1
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Bruhn D, Noguchi K, Griffin KL, Tjoelker MG. Differential nighttime decreases in leaf respiratory CO 2 -efflux and O 2 -uptake. New Phytol 2024; 241:1387-1392. [PMID: 38152850 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Bruhn
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Division of Biology & Paleoenvironment, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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2
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Schmiege SC, Heskel M, Fan Y, Way DA. It's only natural: Plant respiration in unmanaged systems. Plant Physiol 2023; 192:710-727. [PMID: 36943293 PMCID: PMC10231469 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiration plays a key role in the terrestrial carbon cycle and is a fundamental metabolic process in all plant tissues and cells. We review respiration from the perspective of plants that grow in their natural habitat and how it is influenced by wide-ranging elements at different scales, from metabolic substrate availability to shifts in climate. Decades of field-based measurements have honed our understanding of the biological and environmental controls on leaf, root, stem, and whole-organism respiration. Despite this effort, there remain gaps in our knowledge within and across species and ecosystems, especially in more challenging-to-measure tissues like roots. Recent databases of respiration rates and associated leaf traits from species representing diverse biomes, plant functional types, and regional climates have allowed for a wider-lens view at modeling this important CO2 flux. We also re-analyze published data sets to show that maximum leaf respiration rates (Rmax) in species from around the globe are related both to leaf economic traits and environmental variables (precipitation and air temperature), but that root respiration does not follow the same latitudinal trends previously published for leaf data. We encourage the ecophysiological community to continue to expand their study of plant respiration in tissues that are difficult to measure and at the whole plant and ecosystem levels to address outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Schmiege
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biology, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Heskel
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA 55105
| | - Yuzhen Fan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, Western University, N6A 3K7, London, ON, Canada
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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3
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O’Leary BM, Scafaro AP, York LM. High-throughput, dynamic, multi-dimensional: an expanding repertoire of plant respiration measurements. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:2070-2083. [PMID: 36638140 PMCID: PMC10069890 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A recent burst of technological innovation and adaptation has greatly improved our ability to capture respiration rate data from plant sources. At the tissue level, several independent respiration measurement options are now available, each with distinct advantages and suitability, including high-throughput sampling capacity. These advancements facilitate the inclusion of respiration rate data into large-scale biological studies such as genetic screens, ecological surveys, crop breeding trials, and multi-omics molecular studies. As a result, our understanding of the correlations of respiration with other biological and biochemical measurements is rapidly increasing. Difficult questions persist concerning the interpretation and utilization of respiration data; concepts such as allocation of respiration to growth versus maintenance, the unnecessary or inefficient use of carbon and energy by respiration, and predictions of future respiration rates in response to environmental change are all insufficiently grounded in empirical data. However, we emphasize that new experimental designs involving novel combinations of respiration rate data with other measurements will flesh-out our current theories of respiration. Furthermore, dynamic recordings of respiration rate, which have long been used at the scale of mitochondria, are increasingly being used at larger scales of size and time to reflect processes of cellular signal transduction and physiological response to the environment. We also highlight how respiratory methods are being better adapted to different plant tissues including roots and seeds, which have been somewhat neglected historically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M O’Leary
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Saskatoon S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Andrew P Scafaro
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Larry M York
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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4
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Chadee A, Mohammad M, Vanlerberghe GC. Evidence that mitochondrial alternative oxidase respiration supports carbon balance in source leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. J Plant Physiol 2022; 279:153840. [PMID: 36265227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) represents a non-energy conserving pathway within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. One potential physiological role of AOX could be to manage leaf carbohydrate amounts by supporting respiratory carbon oxidation reactions. In this study, several approaches tested the hypothesis that AOX1a gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum leaf is enhanced in conditions expected to promote an increased leaf carbohydrate status. These approaches included supplying leaves with exogenous carbohydrates, comparing plants grown at different atmospheric CO2 concentrations, comparing sink leaves with source leaves, comparing plants with different ratios of source to sink activity, and examining gene expression over the diel cycle. In each case, the pattern of AOX1a gene expression was compared with that of other genes known to respond to carbohydrates and/or other factors related to source:sink activity. These included GPT1 and GPT3 (that encode chloroplast glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocators), SPS (that encodes sucrose phosphate synthase), SUT1 (that encodes a sucrose/H+ symporter involved in phloem loading) and UCP1 (that encodes a mitochondrial uncoupling protein). The AOX1a transcript amount was higher following the leaf sink-to-source transition, and in plants with higher source relative to sink activity due to increasing plant age. Further, these effects were amplified in plants grown at elevated CO2 to stimulate source activity, particularly at end-of-day time periods. The AOX1a transcript amount was also higher following treatment of leaves with carbohydrate, in particular sucrose. Overall, the results provide evidence that, while source leaf sucrose accumulation may signal for a down-regulation of sucrose synthesis and transport, it also signals for means to manage the excess cytosolic carbohydrate pools. This includes increased AOX respiration to support carbon oxidation pathways even if energy charge is high, in combination perhaps with some return flux of carbohydrate from cytosol to stroma through the GPT3 translocator. As discussed, these activities could contribute to maintaining plant source:sink balance, as well as photosynthetic and phloem loading capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Masoom Mohammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, And Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C1A4, Canada.
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5
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Schulten A, Pietzenuk B, Quintana J, Scholle M, Feil R, Krause M, Romera-Branchat M, Wahl V, Severing E, Coupland G, Krämer U. Energy status-promoted growth and development of Arabidopsis require copper deficiency response transcriptional regulator SPL7. Plant Cell 2022; 34:3873-3898. [PMID: 35866980 PMCID: PMC9516184 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a cofactor of around 300 Arabidopsis proteins, including photosynthetic and mitochondrial electron transfer chain enzymes critical for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and carbon fixation. Plant acclimation to Cu deficiency requires the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE7 (SPL7). We report that in the wild type (WT) and in the spl7-1 mutant, respiratory electron flux via Cu-dependent cytochrome c oxidase is unaffected under both normal and low-Cu cultivation conditions. Supplementing Cu-deficient medium with exogenous sugar stimulated growth of the WT, but not of spl7 mutants. Instead, these mutants accumulated carbohydrates, including the signaling sugar trehalose 6-phosphate, as well as ATP and NADH, even under normal Cu supply and without sugar supplementation. Delayed spl7-1 development was in agreement with its attenuated sugar responsiveness. Functional TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN and SNF1-RELATED KINASE1 signaling in spl7-1 argued against fundamental defects in these energy-signaling hubs. Sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitates combined with transcriptome profiling identified direct targets of SPL7-mediated positive regulation, including Fe SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1 (FSD1), COPPER-DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (CITF1), and the uncharacterized bHLH23 (CITF2), as well as an enriched upstream GTACTRC motif. In summary, transducing energy availability into growth and reproductive development requires the function of SPL7. Our results could help increase crop yields, especially on Cu-deficient soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Björn Pietzenuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Marleen Scholle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marcus Krause
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Wahl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Edouard Severing
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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6
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Morales-Sánchez JÁM, Mark K, Souza JPS, Niinemets Ü. Desiccation-rehydration measurements in bryophytes: current status and future insights. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4338-4361. [PMID: 35536655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation-rehydration experiments have been employed over the years to evaluate desiccation tolerance of bryophytes (Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta, and Anthocerotophyta). Researchers have applied a spectrum of protocols to induce desiccation and subsequent rehydration, and a wide variety of techniques have been used to study desiccation-dependent changes in bryophyte molecular, cellular, physiological, and structural traits, resulting in a multifaceted assortment of information that is challenging to synthesize. We analysed 337 desiccation-rehydration studies, providing information for 351 species, to identify the most frequent methods used, analyse the advances in desiccation studies over the years, and characterize the taxonomic representation of the species assessed. We observed certain similarities across methodologies, but the degree of convergence among the experimental protocols was surprisingly low. Out of 52 bryophyte orders, 40% have not been studied, and data are lacking for multiple remote or difficult to access locations. We conclude that for quantitative interspecific comparisons of desiccation tolerance, rigorous standardization of experimental protocols and measurement techniques, and simultaneous use of an array of experimental techniques are required for a mechanistic insight into the different traits modified in response to desiccation. New studies should also aim to fill gaps in taxonomic, ecological, and spatial coverage of bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel M Morales-Sánchez
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Mark
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - João Paulo S Souza
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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7
