stressors. Understanding these mechanisms can facilitate development of targeted treatment for specific sub-groups of ASD and premutation disorders in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Aishworiya
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore. .,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Dragana Protic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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13
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Uryash A, Mijares A, Lopez CE, Adams JA, Lopez JR. Chronic Elevation of Skeletal Muscle [Ca 2+] i Impairs Glucose Uptake. An in Vivo and in Vitro Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:872624. [PMID: 35547584 PMCID: PMC9083325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.872624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the primary site of insulin-mediated glucose uptake through the body and, therefore, an essential contributor to glucose homeostasis maintenance. We have recently provided evidence that chronic elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration at rest [(Ca2+)i] compromises glucose homeostasis in malignant hyperthermia muscle cells. To further investigate how chronic elevated muscle [Ca2+]i modifies insulin-mediated glucose homeostasis, we measured [Ca2+]i and glucose uptake in vivo and in vitro in intact polarized muscle cells from glucose-intolerant RYR1-p.R163C and db/db mice. Glucose-intolerant RYR1-p.R163C and db/db mice have significantly elevated muscle [Ca2+]i and reduced muscle glucose uptake compared to WT muscle cells. Dantrolene treatment (1.5 mg/kg IP injection for 2 weeks) caused a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels and muscle [Ca2+]i and increased muscle glucose uptake compared to untreated RYR1-p.R163C and db/db mice. Furthermore, RYR1-p.R163C and db/db mice had abnormal basal insulin levels and response to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In vitro experiments conducted on single muscle fibers, dantrolene improved insulin-mediated glucose uptake in RYR1-p.R163C and db/db muscle fibers without affecting WT muscle fibers. In muscle cells with chronic elevated [Ca2+]i, GLUT4 expression was significantly lower, and the subcellular fraction (plasma membrane/cytoplasmic) was abnormal compared to WT. The results of this study suggest that i) Chronic elevated muscle [Ca2+]i decreases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and consequently causes hyperglycemia; ii) Reduced muscle [Ca2+]i by dantrolene improves muscle glucose uptake and subsequent hyperglycemia; iii) The mechanism by which chronic high levels of [Ca2+]i interfere with insulin action appears to involve the expression of GLUT4 and its subcellular fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Alfredo Mijares
- Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos E Lopez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wellmax Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jose A Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Jose R Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
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14
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Tabolacci E, Nobile V, Pucci C, Chiurazzi P. Mechanisms of the FMR1 Repeat Instability: How Does the CGG Sequence Expand? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105425. [PMID: 35628235 PMCID: PMC9141726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A dynamic mutation in exon 1 of the FMR1 gene causes Fragile X-related Disorders (FXDs), due to the expansion of an unstable CGG repeat sequence. Based on the CGG sequence size, two types of FMR1 alleles are possible: “premutation” (PM, with 56-200 CGGs) and “full mutation” (FM, with >200 triplets). Premutated females are at risk of transmitting a FM allele that, when methylated, epigenetically silences FMR1 and causes Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a very common form of inherited intellectual disability (ID). Expansions events of the CGG sequence are predominant over contractions and are responsible for meiotic and mitotic instability. The CGG repeat usually includes one or more AGG interspersed triplets that influence allele stability and the risk of transmitting FM to children through maternal meiosis. A unique mechanism responsible for repeat instability has not been identified, but several processes are under investigations using cellular and animal models. The formation of unusual secondary DNA structures at the expanded repeats are likely to occur and contribute to the CGG expansion. This review will focus on the current knowledge about CGG repeat instability addressing the CGG sequence expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Tabolacci
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (C.P.)
| | - Veronica Nobile
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (C.P.)
| | - Cecilia Pucci
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (C.P.)
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (C.P.)
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-4606
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15
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Zhou ZD, Jankovic J, Ashizawa T, Tan EK. Neurodegenerative diseases associated with non-coding CGG tandem repeat expansions. Nat Rev Neurol 2022. [PMID: 35022573 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding CGG repeat expansions cause multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, oculopharyngeal myopathy with leukodystrophy, and oculopharyngodistal myopathy. The underlying genetic causes of several of these diseases have been identified only in the past 2-3 years. These expansion disorders have substantial overlapping clinical, neuroimaging and histopathological features. The shared features suggest common mechanisms that could have implications for the development of therapies for this group of diseases - similar therapeutic strategies or drugs may be effective for various neurodegenerative disorders induced by non-coding CGG expansions. In this Review, we provide an overview of clinical and pathological features of these CGG repeat expansion diseases and consider the likely pathological mechanisms, including RNA toxicity, CGG repeat-associated non-AUG-initiated translation, protein aggregation and mitochondrial impairment. We then discuss future research needed to improve the identification and diagnosis of CGG repeat expansion diseases, to improve modelling of these diseases and to understand their pathogenesis. We also consider possible therapeutic strategies. Finally, we propose that CGG repeat expansion diseases may represent manifestations of a single underlying neuromyodegenerative syndrome in which different organs are affected to different extents depending on the gene location of the repeat expansion.
