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Sun N, Haseeb A, Sun P, Zhang H, Zhong J, Yin W, Fan K, Yang H, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Hu P, Li H. Scutellarin targets Wnt5a against zearalenone-induced apoptosis in mouse granulosa cells in vitro and in vivo. J Hazard Mater 2024; 464:132917. [PMID: 37979429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) poses severe reproductive toxicity to both humans and animals. Scutellarin has been demonstrated to rescue ZEA-induced apoptosis in mouse ovarian granulosa cells (GCs), but its specific targets remain unclear. In the present study, the potential targets of scutellarin were determined to clarify the mechanisms of scutellarin against ZEA-induced ovarian damage. 287 targets of scutellarin in mouse ovarian GCs were obtained by magnetic nano-probe-based fishing assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Wnt5a had the lowest binding free energy with scutellarin at - 8.3 kcal/mol. QRT-PCR and western blot showed that scutellarin significantly increased the Wnt5a and β-catenin expression compared with the ZEA-treated group, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression was significantly increased in the scutellarin-treated group after interfering with the expression of Wnt5a. The affinity constant (KD) of Wnt5a and scutellarin was 1.7 × 10-5 M. The pull-down assay also demonstrated that scutellarin could specifically bind to Wnt5a protein. Molecular docking results showed that scutellarin could form hydrogen bonds with TRY52, GLN56, and SER90 on Wnt5a protein, and western blot assay confirmed SER90 was an important site for the binding. Scutellarin significantly increased Wnt5a and β-catenin expression and decreased cleaved-caspase-3 expression in ovarian tissues of mice. In conclusion, scutellarin exerted anti-apoptotic effects on ZEA-induced mouse ovarian GCs by targeting Wnt5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Panpan Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Huizhen Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yaogui Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Panpan Hu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Li Z, Zheng Y, Liu K, Liang Y, Lu J, Li Q, Zhao B, Liu X, Li X. Lignans as multi-targeted natural products in neurodegenerative diseases and depression: Recent perspectives. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5599-5621. [PMID: 37669911 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
As the global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is becoming more and more important. There is an urgent need to discover novel drugs that are effective in treating neurological diseases. In recent years, natural products and their biological activities have gained widespread attention. Lignans are a class of metabolites extensively present in Chinese herbal medicine and possess good pharmacological effects. Latest studies have demonstrated their neuroprotective pharmacological activity in preventing acute/chronic neurodegenerative diseases and depression. In this review, the pharmacological effects of these disorders, the pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical trials of lignans were summarized according to the scientific literature. These results proved that lignans mainly exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Anti-apoptosis, regulation of nervous system functions, and modulation of synaptic signals are also potential effects. Despite the substantial evidence of the neuroprotective potential of lignans, it is not sufficient to support their use in the clinical management. Our study suggests that lignans can be used as prospective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and depression, with a view to informing their further development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bolin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Li H, Zhang X, Xiang C, Feng C, Fan C, Liu M, Lu H, Su H, Zhou Y, Qi Q, Xu Y, Tang W. Identification of phosphodiesterase-4 as the therapeutic target of arctigenin in alleviating psoriatic skin inflammation. J Adv Res 2021; 33:241-51. [PMID: 34603793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Arctigenin, derived from Arctium lappa L., has multiple pharmacological activities, including immunoregulatory, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective effects. Nevertheless, the potential therapeutic target of arctigenin in modulating inflammation remains undefined. Objectives In the present study, we identified that arctigenin was a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) selective inhibitor for the first time. Further investigations were performed to fully uncover the effects and mechanism of arctigenin on experimental murine psoriasis model. Methods Crystal structure determination, PDEs enzyme assay, and isothermal titration calorimetry were included to illustrate the binding specialty, inhibitory effects, and selectivity of arctigenin on PDE4D. The anti-inflammatory effects were conducted in LPS-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and RAW264.7 cells. Imiquimod-induced murine psoriasis was performed to uncover the therapeutic effects and mechanism of arctigenin in vivo. Results Arctigenin could bind to the catalytic domain of PDE4D via formation of hydrogen bonds as well as π-π stacking interactions between the dibenzyl butyrolactone of arctigenin and several residues of PDE4D. Accordingly, arctigenin showed prominent anti-inflammation in human PBMCs and murine RAW264.7 cells. PDE4 inhibition