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Salomón RL, De Roo L, Oleksyn J, Steppe K. Mechanistic drivers of stem respiration: A modelling exercise across species and seasons. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:1270-1285. [PMID: 34914118 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem respiration (RS ) plays a crucial role in plant carbon budgets. However, its poor understanding limits our ability to model woody tissue and whole-tree respiration. A biophysical model of stem water and carbon fluxes (TReSpire) was calibrated on cedar, maple and oak trees during spring and late summer. For this, stem sap flow, water potential, diameter variation, temperature, CO2 efflux, allometry and biochemistry were monitored. Shoot photosynthesis (PN ) and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were additionally measured to evaluate source-sink relations. The highest RS and stem growth was found in maple and oak during spring, both being seasonally decoupled from PN and [NSC]. Temperature largely affected maintenance respiration (RM ) in the short term, but temperature-normalized RM was highly variable on a seasonal timescale. Overall, most of the respired CO2 radially diffused to the atmosphere (>87%) while the remainder was transported upward with the transpiration stream. The modelling exercise highlights the sink-driven behaviour of RS and the significance of overall metabolic activity on nitrogen (N) allocation patterns and N-normalized respiratory costs to capture RS variability over the long term. These insights should be considered when modelling plant respiration, whose representation is currently biased towards a better understanding of leaf metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linus De Roo
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Körnik, Poland
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Posch BC, Zhai D, Coast O, Scafaro AP, Bramley H, Reich P, Ruan YL, Trethowan R, Way DA, Atkin O. Wheat respiratory O2 consumption falls with night warming alongside greater respiratory CO2 loss and reduced biomass. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:915-926. [PMID: 34652413 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Warming nights are correlated with declining wheat growth and yield. As a key determinant of plant biomass, respiration consumes O2 as it produces ATP and releases CO2 and is typically reduced under warming to maintain metabolic efficiency. We compared the response of respiratory O2 and CO2 flux to multiple night and day warming treatments in wheat leaves and roots, using one commercial (Mace) and one breeding cultivar grown in controlled environments. We also examined the effect of night warming and a day heatwave on the capacity of the ATP-uncoupled alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway. Under warm nights, plant biomass fell, respiratory CO2 release measured at a common temperature was unchanged (indicating higher rates of CO2 release at prevailing growth temperature), respiratory O2 consumption at a common temperature declined, and AOX pathway capacity increased. The uncoupling of CO2 and O2 exchange and enhanced AOX pathway capacity suggest a reduction in plant energy demand under warm nights (lower O2 consumption), alongside higher rates of CO2 release under prevailing growth temperature (due to a lack of down-regulation of respiratory CO2 release). Less efficient ATP synthesis, teamed with sustained CO2 flux, could thus be driving observed biomass declines under warm nights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Posch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Deping Zhai
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Onoriode Coast
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, Faculty of Science Agriculture Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Andrew P Scafaro
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Helen Bramley
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - PeterB Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2753, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement and School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard Trethowan
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, Faculty of Science Agriculture Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Danielle A Way
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., N6A 3K7, London, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Dr., 27710, Durham, NC, USA
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - OwenK Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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9
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Sturchio MA, Chieppa J, Chapman SK, Canas G, Aspinwall MJ. Temperature acclimation of leaf respiration differs between marsh and mangrove vegetation in a coastal wetland ecotone. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:612-629. [PMID: 34653300 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperature acclimation of leaf respiration (R) is an important determinant of ecosystem responses to temperature and the magnitude of temperature-CO2 feedbacks as climate warms. Yet, the extent to which temperature acclimation of R exhibits a common pattern across different growth conditions, ecosystems, and plant functional types remains unclear. Here, we measured the short-term temperature response of R at six time points over a 10-month period in two coastal wetland species (Avicennia germinans [C3 mangrove] and Spartina alterniflora [C4 marsh grass]) growing under ambient and experimentally warmed temperatures at two sites in a marsh-mangrove ecotone. Leaf nitrogen (N) was determined on a subsample of leaves to explore potential coupling of R and N. We hypothesized that both species would reduce R at 25°C (R25 ) and the short-term temperature sensitivity of R (Q10 ) as air temperature (Tair ) increased across seasons, but the decline would be stronger in Avicennia than in Spartina. For each species, we hypothesized that seasonal temperature acclimation of R would be equivalent in plants grown under ambient and warmed temperatures, demonstrating convergent acclimation. Surprisingly, Avicennia generally increased R25 with increasing growth temperature, although the Q10 declined as seasonal temperatures increased and did so consistently across sites and treatments. Weak temperature acclimation resulted in reduced homeostasis of R in Avicennia. Spartina reduced R25 and the Q10 as seasonal temperatures increased. In Spartina, seasonal temperature acclimation was largely consistent across sites and treatments resulting in greater respiratory homeostasis. We conclude that co-occurring coastal wetland species may show contrasting patterns of respiratory temperature acclimation. Nonetheless, leaf N scaled positively with R25 in both species, highlighting the importance of leaf N in predicting respiratory capacity across a range of growth temperatures. The patterns of respiratory temperature acclimation shown here may improve the predictions of temperature controls of CO2 fluxes in coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sturchio
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeff Chieppa
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Samantha K Chapman
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabriela Canas
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael J Aspinwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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10
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Chadee A, Vanlerberghe GC. Distinctive mitochondrial and chloroplast components contributing to the maintenance of carbon balance during plant growth at elevated CO 2. Plant Signal Behav 2020; 15:1795395. [PMID: 32705929 PMCID: PMC8550537 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1795395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant carbon balance depends upon the difference between photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss. In C3 plants, growth at an elevated atmospheric concentration of CO2 (ECO2) stimulates photosynthesis and raises the leaf carbohydrate status, but how respiration responds is less understood. In this study, growth of Nicotiana tabacum at ECO2 increased the protein amount of the non-energy conserving mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX). Growth at ECO2 increased AOX1a transcript amount, and the transcript amount of a putative sugar-responsive gene encoding a chloroplast glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator (GPT3). We suggest that the elevated amounts of AOX and GPT3 represent distinctive mitochondrial and chloroplast mechanisms to manage an excessive cytosolic pool of sugar phosphates. AOX respiration could consume cytosolic sugar phosphates, without this activity being restricted by rates of ATP turnover. GPT3 could allow accumulating cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate to return to the chloroplast. This could feed starch synthesis or a glucose-6-phosphate shunt in the Calvin cycle. AOX and GPT3 activities could buffer against Pi depletions that might otherwise disrupt mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport chain activities. AOX and GPT3 activities could also buffer against a down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity by preventing a persistent imbalance between photosynthetic carbon gain and the activity of carbon utilizing sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CONTACT Greg C. Vanlerberghe Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ONM1C1A4, Canada
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11
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O'Leary BM, Oh GGK, Lee CP, Millar AH. Metabolite Regulatory Interactions Control Plant Respiratory Metabolism via Target of Rapamycin (TOR) Kinase Activation. Plant Cell 2020; 32:666-682. [PMID: 31888967 PMCID: PMC7054028 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiration rate measurements provide an important readout of energy expenditure and mitochondrial activity in plant cells during the night. As plants inhabit a changing environment, regulatory mechanisms must ensure that respiratory metabolism rapidly and effectively adjusts to the metabolic and environmental conditions of the cell. Using a high-throughput approach, we have directly identified specific metabolites that exert transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational control over the nighttime O2 consumption rate (RN) in mature leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Multi-hour RN measurements following leaf disc exposure to a wide array of primary carbon metabolites (carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids) identified phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), Pro, and Ala as the most potent stimulators of plant leaf RN Using metabolite combinations, we discovered metabolite-metabolite regulatory interactions controlling RN Many amino acids, as well as Glc analogs, were found to potently inhibit the RN stimulation by Pro and Ala but not PEP. The inhibitory effects of amino acids on Pro- and Ala-stimulated RN were mitigated by inhibition of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase signaling pathway. Supporting the involvement of TOR, these inhibitory amino acids were also shown to be activators of TOR kinase. This work provides direct evidence that the TOR signaling pathway in plants responds to amino acid levels by eliciting regulatory effects on respiratory energy metabolism at night, uniting a hallmark mechanism of TOR regulation across eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M O'Leary
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - Glenda Guek Khim Oh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - Chun Pong Lee
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
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12
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Posch BC, Kariyawasam BC, Bramley H, Coast O, Richards RA, Reynolds MP, Trethowan R, Atkin OK. Exploring high temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration to improve heat tolerance in wheat. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:5051-5069. [PMID: 31145793 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures account for major wheat yield losses annually and, as the climate continues to warm, these losses will probably increase. Both photosynthesis and respiration are the main determinants of carbon balance and growth in wheat, and both are sensitive to high temperature. Wheat is able to acclimate photosynthesis and respiration to high temperature, and thus reduce the negative affects on growth. The capacity to adjust these processes to better suit warmer conditions stands as a potential avenue toward reducing heat-induced yield losses in the future. However, much remains to be learnt about such phenomena. Here, we review what is known of high temperature tolerance in wheat, focusing predominantly on the high temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration. We also identify the many unknowns that surround this area, particularly with respect to the high temperature response of wheat respiration and the consequences of this for growth and yield. It is concluded that further investigation into the response of photosynthesis and respiration to high temperature could present several methods of improving wheat high temperature tolerance. Extending our knowledge in this area could also lead to more immediate benefits, such as the enhancement of current crop models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Posch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Buddhima C Kariyawasam