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16
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Keil Stietz KP, Sethi S, Klocke CR, de Ruyter TE, Wilson MD, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Sex and Genotype Modulate the Dendritic Effects of Developmental Exposure to a Human-Relevant Polychlorinated Biphenyls Mixture in the Juvenile Mouse. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:766802. [PMID: 34924936 PMCID: PMC8678536 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.766802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are thought to result from interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors, the identification of specific gene-environment interactions that influence NDD risk remains a critical data gap. We tested the hypothesis that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) interact with human mutations that alter the fidelity of neuronal Ca2+ signaling to confer NDD risk. To test this, we used three transgenic mouse lines that expressed human mutations known to alter Ca2+ signals in neurons: (1) gain-of-function mutation in ryanodine receptor-1 (T4826I-RYR1); (2) CGG-repeat expansion in the 5′ non-coding portion of the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1); and (3) a double mutant (DM) that expressed both mutations. Transgenic and wildtype (WT) mice were exposed throughout gestation and lactation to the MARBLES PCB mix at 0.1, 1, or 6 mg/kg in the maternal diet. The MARBLES mix simulates the relative proportions of the twelve most abundant PCB congeners found in serum from pregnant women at increased risk for having a child with an NDD. Using Golgi staining, the effect of developmental PCB exposure on dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of male and female WT mice was compared to pyramidal neurons from transgenic mice. A multilevel linear mixed-effects model identified a main effect of dose driven by increased dendritic arborization of cortical neurons in the 1 mg/kg PCB dose group. Subsequent analyses with genotypes indicated that the MARBLES PCB mixture had no effect on the dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons in WT mice of either sex, but significantly increased dendritic arborization of cortical neurons of WT males in the 6 mg/kg PCB dose group. Transgene expression increased sensitivity to the impact of developmental PCB exposure on dendritic arborization in a sex-, and brain region-dependent manner. In conclusion, developmental exposure to PCBs present in the gestational environment of at-risk humans interfered with normal dendritic morphogenesis in the developing mouse brain in a sex-, genotype- and brain region-dependent manner. Overall, these observations provide proof-of-principle evidence that PCBs interact with heritable mutations to modulate a neurodevelopmental outcome of relevance to NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R Klocke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tryssa E de Ruyter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Machelle D Wilson
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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17
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Sethi S, Keil Stietz KP, Valenzuela AE, Klocke CR, Silverman JL, Puschner B, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Developmental Exposure to a Human-Relevant Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Causes Behavioral Phenotypes That Vary by Sex and Genotype in Juvenile Mice Expressing Human Mutations That Modulate Neuronal Calcium. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:766826. [PMID: 34938155 PMCID: PMC8685320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.766826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are putative environmental risks for neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) developmental exposure to a human-relevant PCB mixture causes behavioral phenotypes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders; and (2) expression of human mutations that dysregulate neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis influence sensitivity to behavioral effects of developmental PCB exposures. To test these hypotheses, we used mice that expressed a gain-of-function mutation (T4826I) in ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1), the X-linked fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) CGG repeat expansion or both mutations (double mutant; DM). Transgenic mice and wildtype (WT) mice were exposed to the MARBLES PCB mix at 0, 0.1, 1, and 6 mg/kg/day in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation. The MARBLES PCB mix simulates the relative proportions of the 12 most abundant PCB congeners found in the serum of pregnant women at increased risk for having a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder. We assessed ultrasonic vocalizations at postnatal day 7 (P7), spontaneous repetitive behaviors at P25-P30, and sociability at P27-P32. Developmental PCB exposure reduced ultrasonic vocalizations in WT litters in all dose groups, but had no effect on ultrasonic vocalizations in transgenic litters. Developmental PCB exposure significantly increased self-grooming and decreased sociability in WT males in the 0.1 mg/kg dose group, but had no effect on WT females in any dose group. Genotype alone influenced ultrasonic vocalizations, self-grooming and to a lesser extent sociability. Genotype alone also influenced effects of PCBs on sociability. PCB levels in the brain tissue of pups increased in a dose-dependent manner, but within any dose group did not differ between genotypes. In summary, developmental PCB exposure phenocopied social behavior phenotypes observed in mice expressing human mutations that modify intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, and expression of these mutations alleviated PCB effects on ultrasonic vocalizations and repetitive behavior, and modified the dose-response relationships and sex-dependent effects of PCB effects on social behavior. These findings suggest that: (1) developmental PCB exposure causes behavioral phenotypes that vary by sex and genotype; and (2) sex-specific responses to environmental factors may contribute to sex biases in the prevalence and/or severity of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Valenzuela
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Klocke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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18
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Napoli E, Flores A, Mansuri Y, Hagerman RJ, Giulivi C. Sulforaphane improves mitochondrial metabolism in fibroblasts from patients with fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105427. [PMID: 34153466 PMCID: PMC8475276 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CGG expansions between 55 and 200 in the 5'-untranslated region of the fragile-X mental retardation gene (FMR1) increase the risk of developing the late-onset debilitating neuromuscular disease Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). While the science behind this mutation, as a paradigm for RNA-mediated nucleotide triplet repeat expansion diseases, has progressed rapidly, no treatment has proven effective at delaying the onset or decreasing morbidity, especially at later stages of the disease. Here, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of the phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN), exerted through NRF2-dependent and independent manner, on pathways relevant to brain function, bioenergetics, unfolded protein response, proteosome, antioxidant defenses, and iron metabolism in fibroblasts from FXTAS-affected subjects at all disease stages. This study paves the way for future clinical studies with SFN in the treatment of FXTAS, substantiated by the established use of this agent in clinical trials of diseases with NRF2 dysregulation and in which age is the leading risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amanda Flores
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;,Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Yasmeen Mansuri
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA;,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California Davis, CA 95817
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California Davis, CA 95817, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The human genome contains over one million short tandem repeats. Expansion of a subset of these repeat tracts underlies over fifty human disorders, including common genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (C9orf72), polyglutamine-associated ataxias and Huntington disease, myotonic dystrophy, and intellectual disability disorders such as Fragile X syndrome. In this Review, we discuss the four major mechanisms by which expansion of short tandem repeats causes disease: loss of function through transcription repression, RNA-mediated gain of function through gelation and sequestration of RNA-binding proteins, gain of function of canonically translated repeat-harbouring proteins, and repeat-associated non-AUG translation of toxic repeat peptides. Somatic repeat instability amplifies these mechanisms and influences both disease age of onset and tissue specificity of pathogenic features. We focus on the crosstalk between these disease mechanisms, and argue that they often synergize to drive pathogenesis. We also discuss the emerging native functions of repeat elements and how their dynamics might contribute to disease at a larger scale than currently appreciated. Lastly, we propose that lynchpins tying these disease mechanisms and native functions together offer promising therapeutic targets with potential shared applications across this class of human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Malik
