1
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Zhao J, Yu X, Shentu X, Li D. The application and development of electron microscopy for three-dimensional reconstruction in life science: a review. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:1-18. [PMID: 38416172 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Imaging technologies have played a pivotal role in advancing biological research by enabling visualization of biological structures and processes. While traditional electron microscopy (EM) produces two-dimensional images, emerging techniques now allow high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) characterization of specimens in situ, meeting growing needs in molecular and cellular biology. Combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with serial sectioning inaugurated 3D imaging, attracting biologists seeking to explore cell ultrastructure and driving advancement of 3D EM reconstruction. By comprehensively and precisely rendering internal structure and distribution, 3D TEM reconstruction provides unparalleled ultrastructural insights into cells and molecules, holding tremendous value for elucidating structure-function relationships and broadly propelling structural biology. Here, we first introduce the principle of 3D reconstruction of cells and tissues by classical approaches in TEM and then discuss modern technologies utilizing TEM and on new SEM-based as well as cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) techniques. 3D reconstruction techniques from serial sections, electron tomography (ET), and the recent single-particle analysis (SPA) are examined; the focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), and automatic tape-collecting lathe ultramicrotome (ATUM-SEM) for 3D reconstruction of large volumes are discussed. Finally, we review the challenges and development prospects of these technologies in life science. It aims to provide an informative reference for biological researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China , Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China , Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xuping Shentu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China , Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Danting Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China , Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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2
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Schwärzler J, Mayr L, Grabherr F, Tilg H, Adolph TE. Epithelial metabolism as a rheostat for intestinal inflammation and malignancy. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00004-7. [PMID: 38341347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The gut epithelium protects the host from a potentially hostile environment while allowing nutrient uptake that is vital for the organism. To maintain this delicate task, the gut epithelium has evolved multilayered cellular functions ranging from mucus production to hormone release and orchestration of mucosal immunity. Here, we review the execution of intestinal epithelial metabolism in health and illustrate how perturbation of epithelial metabolism affects experimental gut inflammation and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the impact of environmental factors and host-microbe interactions on epithelial metabolism in the context of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Insights into epithelial metabolism hold promise to unravel mechanisms of organismal health that may be therapeutically exploited in humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schwärzler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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3
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McCallum G, Tropini C. The gut microbiota and its biogeography. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:105-118. [PMID: 37740073 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Biogeography is the study of species distribution and diversity within an ecosystem and is at the core of how we understand ecosystem dynamics and interactions at the macroscale. In gut microbial communities, a historical reliance on bulk sequencing to probe community composition and dynamics has overlooked critical processes whereby microscale interactions affect systems-level microbiota function and the relationship with the host. In recent years, higher-resolution sequencing and novel single-cell level data have uncovered an incredible heterogeneity in microbial composition and have enabled a more nuanced spatial understanding of the gut microbiota. In an era when spatial transcriptomics and single-cell imaging and analysis have become key tools in mammalian cell and tissue biology, many of these techniques are now being applied to the microbiota. This fresh approach to intestinal biogeography has given important insights that span temporal and spatial scales, from the discovery of mucus encapsulation of the microbiota to the quantification of bacterial species throughout the gut. In this Review, we highlight emerging knowledge surrounding gut biogeography enabled by the observation and quantification of heterogeneity across multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle McCallum