by arctigenin resulted in elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), which were largely blocked through intervention of protein kinase A (PKA) activity by H89 treatment or reduction of protein expression by siRNA transfection. Moreover, we first identified that a topical application of arctigenin ameliorated experimental psoriatic manifestations in imiquimod-induced murine psoriasis model by decreasing adhesion and chemotaxis of several inflammatory cells. Further proteomics analysis revealed that arctigenin could rectify the immune dysfunction and hyperactivation of keratinocytes in the inflamed skin microenvironments, which might be largely related to the expression of Keratins. Conclusion The research provided credible clew that inhibition of PDE4 by arctigenin might function as the potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Paes D, Schepers M, Rombaut B, van den Hove D, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J. The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1016-1049. [PMID: 34233947 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to enhance cAMP signaling in a broad range of diseases, including several types of cancers, as well as in various neurologic, dermatological, and inflammatory diseases. Despite their widespread therapeutic potential, the progression of PDE4 inhibitors into the clinic has been hampered because of their related relatively small therapeutic window, which increases the chance of producing adverse side effects. Interestingly, the PDE4 enzyme family consists of several subtypes and isoforms that can be modified post-translationally or can engage in specific protein-protein interactions to yield a variety of conformational states. Inhibition of specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, or conformational states may lead to more precise effects and hence improve the safety profile of PDE4 inhibition. In this review, we provide an overview of the variety of PDE4 isoforms and how their activity and inhibition is influenced by post-translational modifications and interactions with partner proteins. Furthermore, we describe the importance of screening potential PDE4 inhibitors in view of different PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and conformational states rather than testing compounds directed toward a specific PDE4 catalytic domain. Lastly, potential mechanisms underlying PDE4-mediated adverse effects are outlined. In this review, we illustrate that PDE4 inhibitors retain their therapeutic potential in myriad diseases, but target identification should be more precise to establish selective inhibition of disease-affected PDE4 isoforms while avoiding isoforms involved in adverse effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the PDE4 enzyme family is a therapeutic target in an extensive range of disorders, clinical use of PDE4 inhibitors has been hindered because of the adverse side effects. This review elaborately shows that safer and more effective PDE4 targeting is possible by characterizing 1) which PDE4 subtypes and isoforms exist, 2) how PDE4 isoforms can adopt specific conformations upon post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions, and 3) which PDE4 inhibitors can selectively bind specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and/or conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
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Shi H, Zhao L, Guo X, Fang R, Zhang H, Dong G, Fu J, Yan F, Zhang J, Ning Z, Ma Q, Li Z, Li C, Dai J, Si C, Xiong H. Arctigenin Attenuates Breast Cancer Progression through Decreasing GM-CSF/TSLP/STAT3/β-Catenin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176357. [PMID: 32887217 PMCID: PMC7503539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive breast cancer is highly regulated by tumor-derived cytokines in tumor microenvironment. The development of drugs that specifically target cytokines are promising in breast cancer treatment. In this study, we reported that arctigenin, a bioactive compound from Arctium lappa L., could decrease tumor-promoting cytokines GM-CSF, MMP-3, MMP-9 and TSLP in breast cancer cells. Arctigenin not only inhibited the proliferation, but also the invasion and stemness of breast cancer cells via decreasing GM-CSF and TSLP. Mechanistically, arctigenin decreased the promoter activities of GM-CSF and TSLP via reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 which is crucial for the transcription of GM-CSF and TSLP. Furthermore, arctigenin-induced depletion of GM-CSF and TSLP inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and β-catenin signaling resulting in decreased proliferation, invasion and stemness of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which tumor-promoting cytokines regulate breast cancer progression and suggest that arctigenin is a promising candidate for cytokine-targeted breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Luping Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xinlin Guo
- Institute of Basic Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Runping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Jia Fu
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Zhaochen Ning
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Qun Ma
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Chunxia Li
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Jun Dai
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Chuanping Si
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-(0537)-3616286 (C.S.); +86-(0537)-3616283 (H.X.)