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chase P Kelley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric T Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Wang JY, McLennan YA, Doan M, Cabal-Herrera AM, Jimenez S, Wolf-Ochoa MW, Sanchez D, Juarez P, Tassone F, Durbin-Johnson B, Hagerman RJ, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Cerebral Microbleeds in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1935-1943. [PMID: 33760253 PMCID: PMC10929604 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome is a neurodegenerative disease of late onset developed by carriers of the premutation in the fragile x mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Pathological features of neurodegeneration in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome include toxic levels of FMR1 mRNA, ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions, white matter disease, iron accumulation, and a proinflammatory state. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the presence of cerebral microbleeds in the brains of patients with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and investigate plausible causes for cerebral microbleeds in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. METHODS We collected cerebral and cerebellar tissue from 15 fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome cases and 15 control cases carrying FMR1 normal alleles. We performed hematoxylin and eosin, Perls and Congo red stains, ubiquitin, and amyloid β protein immunostaining. We quantified the number of cerebral microbleeds, amount of iron, presence of amyloid β within the capillaries, and number of endothelial cells containing intranuclear inclusions. We evaluated the relationships between pathological findings using correlation analysis. RESULTS We found intranuclear inclusions in the endothelial cells of capillaries and an increased number of cerebral microbleeds in the brains of those with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, both of which are indicators of cerebrovascular dysfunction. We also found a suggestive association between the amount of capillaries that contain amyloid β in the cerebral cortex and the rate of disease progression. CONCLUSION We propose microangiopathy as a pathologic feature of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jimena Salcedo-Arellano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jun Yi Wang
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yingratana A McLennan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mai Doan
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cabal-Herrera
- Group on Congenital Malformations and Dysmorphology, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle (MACOS), Cali, Colombia
| | - Sara Jimenez
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marisol W Wolf-Ochoa
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Desiree Sanchez
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Juarez
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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21
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Sawacha Z, Spolaor F, Piątkowska WJ, Cibin F, Ciniglio A, Guiotto A, Ricca M, Polli R, Murgia A. Feasibility and Reliability Assessment of Video-Based Motion Analysis and Surface Electromyography in Children with Fragile X during Gait. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4746. [PMID: 34300485 DOI: 10.3390/s21144746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the leading form of inherited intellectual disability and autism, is characterized by specific musculoskeletal conditions. We hypothesized that gait analysis in FXS could be relevant for the evaluation of motor control of gait, and help the understanding of a possible correlation between functional and intellectual abilities. Typical deficits in executive control and hyperactivity have hampered the use of standard gait analysis. The aim of our study was to quantitatively assess musculoskeletal alterations in FXS children in standard ambulatory conditions, in a friendly environment. Ten FXS children and sixteen controls, with typical neurodevelopment, were evaluated through four synchronized video cameras and surface electromyography; lower limb joints rotations, spatiotemporal parameters, duration of muscle contraction, activation timing and envelope peaks were determined. Reliability and repeatability of the video based kinematics analysis was assessed with respect to stereophotogrammetry. The Kruskal–Wallis Test (p < 0.05) or SPM1D were used to compare different groups of subjects. Results show a consistently altered gait pattern associated with abnormal muscle activity in FXS subjects: reduced knee and excessive hip and ankle flexion, and altered duration and activity onset on all the recorded muscles (Rectus/Biceps Femoris, Tibialis Anterior, Gastrocnemius Lateralis). Results of this study could help with planning personalized rehabilitations.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this paper is to review the prevalence, pathophysiology, and management of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). RECENT FINDINGS The pathophysiology of FXTAS involves ribonucleic acid (RNA) toxicity due to elevated levels of the premutation-expanded CGG (eoxycytidylate-deoxyguanylate-deoxyguanylate)-repeat FMR1 mRNA, which can sequester a variety of proteins important for neuronal function. A recent analysis of the inclusions in FXTAS demonstrates elevated levels of several proteins, including small ubiquitin-related modifiers 1/2 (SUMO1/2), that target molecules for the proteasome, suggesting that some aspect(s) of proteasomal function may be altered in FXTAS. Recent neuropathological studies show that Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease can sometimes co-occur with FXTAS. Lewy bodies can be found in 10% of the brains of patients with FXTAS. Microbleeds and iron deposition are also common in the neuropathology, in addition to white matter disease (WMD) and atrophy. SUMMARY The premutation occurs in 1:200 females and 1:400 males. Penetrance for FXTAS increases with age, though lower in females (16%) compared to over 60% of males by age 70. To diagnose FXTAS, an MRI is essential to document the presence of WMD, a primary component of the diagnostic criteria. Pain can be a significant feature of FXTAS and is seen in approximately 50% of patients.
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23
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Holm KN, Herren AW, Taylor SL, Randol JL, Kim K, Espinal G, Martiínez-Cerdeño V, Pessah IN, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Human Cerebral Cortex Proteome of Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:600840. [PMID: 33585555 PMCID: PMC7879451 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.600840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder associated with premutation CGG-repeat expansions (55–200 repeats) in the 5′ non-coding portion of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Core features of FXTAS include progressive tremor/ataxia, cognitive decline, variable brain volume loss, and white matter disease. The principal histopathological feature of FXTAS is the presence of central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS intranuclear inclusions. Objective: To further elucidate the molecular underpinnings of FXTAS through the proteomic characterization of human FXTAS cortexes. Results: Proteomic analysis of FXTAS brain cortical tissue (n = 8) identified minor differences in protein abundance compared to control brains (n = 6). Significant differences in FXTAS relative to control brain predominantly involved decreased abundance of proteins, with the greatest decreases observed for tenascin-C (TNC), cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), and phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1); proteins typically increased in other neurodegenerative diseases. Proteins with the greatest increased abundance include potentially novel neurodegeneration-related proteins and small ubiquitin-like modifier 1/2 (SUMO1/2). The FMRpolyG peptide, proposed in models of FXTAS pathogenesis but only identified in trace amounts in the earlier study of FXTAS inclusions, was not identified in any of the FXTAS or control brains in the current study. Discussion: The observed proteomic shifts, while generally relatively modest, do show a bias toward decreased protein abundance with FXTAS. Such shifts in protein abundance also suggest altered RNA binding as well as loss of cell–cell adhesion/structural integrity. Unlike other neurodegenerative diseases, the proteome of end-stage FXTAS does not suggest a strong inflammation-mediated degenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Nichole Holm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Mass Spectrometry Research Core, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandra L Taylor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jamie L Randol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Glenda Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Verónica Martiínez-Cerdeño
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
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24