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Brabec T, Schwarzer M, Kováčová K, Dobešová M, Schierová D, Březina J, Pacáková I, Šrůtková D, Ben-Nun O, Goldfarb Y, Šplíchalová I, Kolář M, Abramson J, Filipp D, Dobeš J. Segmented filamentous bacteria-induced epithelial MHCII regulates cognate CD4+ IELs and epithelial turnover. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230194. [PMID: 37902602 PMCID: PMC10615894 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells have the capacity to upregulate MHCII molecules in response to certain epithelial-adhesive microbes, such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). However, the mechanism regulating MHCII expression as well as the impact of epithelial MHCII-mediated antigen presentation on T cell responses targeting those microbes remains elusive. Here, we identify the cellular network that regulates MHCII expression on the intestinal epithelium in response to SFB. Since MHCII on the intestinal epithelium is dispensable for SFB-induced Th17 response, we explored other CD4+ T cell-based responses induced by SFB. We found that SFB drive the conversion of cognate CD4+ T cells to granzyme+ CD8α+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. These cells accumulate in small intestinal intraepithelial space in response to SFB. Yet, their accumulation is abrogated by the ablation of MHCII on the intestinal epithelium. Finally, we show that this mechanism is indispensable for the SFB-driven increase in the turnover of epithelial cells in the ileum. This study identifies a previously uncharacterized immune response to SFB, which is dependent on the epithelial MHCII function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Brabec
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Kováčová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Dobešová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Schierová
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Březina
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Pacáková
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Šrůtková
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic
| | - Osher Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Goldfarb
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iva Šplíchalová
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dominik Filipp
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dobeš
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Bandyopadhyay S, Zhang X, Ascura A, Edelblum KL, Bonder EM, Gao N. Salmonella engages CDC42 effector protein 1 for intracellular invasion. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:36-50. [PMID: 37877586 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Human enterocytes are primary targets of infection by invasive bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium, and studies using nonintestinal epithelial cells established that S. Typhimurium activates Rho family GTPases, primarily CDC42, to modulate the actin cytoskeletal network for invasion. The host intracellular protein network that engages CDC42 and influences the pathogen's invasive capacity are relatively unclear. Here, proteomic analyses of canonical and variant CDC42 interactomes identified a poorly characterized CDC42 interacting protein, CDC42EP1, whose intracellular localization is rapidly redistributed and aggregated around the invading bacteria. CDC42EP1 associates with SEPTIN-7 and Villin, and its relocalization and bacterial engagement depend on host CDC42 and S. Typhimurium's capability of activating CDC42. Unlike CDC42, CDC42EP1 is not required for S. Typhimurium's initial cellular entry but is found to associate with Salmonella-containing vacuoles after long-term infections, indicating a contribution to the pathogen's intracellular growth and replication. These results uncover a new host regulator of enteric Salmonella infections, which may be targeted to restrict bacterial load at the primary site of infection to prevent systemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea Ascura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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6
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Brockmann L, Tran A, Huang Y, Edwards M, Ronda C, Wang HH, Ivanov II. Intestinal microbiota-specific Th17 cells possess regulatory properties and suppress effector T cells via c-MAF and IL-10. Immunity 2023; 56:2719-2735.e7. [PMID: 38039966 PMCID: PMC10964950 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microbes induce cytokine-producing effector tissue-resident CD4+ T cells, but the function of these T cells in mucosal homeostasis is not well understood. Here, we report that commensal-specific intestinal Th17 cells possess an anti-inflammatory phenotype marked by expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and co-inhibitory receptors. The anti-inflammatory phenotype of gut-resident commensal-specific Th17 cells was driven by the transcription factor c-MAF. IL-10-producing commensal-specific Th17 cells were heterogeneous and derived from a TCF1+ gut-resident progenitor Th17 cell population. Th17 cells acquired IL-10 expression and anti-inflammatory phenotype in the small-intestinal lamina propria. IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells and IL-10 signaling in intestinal macrophages drove IL-10 expression by commensal-specific Th17 cells. Intestinal commensal-specific Th17 cells possessed immunoregulatory functions and curbed effector T cell activity in vitro and in vivo in an IL-10-dependent and c-MAF-dependent manner. Our results suggest that tissue-resident commensal-specific Th17 cells perform regulatory functions in mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Madeline Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carlotta Ronda
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Harris H Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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7
