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Morgan G, Saal M, Corr A, Jenkins C, Chattaway MA, Pinchbeck G, Williams N. Isolation of Salmonella species of public health concern from commonly fed dried meat dog treats. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2642. [PMID: 36715168 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried non-heat-treated meat treats, such as ears, skin and tails, are popular supplementary dog foods. Previous studies have demonstrated Salmonella spp. contamination on treats, particularly in pig ears and chicken products. This small, exploratory, cross-sectional study investigated Salmonella spp. presence in dried treats available in the UK. METHODS A selection of dried treats from local pet shops and online retailers underwent bacterial culture for Salmonella spp. and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, with Salmonella serotype determined by whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Eighty-four samples were tested, with 16% being Salmonella spp. positive. Five Salmonella serotypes were identified, each associated with specific treat types. An antimicrobial-resistant phenotype was identified in 39% of isolates. All serotypes identified are known to cause human infection. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by a small sample size and limited number of retail sources. CONCLUSION Salmonella spp. of public health concern were present in some dried dog treats in this study. Dog owners, pet food retailers and veterinary professionals should be aware of the potential zoonotic disease risk associated with these treats, and appropriate hygiene measures, including thorough hand washing, should be utilised if they are fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Mikhela Saal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Aoife Corr
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Yukawa S, Uchida I, Takemitsu H, Okamoto A, Yukawa M, Ohshima S, Tamura Y. Anti-microbial resistance of Salmonella isolates from raw meat-based dog food in Japan. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:982-989. [PMID: 35077028 PMCID: PMC9122446 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella contamination of raw meat‐based diets (RMBDs) for pets poses a major public health concern but has not been investigated in Japan. Objective To investigate Salmonella contamination in RMBDs for dogs marketed in Japan and the anti‐microbial resistance profiles of the Salmonella isolates. Methods Sixty commercial RMBD samples were collected in the Okayama and Osaka Prefectures, Japan, between December 2016 and March 2017. The obtained Salmonella isolates were serotyped, their anti‐microbial resistance patterns were determined, and the anti‐microbial‐resistant isolates were screened for the presence of resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. Results Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was detected in seven of the 60 RMBD samples. Among them, five isolates were identified as S. Infantis (n = 3), S. Typhimurium (n = 1) and S. Schwarzengrund (n = 1), while the serotypes of two isolates were unable to be identified. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime and gentamycin. Two isolates were resistant to more than one anti‐microbial agent; one of the S. Infantis isolates was resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim, while the S. Typhimurium isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. The S. Schwarzengrund isolate was resistant to tetracycline. Additionally, the S. Typhimurium isolate harboured the anti‐microbial resistance gene gyrA with a mutation corresponding to Ser‐83→Phe amino acid substitution. Conclusion The study findings suggest that RMBDs for dogs marketed in Japan can be a potential source of Salmonella infection for dogs and humans including infections caused by quinolone‐resistant isolates. The current study's objective was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in RMBD for dogs and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of these isolates. Therefore, the incidence of Salmonella contamination in RMBD for dogs currently sold in Japan was surveyed. Salmonella was detected in seven of the 60 raw food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Yukawa
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchida
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemitsu
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Asako Okamoto
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Seinosuke Ohshima
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Center for Veterinary Drug Development, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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Yukawa S, Uchida I, Tamura Y, Ohshima S, Hasegawa T. Characterisation of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from dog treats in Japan. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e102. [PMID: 30869029 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268819000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog treats might be contaminated with Salmonella. In Canada and the USA, outbreaks of human salmonellosis related to exposure to animal-derived dog treats were reported. Consequently, surveillance data on Salmonella contamination of dog treats have been gathered in many countries, but not in Japan. In the current study, we investigated whether dog treats in Japan were contaminated with Salmonella. Overall, 303 dog treats (of which 255 were domestically produced) were randomly collected and the presence of Salmonella investigated. Seven samples were positive for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Among these isolates, three were identified as serovar 4,5,12:i:–; two were serovar Rissen; and two were serovar Thompson. All serovar 4,5,12:i:– and Thompson isolates were resistant to one or more drugs. Two serovar Rissen isolates were fully susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents. All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. The gene blaTEM was detected in two serovar 4,5,12:i:– isolates. The blaCTX−M and blaCMY genes were not detected in any isolates. This study demonstrated that dog treats in Japan could constitute a potential source of dog and human Salmonella infections, including multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates.