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Loesch DZ, Tassone F, Atkinson A, Stimpson P, Trost N, Pountney DL, Storey E. Differential Progression of Motor Dysfunction Between Male and Female Fragile X Premutation Carriers Reveals Novel Aspects of Sex-Specific Neural Involvement. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:577246. [PMID: 33511153 PMCID: PMC7835843 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.577246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansions of the CGG repeat in the non-coding segment of the FMR1 X-linked gene are associated with a variety of phenotypic changes. Large expansions (>200 repeats), which cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, the fragile x syndrome (FXS), are transmitted from the mothers carrying smaller, unstable expansions ranging from 55 to 200 repeats, termed the fragile X premutation. Female carriers of this premutation may themselves experience a wide range of clinical problems throughout their lifespan, the most severe being the late onset neurodegenerative condition called "Fragile X-Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome" (FXTAS), occurring between 8 and 16% of these carriers. Male premutation carriers, although they do not transmit expanded alleles to their daughters, have a much higher risk (40-50%) of developing FXTAS. Although this disorder is more prevalent and severe in male than female carriers, specific sex differences in clinical manifestations and progress of the FXTAS spectrum have been poorly documented. Here we compare the pattern and rate of progression (per year) in three motor scales including tremor/ataxia (ICARS), tremor (Clinical Tremor Rating scale, CRST), and parkinsonism (UPDRS), and in several cognitive and psychiatric tests scores, between 13 female and 9 male carriers initially having at least one of the motor scores ≥10. Moreover, we document the differences in each of the clinical and cognitive measures between the cross-sectional samples of 21 female and 24 male premutation carriers of comparable ages with FXTAS spectrum disorder (FSD), that is, who manifest one or more features of FXTAS. The results of progression assessment showed that it was more than twice the rate in male than in female carriers for the ICARS-both gait ataxia and kinetic tremor domains and twice as high in males on the CRST scale. In contrast, sex difference was negligible for the rate of progress in UPDRS, and all the cognitive measures. The overall psychiatric pathology score (SCL-90), as well as Anxiety and Obsessive/Compulsive domain scores, showed a significant increase only in the female sample. The pattern of sex differences for progression in motor scores was consistent with the results of comparison between larger, cross-sectional samples of male and female carriers affected with the FSD. These results were in concert with sex-specific distribution of MRI T2 white matter hyperintensities: all males, but no females, showed the middle cerebellar peduncle white matter hyperintensities (MCP sign), although the distribution and severity of these hyperintensities in the other brain regions were not dissimilar between the two sexes. In conclusion, the magnitude and specific pattern of sex differences in manifestations and progression of clinically recorded changes in motor performance and MRI lesion distribution support, on clinical grounds, the possibility of certain sex-limited factor(s) which, beyond the predictable effect of the second, normal FMR1 alleles in female premutation carriers, may have neuroprotective effects, specifically concerning the cerebellar circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Z. Loesch
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anna Atkinson
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Paige Stimpson
- Wellness and Recovery Centre, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Trost
- Medical Imaging Department, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dean L. Pountney
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, NC, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Medicine (Neuroscience), Monash University, Alfred Hospital Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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25
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Asamitsu S, Yabuki Y, Ikenoshita S, Kawakubo K, Kawasaki M, Usuki S, Nakayama Y, Adachi K, Kugoh H, Ishii K, Matsuura T, Nanba E, Sugiyama H, Fukunaga K, Shioda N. CGG repeat RNA G-quadruplexes interact with FMRpolyG to cause neuronal dysfunction in fragile X-related tremor/ataxia syndrome. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/3/eabd9440. [PMID: 33523882 PMCID: PMC7806243 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X-related tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by CGG triplet repeat expansions in FMR1, which elicit repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation and produce the toxic protein FMRpolyG. We show that FMRpolyG interacts with pathogenic CGG repeat-derived RNA G-quadruplexes (CGG-G4RNA), propagates cell to cell, and induces neuronal dysfunction. The FMRpolyG polyglycine domain has a prion-like property, preferentially binding to CGG-G4RNA. Treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid, which is metabolized to protoporphyrin IX, inhibited RAN translation of FMRpolyG and CGG-G4RNA-induced FMRpolyG aggregation, ameliorating aberrant synaptic plasticity and behavior in FXTAS model mice. Thus, we present a novel therapeutic strategy to target G4RNA prionoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Ikenoshita
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawakubo
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Moe Kawasaki
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Usuki
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Division of Radioisotope Science, Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kaori Adachi
- Division of Genomic Science, Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kugoh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishii
- Department of the Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsuura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimono, Japan
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Office for Research Strategy, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Norifumi Shioda
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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26
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Tassanakijpanich N, Cohen J, Cohen R, Srivatsa UN, Hagerman RJ. Cardiovascular Problems in the Fragile X Premutation. Front Genet 2020; 11:586910. [PMID: 33133171 PMCID: PMC7578382 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.586910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of information about cardiovascular problems in fragile X premutation carriers who have 55–200 CGG repeats in fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. The FMR1 expansion in the premutation range leads to toxic RNA gain-of-function resulting in cellular dysregulation. The mechanism of RNA toxicity underlies all of the premutation disorders including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, and fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorder. Cardiovascular problems particularly autonomic dysfunction, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias are not uncommon in premutation carriers. Some arterial problems and valvular heart diseases have also been reported. This article reviews cardiovascular problems in premutation carriers and discusses possible contributing mechanisms including RNA toxicity and mild fragile X mental retardation protein deficiency. Further research studies are needed in order to prove a direct association of the cardiovascular problems in fragile X premutation carriers because such knowledge will lead to better preventative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattaporn Tassanakijpanich
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Fragile X Alliance Clinic, Genetic Clinics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rashelle Cohen
- Fragile X Alliance Clinic, Genetic Clinics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Uma N Srivatsa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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27
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Panesar HK, Kennedy CL, Keil Stietz KP, Lein PJ. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder? Toxics 2020; 8. [PMID: 32957475 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders defined clinically by core deficits in social reciprocity and communication, restrictive interests and repetitive behaviors. ASD affects one in 54 children in the United States, one in 89 children in Europe, and one in 277 children in Asia, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 1-2%. While there is increasing consensus that ASD results from complex gene x environment interactions, the identity of specific environmental risk factors and the mechanisms by which environmental and genetic factors interact to determine individual risk remain critical gaps in our understanding of ASD etiology. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been linked to altered neurodevelopment in humans. Preclinical studies demonstrate that PCBs modulate signaling pathways implicated in ASD and phenocopy the effects of ASD risk genes on critical morphometric determinants of neuronal connectivity, such as dendritic arborization. Here, we review human and experimental evidence identifying PCBs as potential risk factors for ASD and discuss the potential for PCBs to influence not only core symptoms of ASD, but also comorbidities commonly associated with ASD, via effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, and/or peripheral target tissues, using bladder dysfunction as an example. We also discuss critical data gaps in the literature implicating PCBs as ASD risk factors. Unlike genetic factors, which are currently irreversible, environmental factors are modifiable risks. Therefore, data confirming PCBs as risk factors for ASD may suggest rational approaches for the primary prevention of ASD in genetically susceptible individuals.