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (H.S.); (H.Z.); (G.D.); (J.F.); (F.Y.); (J.Z.); (Z.N.); (Q.M.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (H.X.); Tel.: +86-(0537)-3616286 (C.S.); +86-(0537)-3616283 (H.X.)
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Zhang W, Gao J, Cheng C, Zhang M, Liu W, Ma X, Lei W, Hao E, Hou X, Hou Y, Bai G. Cinnamaldehyde Enhances Antimelanoma Activity through Covalently Binding ENO1 and Exhibits a Promoting Effect with Dacarbazine. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020311. [PMID: 32013122 PMCID: PMC7072165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, melanoma is a common malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate of all types of skin cancer. Although the first option for treating melanoma is with chemicals, the effects are unsatisfactory and include poor medication response and high resistance. Therefore, developing new medicines or a novel combination approach would be a significant breakthrough. Here, we present cinnamaldehyde (CA) as a potential candidate, which exerted an antitumor effect in melanoma cell lines. Chemical biology methods of target fishing, molecular imaging, and live cell tracing by an alkynyl-CA probe revealed that the α-enolase (ENO1) protein was the target of CA. The covalent binding of CA with ENO1 changed the stability of the ENO1 protein and affected the glycolytic activity. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that dacarbazine (DTIC) showed a high promoting effect with CA for antimelanoma both in vivo and in vitro. The combination improved the DTIC cell cycle arrest in the S phase and markedly impacted melanoma growth. As a covalent inhibitor of ENO1, CA combined with DTIC may be beneficial in patients with drug resistance in antimelanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Chuanjing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Erwei Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (E.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese medicine, Nanning 530200, China; (E.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; (W.Z.); (J.G.); (C.C.); (M.Z.); (W.L.); (X.M.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (G.B.)
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Liu W, Lu Y, Chu S, Jiang M, Bai G. Phillygenin, a lignan compound, inhibits hypertension by reducing PLCβ3-dependent Ca2+ oscillation. J Funct Foods 2019; 60:103432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Zhang Y, Yang S, Zhang M, Wang Z, He X, Hou Y, Bai G. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Improves Insulin-Response Pathway by Regulating the Balance between the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt Pathways. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030604. [PMID: 30871060 PMCID: PMC6470473 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a bioactive component in the human diet, has been reported to improve hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity in rats with metabolic syndrome. However, GA-specific target proteins and the mechanisms involved in the downstream signaling and cross-talk to improve insulin sensitivity have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the potential targets of GA were identified by chemical proteomics strategies using serial GA probes for target fishing and cell molecular imaging. Intracellular enzyme activity evaluation and insulin resistance models were used for validating the function of the target proteins on the downstream insulin signaling pathways. Collectively, our data demonstrate that GA improved the insulin-responsive pathway and glucose consumption levels via multiple diabetogenic factors that activated the insulin signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. GA improved Glucose transporter 4(GLUT4) expression by targeting the Ras protein to regulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. GA exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on IRS1ser307 phosphorylation in cells treated with the Protein kinase C (PKC) activator Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA.) Consistently, IRS1ser307 phosphorylation was also inhibited by GA in Free fatty acid (FFA)-treated HepG2 cells. GA also inhibited the PMA-induced phosphorylation of IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 proteins (P38), suggesting that IKKα/β, JNK and P38 activation is dependent on PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Shengnan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China.
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9
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ma X, Yang S, Hu X, Tao J, Hou Y, Bai G. Glycyrrhetinic acid binds to the conserved P-loop region and interferes with the interaction of RAS-effector proteins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:294-303. [PMID: 30976491 PMCID: PMC6438844 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the RAS proto-oncogene superfamily are indispensable molecular switches that play critical roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. Recent studies have attempted to prevent the interaction of RAS/GTP with RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), impair RAS-effector interactions, and suppress RAS localization to prevent oncogenic signalling. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the natural triterpenoic acid inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid, which is isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza plant species, on RAS stability. We found that glycyrrhetinic acid may bind to the P-loop of RAS and alter its stability. Based on our biochemical tests and structural analysis results, glycyrrhetinic acid induced a conformational change in RAS. Meanwhile, glycyrrhetinic acid abolishes the function of RAS by interfering with the effector protein RAF kinase activation and RAS/MAPK signalling.