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Abstract
Commercially available dog treats have become very popular and a common part of the pet's diet, yet very little is known about peoples' opinions and feeding habits; therefore, a survey was shared on a popular social network.Most of the self-selected interviewed owners (n = 1833, 83%) use treats regularly, mainly to reward their dog's behavior or during training-sports activities. Owners usually buy several types of treats, of which biscuits and dental care sticks are the most common, and usually hand out one to five pieces to their dogs every day. Most owners read the labels of the treats to seek the ingredients list and the claimed health benefits; contrarily, many owners look for non-nutritional values, such as flavor (n = 321, 18%), brand (n = 72, 4%) or shape (n = 46, 3%). Seventy-five percent of the owners (n = 1369) follow the feeding instructions provided by the producers on the label.Treat feeding is a common practice among dog owners and there is great variability among regimens (e.g., types and quantities provided). Understanding the owner's attitudes could help veterinarians educate them to manage treats in the dog's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - G Marchesini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - B Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - E Fusi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Diez
- Department of Animal Production, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - R Ricci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Non-typhoidal
Salmonella
is the most common foodborne bacterial pathogen in most countries. It is widely present in food animal species, and therefore blocking its transmission through the food supply is a prominent focus of food safety activities worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal
Salmonella
arises in large part because of antibiotic use in animal husbandry. Tracking resistance in
Salmonella
is required to design targeted interventions to contain or diminish resistance and refine use practices in production. Many countries have established systems to monitor antibiotic resistance in
Salmonella
and other bacteria, the earliest ones appearing the Europe and the US. In this chapter, we compare recent
Salmonella
antibiotic susceptibility data from Europe and the US. In addition, we summarize the state of known resistance genes that have been identified in the genus. The advent of routine whole genome sequencing has made it possible to conduct genomic surveillance of resistance based on DNA sequences alone. This points to a new model of surveillance in the future that will provide more definitive information on the sources of resistant
Salmonella
, the specific types of resistance genes involved, and information on how resistance spreads.
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Morelli G, Fusi E, Tenti S, Serva L, Marchesini G, Diez M, Ricci R. Study of ingredients and nutrient composition of commercially available treats for dogs. Vet Rec 2018; 182:351. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padua; Legnaro Italy
| | - Eleonora Fusi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Sandro Tenti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padua; Legnaro Italy
| | - Lorenzo Serva
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padua; Legnaro Italy
| | - Giorgio Marchesini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padua; Legnaro Italy
| | - Marianne Diez
- Department of Animal Productions; Liege University; Liege Belgium
| | - Rebecca Ricci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padua; Legnaro Italy
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Lambertini E, Mishra A, Guo M, Cao H, Buchanan RL, Pradhan AK. Modeling the long-term kinetics of Salmonella survival on dry pet food. Food Microbiol 2016; 58:1-6. [PMID: 27217351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to multiple outbreaks and large-scale product recalls, Salmonella has emerged as a priority pathogen in dry pet food and treats. However, little data are available to quantify risks posed by these classes of products to both pets and their owners. Specifically, the kinetics of Salmonella survival on complex pet food matrices are not available. This study measured the long-term kinetics of Salmonella survival on a dry pet food under storage conditions commonly encountered during production, retail, and in households (aw < 0.60, 23 °C). A Salmonella enterica cocktail of 12 strains isolated from dry pet foods and treats was used to inoculate commercial dry dog food. Salmonella was enumerated on non-selective (BHI) and selective (XLD and BS) media. Results at 570 days indicated an initial relatively rapid decline (up to 54 days), followed by a much slower extended decline phase. The Weibull model provided a satisfactory fit for time series of Log-transformed Salmonella counts from all three media (δ: mean 4.65 day/Log (CFU/g); p: mean 0.364 on BHI). This study provides a survival model that can be applied in quantitative risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Huilin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Wierenga J, Thiede H, Helms L, Hopkins S. Acceptance, Benefits, and Challenges of Public Health-Oriented Pet Business Regulations in King County, Washington. J Public Health Manag Pract 2016; 22:301-8. [PMID: 26020600 DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT New regulations were implemented in King County, Washington, in 2010 requiring pet businesses to obtain a permit from Public Health-Seattle & King County (Public Health) and undergo annual inspections to provide education and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. The regulations were developed as a tool for zoonotic disease control and prevention education for businesses and their customers, as well as for environmental protection. OBJECTIVE To assess the acceptance, benefits, and challenges of the new regulations and identify ways for Public Health to improve educational efforts and assist businesses with compliance. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING King County, Washington. PARTICIPANTS Pet businesses with Public Health permits in 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Self-administered survey responses. RESULTS The response rate was 40.5%. The majority of respondents provided grooming, pet day care, and kennel/boarding services from small, independent businesses. Sixty-one percent reported Public Health inspections as beneficial, especially concerning disinfection procedures and using an infection control plan. Almost three-fourths of respondents used the Public Health template to develop the infection control plan. Forty-four percent reported using the educational materials provided by Public Health, and 62% used educational materials from other sources. Most respondents reported that they gained benefits from the pet business permit, although fewer agreed that they obtained a good value from the permit and fee. The most common benefits reported were protection of animal and human health and establishing the credibility of the pet business. CONCLUSIONS Major challenges with the implementation of the pet business regulations were not generally reported by respondents. Most respondents reported a collaborative relationship between Public Health and the pet businesses. Improvements in infection control practices and positive responses to the inspections were reported by pet businesses. Survey results were used to improve infection control plan templates, increase the use of educational materials, and improve the Web site and business portal performance.
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9
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Ceylan E, Bautista DA. Evaluating Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as Thermal Surrogate Microorganisms for Salmonella for In-Plant Validation Studies of Low-Moisture Pet Food Products. J Food Prot 2015; 78:934-9. [PMID: 25951387 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042 and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 were investigated as potential surrogates for Salmonella serovars using thermal death time kinetics in products such as dry pet foods. The D-values of P. acidilactici ATCC 8042, E. faecium NRRL B-2354, and a cocktail of seven Salmonella serovars associated with low-moisture products were determined in a preservative-free dry pet food product at moisture levels of 9.1, 17.9, and 27.0% and heated between 76.7 and 87.8°C. The D-values were calculated by least squares linear regression. The D-values of P. acidilactici ATCC 8042 were higher than those for the Salmonella serovar cocktail but lower than those for E. faecium NRRL 2354. At 9.1% moisture, D-values of 6.54, 11.51, and 11.66 min at 76.7°C, 2.66, 3.22, and 4.08 min at 82.2°C, and 1.07, 1.29, and 1.69 min at 87.8°C were calculated for Salmonella serovars, P. acidilactici ATCC 8042, and E. faecium NRRL B-2354, respectively. The data suggest that the thermal inactivation characteristics of P. acidilactici ATCC 8042 can be utilized as a surrogate to predict the response of Salmonella in dry pet food products that are thermally processed at <90°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdogan Ceylan
- Silliker Inc., Food Science Center, 3600 Eagle Nest Drive, Crete, Illinois 60417, USA.
| | - Derrick A Bautista
- Big Heart Pet Brands, 205 North Wiget Lane, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
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10
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Galvão JA, Yamatogi RS, Souza Junior LCT, Joaquim JF, Rodrigues MV, Baldini ED, Nogueira Pinto JPDA. Quality and Safety of Pet Treats: Assessment of the Microbial Safety and Quality of Pet Treats. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arantes Galvão
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo 18618000 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo 18618000 Brazil
| | | | | | - Marianna Vaz Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo 18618000 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Delbon Baldini
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo 18618000 Brazil
| | - José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo 18618000 Brazil
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12
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Abstract
Pet treats, including pig ears, have been implicated as vehicles of human salmonellosis, and Salmonella has been isolated on commercially produced pig ears. Therefore, behavior of the pathogen on this very low water activity (aw) pet treat is of interest. The survival of Salmonella serotypes Newport and Typhimurium DT104 was measured on natural (aw 0.256) and smoked (aw 0.306) pig ear pet treat products inoculated at ca. 6.5 log CFU per sample and stored at 4.4 or 22°C for 365 days. Surviving populations of Salmonella were enumerated periodically, and a modified Weibull model was used to fit the inactivation curves for log populations. After 14 days, the decline of Salmonella was significantly (P < 0.05) greater at 22°C than at 4.4°C. By 365 days of storage at 4.4°C, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 declined by 2.19 log on smoked pig ears and 1.14 log on natural pig ears, while Salmonella Newport declined by 4.20 log on smoked pig ears and 2.08 log on natural pig ears. Populations of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 on refrigerated natural pig ears rebounded between day 152 (3.21 log CFU per sample) and day 175 (4.79 log CFU per sample) and rose gradually for the duration of the study to 5.28 log CFU per sample. The model fits for survival rate of Salmonella on pig ears at 4.4°C show a rapid initial decline followed by a long tailing effect. Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 on natural pig ears at 4.4°C had the slowest rate of reduction. At 22°C Salmonella declined nonlinearly by >4.5 log for each combination of serotype and pig ear type at 22°C but remained detectable by enrichment. The model parameter for days to first decimal reduction of Salmonella on pig ears was two to three times higher at 4.4°C compared with 22°C, demonstrating that Salmonella slowly declines on very low aw refrigerated pet treats and more rapidly at room temperature. This information may be useful for pet treat safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Taormina
- John Morrell Food Group, 805 East Kemper Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45246, USA
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13
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Freeman LM, Chandler ML, Hamper BA, Weeth LP. Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat–based diets for dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1549-58. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.11.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Guidelines are offered to guide the veterinary practitioner in designing a comprehensive, individualized wellness plan for each stage of a dog's life. Life stages are defined by both age and breed characteristics for practical purposes. Each patient visit should use an individualized approach to patient handling, preventive care, and early disease detection. Environment, behavior, nutrition, parasite control, vaccinations, dental care, zoonotic disease control, safety, and reproductive health should be addressed.
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15
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Kukanich KS. Update on Salmonella spp contamination of pet food, treats, and nutritional products and safe feeding recommendations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1430-4. [PMID: 21627504 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.11.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Kukanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella represents an important human and animal pathogen world-wide. Most human salmonellosis cases are foodborne, but each year infections are also acquired through direct or indirect animal contact in homes, veterinary clinics, zoological gardens, farm environments or other public, professional or private settings. Clinically affected animals may exhibit a higher prevalence of shedding than apparently healthy animals, but both can shed Salmonella over long periods of time. In addition, environmental contamination and indirect transmission through contaminated food and water may complicate control efforts. The public health risk varies by animal species, age group, husbandry practice and health status, and certain human subpopulations are at a heightened risk of infection due to biological or behavioral risk factors. Some serotypes such as Salmonella Dublin are adapted to individual host species, while others, for instance Salmonella Typhimurium, readily infect a broad range of host species, but the potential implications for human health are currently unclear. Basic hygiene practices and the implementation of scientifically based management strategies can efficiently mitigate the risks associated with animal contacts. However, the general public is frequently unaware of the specific disease risks involved, and high-risk behaviors are common. Here we describe the epidemiology and serotype distribution of Salmonella in a variety of host species. In addition, we review our current understanding of the public health risks associated with different types of contacts between humans and animals in public, professional or private settings, and, where appropriate, discuss potential risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- Department of Food Science, 410 Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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18
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Podolak R, Enache E, Stone W, Black DG, Elliott PH. Sources and risk factors for contamination, survival, persistence, and heat resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1919-36. [PMID: 21067682 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.10.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sources and risk factors for contamination, survival, persistence, and heat resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods are reviewed. Processed products such as peanut butter, infant formula, chocolate, cereal products, and dried milk are characteristically low-water-activity foods and do not support growth of vegetative pathogens such as Salmonella. Significant food safety risk might occur when contamination takes place after a lethal processing step. Salmonella cross-contamination in low-moisture foods has been traced to factors such as poor sanitation practices, poor equipment design, and poor ingredient control. It is well recognized that Salmonella can survive for long periods in low-moisture food products. Although some die-off occurs in low-moisture foods during storage, the degree of reduction depends on factors such as storage temperature and product formulation. The heat resistance of Salmonella is affected by many factors, mostly by strain and serotypes tested, previous growth and storage conditions, the physical and chemical food composition, test media, and the media used to recover heat-damaged cells. Salmonella heat resistance generally increases with reducing moisture. Care must be taken when applying published D- and z-values to a specific food process. The product composition and heating medium and conditions should not be significantly different from the product and process parameters used by the processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Podolak