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28
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Gohel D, Berguerand NC, Tassone F, Singh R. The emerging molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunctions in FXTAS. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165918. [PMID: 32800941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats at 5UTR of FMR1 gene, known as premutation. The main clinical and neuropathological features of FXTAS include progressive intention tremor, gait ataxia, neuronal cell loss and presence of ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astrocytes. Various mitochondrial dysfunctions are reported in in vitro/vivo models of FXTAS; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying such mitochondrial dysfunctions are unclear. CGG expansions are pathogenic through distinct mechanisms involving RNA gain of function, impaired DNA damage repair and FMRpolyG toxicity. Here, we have systematically reviewed the reports of mitochondrial dysfunctions under premutation condition. We have also focused on potential emerging mechanisms to understand mitochondrial associated pathology in FXTAS. This review highlights the important role of mitochondria in FXTAS and other related disorders; and suggests focus of future studies on mitochondrial dysfunction along with other prevailing mechanisms to alleviate neurodegeneration.
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29
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Uryash A, Flores V, Adams JA, Allen PD, Lopez JR. Memory and Learning Deficits Are Associated With Ca 2+ Dyshomeostasis in Normal Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:224. [PMID: 32765253 PMCID: PMC7378956 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is critical to the normal physiological functions of neurons and neuronal Ca2+ dyshomeostasis has been associated with the age-related decline of cognitive functions. Accumulated evidence indicates that the underlying mechanism for this is that abnormal intracellular Ca2+ levels stimulate the dysregulation of intracellular signaling, which subsequently induces neuronal cell death. We examined intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cortical (in vivo) and hippocampal (in vitro) neurons from young (3-months), middle-age (12-months), and aged (24-months) wild type C57BL6J mice. We found a progressive age-related elevation of intracellular resting calcium ([Ca2+]r) in cortical (in vivo) and hippocampal (in vitro) neurons associated with increased hippocampal neuronal calpain activity and reduced cell viability. In vitro, removal of extracellular Ca2+ or treatment with SAR7334 or dantrolene reduced [Ca2+]r in all age groups and dantrolene treatment lowered calpain activity and increased cell viability. In vivo, both middle-aged and aged mice showed cognitive deficits compared to young mice, which improved after dantrolene treatment. These findings support the hypothesis that intracellular Ca2+ dyshomeostasis is a major mechanism underlying the cognitive deficits seen in both normal aging and degenerative neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Valentina Flores
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jose A. Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paul D. Allen
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, St James’ University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jose R. Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
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30
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La Rosa P, Petrillo S, Bertini ES, Piemonte F. Oxidative Stress in DNA Repeat Expansion Disorders: A Focus on NRF2 Signaling Involvement. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050702. [PMID: 32369911 PMCID: PMC7277112 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repeat expansion disorders are a group of neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases that arise from the inheritance of long tracts of nucleotide repetitions, located in the regulatory region, introns, or inside the coding sequence of a gene. Although loss of protein expression and/or the gain of function of its transcribed mRNA or translated product represent the major pathogenic effect of these pathologies, mitochondrial dysfunction and imbalance in redox homeostasis are reported as common features in these disorders, deeply affecting their severity and progression. In this review, we examine the role that the redox imbalance plays in the pathological mechanisms of DNA expansion disorders and the recent advances on antioxidant treatments, particularly focusing on the expression and the activity of the transcription factor NRF2, the main cellular regulator of the antioxidant response.
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31
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Lin X, Kapoor A, Gu Y, Chow MJ, Peng J, Zhao K, Tang D. Contributions of DNA Damage to Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1666. [PMID: 32121304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease. Its typical pathology consists of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles. Mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes increase Aβ production and aggregation, and thus cause early onset or familial AD. Even with this strong genetic evidence, recent studies support AD to result from complex etiological alterations. Among them, aging is the strongest risk factor for the vast majority of AD cases: Sporadic late onset AD (LOAD). Accumulation of DNA damage is a well-established aging factor. In this regard, a large amount of evidence reveals DNA damage as a critical pathological cause of AD. Clinically, DNA damage is accumulated in brains of AD patients. Genetically, defects in DNA damage repair resulted from mutations in the BRAC1 and other DNA damage repair genes occur in AD brain and facilitate the pathogenesis. Abnormalities in DNA damage repair can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for AD. In this review, we discuss the association, the causative potential, and the biomarker values of DNA damage in AD pathogenesis.
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32
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Aydin EY, Schneider A, Protic D, Wang JY, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Tassone F, Tang HT, Perlman S, Hagerman RJ. Rapidly Progressing Neurocognitive Disorder in a Male with FXTAS and Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:285-292. [PMID: 32161452 PMCID: PMC7051898 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s240314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually begins in the early 60s and affects carriers of premutation expansion (55-200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Additional disorders can co-occur with FXTAS including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we discuss a case report of a male with 67 CGG repeats in FMR1 who had mild late-onset FXTAS symptoms followed by neurocognitive disorder symptoms consistent with AD. The patient has developed tremor and ataxia that are the two characteristic symptoms of FXTAS. In addition, he shows rapid cognitive decline, brain atrophy most substantial in the medial temporal lobe, and decreased metabolism in the brain regions that are the characteristic findings of AD. The purpose of this study is to describe a patient profile with both diseases and review the details of an overlap between these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elber Yuksel Aydin
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dragana Protic
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jun Yi Wang
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine and Shriners Hospital, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hiu-Tung Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Susan Perlman
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Binyamin O, Nitzan K, Frid K, Ungar Y, Rosenmann H, Gabizon R. Brain targeting of 9c,11t-Conjugated Linoleic Acid, a natural calpain inhibitor, preserves memory and reduces Aβ and P25 accumulation in 5XFAD mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18437. [PMID: 31804596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) by binding to the activated calpain product p25, is associated with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), a calpain inhibitor, is a metabolite of Punicic Acid (PA), the main component of Pomegranate seed oil (PSO). We have shown recently that long-term administration of Nano-PSO, a nanodroplet formulation of PSO, delays mitochondrial damage and disease advance in a mouse model of genetic Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD). In this project, we first demonstrated that treatment of mice with Nano-PSO, but not with natural PSO, results in the accumulation of CLA in their brains. Next, we tested the cognitive, biochemical and pathological effects of long-term administration of Nano-PSO to 5XFAD mice, modeling for Alzheimer's disease. We show that Nano-PSO treatment prevented age-related cognitive deterioration and mitochondrial oxidative damage in 5XFAD mice. Also, brains of the Nano-PSO treated mice presented reduced accumulation of Aβ and of p25, a calpain product, and increased expression of COX IV-1, a key mitochondrial enzyme. We conclude that administration of Nano-PSO results in the brain targeting of CLA, and suggest that this treatment may prevent/delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and CJD.