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen Bramley
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
| | - Onoriode Coast
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Matthew P Reynolds
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard Trethowan
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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13
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O'Leary BM, Asao S, Millar AH, Atkin OK. Core principles which explain variation in respiration across biological scales. New Phytol 2019; 222:670-686. [PMID: 30394553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 670 I. Introduction 671 II. Principle 1 - Plant respiration performs three distinct functions 673 III. Principle 2 - Metabolic pathway flexibility underlies plant respiratory performance 676 IV. Principle 3 - Supply and demand interact over time to set plant respiration rate 677 V. Principle 4 - Plant respiratory acclimation involves adjustments in enzyme capacities 679 VI. Principle 5 - Respiration is a complex trait that helps to define, and is impacted by, plant lifestyle strategies 680 VII. Future directions 680 Acknowledgements 682 References 682 SUMMARY: Respiration is a core biological process that has important implications for the biochemistry, physiology, and ecology of plants. The study of plant respiration is thus conducted from several different perspectives by a range of scientific disciplines with dissimilar objectives, such as metabolic engineering, crop breeding, and climate-change modelling. One aspect in common among the different objectives is a need to understand and quantify the variation in respiration across scales of biological organization. The central tenet of this review is that different perspectives on respiration can complement each other when connected. To better accommodate interdisciplinary thinking, we identify distinct mechanisms which encompass the variation in respiratory rates and functions across biological scales. The relevance of these mechanisms towards variation in plant respiration are explained in the context of five core principles: (1) respiration performs three distinct functions; (2) metabolic pathway flexibility underlies respiratory performance; (3) supply and demand interact over time to set respiration rates; (4) acclimation involves adjustments in enzyme capacities; and (5) respiration is a complex trait that helps to define, and is impacted by, plant lifestyle strategies. We argue that each perspective on respiration rests on these principles to varying degrees and that broader appreciation of how respiratory variation occurs can unite research across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M O'Leary
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Shinichi Asao
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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14
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Yu L, Fan J, Yan C, Xu C. Starch Deficiency Enhances Lipid Biosynthesis and Turnover in Leaves. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:118-129. [PMID: 30076222 PMCID: PMC6130009 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch and lipids represent two major forms of carbon and energy storage in plants and play central roles in diverse cellular processes. However, whether and how starch and lipid metabolic pathways interact to regulate metabolism and growth are poorly understood. Here, we show that lipids can partially compensate for the lack of function of transient starch during normal growth and development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Disruption of starch synthesis resulted in a significant increase in fatty acid synthesis via posttranslational regulation of the plastidic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and a concurrent increase in the synthesis and turnover of membrane lipids and triacylglycerol. Genetic analysis showed that blocking fatty acid peroxisomal β-oxidation, the sole pathway for metabolic breakdown of fatty acids in plants, significantly compromised or stunted the growth and development of mutants defective in starch synthesis under long days or short days, respectively. We also found that the combined disruption of starch synthesis and fatty acid turnover resulted in increased accumulation of membrane lipids, triacylglycerol, and soluble sugars and altered fatty acid flux between the two lipid biosynthetic pathways compartmentalized in either the chloroplast or the endoplasmic reticulum. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the role of fatty acid β-oxidation and the regulatory network controlling fatty acid synthesis, and they reveal the mechanistic basis by which starch and lipid metabolic pathways interact and undergo cross talk to modulate carbon allocation, energy homeostasis, and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Jilian Fan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Chengshi Yan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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15
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Patterson AE, Arkebauer R, Quallo C, Heskel MA, Li X, Boelman N, Griffin KL. Temperature response of respiration and respiratory quotients of 16 co-occurring temperate tree species. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:1319-1332. [PMID: 29425346 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The forests of the northeastern US are globally, one of the fastest growing terrestrial carbon sinks due to historical declines in large-scale agriculture, timber harvesting and fire disturbance. However, shifting range distributions of tree species with warming air temperatures are altering forest community composition and carbon dynamics. Here, we focus on respiration, a physiological process that is strongly temperature and species dependent. We specifically examined the response of respiration (R; CO2 release) to temperature in 10 broadleaved and six conifer species, as well as the respiratory quotient (RQ; ratio of CO2 released to O2 consumed) of nine broadleaved species that co-occur in the Hudson Highlands Region of New York, USA. The relationships between these physiological measurements and associated leaf traits were also explored. The rates of respiration at 20 °C were 71% higher in northern-ranged broadleaved species when compared with both central- and southern-ranged species. In contrast, the rates of respiration at 20 °C in northern-ranged conifers were 12% lower than in central-ranged conifers. The RQ of broadleaved species increased by 14% as temperatures increased from 15 °C to 35 °C. When RQ values were pooled across temperature, northern-ranged broadleaved species had 12% and 9% lower RQ values than central, and southern-ranged species, respectively, suggesting a reliance on alternative (non-carbohydrate) substrates to fulfill respiratory demands. A Pearson correlation analysis of leaf traits and respiration revealed strong correlations between leaf nitrogen, leaf mass area and R for both broadleaved and conifer species. Our results elucidate leaf trait relationships with tree physiology and reveal the various form and function strategies for species from differing range distributions. Compounded with predicted range distribution shifts and species replacement, this may reduce the carbon storage potential of northeast forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica E Patterson
- Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 5th Fl Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Arkebauer
- Columbia University, Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology Department, 10th Fl Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY, USA
| | - Crystal Quallo
- Columbia University, Barnard College, Department of Environmental Sciences, 3009 Broadway, 4th Fl Altschul Hall, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary A Heskel
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie Boelman
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 5th Fl Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, USA
- Columbia University, Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology Department, 10th Fl Schermerhorn Extension, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY, USA
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16
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Aspinwall MJ, Jacob VK, Blackman CJ, Smith RA, Tjoelker MG, Tissue DT. The temperature response of leaf dark respiration in 15 provenances of Eucalyptus grandis grown in ambient and elevated CO 2. Funct Plant Biol 2017; 44:1075-1086. [PMID: 32480634 DOI: 10.1071/fp17110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated CO2 on the short-term temperature response of leaf dark respiration (R) remain uncertain for many forest tree species. Likewise, variation in leaf R among populations within tree species and potential interactive effects of elevated CO2 are poorly understood. We addressed these uncertainties by measuring the short-term temperature response of leaf R in 15 provenances of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden from contrasting thermal environments grown under ambient [CO2] (aCO2; 400µmolmol-1) and elevated [CO2] (640µmolmol-1; eCO2). Leaf R per unit area (Rarea) measured across a range of temperatures was higher in trees grown in eCO2 and varied up to 104% among provenances. However, eCO2 increased leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) by 21%, and when R was expressed on a mass basis (i.e. Rmass), it did not differ between CO2 treatments. Likewise, accounting for differences in LMA among provenances, Rmass did not differ among provenances. The temperature sensitivity of R (i.e. Q10) did not differ between CO2 treatments or among provenances. We conclude that eCO2 had no direct effect on the temperature response of R in E. grandis, and respiratory physiology was similar among provenances of E. grandis regardless of home-climate temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Vinod K Jacob
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Renee A Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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17
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O'Leary BM, Lee CP, Atkin OK, Cheng R, Brown TB, Millar AH. Variation in Leaf Respiration Rates at Night Correlates with Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Supply. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:2261-2273. [PMID: 28615345 PMCID: PMC5543967 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant respiration can theoretically be fueled by and dependent upon an array of central metabolism components; however, which ones are responsible for the quantitative variation found in respiratory rates is unknown. Here, large-scale screens revealed 2-fold variation in nighttime leaf respiration rate (RN) among mature leaves from an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) natural accession collection grown under common favorable conditions. RN variation was mostly maintained in the absence of genetic variation, which emphasized the low heritability of RN and its plasticity toward relatively small environmental differences within the sampling regime. To pursue metabolic explanations for leaf RN variation, parallel metabolite level profiling and assays of total protein and starch were performed. Within an accession, RN correlated strongly with stored carbon substrates, including starch and dicarboxylic acids, as well as sucrose, major amino acids, shikimate, and salicylic acid. Among different accessions, metabolite-RN correlations were maintained with protein, sucrose, and major amino acids but not stored carbon substrates. A complementary screen of the effect of exogenous metabolites and effectors on leaf RN revealed that (1) RN is stimulated by the uncoupler FCCP and high levels of substrates, demonstrating that both adenylate turnover and substrate supply can limit leaf RN, and (2) inorganic nitrogen did not stimulate RN, consistent with limited nighttime nitrogen assimilation. Simultaneous measurements of RN and protein synthesis revealed that these processes were largely uncorrelated in mature leaves. These results indicate that differences in preceding daytime metabolic activities are the major source of variation in mature leaf RN under favorable controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M O'Leary