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Wang Q, Jia D, He J, Sun Y, Qian Y, Ge Q, Qi Y, Wang Q, Hu Y, Wang L, Fang Y, He H, Luo M, Feng L, Si J, Song Z, Wang L, Chen S. Lactobacillus Intestinalis Primes Epithelial Cells to Suppress Colitis-Related Th17 Response by Host-Microbe Retinoic Acid Biosynthesis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2303457. [PMID: 37983567 PMCID: PMC10754072 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiome is integral to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. A novel probiotic Lactobacillus intestinalis (L. intestinalis) exerts a protective effect against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Based on flow cytometry, colitis-associated Th17 cells are the target of L. intestinalis, which is supported by the lack of protective effects of L. intestinalis in T cell-null Rag1-/- mice or upon anti-IL-17-A antibody-treated mice. Although L. intestinalis exerts no direct effect on T cell differentiation, it decreases C/EBPA-driven gut epithelial SAA1 and SAA2 production, which in turn impairs Th17 cell differentiation. Cometabolism of L. intestinalis ALDH and host ALDH1A2 contributed to elevated biosynthesis of retinoic acid (RA), which accounts for the anti-colitis effect in RAR-α -mediated way. In a cohort of ulcerative colitis patients, it is observed that fecal abundance of L. intestinalis is negatively associated with the C/EBPA-SAA1/2-Th17 axis. Finally, L. intestinalis has a synergistic effect with mesalazine in alleviating murine colitis. In conclusion, L. intestinalis and associated metabolites, RA, have potential therapeutic effects for suppressing colonic inflammation by modulating the crosstalk between intestinal epithelia and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Wen Wang
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Ding‐Jia‐Cheng Jia
- Department of GastroenterologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Jia‐Min He
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of GastroenterologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyShenzhen University General HospitalShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Qi‐Wei Ge
- Department of GastroenterologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Ya‐Dong Qi
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Qing‐Yi Wang
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Ying‐Ying Hu
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Yan‐Fei Fang
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Hui‐Qin He
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of NutritionSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Li‐Jun Feng
- Department of NutritionSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Jian‐Min Si
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Institution of GastroenterologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Prevention and Treatment Research Center of Senescent DiseaseZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Zhang‐Fa Song
- Department of Colorectal SurgerySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Liang‐Jing Wang
- Department of GastroenterologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Institution of GastroenterologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Prevention and Treatment Research Center of Senescent DiseaseZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Shu‐Jie Chen
- Department of GastroenterologySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Institution of GastroenterologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
- Prevention and Treatment Research Center of Senescent DiseaseZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058China
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8
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El-Sayed MM, Mohak S, Gala D, Fabian R, Peterfi Z, Fabian Z. The Role of the Intestinal Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis-Lessons to Be Learned from Hippocrates. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1463. [PMID: 38132289 PMCID: PMC10740531 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on recent advances in research of chronic inflammatory conditions, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests a close correlation between the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and the physiologic activity of the immune system. This raises the idea that disturbances of the GI ecosystem contribute to the unfolding of chronic diseases including neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we overview our current understanding on the putative interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system from the aspect of multiple sclerosis, one of the autoimmune conditions accompanied by severe chronic neuroinflammation that affects millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoud El-Sayed
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Rd, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Sidhesh Mohak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA;
| | - Dhir Gala
- American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, 1 University Drive, Jordan Road, Cupecoy, St Marteen, The Netherlands;
| | - Reka Fabian
- Salerno, Secondary School, Threadneedle Road, H91 D9H3 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Zoltan Peterfi
- Division of Infectology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Clinical Centre, 7623 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Fabian
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Rd, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
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9
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Ni S, Yuan X, Cao Q, Chen Y, Peng X, Lin J, Li Y, Ma W, Gao S, Chen D. Gut microbiota regulate migration of lymphocytes from gut to lung. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106311. [PMID: 37625662 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The community of microorganisms known as gut microbiota that lives in the intestine confers significant health benefits on its host, primarily in the form of immunological homeostasis regulation. Gut microbiota not only can shape immune responses in the gut but also in other organs. This review focus on the gut-lung axis. Aberrant gut microbiota development is associated with greater lung disease susceptibility and respiratory disease induced by a variety of pathogenic bacteria. They are known to cause changes in gut microbiota. Recent research has found that immune cells in the intestine migrate to distant lung to exert anti-infective effects. Moreover, evidence indicates that the gut microbiota and their metabolites influence intestinal immune cells. Therefore, we suspect that intestine-derived immune cells may play a significant role against pulmonary pathogenic infections by receiving instructions from gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiulei Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qihang Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yiming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xingyu Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingyi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shikong Gao