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Rude KM, Pusceddu MM, Keogh CE, Sladek JA, Rabasa G, Miller EN, Sethi S, Keil KP, Pessah IN, Lein PJ, Gareau MG. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the maternal diet causes host-microbe defects in weanling offspring mice. Environ Pollut 2019; 253:708-721. [PMID: 31336350 PMCID: PMC6719698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is important for maintaining homeostasis of the host. Gut microbes represent the initial site for toxicant processing following dietary exposures to environmental contaminants. The diet is the primary route of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are absorbed via the gut, and subsequently interfere with neurodevelopment and behavior. Developmental exposures to PCBs have been linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which are also associated with a high prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) distress and intestinal dysbiosis. We hypothesized that developmental PCB exposure impacts colonization of the gut microbiota, resulting in GI pathophysiology, in a genetically susceptible host. Mouse dams expressing two heritable human mutations (double mutants [DM]) that result in abnormal Ca2+ dynamics and produce behavioral deficits (gain of function mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 [T4826I-RYR1] and a human CGG repeat expansion [170-200 CGG repeats] in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 [FMR1 premutation]). DM and congenic wild type (WT) controls were exposed to PCBs (0-6 mg/kg/d) in the diet starting 2 weeks before gestation and continuing through postnatal day 21 (P21). Intestinal physiology (Ussing chambers), inflammation (qPCR) and gut microbiome (16S sequencing) studies were performed in offspring mice (P28-P30). Developmental exposure to PCBs in the maternal diet caused significant mucosal barrier defects in ileum and colon (increased secretory state and tight junction permeability) of juvenile DM mice. Furthermore, PCB exposure increased the intestinal inflammatory profile (Il6, Il1β, and Il22), and resulted in dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including altered β-diversity, in juvenile DM mice developmentally exposed to 1 mg/kg/d PCBs when compared to WT controls. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a novel interaction between PCB exposure and the gut microbiota in a genetically susceptible host that provide novel insight into environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavi M Rude
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Matteo M Pusceddu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Jessica A Sladek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Gonzalo Rabasa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Elaine N Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
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Ma L, Herren AW, Espinal G, Randol J, McLaughlin B, Martinez-Cerdeño V, Pessah IN, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Composition of the Intranuclear Inclusions of Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31481131 PMCID: PMC6720097 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a premutation repeat expansion (55-200 CGG repeats) in the 5' noncoding region of the FMR1 gene. Solitary intranuclear inclusions within FXTAS neurons and astrocytes constitute a hallmark of the disorder, yet our understanding of how and why these bodies form is limited. Here, we have discovered that FXTAS inclusions emit a distinct autofluorescence spectrum, which forms the basis of a novel, unbiased method for isolating FXTAS inclusions by preparative fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Using a combination of autofluorescence-based FACS and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics, we have identified more than two hundred proteins that are enriched within the inclusions relative to FXTAS whole nuclei. Whereas no single protein species dominates inclusion composition, highly enriched levels of conjugated small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO 2) protein and p62/sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) protein were found within the inclusions. Many additional proteins involved with RNA binding, protein turnover, and DNA damage repair were enriched within inclusions relative to total nuclear protein. The current analysis has also allowed the first direct detection, through peptide sequencing, of endogenous FMRpolyG peptide, the product of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation of the FMR1 mRNA. However, this peptide was found only at extremely low levels and not within whole FXTAS nuclear preparations, raising the question whether endogenous RAN products exist at quantities sufficient to contribute to FXTAS pathogenesis. The abundance of the inclusion-associated ubiquitin- and SUMO-based modifiers supports a model for inclusion formation as the result of increased protein loads and elevated oxidative stress leading to maladaptive autophagy. These results highlight the need to further investigate FXTAS pathogenesis in the context of endogenous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenda Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Randol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bridget McLaughlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital of Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA.
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Abstract
The fragile X premutation is characterized by a repeat expansion mutation (between 55 to 200 CGG repeats) in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, which leads to RNA toxicity at the cellular level. This may cause patients with the premutation to be particularly susceptible to environmental toxins, which could manifest clinically as new or worsening ataxia and memory loss. Multiple published case reports have also suggested general anesthetics as a potential toxin leading to negative side effects when used in patients with fragile X-associated disorders. However, at this time, there have been no formal research studies regarding cellular changes or long-term clinical manifestations after general anesthetic use in this population. This review aims to highlight previous case reports regarding sequelae related to general anesthetic use in fragile X-associated disorders. New case reports related to this phenomenon are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ligsay
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marwa El-Deeb
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria J Salcedo-Arellano
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nina Schloemerkemper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy S. Grayson
- Department of Anesthesia, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Abstract
Mutations in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene create a spectrum of developmental disorders in children in addition to neurodegenerative problems in older populations. Two types of mutations are recognized in the FMR1 gene. The full mutation (>200 CGG repeats) in the FMR1 gene leads to Fragile X Syndrome which is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism, while the premutation (55 to 200 CGG repeats) identified among carriers leads to a range of problems linked to elevated levels of the FMR1 mRNA leading to mRNA toxicity and occasionally mildly deficient FMRP levels. Two disorders among premutation carriers have been recognized namely: the Fragile X-associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI) and Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Recently, in order to recognize a group of associated disorders commonly found in premutation carriers and extensively reported in co-morbidities studies, a new distinctive name was proposed: Fragile X-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND). This paper will present a case report of a female premutation carrier who has encountered predominantly psychiatric problems, but also chronic pain and sleep disturbances consistent with FXAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Melinda Tan
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MedMom Institute for Human Development, Pasig City, Philippines
- Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jeanne Barbara Dy
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MedMom Institute for Human Development, Pasig City, Philippines
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical City, Ortigas Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Maria Jimena Salcedo-Arellano