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Chun Pong Lee
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Tim B Brown
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Water transport in plants occurs along various paths and is driven by gradients in its free energy. It is generally considered that the mode of transport, being either diffusion or bulk flow, is a passive process, although energy may be required to sustain the forces driving water flow. This review aims at putting water flow at the various organisational levels (cell, organ, plant) in the context of the energy that is required to maintain these flows. In addition, the question is addressed (1) whether water can be transported against a difference in its chemical free energy, 'water potential' (Ψ), through, directly or indirectly, active processes; and (2) whether the energy released when water is flowing down a gradient in its energy, for example during day-time transpiration and cell expansive growth, is significant compared to the energy budget of plant and cell. The overall aim of review is not so much to provide a definite 'Yes' and 'No' to these questions, but rather to stimulate discussion and raise awareness that water transport in plants has its real, associated, energy costs and potential energy gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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19
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Scafaro AP, Negrini ACA, O’Leary B, Rashid FAA, Hayes L, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Chochois V, Badger MR, Millar AH, Atkin OK. The combination of gas-phase fluorophore technology and automation to enable high-throughput analysis of plant respiration. Plant Methods 2017; 13:16. [PMID: 28344635 PMCID: PMC5361846 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial respiration in the dark (Rdark) is a critical plant physiological process, and hence a reliable, efficient and high-throughput method of measuring variation in rates of Rdark is essential for agronomic and ecological studies. However, currently methods used to measure Rdark in plant tissues are typically low throughput. We assessed a high-throughput automated fluorophore system of detecting multiple O2 consumption rates. The fluorophore technique was compared with O2-electrodes, infrared gas analysers (IRGA), and membrane inlet mass spectrometry, to determine accuracy and speed of detecting respiratory fluxes. RESULTS The high-throughput fluorophore system provided stable measurements of Rdark in detached leaf and root tissues over many hours. High-throughput potential was evident in that the fluorophore system was 10 to 26-fold faster per sample measurement than other conventional methods. The versatility of the technique was evident in its enabling: (1) rapid screening of Rdark in 138 genotypes of wheat; and, (2) quantification of rarely-assessed whole-plant Rdark through dissection and simultaneous measurements of above- and below-ground organs. DISCUSSION Variation in absolute Rdark was observed between techniques, likely due to variation in sample conditions (i.e. liquid vs. gas-phase, open vs. closed systems), indicating that comparisons between studies using different measuring apparatus may not be feasible. However, the high-throughput protocol we present provided similar values of Rdark to the most commonly used IRGA instrument currently employed by plant scientists. Together with the greater than tenfold increase in sample processing speed, we conclude that the high-throughput protocol enables reliable, stable and reproducible measurements of Rdark on multiple samples simultaneously, irrespective of plant or tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Scafaro
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Bayer CropScience SA-NV, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - A. Clarissa A. Negrini
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Brendan O’Leary
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - F. Azzahra Ahmad Rashid
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lucy Hayes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Yuzhen Fan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - You Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Vincent Chochois
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Murray R. Badger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Owen K. Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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20
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Scafaro AP, Negrini ACA, O'Leary B, Rashid FAA, Hayes L, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Chochois V, Badger MR, Millar AH, Atkin OK. The combination of gas-phase fluorophore technology and automation to enable high-throughput analysis of plant respiration. Plant Methods 2017; 13:16. [PMID: 28344635 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0169-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial respiration in the dark (Rdark) is a critical plant physiological process, and hence a reliable, efficient and high-throughput method of measuring variation in rates of Rdark is essential for agronomic and ecological studies. However, currently methods used to measure Rdark in plant tissues are typically low throughput. We assessed a high-throughput automated fluorophore system of detecting multiple O2 consumption rates. The fluorophore technique was compared with O2-electrodes, infrared gas analysers (IRGA), and membrane inlet mass spectrometry, to determine accuracy and speed of detecting respiratory fluxes. RESULTS The high-throughput fluorophore system provided stable measurements of Rdark in detached leaf and root tissues over many hours. High-throughput potential was evident in that the fluorophore system was 10 to 26-fold faster per sample measurement than other conventional methods. The versatility of the technique was evident in its enabling: (1) rapid screening of Rdark in 138 genotypes of wheat; and, (2) quantification of rarely-assessed whole-plant Rdark through dissection and simultaneous measurements of above- and below-ground organs. DISCUSSION Variation in absolute Rdark was observed between techniques, likely due to variation in sample conditions (i.e. liquid vs. gas-phase, open vs. closed systems), indicating that comparisons between studies using different measuring apparatus may not be feasible. However, the high-throughput protocol we present provided similar values of Rdark to the most commonly used IRGA instrument currently employed by plant scientists. Together with the greater than tenfold increase in sample processing speed, we conclude that the high-throughput protocol enables reliable, stable and reproducible measurements of Rdark on multiple samples simultaneously, irrespective of plant or tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Scafaro
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Bayer CropScience SA-NV, Technologiepark 38, 9052 Gent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - A Clarissa A Negrini
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Brendan O'Leary
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - F Azzahra Ahmad Rashid
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lucy Hayes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Yuzhen Fan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - You Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Vincent Chochois
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Murray R Badger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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Campa C, Urban L, Mondolot L, Fabre D, Roques S, Lizzi Y, Aarrouf J, Doulbeau S, Breitler JC, Letrez C, Toniutti L, Bertrand B, La Fisca P, Bidel LPR, Etienne H. Juvenile Coffee Leaves Acclimated to Low Light Are Unable to Cope with a Moderate Light Increase. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1126. [PMID: 28769937 PMCID: PMC5509796 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The understorey origin of coffee trees and the strong plasticity of Coffea arabica leaves in relation to contrasting light environments have been largely shown. The adaptability of coffee leaves to changes in light was tested under controlled conditions by increasing the illumination rate on C. arabica var. Naryelis seedlings acclimated to low light conditions and observing leaf responses at three different developmental stages (juvenile, growing and mature). Only mature leaves proved capable of adapting to new light conditions. In these leaves, different major mechanisms were found to contribute to maintaining a good photosynthetic level. With increased illumination, a high photosynthetic response was conserved thanks to fast nitrogen remobilization, as indicated by SPAD values and the photorespiration rate. Efficient photoprotection was accompanied by a great ability to export sucrose, which prevented excessive inhibition of the Calvin cycle by hexose accumulation. In contrast, in younger leaves, increased illumination caused photodamage, observable even after 9 days of treatment. One major finding was that young coffee leaves rely on the accumulation of chlorogenic acids, powerful antioxidant phenolic compounds, to deal with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species rather than on antioxidant enzymes. Due to a lack of efficient photoprotection, a poor ability to export sucrose and inadequate antioxidant protection, younger leaves seemed to be unable to cope with increased illumination. In these leaves, an absence of induced antioxidant enzyme activity was accompanied, in growing leaves, by an absence of antioxidant synthesis or, in juvenile leaves, inefficient synthesis of flavonoids because located in some epidermis cells. These observations showed that coffee leaves, at the beginning of their development, are not equipped to withstand quick switches to higher light levels. Our results confirm that coffee trees, even selected for full sunlight conditions, remain shade plants possessing leaves able to adapt to higher light levels only when mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Campa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Claudine Campa,
| | - Laurent Urban
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre d’Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Laurence Mondolot
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175 Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditérranéennes et TropicalesMontpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditérranéennes et TropicalesMontpellier, France
| | - Yves Lizzi
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre d’Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Jawad Aarrouf
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre d’Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Sylvie Doulbeau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, IRD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Breitler
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Céline Letrez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Lucile Toniutti
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Benoit Bertrand
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Philippe La Fisca
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175 Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Montpellier, France
| | - Luc P. R. Bidel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et TropicalesMontpellier, France
| | - Hervé Etienne
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
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22