- Shenmu Animal Husbandry Development Center, Shenmu, 719399, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Omrani O, Krepelova A, Rasa SMM, Sirvinskas D, Lu J, Annunziata F, Garside G, Bajwa S, Reinhardt S, Adam L, Käppel S, Ducano N, Donna D, Ori A, Oliviero S, Rudolph KL, Neri F. IFNγ-Stat1 axis drives aging-associated loss of intestinal tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6109. [PMID: 37777550 PMCID: PMC10542816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of aging on intestinal stem cells and their niche can explain underlying causes for perturbation in their function observed during aging. Molecular mechanisms for such a decrease in the functionality of intestinal stem cells during aging remain largely undetermined. Using transcriptome-wide approaches, our study demonstrates that aging intestinal stem cells strongly upregulate antigen presenting pathway genes and over-express secretory lineage marker genes resulting in lineage skewed differentiation into the secretory lineage and strong upregulation of MHC class II antigens in the aged intestinal epithelium. Mechanistically, we identified an increase in proinflammatory cells in the lamina propria as the main source of elevated interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the aged intestine, that leads to the induction of Stat1 activity in intestinal stem cells thus priming the aberrant differentiation and elevated antigen presentation in epithelial cells. Of note, systemic inhibition of IFNγ-signaling completely reverses these aging phenotypes and reinstalls regenerative capacity of the aged intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Omrani
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Krepelova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Dovydas Sirvinskas
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jing Lu
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | | | - George Garside
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Seerat Bajwa
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- Dresden-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Adam
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Käppel
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Nadia Ducano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Donna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Neri
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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11
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Jordan CKI, Brown RL, Larkinson MLY, Sequeira RP, Edwards AM, Clarke TB. Symbiotic Firmicutes establish mutualism with the host via innate tolerance and resistance to control systemic immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1433-1449.e9. [PMID: 37582375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota regulates immunity across organ systems. Which symbionts control systemic immunity, the mechanisms they use, and how they avoid widespread inflammatory damage are unclear. We uncover host tolerance and resistance mechanisms that allow Firmicutes from the human microbiota to control systemic immunity without inducing immunopathology. Intestinal processing releases Firmicute glycoconjugates that disseminate, resulting in release of cytokine IL-34 that stimulates macrophages and enhances defenses against pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Despite systemic penetration of Firmicutes, immune homeostasis is maintained through feedback control whereby IL-34-mediated mTORC1 activation in macrophages clears polymeric glycoconjugates from peripheral tissues. Smaller glycoconjugates evading this clearance mechanism are tolerated through sequestration by albumin, which acts as an inflammatory buffer constraining their immunological impact. Without these resistance and tolerance mechanisms, Firmicutes drive catastrophic organ damage and cachexia via IL-1β. This reveals how Firmicutes are safely assimilated into systemic immunity to protect against infection without threatening host viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K I Jordan
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rebecca L Brown
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Max L Y Larkinson
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard P Sequeira
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew M Edwards
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas B Clarke
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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12