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Kong HE, Lim J, Zhang F, Huang L, Gu Y, Nelson DL, Allen EG, Jin P. Metabolic pathways modulate the neuronal toxicity associated with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:980-991. [PMID: 30476102 PMCID: PMC6400045 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that affects premutation carriers (55-200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Much remains unknown regarding the metabolic alterations associated with FXTAS, especially in the brain, and the most affected region, the cerebellum. Investigating the metabolic changes in FXTAS will aid in the identification of biomarkers as well as in understanding the pathogenesis of disease. To identify the metabolic alterations associated with FXTAS, we took advantage of our FXTAS mouse model that expresses 90 CGG repeats in cerebellar Purkinje neurons and exhibits the key phenotypic features of FXTAS. We performed untargeted global metabolic profiling of age-matched control and FXTAS mice cerebella at 16-20 weeks and 55 weeks. Out of 506 metabolites measured in cerebellum, we identified 186 metabolites that demonstrate significant perturbations due to the (CGG)90 repeat (P<0.05) and found that these differences increase dramatically with age. To identify key metabolic changes in FXTAS pathogenesis, we performed a genetic screen using a Drosophila model of FXTAS. Out of 28 genes that we tested in the fly, 8 genes showed significant enhanced neuronal toxicity associated with CGG repeats, such as Schlank (ceramide synthase), Sk2 (sphingosine kinase) and Ras (IMP dehydrogenase). By combining metabolic profiling with a Drosophila genetic screen to identify genetic modifiers of FXTAS, we demonstrate an effective method for functional validation of high-throughput metabolic data and show that sphingolipid and purine metabolism are significantly perturbed in FXTAS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Junghwa Lim
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Feiran Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Luoxiu Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yanghong Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David L Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Keil KP, Sethi S, Wilson MD, Silverman JL, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Genetic mutations in Ca 2+ signaling alter dendrite morphology and social approach in juvenile mice. Genes Brain Behav 2019; 18:e12526. [PMID: 30311737 PMCID: PMC6540090 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic morphology is a critical determinant of neuronal connectivity, and calcium signaling plays a predominant role in shaping dendrites. Altered dendritic morphology and genetic mutations in calcium signaling are both associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In this study we tested the hypothesis that dendritic arborization and NDD-relevant behavioral phenotypes are altered by human mutations that modulate calcium-dependent signaling pathways implicated in NDDs. The dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in CA1 hippocampus and somatosensory cortex was quantified in Golgi-stained brain sections from juvenile mice of both sexes expressing either a human gain-of-function mutation in ryanodine receptor 1 (T4826I-RYR1), a human CGG repeat expansion (170-200 CGG repeats) in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1 premutation), both mutations (double mutation; DM), or wildtype mice. In hippocampal neurons, increased dendritic arborization was observed in male T4826I-RYR1 and, to a lesser extent, male FMR1 premutation neurons. Dendritic morphology of cortical neurons was altered in both sexes of FMR1 premutation and DM animals with the most pronounced differences seen in DM females. Genotype also impaired behavior, as assessed using the three-chambered social approach test. The most striking lack of sociability was observed in DM male and female mice. In conclusion, mutations that alter the fidelity of calcium signaling enhance dendritic arborization in a brain region- and sex-specific manner and impair social behavior in juvenile mice. The phenotypic outcomes of these mutations likely provide a susceptible biological substrate for additional environmental stressors that converge on calcium signaling to determine individual NDD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P. Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Machelle D. Wilson
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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Hagerman RJ, Protic D, Rajaratnam A, Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Aydin EY, Schneider A. Fragile X-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND). Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:564. [PMID: 30483160 PMCID: PMC6243096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by the full mutation (>200 CGG repeats) in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This review focuses on neuropsychiatric disorders frequently experienced by premutation carriers with 55 to 200 CGG repeats and the pathophysiology involves elevated FMR1 mRNA levels, which is different from the absence or deficiency of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) seen in FXS. Neuropsychiatric disorders are the most common problems associated with the premutation, and they affect approximately 50% of individuals with 55 to 200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Neuropsychiatric disorders in children with the premutation include anxiety, ADHD, social deficits, or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In adults with the premutation, anxiety and depression are the most common problems, although obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD, and substance abuse are also common. These problems are often exacerbated by chronic fatigue, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders and sleep problems, which are also associated with the premutation. Here we review the clinical studies, neuropathology and molecular underpinnings of RNA toxicity associated with the premutation. We also propose the name Fragile X-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND) in an effort to promote research and the use of fragile X DNA testing to enhance recognition and treatment for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi J. Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Dragana Protic
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Akash Rajaratnam
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Maria J. Salcedo-Arellano
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Elber Yuksel Aydin
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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41
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Famula JL, McKenzie F, McLennan YA, Grigsby J, Tassone F, Hessl D, Rivera SM, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Hagerman RJ. Presence of Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Sign in FMR1 Premutation Carriers Without Tremor and Ataxia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:695. [PMID: 30186228 PMCID: PMC6113389 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report five cases of male FMR1 premutation carriers who present without clinical symptoms of the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), but who on MRI demonstrate white matter hyperintensities in the middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP sign) and other brain regions, a rare finding. MCP sign is the major radiological feature of FXTAS; it is therefore remarkable to identify five cases in which this MRI finding is present in the absence of tremor and ataxia, the major clinical features of FXTAS. Subjects underwent a detailed neurological evaluation, neuropsychological testing, molecular testing, and MRI evaluation utilizing T2 imaging described here. Additional white matter disease was present in the corpus callosum in four of the five cases. However, all cases were asymptomatic for motor signs of FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Famula
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Forrest McKenzie
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Yingratana A McLennan
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - James Grigsby
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - David Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Susan M Rivera
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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42