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Aspinwall MJ, Drake JE, Campany C, Vårhammar A, Ghannoum O, Tissue DT, Reich PB, Tjoelker MG. Convergent acclimation of leaf photosynthesis and respiration to prevailing ambient temperatures under current and warmer climates in Eucalyptus tereticornis. New Phytol 2016; 212:354-67. [PMID: 27284963 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding physiological acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration is important in elucidating the metabolic performance of trees in a changing climate. Does physiological acclimation to climate warming mirror acclimation to seasonal temperature changes? We grew Eucalyptus tereticornis trees in the field for 14 months inside 9-m tall whole-tree chambers tracking ambient air temperature (Tair ) or ambient Tair + 3°C (i.e. 'warmed'). We measured light- and CO2 -saturated net photosynthesis (Amax ) and night-time dark respiration (R) each month at 25°C to quantify acclimation. Tree growth was measured, and leaf nitrogen (N) and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations were determined to investigate mechanisms of acclimation. Warming reduced Amax and R measured at 25°C compared to ambient-grown trees. Both traits also declined as mean daily Tair increased, and did so in a similar way across temperature treatments. Amax and R (at 25°C) both increased as TNC concentrations increased seasonally; these relationships appeared to arise from source-sink imbalances, suggesting potential substrate regulation of thermal acclimation. We found that photosynthesis and respiration each acclimated equivalently to experimental warming and seasonal temperature change of a similar magnitude, reflecting a common, nearly homeostatic constraint on leaf carbon exchange that will be important in governing tree responses to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Courtney Campany
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Angelica Vårhammar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Peter B Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N., St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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23
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Lehmann MM, Wegener F, Barthel M, Maurino VG, Siegwolf RTW, Buchmann N, Werner C, Werner RA. Metabolic Fate of the Carboxyl Groups of Malate and Pyruvate and their Influence on δ(13)C of Leaf-Respired CO2 during Light Enhanced Dark Respiration. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:739. [PMID: 27375626 PMCID: PMC4891945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced CO2 release of illuminated leaves transferred into darkness, termed "light enhanced dark respiration (LEDR)", is often associated with an increase in the carbon isotope ratio of the respired CO2 (δ(13)CLEDR). The latter has been hypothesized to result from different respiratory substrates and decarboxylation reactions in various metabolic pathways, which are poorly understood so far. To provide a better insight into the underlying metabolic processes of δ(13)CLEDR, we fed position-specific (13)C-labeled malate and pyruvate via the xylem stream to leaves of species with high and low δ(13)CLEDR values (Halimium halimifolium and Oxalis triangularis, respectively). During respective label application, we determined label-derived leaf (13)CO2 respiration using laser spectroscopy and the (13)C allocation to metabolic fractions during light-dark transitions. Our results clearly show that both carboxyl groups (C-1 and C-4 position) of malate similarly influence respiration and metabolic fractions in both species, indicating possible isotope randomization of the carboxyl groups of malate by the fumarase reaction. While C-2 position of pyruvate was only weakly respired, the species-specific difference in natural δ(13)CLEDR patterns were best reflected by the (13)CO2 respiration patterns of the C-1 position of pyruvate. Furthermore, (13)C label from malate and pyruvate were mainly allocated to amino and organic acid fractions in both species and only little to sugar and lipid fractions. In summary, our results suggest that respiration of both carboxyl groups of malate (via fumarase) by tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions or by NAD-malic enzyme influences δ(13)CLEDR. The latter supplies the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, which in turn determines natural δ(13)CLEDR pattern by releasing the C-1 position of pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Lehmann
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer InstituteVilligen, Switzerland
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Matti Barthel
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Veronica G. Maurino
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Heinrich Heine University and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rolf T. W. Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer InstituteVilligen, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland A. Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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24
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Keiner R, Frosch T, Massad T, Trumbore S, Popp J. Enhanced Raman multigas sensing - a novel tool for control and analysis of (13)CO(2) labeling experiments in environmental research. Analyst 2015; 139:3879-84. [PMID: 24791270 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced Raman multigas spectrometry is introduced as a versatile technique for monitoring of (13)CO2 isotope labeling experiments, while simultaneously quantifying the fluxes of O2 and other relevant gases across a wide range of concentrations. The multigas analysis was performed in a closed cycle; no gas was consumed, and the gas composition was not altered by the measurement. Isotope labeling of plant metabolites via photosynthetic uptake of (13)CO2 enables the investigation of resource flows in plants and is now an important tool in ecophysiological studies. In this experiment the (13)C labeling of monoclonal cuttings of Populus trichocarpa was undertaken. The high time resolution of the online multigas analysis allowed precise control of the pulse labeling and was exploited to calculate the kinetics of photosynthetic (13)CO2 uptake and to extrapolate the exact value of the (13)CO2 peak concentration in the labeling chamber. Further, the leaf dark respiration of immature and mature leaves was analyzed. The quantification of the photosynthetic O2 production rate as a byproduct of the (13)CO2 uptake correlated with the amount of available light and the leaf area of the plants in the labeling chamber. The ability to acquire CO2 and O2 respiration rates simultaneously also simplifies the determination of respiratory quotients (rate of O2 uptake compared to CO2 release) and thus indicates the type of combusted substrate. By combining quantification of respiration quotients with the tracing of (13)C in plants, cavity enhanced Raman spectroscopy adds a valuable new tool for studies of metabolism at the organismal to ecosystem scale.
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25
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Atkin OK, Bloomfield KJ, Reich PB, Tjoelker MG, Asner GP, Bonal D, Bönisch G, Bradford MG, Cernusak LA, Cosio EG, Creek D, Crous KY, Domingues TF, Dukes JS, Egerton JJG, Evans JR, Farquhar GD, Fyllas NM, Gauthier PPG, Gloor E, Gimeno TE, Griffin KL, Guerrieri R, Heskel MA, Huntingford C, Ishida FY, Kattge J, Lambers H, Liddell MJ, Lloyd J, Lusk CH, Martin RE, Maksimov AP, Maximov TC, Malhi Y, Medlyn BE, Meir P, Mercado LM, Mirotchnick N, Ng D, Niinemets Ü, O'Sullivan OS, Phillips OL, Poorter L, Poot P, Prentice IC, Salinas N, Rowland LM, Ryan MG, Sitch S, Slot M, Smith NG, Turnbull MH, VanderWel MC, Valladares F, Veneklaas EJ, Weerasinghe LK, Wirth C, Wright IJ, Wythers KR, Xiang J, Xiang S, Zaragoza-Castells J. Global variability in leaf respiration in relation to climate, plant functional types and leaf traits. New Phytol 2015; 206:614-36. [PMID: 25581061 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dark respiration (Rdark ) is an important yet poorly quantified component of the global carbon cycle. Given this, we analyzed a new global database of Rdark and associated leaf traits. Data for 899 species were compiled from 100 sites (from the Arctic to the tropics). Several woody and nonwoody plant functional types (PFTs) were represented. Mixed-effects models were used to disentangle sources of variation in Rdark . Area-based Rdark at the prevailing average daily growth temperature (T) of each site increased only twofold from the Arctic to the tropics, despite a 20°C increase in growing T (8-28°C). By contrast, Rdark at a standard T (25°C, Rdark (25) ) was threefold higher in the Arctic than in the tropics, and twofold higher at arid than at mesic sites. Species and PFTs at cold sites exhibited higher Rdark (25) at a given photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax (25) ) or leaf nitrogen concentration ([N]) than species at warmer sites. Rdark (25) values at any given Vcmax (25) or [N] were higher in herbs than in woody plants. The results highlight variation in Rdark among species and across global gradients in T and aridity. In addition to their ecological significance, the results provide a framework for improving representation of Rdark in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) and associated land-surface components of Earth system models (ESMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia; Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 46, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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26
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Jaipargas EA, Barton KA, Mathur N, Mathur J. Mitochondrial pleomorphy in plant cells is driven by contiguous ER dynamics. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:783. [PMID: 26442089 PMCID: PMC4585081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are pleomorphic, double membrane-bound organelles involved in cellular energetics in all eukaryotes. Mitochondria in animal and yeast cells are typically tubular-reticulate structures and several micro-meters long but in green plants they are predominantly observed as 0.2-1.5 μm punctae. While fission and fusion, through the coordinated activity of several conserved proteins, shapes mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has recently been identified as an additional player in this process in yeast and mammalian cells. The mitochondria-ER relationship in plant cells remains largely uncharacterized. Here, through live-imaging of the entire range of mitochondria pleomorphy we uncover the underlying basis for the predominantly punctate mitochondrial form in plants. We demonstrate that mitochondrial morphology changes in response to light and cytosolic sugar levels in an ER mediated manner. Whereas, large ER polygons and low dynamics under dark conditions favor mitochondrial fusion and elongation, small ER polygons result in increased fission and predominantly small mitochondria. Hypoxia also reduces ER dynamics and increases mitochondrial fusion to produce giant mitochondria. By observing elongated mitochondria in normal plants and fission-impaired Arabidopsis nmt1-2 and drp3a mutants we also establish that thin extensions called matrixules and a beads-on-a-string mitochondrial phenotype are direct consequences of mitochondria-ER interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaideep Mathur
- *Correspondence: Jaideep Mathur, Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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27
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Panarese V, Rocculi P, Baldi E, Wadsö L, Rasmusson AG, Gómez Galindo F. Vacuum impregnation modulates the metabolic activity of spinach leaves. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Sunmonu N, Kudo G. How do sink and source activities influence the reproduction and vegetative growth of spring ephemeral herbs under different light conditions? J Plant Res 2014; 127:503-511. [PMID: 24879401 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spring ephemeral herbs inhabiting deciduous forests commonly complete reproduction and vegetative growth before canopy closure in early summer. Effects of shading by early canopy closure on reproductive output and vegetative growth, however, may vary depending on the seasonal allocation patterns of photosynthetic products between current reproduction and storage for future growth in each species. To clarify the effects of sink-source balance on seed production and bulb growth in a spring ephemeral herb, Gagea lutea, we performed a bract removal treatment (source reduction) and a floral-bud removal treatment (sink reduction) under canopy and open conditions. Leaf carbon fixations did not differ between the forest and open sites and among treatments. Bract carbon fixations were also similar between sites but tended to decrease when floral buds were removed. Seed production was higher under open condition but decreased by the bract-removal treatment under both light conditions. In contrast, bulb growth was independent of light conditions and the bract-removal treatment but increased greatly by the bud-removal treatment. Therefore, leaves and bracts acted as specialized source organs for vegetative and reproductive functions, respectively, but photosynthetic products by bracts were flexibly used for bulb growth when plants failed to set fruits. Extension of bright period was advantageous for seed production (i.e., source limited) but not for vegetative growth (i.e., sink limited) in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninuola Sunmonu