- Grocery Manufacturers Association, 1350 I Street N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
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19
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Behravesh CB, Ferraro A, Deasy M, Dato V, Moll M, Sandt C, Rea NK, Rickert R, Marriott C, Warren K, Urdaneta V, Salehi E, Villamil E, Ayers T, Hoekstra RM, Austin JL, Ostroff S, Williams IT. Human Salmonella infections linked to contaminated dry dog and cat food, 2006-2008. Pediatrics 2010; 126:477-83. [PMID: 20696725 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human Salmonella infections associated with dry pet food have not been previously reported. We investigated such an outbreak of Salmonella Schwarzengrund and primarily affecting young children. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two multistate case-control studies were conducted to determine the source and mode of infections among case-patients with the outbreak strain. Study 1 evaluated household exposures to animals and pet foods, and study 2 examined risk factors for transmission among infant case-patients. Environmental investigations were conducted. RESULTS Seventy-nine case-patients in 21 states were identified; 48% were children aged 2 years or younger. Case-households were significantly more likely than control households to report dog contact (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 3.6) and to have recently purchased manufacturer X brands of dry pet food (mOR: 6.9). Illness among infant case-patients was significantly associated with feeding pets in the kitchen (OR: 4.4). The outbreak strain was isolated from opened bags of dry dog food produced at plant X, fecal specimens from dogs that ate manufacturer X dry dog food, and an environmental sample and unopened bags of dog and cat foods from plant X. More than 23 000 tons of pet foods were recalled. After additional outbreak-linked illnesses were identified during 2008, the company recalled 105 brands of dry pet food and permanently closed plant X. CONCLUSIONS Dry dog and cat foods manufactured at plant X were linked to human illness for a 3-year period. This outbreak highlights the importance of proper handling and storage of pet foods in the home to prevent human illness, especially among young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Barton Behravesh
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Gutierrez M, Fanning J, Murphy A, Murray G, Griffin M, Flack A, Leonard N, Egan J. Salmonella in broiler flocks in the republic of Ireland. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 6:111-20. [PMID: 19061369 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain an estimation of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in flocks of broilers in the Republic of Ireland, a study was conducted in 2006 in a total of 362 broiler flocks associated with four integrated companies. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 27.3% of flocks, and eight Salmonella serovars were identified, none of which were Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium. The most prevalent serovar was Salmonella Mbandaka, followed by Salmonella Kentucky, which respectively accounted for 61.6% and 27.0% of positive samples. Notable differences were observed among the flocks associated with different integrated companies, both in the Salmonella spp. prevalence and in the serovar distribution. Results from routine official Salmonella testing in broiler production in 2006 showed similar serovar distribution within each integrated company from the associated hatchery and factory samples. In our study, differences in the prevalence of Salmonella at farm level did not correlate with differences in the percentages of positive chicken carcasses officially tested, which were low, for all the four companies investigated. Given the high prevalence of Salmonella Mbandaka, all human isolates obtained in the Republic of Ireland from 2003 to 2006 were compared to a subset of poultry isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, but an epidemiological link between the animal and the human strains could not be established. Finally the antimicrobial resistance analysis indicated a low proportion of resistant strains among the broiler flock isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Gutierrez
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem and is a significant public health issue. An increasing number of organisms are developing resistance to many of the antimicrobial agents available for treatment of infections in both humans and animals. These resistant organisms often result in greater disease severity, longer hospitalization, and increased care and treatment costs. This article reviews the current situation of antimicrobial resistance in companion small animals and highlights how important it is for veterinarians to recognize the significance of antimicrobial resistance and to commit to the judicious use of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Umber