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Glineburg MR, Todd PK, Charlet-Berguerand N, Sellier C. Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation and other molecular mechanisms in Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome. Brain Res 2018; 1693:43-54. [PMID: 29453961 PMCID: PMC6010627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive intention tremor, gait ataxia and dementia associated with mild brain atrophy. The cause of FXTAS is a premutation expansion, of 55 to 200 CGG repeats localized within the 5'UTR of FMR1. These repeats are transcribed in the sense and antisense directions into mutants RNAs, which have increased expression in FXTAS. Furthermore, CGG sense and CCG antisense expanded repeats are translated into novel proteins despite their localization in putatively non-coding regions of the transcript. Here we focus on two proposed disease mechanisms for FXTAS: 1) RNA gain-of-function, whereby the mutant RNAs bind specific proteins and preclude their normal functions, and 2) repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation, whereby translation through the CGG or CCG repeats leads to the production of toxic homopolypeptides, which in turn interfere with a variety of cellular functions. Here, we analyze the data generated to date on both of these potential molecular mechanisms and lay out a path forward for determining which factors drive FXTAS pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Chantal Sellier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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Vittal P, Pandya S, Sharp K, Berry-Kravis E, Zhou L, Ouyang B, Jackson J, Hall DA. ASFMR1 splice variant: A predictor of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Neurol Genet 2018; 4:e246. [PMID: 30065951 PMCID: PMC6066363 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the association of a splice variant of the antisense fragile X mental retardation 1 (ASFMR1) gene, loss of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) AGG interspersions and FMR1 CGG repeat size with manifestation, and severity of clinical symptoms of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Methods Premutation carriers (PMCs) with FXTAS, without FXTAS, and normal controls (NCs) had a neurologic evaluation and collection of skin and blood samples. Expression of ASFMR1 transcript/splice variant 2 (ASFMR1-TV2), nonspliced ASFMR1, total ASFMR1, and FMR1 messenger RNA were quantified and compared using analysis of variance. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed. Results Premutation men and women both with and without FXTAS had higher ASFMR1-TV2 levels compared with NC men and women (n = 135,135, p < 0.0001), and ASFMR1-TV2 had good discriminating power for FXTAS compared with NCs but not for FXTAS from PMC. After adjusting for age, loss of AGG, larger CGG repeat size (in men), and elevated ASFMR1-TV2 level (in women) were strongly associated with FXTAS compared with NC and PMC (combined). Conclusions This study found elevated levels of ASFMR1-TV2 and loss of AGG interruptions in both men and women with FXTAS. Future studies will be needed to determine whether these variables can provide useful diagnostic or predictive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Vittal
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Shrikant Pandya
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Kevin Sharp
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Bichun Ouyang
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Jonathan Jackson
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Department of Neurosciences (P.V.), Northwestern Medicine Regional Medical Group, Winfield, IL; the Department of Bioengineering (S.P.), University of Illinois at Chicago; the Department of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry (K.S., E.B.-K., L.Z., J.J.), and the Department of Neurological Sciences (B.O., D.A.H.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Achuta VS, Möykkynen T, Peteri UK, Turconi G, Rivera C, Keinänen K, Castrén ML. Functional changes of AMPA responses in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors in fragile X syndrome. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/513/eaan8784. [PMID: 29339535 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan8784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Altered neuronal network formation and function involving dysregulated excitatory and inhibitory circuits are associated with fragile X syndrome (FXS). We examined functional maturation of the excitatory transmission system in FXS by investigating the response of FXS patient-derived neural progenitor cells to the glutamate analog (AMPA). Neural progenitors derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines generated from boys with FXS had augmented intracellular Ca2+ responses to AMPA and kainate that were mediated by Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) lacking the GluA2 subunit. Together with the enhanced differentiation of glutamate-responsive cells, the proportion of CP-AMPAR and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-coexpressing cells was increased in human FXS progenitors. Differentiation of cells lacking GluA2 was also increased and paralleled the increased inward rectification in neural progenitors derived from Fmr1-knockout mice (the FXS mouse model). Human FXS progenitors had increased the expression of the precursor and mature forms of miR-181a, a microRNA that represses translation of the transcript encoding GluA2. Blocking GluA2-lacking, CP-AMPARs reduced the neurite length of human iPSC-derived control progenitors and further reduced the shortened length of neurites in human FXS progenitors, supporting the contribution of CP-AMPARs to the regulation of progenitor differentiation. Furthermore, we observed reduced expression of Gria2 (the GluA2-encoding gene) in the frontal lobe of FXS mice, consistent with functional changes of AMPARs in FXS. Increased Ca2+ influx through CP-AMPARs may increase the vulnerability and affect the differentiation and migration of distinct cell populations, which may interfere with normal circuit formation in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Swaroop Achuta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Möykkynen
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla-Kaisa Peteri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giorgio Turconi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudio Rivera
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, INSERM, Unité 901, 13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Kari Keinänen
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija L Castrén
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. .,Rinnekoti Foundation, Rinnekodintie 10, FIN-02980 Espoo, Finland.,Autism Foundation, Kuortaneenkatu 7B, FIN-00520 Helsinki, Finland
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Feng W, Zheng J, Robin G, Dong Y, Ichikawa M, Inoue Y, Mori T, Nakano T, Pessah IN. Enantioselectivity of 2,2',3,5',6-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) Atropisomers toward Ryanodine Receptors (RyRs) and Their Influences on Hippocampal Neuronal Networks. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:14406-14416. [PMID: 29131945 PMCID: PMC6251309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen ortho-substituted PCBs are chiral and found enantioselectively enriched in ecosystems. Their differential actions on biological targets are not understood. PCB 95 (2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl), a chiral PCB of current environmental relevance, is among the most potent toward modifying ryanodine receptors (RyR) function and Ca2+ signaling. PCB 95 enantiomers are separated and assigned aR- and aS-PCB 95 using three chiral-column HPLC and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Studies of RyR1-enriched microsomes show aR-PCB 95 with >4× greater potency (EC50 = 0.20 ± 0.05 μM), ∼ 1.3× higher efficacy (Bmax = 3.74 ± 0.07 μM) in [3H]Ryanodine-binding and >3× greater rates (R = 7.72 ± 0.31 nmol/sec/mg) of Ca2+ efflux compared with aS-PCB 95, whereas racemate has intermediate activity. aR-PCB 95 has modest selectivity for RyR2, and lower potency than racemate toward the RyR isoform mixture in brain membranes. Chronic exposure of hippocampal neuronal networks to nanomolar PCB 95 during a critical developmental period shows divergent influences on synchronous Ca2+ oscillation (SCO): rac-PCB 95 increasing and aR-PCB 95 decreasing SCO frequency at 50 nM, although the latter's effects are nonmonotonic at higher concentration. aS-PCB95 shows the greatest influence on inhibiting responses to 20 Hz electrical pulse trains. Considering persistence of PCB 95 in the environment, stereoselectivity toward RyRs and developing neuronal networks may clarify health risks associated with enantioisomeric enrichment of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Jing Zheng
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaëlle Robin
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Yao Dong
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
| | - Makoto Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California United States
- Corresponding Author Phone: +1-(530)-752-6696;
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Boivin M, Willemsen R, Hukema RK, Sellier C. Potential pathogenic mechanisms underlying Fragile X Tremor Ataxia Syndrome: RAN translation and/or RNA gain-of-function? Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:674-679. [PMID: 29223504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats located in the FMR1 gene. The main clinical and neuropathological features of FXTAS are progressive intention tremor and gait ataxia associated with brain atrophy, neuronal cell loss and presence of ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions in both neurons and astrocytes. At the molecular level, FXTAS is characterized by increased expression of FMR1 sense and antisense RNA containing expanded CGG or GGC repeats, respectively. Here, we discuss the putative molecular mechanisms underlying FXTAS and notably recent reports that expanded CGG and GGC repeats may be pathogenic through RAN translation into toxic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Boivin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Sellier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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