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Key Words
- Allosteric inhibitor
- CD, circular dichroism
- DTT, d,l-dithiothreitol
- FTIs, farnesyltransferase inhibitors
- FTS, fluorescence-based thermal shift
- GA, glycyrrhetinic acid
- GAPs, GTP hydrolysis by GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- Glycyrrhetinic acid
- HOBt, hydroxybenzotrizole
- Kobe, Kobe0065
- N3-tag, 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin
- NH2-MMs, Fe3O4 amino magnetic microspheres
- RAS
- RAS, GTPases RAS
- RAS/MAPK signalling
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- Sulfo-SADP, sodium1-((3-((4-azidophenyl)disulfanyl)propanoyl)oxy)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-3-sulfonate
- Tip, tipifarnib
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10
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Qian FH, Deng X, Zhuang QX, Wei B, Zheng DD. miR‑625‑5p suppresses inflammatory responses by targeting AKT2 in human bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1951-1957. [PMID: 30628701 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease; however, whether microRNAs (miRs) could be used in the treatment of asthma remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of miR‑625‑5p in the inflammatory response of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Inflammation in the HBEC line, 16HBEC, was induced using different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which demonstrated that 1 µg/ml LPS was an appropriate concentration for further experiments. The association between protein kinase B2 (AKT2) and miR‑625‑5p was verified using a luciferase reporter assay. LPS was added to 16HBECs following the administration of miR‑625‑5p mimics or miR‑625‑5p inhibitors, and cells with silenced or overexpressed AKT2 levels. miR‑625‑5p was expressed at a high level in LPS‑activated 16HBECs. Overexpression of miR‑625‑5p inhibited interleukin (IL)‑6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α secretion in 16HBECs. Inhibition of miR‑625‑5p enhanced LPS‑induced IL‑6 and TNF‑α secretion. miR‑625‑5p negatively regulated the expression of AKT2 in 16HBECs. A dual‑luciferase reporter assay system confirmed that miR‑625‑5p directly targeted the 3'untranslated region of AKT2. Transfection with a small interfering RNA against AKT2 inhibited inhibitor of κB phosphorylation. In brief, miR‑625‑5p may protect LPS‑induced HBECs by targeting AKT2 and inhibiting the nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathway. Therefore, miR‑625‑5p may function as an inhibitor of asthma airway inflammation in HBECs by targeting AKT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Hong Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Qiong-Xin Zhuang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
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11
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Du Y, Li W, Li Y, Yang J, Wang X, Yin S, Wang X, Velez de-la-Paz OI, Gao Y, Chen H, Yin X, Shi H. Repeated arctigenin treatment produces antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:79-86. [PMID: 30597190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the root of various diseases. It is one of the most debilitating conditions globally. Antidepressant drugs are usually the first-line of depression treatment. Arctigenin (ARC), one of active ingredient of Arctium lappa L, has been found to exert neuroprotective, anti-decrepitude, and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of ARC using acute and chronic mild stress (CMS) mice model. ICR mice model received acute stress or chronic mild stress assessed by open field test (OFT), novelty suppressed feeding (NSF), sucrose preference test (SPT), forced-swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). After the final test, blood was collected to detect the serum levels of angiogenin (ANG), thrombopoietin (TPO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The behavioral results showed that repeated ARC (10, 30 mg/kg) administration significantly relieved the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects. And repeated ARC administration at the dose of 10 and 30 mg/kg could significantly block depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors caused by CMS. Finally, ELISA results showed that ARC administration increased the serum levels of angiogenin (ANG), thrombopoietin (TPO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results showed that chronic ARC administration produces antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects, which provides direct evidence for the first time that ARC may be a novel strategy for the treatment of depression and even stress-related disorders. The present data supports further exploration for developing ARC administration as a novel therapeutic strategy for depression and even stress-related disorders.