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
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29
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Yang Y, Zhao M, Xu X, Sun Z, Yin G, Piao S. Diurnal and seasonal change in stem respiration of Larix principis-rupprechtii trees, northern China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89294. [PMID: 24586668 PMCID: PMC3935864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem respiration is a critical and uncertain component of ecosystem carbon cycle. Few studies reported diurnal change in stem respiration as well as its linkage with climate. In this study, we investigated the diurnal and seasonal change in stem respiration and its linkage with environmental factors, in larch plantations of northern China from 2010 to 2012. The stem respiration per unit surface area (RS) showed clear diurnal cycles, ranging from 1.65±0.10 to 2.69±0.15 µmol m(-2) s(-1), increased after 6∶00, peaked at 15∶00 and then decreased. Both stem temperature and air temperature show similar diurnal pattern, while the diurnal pattern of air relative humidity is just the opposite to Rs. Similar to the diurnal cycles, seasonal change in RS followed the pattern of stem temperature. RS increased from May (1.28±0.07 µmol m(-2) s(-1)) when the stem temperature was relatively low and peaked in July (3.02±0.10 µmol m(-2) s(-1)) when the stem temperature was also the highest. Further regression analyses show that RS exponentially increases with increasing temperature, and the Q10 of Rs at mid daytime (1.97±0.17 at 12∶00 and 1.96±0.10 at 15∶00) is significantly lower than that of mid nighttime (2.60±0.14 at 00∶00 and 2.71±0.25 at 03∶00) Q10. This result not only implies that Rs is more sensitive to night than day warming, but also highlights that temperature responses of Rs estimated by only daytime measurement can lead to underestimated stem respiration increase under global warming, especially considering that temperature increase is faster during nighttime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhong Sun
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Yin
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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30
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Sew YS, Ströher E, Holzmann C, Huang S, Taylor NL, Jordana X, Millar AH. Multiplex micro-respiratory measurements of Arabidopsis tissues. New Phytol 2013; 200:922-932. [PMID: 23834713 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Researchers often want to study the respiratory properties of individual parts of plants in response to a range of treatments. Arabidopsis is an obvious model for this work; however, because of its size, it represents a challenge for gas exchange measurements of respiration. The combination of micro-respiratory technologies with multiplex assays has the potential to bridge this gap, and make measurements possible in this model plant species. We show the adaptation of the commercial technology used for mammalian cell respiration analysis to study three critical tissues of interest: leaf sections, root tips and seeds. The measurement of respiration in single leaf discs has allowed the age dependence of the respiration rate in Arabidopsis leaves across the rosette to be observed. The oxygen consumption of single root tips from plate-grown seedlings shows the enhanced respiration of root tips and their time-dependent susceptibility to salinity. The monitoring of single Arabidopsis seeds shows the kinetics of respiration over 48 h post-imbibition, and the effect of the phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA3 ) and abscisic acid (ABA) on respiration during seed germination. These studies highlight the potential for multiplexed micro-respiratory assays to study oxygen consumption in Arabidopsis tissues, and open up new possibilities to screen and study mutants and to identify differences in ecotypes or populations of different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shin Sew
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks (CABiN), The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Elke Ströher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks (CABiN), The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Cristián Holzmann
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Millenium Nucleus in Plant Functional Genomics, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidád Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shaobai Huang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks (CABiN), The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks (CABiN), The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Xavier Jordana
- Millenium Nucleus in Plant Functional Genomics, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidád Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks (CABiN), The University of Western Australia, Bayliss Building M316, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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31
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Gutjahr S, Cl Ment-Vidal A, Soutiras A, Sonderegger N, Braconnier S, Dingkuhn ML, Luquet D. Grain, sugar and biomass accumulation in photoperiod-sensitive sorghums. II. Biochemical processes at internode level and interaction with phenology. Funct Plant Biol 2013; 40:355-368. [PMID: 32481113 DOI: 10.1071/fp12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugar accumulation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stems is a complex trait that is particularly plastic in response to photoperiod. This study investigated sucrose accumulation in a sterile (no grain filling) and fertile near-isogenic line of the photoperiod-sensitive cultivar IS2848 in two greenhouse experiments. Variable phenology was induced by applying a short (12-h PP) and a long (13-h PP) photoperiod. Dynamics of plant growth, phenology, sugar accumulation and related enzyme activities in internodes were investigated. Under 13-h PP, plants flowered 28 days later and attained threefold higher sucrose concentration at anthesis compared with those under 12-h PP. Sucrose accumulation in individual internodes was driven by organ physiological age, not by plant phenology. Competition with grain filling was marginal but greater under 12-h PP (i.e. when sucrose accumulation in internodes occurred after flowering). Enzyme activities showed marked developmental patterns but contributed little to explaining differences between treatments and genotypes. The study demonstrates that sucrose storage physiology in sweet sorghum resembles that of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) but is more complex due to photoperiod effects on phenology. It confirms the field results on 14 sorghum genotypes contrasting for phenology and photoperiod sensitivity presented in a companion paper. Perspectives for developing sorghum ideotype concepts for food and fuel crops are discussed.
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32
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Kornfeld A, Heskel M, Atkin OK, Gough L, Griffin KL, Horton TW, Turnbull MH. Respiratory flexibility and efficiency are affected by simulated global change in Arctic plants. New Phytol 2013; 197:1161-1172. [PMID: 23278298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies indicate that, in response to environmental conditions, plants modulate respiratory electron partitioning between the 'energy-wasteful' alternative pathway (AP) and the 'energy-conserving' cytochrome pathway (CP). Field data, however, are scarce. Here we investigate how 20-yr field manipulations simulating global change affected electron partitioning in Alaskan Arctic tundra species. We sampled leaves from three dominant tundra species - Betula nana, Eriophorum vaginatum and Rubus chamaemorus - that had been strongly affected by manipulations of soil nutrients, light availability, and warming. We measured foliar dark respiration, in-vivo electron partitioning and alternative oxidase/cytochrome c oxidase concentrations in addition to leaf traits and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Changes in leaf traits and ultrastructure were similar across species. Respiration at 20°C (R(20)) was reduced 15% in all three species grown at elevated temperature, suggesting thermal acclimation of respiration. In Betula, the species with the largest growth response to added nutrients, CP activity increased from 9.4 ± 0.8 to 16.6 ± 1.6 nmol O(2) g(-1) DM s(-1) whereas AP activity was unchanged. The ability of Betula to selectively increase CP activity in response to the environment may contribute to its overall ecological success by increasing respiratory energy efficiency, and thus retaining more carbon for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Kornfeld
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mary Heskel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Laura Gough
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Travis W Horton
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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Florez-Sarasa I, Araújo WL, Wallström SV, Rasmusson AG, Fernie AR, Ribas-Carbo M. Light-responsive metabolite and transcript levels are maintained following a dark-adaptation period in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2012; 195:136-48. [PMID: 22548389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• The effect of previous light conditions on metabolite and transcript levels was investigated in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana during illumination and after light-enhanced dark respiration (LEDR), when dark respiration was measured. • Primary carbon metabolites and the expression of light-responsive respiratory genes were determined in A. thaliana leaves before and after 30 min of darkness following different light conditions. In addition, metabolite levels were determined in the middle of the night and the in vivo activities of cytochrome and alternative respiratory pathways were determined by oxygen isotope fractionation. • A large number of metabolites were increased in leaves of plants growing in or transiently exposed to higher light intensities. Transcript levels of respiratory genes were also increased after high light treatment. For the majority of the light-induced metabolites and transcripts, the levels were maintained after 30 min of darkness, where higher and persistent respiratory activities were also observed. The levels of many metabolites were lower at night than after 30 min of darkness imposed in the day, but respiratory activities remained similar. • The results obtained suggest that 'dark' respiration measurements, as usually performed, are probably made under conditions in which the overall status of metabolites is strongly influenced by the previous light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Hüve K, Bichele I, Ivanova H, Keerberg O, Pärnik T, Rasulov B, Tobias M, Niinemets U. Temperature responses of dark respiration in relation to leaf sugar concentration. Physiol Plant 2012; 144:320-334. [PMID: 22188403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Changes in leaf sugar concentrations are a possible mechanism of short-term adaptation to temperature changes, with natural fluctuations in sugar concentrations in the field expected to modify the heat sensitivity of respiration. We studied temperature-response curves of leaf dark respiration in the temperate tree Populus tremula (L.) in relation to leaf sugar concentration (1) under natural conditions or (2) leaves with artificially enhanced sugar concentration. Temperature-response curves were obtained by increasing the leaf temperature at a rate of 1°C min⁻¹. We demonstrate that respiration, similarly to chlorophyll fluorescence, has a break-point at high temperature, where respiration starts to increase with a faster rate. The average break-point temperature (T(RD) ) was 48.6 ± 0.7°C at natural sugar concentration. Pulse-chase experiments with ¹⁴CO₂ demonstrated that substrates of respiration were derived mainly from the products of starch degradation. Starch degradation exhibited a similar temperature-response curve as respiration with a break-point at high temperatures. Acceleration of starch breakdown may be one of the reasons for the observed high-temperature rise in respiration. We also demonstrate that enhanced leaf sugar concentrations or enhanced osmotic potential may protect leaf cells from heat stress, i.e. higher sugar concentrations significantly modify the temperature-response curve of respiration, abolishing the fast increase of respiration. Sugars or enhanced osmotic potential may non-specifically protect respiratory membranes or may block the high-temperature increase in starch degradation and consumption in respiratory processes, thus eliminating the break-points in temperature curves of respiration in sugar-fed leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hüve