- University of Minnesota, 136F ABLMS, 1354 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Finley R, Reid-Smith R, Ribble C, Popa M, Vandermeer M, Aramini J. The occurrence and anti-microbial susceptibility of Salmonellae isolated from commercially available pig ear pet treats. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:455-61. [PMID: 18631234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, there have been reported outbreaks of human salmonellosis related to exposure to animal-derived pet treats, involving pig ear treats, beef steak patty dog treats and pet treats of seafood origin. As a follow-up to recommendations made to the pig ear treat industry in 1999, a total of 245 pig ear treats were purchased in two Canadian cities to provide evidence of adoption of the recommendations and to determine the current levels of Salmonella contamination of pig ear treats available at pet stores. An overall prevalence of 4% was observed, with isolates exhibiting resistance to up to seven anti-microbials. Serotypes recovered included S. Bovismorbificans, S. Give, S. Derby and S. Typhimurium var. Copenhagen. Although the prevalence observed during this study is lower than the prevalence observed in 1999, pig ear treats should still be considered as a possible source of Salmonella and anti-microbial resistant bacteria to humans and dogs in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finley
- Center for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Valdezate S, Arroyo M, González-Sanz R, Ramíro R, Herrera-León S, Usera MA, De la Fuente M, Echeita A. Antimicrobial resistance and phage and molecular typing of Salmonella strains isolated from food for human consumption in Spain. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2741-8. [PMID: 18095425 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.12.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to ascertain the population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated in 2002 from food in 16 Spanish regions. Serovars were characterized by serotyping, phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, and 264 nonrelated strains were selected for further analysis. The main sources were eggs and their derivatives (21.6% of strains), poultry and related products (16.6%), and seafood (16.3%). High serotype diversity was detected (51 serotypes); the most common were Enteritidis (n = 96, 36.3%) and Typhimurium (n = 53, 20.1%), followed by a miscellaneous group of 49 different serotypes (n = 115, 43.5%). A 15% increase in Salmonella Enteritidis isolation was observed. Common phage types for Salmonella Enteritidis were PT1 (41.6% of isolates), PT4 (9.4%), PT6 (9.4%), and PT6a (9.4%), and common types for Salmonella Typhimurium were DTU302 (18.8%), DT104 (15.1%), and DT104B (13.2%). Salmonella Enteritidis strains were categorized into eight PFGE types with a similarity of 81 to 96%, and 73.9% of the strains were grouped into just one cluster. Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were divided into 13 PFGE types with a similarity of 64 to 86%, and one predominant clone contained 41.5% of the strains. Resistance rates for Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and the miscellaneous group were, respectively, 8.3, 69.8, and 13.9% for ampicillin, 3.1, 52.8, and 59% for streptomycin, 40.6, 22.6, and 10.4% for nalidixic acid, 15.6, 71.7, and 31.1% for tetracycline, 7.3, 18.8, and 9.5% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 0, 50.9, and 4.3% for chloramphenicol, and 6.2, 71.7, and 17.4% for multiple (at least four) antimicrobials. All the strains remained susceptible to other beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Surveillance of S. enterica isolated from food is strongly recommended to reduce community exposure to antimicrobial resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Valdezate
- Spanish Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and Shigella, Servicio de Bacteriología, C.N.M. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain.
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Apanavicius CJ, Powell KL, Vester BM, Karr-Lilienthal LK, Pope LL, Fastinger ND, Wallig MA, Tappenden KA, Swanson KS. Fructan supplementation and infection affect food intake, fever, and epithelial sloughing from Salmonella challenge in weanling puppies. J Nutr 2007; 137:1923-30. [PMID: 17634265 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.8.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the effects of fructan supplementation on the immune response of weanling puppies subjected to bacterial challenge. Previous studies in bacterial challenged neonatal piglets have reported benefits of fructan supplementation. Thirty hound-cross puppies (12 wk of age) were used in a 2 x 3 factorial randomized complete block design. Following a 7-d baseline period, puppies were assigned to diets containing: 1) no prebiotic, 2) 1% short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS), or 3) 1% inulin. After 14 d on treatment diet, dogs received an oral gavage of: 1) Salmonella typhimurium DT104 (5 x 10(8) colony forming units) or 2) 0.9% saline. Food intake, fecal and activity scores, body temperature, body weight, blood chemistry, intestinal nutrient transport, intestinal morphology and pathology, and gut microbiota were measured. Food intake decreased (P < 0.01) and body temperature increased (P < 0.05) in infected puppies. However, the decrease in food intake was less (P < 0.05) in those consuming fructans. Infected puppies consuming fructans also had decreased (P = 0.05) severity of enterocyte sloughing than those fed the control diet. Ileal Na+-dependent glucose transport was decreased (P = 0.02) in infected vs. noninfected puppies consuming CON, whereas no changes occurred in fructan-supplemented animals. Puppies consuming inulin also had increased fecal acetate (P = 0.03) and total short-chain fatty acid (P = 0.06) concentrations than scFOS-fed puppies and controls. Finally, puppies fed inulin had an increase (P = 0.05) in Lactobacillus concentrations compared with scFOS and CON. In summary, fructan supplementation appeared to attenuate some of the negative responses associated with Salmonella challenge and may provide protection against infection in weanling puppies.