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12
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Fei F, Sun H, Cheng X, Liu J, Wang J, Li Q, Zhang Y. Rapid screening and identification of bioactive compounds specifically binding to beta 2-adrenoceptor from San-ao decoction using affinity magnetic fine particles coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chin Med 2018; 13:49. [PMID: 30258489 PMCID: PMC6154427 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background San-ao decoction (SAD) has been widely used in Chinese medicine against respiratory diseases, such as asthma and rhinallergosis. The bioactive compounds for such pharmacological action remain unknown. Methods We developed a methodology to isolate the bioactive compounds of SAD. The assay involved the immobilization of beta 2-adrenoceptor (β 2-AR) onto magnetic fine particles, the capture of target compounds by the immobilized receptor, the identification of the receptor bound compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Results Vicenin, shaftoside, isoshaftoside, liquiritin apioside and isoliquiritin apioside were identified as β 2-AR ligands in SAD extract. The binding of these compounds to β 2-AR occurred on serine169, serine170 and phenylalanine256 of the receptor. Conclusions The developed methodology has high stability and specificity for recognizing and isolating target compounds. It is an alternative method for rapidly screening bioactive compounds of immobilized receptor from Chinese prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhuan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 China
| | - Huanmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 China
| | - Xixi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069 China
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13
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Shi H, Dong G, Yan F, Zhang H, Li C, Ma Q, Zhang J, Ning Z, Li Z, Dai J, Ming J, Fang R, Si C, Xiong H. Arctigenin Ameliorates Inflammation by Regulating Accumulation and Functional Activity of MDSCs in Endotoxin Shock. Inflammation 2018; 41:2090-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Feng Q, Yao J, Zhou G, Xia W, Lyu J, Li X, Zhao T, Zhang G, Zhao N, Yang J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Arctigenin Alleviates Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis Through Suppressing Immune System and Regulating Autophagy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1881. [PMID: 30177931 PMCID: PMC6109684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis is a well-established experimental model for immune-mediated liver injury. It has been widely used in the therapeutic studies of immune hepatitis. The in-depth analysis of dysregulated proteins from comparative proteomic results indicated that the activation of immune system resulted in the deregulation of autophagy. Follow-up studies validated that some immune related proteins, including Stat1, Pkr, Atg7, and Adrm1, were indeed upregulated. The accumulations of LC3B-II and p62 were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. Arctigenin pretreatment significantly alleviated the liver injury, as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological investigations, whose protective effects were comparable with Prednisone acetate and Cyclosporin A. Arctigenin pretreatment decreased the levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ, but increased the ones of IL-10. Next, the quantitative proteomic analysis demonstrated that ARC pretreatment suppressed the activation of immune system through the inhibition of IFN-γ signaling, when it downregulated the protein expressions of Stat1, P-Stat1, Pkr, P-Pkr, Bnip3, Beclin1, Atg7, LC3B, Adrm1, and p62. Meanwhile, Arctigenin pretreatment also reduced the gene expressions of Stat1, Pkr, and Atg7. These results suggested that Arctigenin alleviated autophagy as well as apoptosis through inhibiting IFN-γ/IL-6/Stat1 pathway and IL-6/Bnip3 pathway. In summary, the comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the activation of immune system led to Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Both autophagy and apoptosis had important clinical implications for the treatment of immune hepatitis. Arctigenin might exert great therapeutic potential in immune-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Ge Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkai Xia
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Jingang Lyu
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- Center for New Drug Pharmacological Research of Lunan Pharmaceutical Group, State Key Laboratory, Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, China.,School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Ningwei Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shimadzu Biomedical Research Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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15