- Department of Biophysics and Plant Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Jacoby RP, Taylor NL, Millar AH. The role of mitochondrial respiration in salinity tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 2011; 16:614-23. [PMID: 21903446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
NaCl is the most abundant salt in salinity-affected land. The ability of plants to sift the water table, limit NaCl uptake, compartmentalise Na⁺/Cl⁻ ions and prevent negative ionic and osmotic effects on cell function, are the foundations of salinity tolerance mechanisms. In this review, we show that although the quantitative response of respiratory rate to changes in salt concentration is complex, the properties of respiratory processes are crucial for tolerance during ion exclusion and tissue tolerance. We consider whole-plant gas exchange and carbon balance analysis alongside the salt responses of mitochondrial properties and genetic studies manipulating respiratory processes. We showcase the importance of efficient ATP generation, dampened reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial osmolytes for salinity tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Jacoby
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, M316, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Dillaway DN, Kruger EL. Leaf respiratory acclimation to climate: comparisons among boreal and temperate tree species along a latitudinal transect. Tree Physiol 2011; 31:1114-27. [PMID: 21990024 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In common gardens along an ∼900 km latitudinal transect through Wisconsin and Illinois, U.S.A., tree species typical of boreal and temperate forests were compared with respect to the nature and magnitude of leaf respiratory acclimation to contrasting climates. The boreal representatives were trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), while the temperate species were eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr ex. Marsh var. deltoides) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). Assessments were conducted on seedlings grown from seed sources collected near southern and northern range boundaries, respectively. Nighttime rates of leaf dark respiration (R(d)) at common temperatures, as well as R(d)'s short-term temperature sensitivity (energy of activation, E(o)), were assessed for all species and gardens twice during a growing season. Little evidence of R(d) thermal acclimation was observed, despite a 12 °C range in average air temperature across gardens. Instead, R(d) variation at warm temperatures was linked most closely with prior leaf photosynthetic performance, while R(d) variation at cooler temperatures was most strongly related to leaf nitrogen concentration. Moreover, E(o) differences across species and gardens appeared to stem from the somewhat independent limitations on warm versus cool R(d). Based on this construct, an empirical model relying on R(d) estimates from leaf photosynthesis and nitrogen concentration explained 55% of the observed E(o) variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan N Dillaway
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., 120 Russell Labs, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Yoshida K, Watanabe CK, Hachiya T, Tholen D, Shibata M, Terashima I, Noguchi K. Distinct responses of the mitochondrial respiratory chain to long- and short-term high-light environments in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Environ 2011; 34:618-28. [PMID: 21251020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to ensure the cooperative function with the photosynthetic system, the mitochondrial respiratory chain needs to flexibly acclimate to a fluctuating light environment. The non-phosphorylating alternative oxidase (AOX) is a notable respiratory component that may support a cellular redox homeostasis under high-light (HL) conditions. Here we report the distinct acclimatory manner of the respiratory chain to long- and short-term HL conditions and the crucial function of AOX in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plants grown under HL conditions (HL plants) possessed a larger ubiquinone (UQ) pool and a higher amount of cytochrome c oxidase than plants grown under low light conditions (LL plants). These responses in HL plants may be functional for efficient ATP production and sustain the fast plant growth. When LL plants were exposed to short-term HL stress (sHL), the UQ reduction level was transiently elevated. In the wild-type plant, the UQ pool was re-oxidized concomitantly with an up-regulation of AOX. On the other hand, the UQ reduction level of the AOX-deficient aox1a mutant remained high. Furthermore, the plastoquinone pool was also more reduced in the aox1a mutant under such conditions. These results suggest that AOX plays an important role in rapid acclimation of the respiratory chain to sHL, which may support efficient photosynthetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Searle SY, Thomas S, Griffin KL, Horton T, Kornfeld A, Yakir D, Hurry V, Turnbull MH. Leaf respiration and alternative oxidase in field-grown alpine grasses respond to natural changes in temperature and light. New Phytol 2011; 189:1027-1039. [PMID: 21128944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
• We report the first investigation of changes in electron partitioning via the alternative respiratory pathway (AP) and alternative oxidase (AOX) protein abundance in field-grown plants and their role in seasonal acclimation of respiration. • We sampled two alpine grasses native to New Zealand, Chionochloa rubra and Chionochloa pallens, from field sites of different altitudes, over 1 yr and also intensively over a 2-wk period. • In both species, respiration acclimated to seasonal changes in temperature through changes in basal capacity (R₁₀) but not temperature sensitivity (E₀). In C. pallens, acclimation of respiration may be associated with a higher AOX : cytochrome c oxidase (COX) protein abundance ratio. Oxygen isotope discrimination (D), which reflects relative changes in AP electron partitioning, correlated positively with daily integrated photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in both species over seasonal timescales. Respiratory parameters, the AOX : COX protein ratio and D were stable over a 2-wk period, during which significant temperature changes were experienced in the field. • We conclude that respiration in Chionochloa spp. acclimates strongly to seasonal, but not to short-term, temperature variation. Alternative oxidase appears to be involved in the plant response to both seasonal changes in temperature and daily changes in light, highlighting the complexity of the function of AOX in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Y Searle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Samuel Thomas
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Travis Horton
- School of Geological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ari Kornfeld
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dan Yakir
- Department of Environmental Science and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Caspar T, Lin TP, Monroe J, Bernhard W, Spilatro S, Preiss J, Somerville C. Altered regulation of beta-amylase activity in mutants of Arabidopsis with lesions in starch metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 86:5830-3. [PMID: 16594057 PMCID: PMC297724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.15.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three classes of mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynhold with alterations in starch metabolism were found to have higher levels of leaf amylase activity than the wild type when grown in a 12-hr photoperiod. This effect was dependent upon the developmental stage of the plants and was largely suppressed during growth in continuous light. The various amylolytic activities in crude extracts were separated by electrophoresis in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels and visualized by activity staining. The increased amylase activity in the mutants was due to an up to 40-fold increase in the activity of an extrachloroplast beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2). These observations indicate the existence of a regulatory mechanism that controls the amount of beta-amylase activity in response to fluctuations in photosynthetic carbohydrate metabolism. It is paradoxical that beta-amylase appears to be a highly regulated enzyme, but as yet no physiologically relevant function can be assigned to this enzyme due to the absence of starch in the cytoplasmic compartment of leaf cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Caspar
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Maier CA, Johnsen KH, Clinton BD, Ludovici KH. Relationships between stem CO(2) efflux, substrate supply, and growth in young loblolly pine trees. New Phytol 2010; 185:502-513. [PMID: 19878459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
*We examined the relationships between stem CO(2) efflux (E(s)), diameter growth, and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in loblolly pine trees. Carbohydrate supply was altered via stem girdling during rapid stem growth in the spring and after growth had ceased in the autumn. We hypothesized that substrate type and availability control the seasonal variation and temperature sensitivity of E(s). *The E(s) increased and decreased above and below the girdle, respectively, within 24 h of treatment. Seasonal variation in E(s) response to girdling corresponded to changes in stem soluble sugar and starch concentration. Relative to nongirdled trees, E(s) increased 94% above the girdle and decreased 50% below in the autumn compared with a 60% and 20% response at similar positions in the spring. *The sensitivity of E(s) to temperature decreased below the girdle in the autumn and spring and increased above the girdle but only in the autumn. Temperature-corrected E(s) was linearly related to soluble sugar (R(2) = 0.57) and starch (R(2) = 0.62) concentration. *We conclude that carbohydrate supply, primarily recently fixed photosynthate, strongly influences E(s) in Pinus taeda stems. Carbohydrate availability effects on E(s) obviate the utility of applying short-term temperature response functions across seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Maier