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Dunowska M, Morley PS, Traub-Dargatz JL, Davis MA, Patterson G, Frye JG, Hyatt DR, Dargatz DA. Comparison of Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis isolates from a veterinary teaching hospital. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1527-36. [PMID: 17578417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis isolates obtained from patients or the environment of a veterinary teaching hospital over a period of 9 years following a nosocomial outbreak to determine whether isolates were epidemiologically related or represented unrelated introductions into the hospital environment. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-six S. Infantis isolates were compared based on their phenotypic (antimicrobial drug [AMD] susceptibility pattern) and genotypic (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] pattern and presence of integrons) characteristics. Epidemiologically unrelated S. Infantis isolates clustered separately from all but two of the hospital isolates, and several isolates from different years and various sources were indistinguishable from each other in cluster analysis of two-enzyme PFGE results. A high percentage of isolates (80.3%) were resistant to at least one AMD, with 67.8% showing resistance to >5 AMD. The majority (74.1%) of isolates tested contained type 1 integrons. CONCLUSION Results strongly suggest that there was nosocomial transmission of S. Infantis during the initial outbreak, and that contamination arising from this outbreak persisted across years despite rigorous hygiene and biosecurity precautions and may have led to subsequent nosocomial infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Evidence of persistence and transmission of Salmonella clones across years, even in the face of rigorous preventive measures, has important implications for other facilities that have experienced outbreaks of Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Chiewchan N, Pakdee W, Devahastin S. Effect of water activity on thermal resistance of Salmonella krefeld in liquid medium and on rawhide surface. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 114:43-9. [PMID: 17188386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal resistivity of Salmonella krefeld at 60 and 65 degrees C as affected by water activity (0.99-0.60) was investigated in a liquid medium viz. Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) and on rawhide surface. A reduction of the a(w) of the liquid medium resulted in an increase in the heat resistance of Salmonella krefeld. At a particular water activity the type of solute played a significant role with Salmonella krefeld exhibiting much higher heat sensitivity in the media with glycerol compared to the media with sucrose. The heat resistance of Salmonella krefeld inoculated onto the surface of rawhide was also investigated during hot air drying at 60 and 65 degrees C at two initial levels of a(w), 0.99 and 0.90, prior to drying as determined at 250 degrees C. The rate of water loss or a(w) decrease during drying was not significantly influenced by the initial water activity but was clearly dependent on the drying temperature with all survival curves displaying an upward concavity. Salmonella on rawhide with an initial a(w) of 0.90 exhibited higher heat tolerance than with an initial a(w) of 0.99 during a prolonged heating period with the initial a(w) significantly affecting the heat resistance particularly at higher drying temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphaporn Chiewchan
- Department of Food Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 91 Pracha u-tid Road, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
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Schotte U, Borchers D, Wulff C, Geue L. Salmonella Montevideo outbreak in military kennel dogs caused by contaminated commercial feed, which was only recognized through monitoring. Vet Microbiol 2006; 119:316-23. [PMID: 16979851 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A large outbreak of canine salmonellosis in military watch dogs due to Salmonella Montevideo and/or Salmonella Give was only recognized through a monitoring program, implemented by the military forces. In 51 out of 80 exposed dogs (63.8%) from four kennels Salmonella was isolated from fecal samples. The prevalence per sampling day ranged from 5.6 to 77.8%. Clinical disease with mild diarrhea but without fever appeared only in nine dogs (11.3% of study population, 16.9% of cases) from one kennel (***P < 0.001). Risk analysis identified "dog food A" (odds ratio 3.33 [1.12 < OR < 10.06] *P < 0.05) and "dog food C" (odds ratio 3.40 [1.07 < OR < 11.22] *P < 0.05), two commercial dehydrated dog feeds, as suspected infectious sources. Feeding "dog food C" alone or together with "dog food A" was significantly associated with clinical disease (***P < 0.001). S. Montevideo and S. Give with similar plasmid profiles and PFGE-restriction patterns were isolated from the suspected dog feeds and fecal samples. This outbreak demonstrates not only that Salmonella infections in dogs occur without clinical symptoms but also that large outbreaks occur after feeding dehydrated dog feeds. Especially in households with known risk group patients this finding demonstrates a particular risk for their owners, as they often live in close contact with their animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schotte
- Zentrales Institut des Sanitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr Kiel, Laborabteilung II, Veterinärmedizin, Kopperpahler Allee 120, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany.