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Huang Y, Li L, Li X, Fan S, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Ginseng Compatibility Environment Attenuates Toxicity and Keeps Efficacy in Cor Pulmonale Treated by Fuzi Beimu Incompatibility Through the Coordinated Crosstalk of PKA and Epac Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:634. [PMID: 29962951 PMCID: PMC6013823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cor pulmonale is characterized by severe right ventricular dysfunction caused by lung disease, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which can lead to pulmonary hypertension. Our previous study has demonstrated that Fuzi and Beimu compatibility (FBC), a traditional TCM compatibility taboo, improves lung function in early-stage of pulmonary hypertension through the synergistic action of β-ARs signals. However, FBC increases cardiotoxicity with prolonged treatment and disease progression. Considering that the compatibility environment influences the exertion of the medicine, we selected ginseng for coordinating the compatibility environment to improve the security and extend the therapeutic time window of FBC. Monocrotaline-induced cor pulmonale rats were treated with FBC, ginseng, or ginseng combined with FBC (G/FBC). Then, the pulmonary and cardiac functions of the rats were examined to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of the treatments. The crosstalk between PKA and Epac pathways was also studied. Results showed that G/FBC ameliorated lung function similar to or even better than FBC treatment did. Furthermore, G/FBC treatment attenuated FBC-induced cardiotoxicity, which significantly restored cardiac dysfunction and clearly decreased myocardial enzymes and apoptosis. The βAR-Gs-PKA/CaMKII pathway was inhibited and the Epac1/ERK1/2 axis was activated in G/FBC group. These findings indicate that ginseng compatibility environment could improve pulmonary function and attenuate cardiotoxicity in cor pulmonale via the coordinated crosstalk of PKA and Epac pathways, implying that ginseng could be used to prevent detrimental cardiotoxicity in cor pulmonale treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Huang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Simiao Fan
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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16
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Bai G, Zhang T, Hou Y, Ding G, Jiang M, Luo G. From quality markers to data mining and intelligence assessment: A smart quality-evaluation strategy for traditional Chinese medicine based on quality markers. Phytomedicine 2018; 44:109-116. [PMID: 29426601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) forms the foundation of its clinical efficacy. The standardization of TCM is the most important task of TCM modernization. In recent years, there has been great progress in the quality control of TCM. However, there are still many issues related to the current quality standards, and it is difficult to objectively evaluate and effectively control the quality of TCM. PURPOSE To face these challenge, we summarized the current quality marker (Q-marker) research based on its characteristics and benefits, and proposed a reasonable and intelligentized quality evaluation strategy for the development and application of Q-markers. METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight with partial least squares-discriminant analysis was suggested to screen the chemical markers from Chinese medicinal materials (CMM), and a bioactive-guided evaluation method was used to select the Q-markers. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), based on the distinctive wavenumber zones or points from the Q-markers, was developed for its determination. Then, artificial intelligence algorithms were used to clarify the complex relationship between the Q-markers and their integral functions. Internet and mobile communication technology helped us to perform remote analysis and determine the information feedback of test samples. CHAPTERS The quality control research, evaluation, standard establishment and quality control of TCM must be based on the systematic analysis of Q-markers to study and describe the material basis of TCM efficacy, define the chemical markers in the plant body, and understand the process of herb drug acquisition, change and transmission laws affecting metabolism and exposure. Based on the advantages of chemometrics, new sensor technologies, including infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, chemical imaging, electronic nose and electronic tongue, have become increasingly important in the quality evaluation of CMM. Inspired by the concept of Q-marker, the quantitation can be achieved with the help of artificial intelligence, and these subtle differences can be discovered, allowing the quantitative analysis by NIRS and providing a quick and easy detection method for CMM quality evaluations. CONCLUSION The concept of Q-markers focused on unique CMM differences, dynamic changes and their transmission and traceability to establish an overall quality control and traceability system. Based on the basic attributes, an integration model and artificial intelligence research path was proposed, with the hope of providing new ideas and perspectives for the TCM quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoan Luo
- Analysis Center, Tsinghua University, Room 139, Building of Life Science, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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17