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Krayem I, Sohrabi Y, Havelková H, Gusareva ES, Strnad H, Čepičková M, Volkova V, Kurey I, Vojtíšková J, Svobodová M, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Functionally distinct regions of the locus Leishmania major response 15 control IgE or IFNγ level in addition to skin lesions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145269. [PMID: 37600780 PMCID: PMC10437074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by parasites of Leishmania spp., endangers more than 1 billion people living in endemic countries and has three clinical forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. Understanding of individual differences in susceptibility to infection and heterogeneity of its pathology is largely lacking. Different mouse strains show a broad and heterogeneous range of disease manifestations such as skin lesions, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and increased serum levels of immunoglobulin E and several cytokines. Genome-wide mapping of these strain differences detected more than 30 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the response to Leishmania major. Some control different combinations of disease manifestations, but the nature of this heterogeneity is not yet clear. In this study, we analyzed the L. major response locus Lmr15 originally mapped in the strain CcS-9 which carries 12.5% of the genome of the resistant strain STS on the genetic background of the susceptible strain BALB/c. For this analysis, we used the advanced intercross line K3FV between the strains BALB/c and STS. We confirmed the previously detected loci Lmr15, Lmr18, Lmr24, and Lmr27 and performed genetic dissection of the effects of Lmr15 on chromosome 11. We prepared the interval-specific recombinant strains 6232HS1 and 6229FUD, carrying two STS-derived segments comprising the peak linkage of Lmr15 whose lengths were 6.32 and 17.4 Mbp, respectively, and analyzed their response to L. major infection. These experiments revealed at least two linked but functionally distinct chromosomal regions controlling IFNγ response and IgE response, respectively, in addition to the control of skin lesions. Bioinformatics and expression analysis identified the potential candidate gene Top3a. This finding further clarifies the genetic organization of factors relevant to understanding the differences in the individual risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtissal Krayem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cardiology I-Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Havelková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Elena S. Gusareva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marie Čepičková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Valeryia Volkova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Iryna Kurey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jarmila Vojtíšková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milena Svobodová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Demant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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13
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Messerschmidt JL, Azin M, Dempsey KE, Demehri S. TSLP/dendritic cell axis promotes CD4+ T cell tolerance to the gut microbiome. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e160690. [PMID: 37427591 PMCID: PMC10371333 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) overexpression is widely associated with atopy. However, TSLP is expressed in normal barrier organs, suggesting a homeostatic function. To determine the function of TSLP in barrier sites, we investigated the impact of endogenous TSLP signaling on the homeostatic expansion of CD4+ T cells in adult mice. Surprisingly, incoming CD4+ T cells induced lethal colitis in adult Rag1-knockout animals that lacked the TSLP receptor (Rag1KOTslprKO). Endogenous TSLP signaling was required for reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation, Treg differentiation, and homeostatic cytokine production. CD4+ T cell expansion in Rag1KOTslprKO mice was dependent on the gut microbiome. The lethal colitis was rescued by parabiosis between Rag1KOTslprKO and Rag1KO animals and wild-type dendritic cells (DCs) suppressed CD4+ T cell-induced colitis in Rag1KOTslprKO mice. A compromised T cell tolerance was noted in TslprKO adult colon, which was exacerbated by anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapy. These results reveal a critical peripheral tolerance axis between TSLP and DCs in the colon that blocks CD4+ T cell activation against the commensal gut microbiome.
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14
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Abstract
The human intestinal microbiome has coevolved with its host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship with hallmark features of mutualistic symbioses, yet the mechanistic underpinnings of host-microbiome interactions are incompletely understood. Thus, it is an opportune time to conceive a common framework for microbiome-mediated regulation of immune function. We propose the term conditioned immunity to describe the multifaceted mechanisms by which the microbiome modulates immunity. In this regard, microbial colonization is a conditioning exposure that has durable effects on immune function through the action of secondary metabolites, foreign molecular patterns, and antigens. Here, we discuss how spatial niches impact host exposure to microbial products at the level of dose and timing, which elicit diverse conditioned responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Medina-Rodriguez EM, Cruz AA, De Abreu JC, Beurel E. Stress, inflammation, microbiome and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023:173561. [PMID: 37148918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are mental illnesses involving changes in mood, cognition and behavior. Their prevalence has rapidly increased in the last decades. One of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders is major depressive disorder (MDD), a debilitating disease lacking efficient treatments. Increasing evidence shows that microbial and immunological changes contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and both are modulated by stress. This bidirectional relationship constitutes the brain-gut axis involving various neuroendocrine, immunological, neuroenterocrine and autonomic pathways. The present review covers the most recent findings on the relationships between stress, the gut microbiome and the inflammatory response and their contribution to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Medina-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, United States of America.