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Amon JJ, Drobeniuc J, Bower WA, Magaña JC, Escobedo MA, Williams IT, Bell BP, Armstrong GL. Locally acquired hepatitis E virus infection, El Paso, Texas. J Med Virol 2006; 78:741-6. [PMID: 16628579 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enterically transmitted RNA virus that causes both epidemic and sporadic cases of acute hepatitis. Despite sero-surveys showing antibody to HEV in up to 36% of the US population, acute hepatitis E has been reported among individuals with no history of international travel only three times in the United States. We report a case of apparently locally-acquired hepatitis E that occurred in El Paso, Texas that was 98% similar to a previously isolated HEV found in swine in the United States. Like the three previous cases, a thorough investigation found no conclusive sources of infection. Active case surveillance found no additional cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Amon
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Finley R, Reid-Smith R, Weese JS. Human Health Implications of Salmonella-Contaminated Natural Pet Treats and Raw Pet Food. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:686-91. [PMID: 16447116 DOI: 10.1086/500211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human salmonellosis occurs mainly as a result of handling or consuming contaminated food products, with a small percentage of cases being related to other, less well-defined exposures, such as contact with companion animals and natural pet treats. The increasing popularity of raw food diets for companion animals is another potential pet-associated source of Salmonella organisms; however, no confirmed cases of human salmonellosis have been associated with these diets. Pets that consume contaminated pet treats and raw food diets can be colonized with Salmonella organisms without exhibiting clinical signs, making them a possible hidden source of contamination in the household. Pet owners can reduce their risk of acquiring Salmonella organisms by not feeding natural pet treats and raw food diets to their pets, whereas individuals who investigate cases of salmonellosis or interpret surveillance data should be aware of these possible sources of Salmonella organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Finley
- Foodborne, Waterborne, and Zoonotic Infections Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Wright JG, Tengelsen LA, Smith KE, Bender JB, Frank RK, Grendon JH, Rice DH, Thiessen AMB, Gilbertson CJ, Sivapalasingam S, Barrett TJ, Besser TE, Hancock DD, Angulo FJ. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in four animal facilities. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:1235-41. [PMID: 16102313 PMCID: PMC3320505 DOI: 10.3201/eid1108.050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within each of 4 outbreaks of S. Typhimurium among humans and animals at companion animal care facilities, isolates were identical or nearly identical. In 1999 and 2000, 3 state health departments reported 4 outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness due to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in employees, clients, and client animals from 3 companion animal veterinary clinics and 1 animal shelter. More than 45 persons and companion animals became ill. Four independent investigations resulted in the testing of 19 human samples and >200 animal samples; 18 persons and 36 animals were culture-positive for S. Typhimurium. One outbreak was due to multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium R-type ACKSSuT, while the other 3 were due to multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium R-type ACSSuT DT104. This report documents nosocomial transmission of S. Typhimurium and demonstrates that companion animal facilities may serve as foci of transmission for salmonellae between animals and humans if adequate precautions are not followed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kirk E. Smith
- Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeff B. Bender
- Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Liljebjelke KA, Hofacre CL, Liu T, White DG, Ayers S, Young S, Maurer JJ. Vertical and Horizontal Transmission ofSalmonellaWithin Integrated Broiler Production System. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2005; 2:90-102. [PMID: 15992303 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains one of the leading causes of food-borne illness in the United States, and many key questions regarding the introduction and persistence in animal production systems still remain. In order to understand the ecology of Salmonella within an integrated commercial broiler production system, 289 Salmonella enterica were recovered from two integrated poultry farms during the production and processing of seven consecutive flocks. The variety and prevalence of Salmonella serotypes differed between farms. Overall, 15 serotypes were identified, with the most common being Typhimurium (55%), Montevideo (7.9%), Kentucky (9%), and Enteritidis (9.7%). Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis isolates recovered from processed carcasses from Farm One were further characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and were shown to be indistinguishable from isolates recovered from the poultry house environment and mice trapped on this farm. Additionally, the same broiler S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis strains, identified by PFGE, were also isolated from samples taken at a company breeder farm, suggesting vertical transmission of these Salmonella serotypes in this poultry production system. Results indicate that management practices at the breeder level may have a profound effect on the transmission and persistence of salmonellae within an integrated production system, as well as on the potential contamination of poultry-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Liljebjelke
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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