- USDA Forest Service, SRS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Costa JH, Cardoso HG, Campos MD, Zavattieri A, Frederico AM, Fernandes de Melo D, Arnholdt-Schmitt B. Daucus carota L.--an old model for cell reprogramming gains new importance through a novel expansion pattern of alternative oxidase (AOX) genes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2009; 47:753-9. [PMID: 19372042 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The paper highlights Daucus carota L. as an ideal model to complement plant stress research on Arabidopsis thaliana L. Recently, alternative oxidase (AOX) is discussed as functional marker candidate for cell reprogramming upon stress. Carrot is the most studied species for cell reprogramming and our current research reveals that it is the only one that has expanded both AOX sub-family genes. We point to recently published, but not discussed results on conserved differences in the vicinity of the most active functional site of AOX1 and AOX2, which indicate the importance of studying AOX sequence polymorphism, structure and functionality. Thus, stress-inducible experimental systems of D. carota are especially appropriate to bring research on stress tolerance a significant step forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, PO Box 6029, 60455-900, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Tjoelker MG, Oleksyn J, Lorenc-Plucinska G, Reich PB. Acclimation of respiratory temperature responses in northern and southern populations of Pinus banksiana. New Phytol 2009; 181:218-229. [PMID: 18811616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Temperature acclimation of respiration may contribute to climatic adaptation and thus differ among populations from contrasting climates. Short-term temperature responses of foliar dark respiration were measured in 33-yr-old trees of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) in eight populations of wide-ranging origin (44-55 degrees N) grown in a common garden at 46.7 degrees N. It was tested whether seasonal adjustments in respiration and population differences in this regard resulted from changes in base respiration rate at 5 degrees C (R(5)) or Q(10) (temperature sensitivity) and covaried with nitrogen and soluble sugars. In all populations, acclimation was manifest primarily through shifts in R(5) rather than altered Q(10). R(5) was higher in cooler periods in late autumn and winter and lower in spring and summer, inversely tracking variation in ambient air temperature. Overall, R(5) covaried with sugars and not with nitrogen. Although acclimation was comparable among all populations, the observed seasonal ranges in R(5) and Q(10) were greater in populations originating from warmer than from colder sites. Population differences in respiratory traits appeared associated with autumnal cold hardening. Common patterns of respiratory temperature acclimation among biogeographically diverse populations provide a basis for predicting respiratory carbon fluxes in a wide-ranging species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Tjoelker
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA;Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA;Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - J Oleksyn
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA;Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA;Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - G Lorenc-Plucinska
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA;Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA;Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - P B Reich
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2138, USA;Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA;Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, Parkowa 5, PL-62-035, Kórnik, Poland
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Yamori W, Noguchi K, Hikosaka K, Terashima I. Cold-Tolerant Crop Species Have Greater Temperature Homeostasis of Leaf Respiration and Photosynthesis Than Cold-Sensitive Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 50:203-15. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gutjahr S, Lapointe L. Carbon dioxide enrichment does not reduce leaf longevity or alter accumulation of carbon reserves in the woodland spring ephemeral Erythronium americanum. Ann Bot 2008; 102:835-43. [PMID: 18757450 PMCID: PMC2712384 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Woodland spring ephemerals exhibit a relatively short epigeous growth period prior to canopy closure. However, it has been suggested that leaf senescence is induced by a reduction in the carbohydrate sink demand, rather than by changes in light availability. To ascertain whether a potentially higher net carbon (C) assimilation rate could shorten leaf lifespan due to an accelerated rate of storage, Erythronium americanum plants were grown under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (1100 ppm) CO2 concentrations. METHODS During this growth-chamber experiment, plant biomass, bulb starch concentration and cell size, leaf phenology, gas exchange rates and nutrient concentrations were monitored. KEY RESULTS Plants grown at 1100 ppm CO2 had greater net C assimilation rates than those grown at 400 ppm CO2. However, plant size, final bulb mass, bulb filling rate and timing of leaf senescence did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Erythronium americanum fixed more C under elevated than under ambient CO2 conditions, but produced plants of similar size. The similar bulb growth rates under both CO2 concentrations suggest that the bulb filling rate is dependant on bulb cell elongation rate, rather than on C availability. Elevated CO2 stimulated leaf and bulb respiratory rates; this might reduce feed-back inhibition of photosynthesis and avoid inducing premature leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Line Lapointe
- Département de biologie et Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec (Québec), CanadaG1V 0A6
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Ribas-Carbo M, Giles L, Flexas J, Briggs W, Berry JA. Phytochrome-driven changes in respiratory electron transport partitioning in soybean (Glycine max. L.) cotyledons. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2008; 10:281-7. [PMID: 18426475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
After it was observed that light induces changes in electron partitioning between the cytochrome and the alternative pathway, the focus interest was directed to assessing what type of photoreceptors are involved and the extent of such modifications. Studies on 5-day-old soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons using an oxygen isotope fractionation technique showed that phytochrome is involved in changes in electron partitioning between the cytochrome and the alternative respiratory pathway. A follow-up of a previous study, showing that 5 min of white light caused changes in mitochondrial electron partitioning, demonstrated that while blue light was not involved in any such changes, red light caused a significant shift of electrons toward the alternative pathway. The major shift, observed after 24 h of light, is mainly due to both a decrease in the activity of the cytochrome pathway and an increase in the activity of the alternative pathway. The involvement of a phytochrome receptor was confirmed by demonstration of reversibility by far-red light. The implications of the possible involvement of phytochrome in the regulation of mitochondrial electron transport are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ribas-Carbo
- Universitat de Illes Balears, Departament de Biologia, Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Abstract
Although some CO(2) released by respiring cells in tree stems diffuses directly to the atmosphere, on a daily basis 15-55% can remain within the tree. High concentrations of CO(2) build up in stems because of barriers to diffusion in the inner bark and xylem. In contrast with atmospheric [CO(2)] of c. 0.04%, the [CO(2)] in tree stems is often between 3 and 10%, and sometimes exceeds 20%. The [CO(2)] in stems varies diurnally and seasonally. Some respired CO(2) remaining in the stem dissolves in xylem sap and is transported toward the leaves. A portion can be fixed by photosynthetic cells in woody tissues, and a portion diffuses out of the stem into the atmosphere remote from the site of origin. It is now evident that measurements of CO(2) efflux to the atmosphere, which have been commonly used to estimate the rate of woody tissue respiration, do not adequately account for the internal fluxes of CO(2). New approaches to quantify both internal and external fluxes of CO(2) have been developed to estimate the rate of woody tissue respiration. A more complete assessment of internal fluxes of CO(2) in stems will improve our understanding of the carbon balance of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Teskey
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - An Saveyn
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Mary Anne McGuire
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Feng H, Li H, Li X, Duan J, Liang H, Zhi D, Ma J. The flexible interrelation between AOX respiratory pathway and photosynthesis in rice leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem 2007; 45:228-35. [PMID: 17408956 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Alternative respiratory pathway was investigated in rice seedlings grown under total darkness, light/dark cycle, or continuous light. The capacity of the alternative pathway was relatively higher in leaves that had longer light exposure. An analysis of rice AOX1 multigene family revealed that AOX1c, but not AOX1a and AOX1b, had a light-independent expression. The alternative oxidase (AOX) inhibitor, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, 1mM), inhibited nearly 68% of the capacity of the alternative pathway in leaves grown under different light conditions. The plants grown under different light periods were treated with SHAM and then were exposed to illumination for 4h. The transition from dark to 4h of light stimulated the capacity of alternative pathway in etiolated rice seedlings and in those grown under light/dark cycle, whereas the capacity of the alternative pathway was constant in seedlings grown under continuous light with additional 4h of illumination. Etiolated leaves did not show any CO(2) fixation after 4h of illumination, and the increase in chlorophyll content was delayed by the SHAM pretreatment. When seedlings grown under light/dark cycle were moved from dark and exposed to 4h of light, increases in chlorophyll content and CO(2) fixation rate were reduced by SHAM. Although these parameters were stable in plants grown under continuous light, SHAM decreased CO(2) fixation rate but not the chlorophyll content. These results indicate that the role and regulation of AOX in light are determined by the developmental stage of plant photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 298 Tian Shui Road, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carbon gain depends on efficient photosynthesis and adequate respiration. The effect of temperature on photosynthetic efficiency is well understood. In contrast, the temperature response of respiration is based almost entirely on short-term (hours) measurements in mature organisms to develop Q(10) values for maintenance and whole-plant respiration. These Q(10) values are then used to extrapolate across whole life cycles to predict the influence of temperature on plant growth. METHODS In this study, night temperature in young, rapidly growing plant communities was altered from 17 to 34 degrees C for up to 20 d. Day temperature was maintained at 25 degrees C. CO(2) gas-exchange was continuously monitored in ten separate chambers to quantify the effect of night-temperature on respiration, photosynthesis and the efficiency of carbon gain (carbon use efficiency). KEY RESULTS Respiration increased only 20-46 % for each 10 degrees C rise in temperature (total respiratory Q(10) of between 1.2 to about 1.5). This change resulted in only a 2-12 % change in carbon use efficiency, and there was no effect on cumulative carbon gain or dry mass. No acclimation of respiration was observed after 20 d of treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that whole-plant respiration of rapidly growing plants has a small sensitivity to temperature, and that the sensitivity does not change among the species tested, even after 20 d of treatment. Finally, the results support respiration models that separate respiration into growth and maintenance components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Frantz
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants, Soils and Biometeorology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4820, USA.
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50
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Abstract
In photosynthetic cells, mitochondrial respiration is of major importance not only in the dark but also in the light. Important progress has been made in our understanding of the roles played by mitochondria in light. The light signal is likely to reach cellular compartments such as the mitochondrion and the nucleus via different chloroplast-originated redox messages. The potential involvement of these messages in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity by light is discussed in view of the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Lis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-243, 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Ariane Atteia
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA; present address: Institute of Botany III, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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