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Huang H, Zhang G, Zhou Y, Lin C, Chen S, Lin Y, Mai S, Huang Z. Reverse Screening Methods to Search for the Protein Targets of Chemopreventive Compounds. Front Chem 2018; 6:138. [PMID: 29868550 PMCID: PMC5954125 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is a systematic review of reverse screening methods used to search for the protein targets of chemopreventive compounds or drugs. Typical chemopreventive compounds include components of traditional Chinese medicine, natural compounds and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Such compounds are somewhat selective but are predisposed to bind multiple protein targets distributed throughout diverse signaling pathways in human cells. In contrast to conventional virtual screening, which identifies the ligands of a targeted protein from a compound database, reverse screening is used to identify the potential targets or unintended targets of a given compound from a large number of receptors by examining their known ligands or crystal structures. This method, also known as in silico or computational target fishing, is highly valuable for discovering the target receptors of query molecules from terrestrial or marine natural products, exploring the molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive compounds, finding alternative indications of existing drugs by drug repositioning, and detecting adverse drug reactions and drug toxicity. Reverse screening can be divided into three major groups: shape screening, pharmacophore screening and reverse docking. Several large software packages, such as Schrödinger and Discovery Studio; typical software/network services such as ChemMapper, PharmMapper, idTarget, and INVDOCK; and practical databases of known target ligands and receptor crystal structures, such as ChEMBL, BindingDB, and the Protein Data Bank (PDB), are available for use in these computational methods. Different programs, online services and databases have different applications and constraints. Here, we conducted a systematic analysis and multilevel classification of the computational programs, online services and compound libraries available for shape screening, pharmacophore screening and reverse docking to enable non-specialist users to quickly learn and grasp the types of calculations used in protein target fishing. In addition, we review the main features of these methods, programs and databases and provide a variety of examples illustrating the application of one or a combination of reverse screening methods for accurate target prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
| | - Guigui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
| | - Yuquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
| | - Chenru Lin
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
| | - Suling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
| | - Yutong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
| | - Shangkang Mai
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University Dongguan, China
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Huang YY, Li XJ, Liu KX, Zhuang PW, Zhang YJ. Toxicity-efficacy converting of ginseng combined with Fuzi Banxia incompatibility in heart failure stage of cor pulmonale. Chinese Herbal Medicines 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Wang Z, Cui Y, Ding G, Zhou M, Ma X, Hou Y, Jiang M, Liu D, Bai G. Mahuannin B an adenylate cyclase inhibitor attenuates hyperhidrosis via suppressing β 2-adrenoceptor/cAMP signaling pathway. Phytomedicine 2017; 30:18-27. [PMID: 28545666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the traditional application of traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), Ephedra Herba (EH) is used to cure cold fever by inducing sweating, whereas Ephedra Radix (ER) is used to treat hyperhidrosis. Although they come from the same plant, Ephedra sinica Stapf, but have play opposing roles in clinical applications. EH is known to contain ephedrine alkaloids, which is the driver of the physiological changes in sweating, heart rate and blood pressure. However, the active pharmacological ingredients (APIs) of ER and the mechanisms by which it restricts sweating remain unknown. PURPOSE The current work aims to discover the hidroschesis APIs from ER, as well as to establish its action mechanism. METHODS UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, PCA, and heat map were utilized for identifying the differences between EH and ER. HPLC integrated with a β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) activity luciferase reporter assay system was used to screen active inhibitors; molecular docking and a series of biological assays centered on β2-AR-related signaling pathways were evaluated to understand the roles of APIs. RESULTS The opposite effect on sweating of EH and ER can be attributed to the APIs of amphetamine-type alkaloids and flavonoid derivatives. Mahuannin B is an effective anti-hydrotic agent, inhibiting the production of cAMP via suppression of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity. CONCLUSION The effects of EH and ER on sweat and β2-AR-related signaling pathway are opposite due to different alkaloids and flavonoids of APIs in EH and ER. The present work not only sheds light on the hidroschesis action of mahuannin B, but also presents a potential target of AC in the treatment of hyperhidrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental hazard, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Guoyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mengge Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dailin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental hazard, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300309, China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Cui Q, Hou Y, Wang Y, Li X, Liu Y, Ma X, Wang Z, Wang W, Tao J, Wang Q, Jiang M, Chen D, Feng X, Bai G. Biodistribution of arctigenin-loaded nanoparticles designed for multimodal imaging. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:27. [PMID: 28388905 PMCID: PMC5383946 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tracking targets of natural products is one of the most challenging issues in fields ranging from pharmacognosy to biomedicine. It is widely recognized that the biocompatible nanoparticle (NP) could function as a "key" that opens the target "lock". RESULTS We report a functionalized poly-lysine NP technique that can monitor the target protein of arctigenin (ATG) in vivo non-invasively. The NPs were synthesized, and their morphologies and surface chemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), laser particle size analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, we studied the localization of ATG at the level of the cell and the whole animal (zebrafish and mice). We demonstrated that fluorescent NPs could be ideal carriers in the development of a feasible method for target identification. The distributions of the target proteins were found to be consistent with the pharmacological action of ATG at the cellular and whole-organism levels. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that functionalized poly-lysine NPs could be valuable in the multimodal imaging of arctigenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Cui
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Xu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengyong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiya Wang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Tao
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Xizeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Gang Bai
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
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Liu W, Chu G, Chang N, Ma X, Jiang M, Bai G. Phillygenin attenuates inflammatory responses and influences glucose metabolic parameters by inhibiting Akt activity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06302d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phillygenin targets an allosteric inhibit pocket on Akt; alleviates inflammatory-associated downstream signal transduction factors and influences glucose metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcui Chu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- People's Republic of China
| | - Nianwei Chang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
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Zhuang P, Huang Y, Lu Z, Yang Z, Xu L, Sun F, Zhang Y, Duan J. cAMP-PKA-CaMKII signaling pathway is involved in aggravated cardiotoxicity during Fuzi and Beimu Combination Treatment of Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34903. [PMID: 27739450 DOI: 10.1038/srep34903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) and Fritillariae Thunbergii bulbus (Beimu) have been widely used clinically to treat cardiopulmonary related diseases in China. However, according to the classic rules of traditional Chinese medicine, Fuzi and Beimu should be prohibited to use as a combination for their incompatibility. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate the paradox on the use of Fuzi and Beimu combination therapy. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension rats were treated with either Fuzi, Beimu, or their combination at different stages of PH. We demonstrated that at the early stage of PH, Fuzi and Beimu combination significantly improved lung function and reduced pulmonary histopathology. However, as the disease progressed, when Fuzi and Beimu combination were used at the late stage of PH, right ventricular chamber dilation was histologically apparent and myocardial apoptosis was significantly increased compared with each drug alone. Western-blotting results indicated that the main chemical ingredient of Beimu could down-regulate the protein phosphorylation levels of Akt and PDE4D, whereas the combination of Fuzi and Beimu could up-regulate PKA and CaMKII signaling pathways. Therefore, we concluded that Fuzi and Beimu combination potentially aggravated the heart injury due to the inhibition of PDK1/Akt/PDE4D axis and subsequent synergistic activation of βAR-Gs-PKA/CaMKII signaling pathway.
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Bai G, Hou YY, Jiang M, Gao J. Integrated Systems Biology and Chemical Biology Approach to Exploring Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Chinese Herbal Medicines 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Mika D, Conti M. PDE4D phosphorylation: A coincidence detector integrating multiple signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2016; 28:719-24. [PMID: 26562185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Eukaryotes, more than 100 different phosphodiesterase (PDE) proteins serve to fine-tune cyclic nucleotide (cAMP and cGMP) signals and contribute to specificity of signaling. In mammals, PDEs are divided into 11 families, of which PDE4 represents the largest family. Four genes (pde4a, pde4b, pde4c and pde4d) encode for this class of enzymes in mammals and give rise to more than 20 variants. Within this family of genes, PDE4D was discovered on the basis of its regulatory properties and its induction by hormones and cAMP. PDE4D has often been used as the prototype PDE4 and large body of work has been generated on the biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological properties of this enzyme. This review covers the regulation of PDE4D by phosphorylation, the impact of this regulation in the context of the structure of this protein, and the functional consequences of this complex pattern of posttranslational modifications.
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