| | - Alyssa A Cruz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
| | | | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
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16
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Gu S, Yang D, Liu C, Xue W. The role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of food allergy. Food Science and Human Wellness 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Sun CY, Yang N, Zheng ZL, Liu D, Xu QL. T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses to the gut microbiota in human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114483. [PMID: 36906976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota colonizing the gastrointestinal tract, is an indispensable "invisible organ" that affects multiple aspects of human health. The gut microbial community has been assumed to be an important stimulus to the immune homeostasis and development, and increasing data support the role of the gut microbiota-immunity axis in autoimmune diseases. Host's immune system requires recognition tools to communicate with the gut microbial evolutionary partners. Among these microbial perceptions, T cells enable the widest spectrum of gut microbial recognition resolution. Specific gut microbiota direct the induction and differentiation of Th17 cells in intestine. However, the detailed links between the gut microbiota and Th17 cells have not been well established. In this review, we describe the generation and characterization of Th17 cells. Notably, we discuss the induction and differentiation of Th17 cells by the gut microbiota and their metabolites, as well as recent advances in our understanding of interactions between Th17 cells and the gut microbiota in human diseases. In addition, we provide the emerging evidences in support of interventions targeting the gut microbes/Th17 cells in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yue Sun
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Na Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | | | - Dong Liu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Qi-Lin Xu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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18
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Kong LY, Chen XY, Lu X, Caiyin Q, Yang DH. Association of lung-intestinal microecology and lung cancer therapy. Chin Med 2023; 18:37. [PMID: 37038223 PMCID: PMC10084624 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of lung cancer is increasing. Lung cancer has become one of the most malignant tumors with the highest incidence in the world, which seriously affects people's health. The most important cause of death of lung cancer is metastasis. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of lung cancer progression and metastasis. This review article discusses the physiological functions, pathological states and disorders of the lung and intestine based on the concepts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and analyzes the etiology and mechanisms of lung cancer formation from the perspective of TCM. From the theory of "the exterior and interior of the lung and gastrointestinal tract", the theory of "the lung-intestinal axis" and the progression and metastasis of lung cancer, we proposed e "lung-gut co-treatment" therapy for lung cancer. This study provides ideas for studying the mechanism of lung cancer and the comprehensive alternative treatment for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology Clinic, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Xuan-Yu Chen
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Clinical School of Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Qinggele Caiyin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
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19
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Abstract
According to the free drug hypothesis (FDH), only free, unbound drug is available to interact with biological targets. This hypothesis is the fundamental principle that continues to explain the vast majority of all pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Under the FDH, the free drug concentration at the target site is considered the driver of pharmacodynamic activity and pharmacokinetic processes. However, deviations from the FDH are observed in hepatic uptake and clearance predictions, where observed unbound intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint,u) is larger than expected. Such deviations are commonly observed when plasma proteins are present and form the basis of the so-called plasma protein-mediated uptake effect (PMUE). This review will discuss the basis of plasma protein binding as it pertains to hepatic clearance based on the FDH, as well as several hypotheses that may explain the underlying mechanisms of PMUE. Notably, some, but not all, potential mechanisms remained aligned with the FDH. Finally, we will outline possible experimental strategies to elucidate PMUE mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of PMUE and its potential contribution to clearance underprediction is vital to improving the drug development process.
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20
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Ahmadi F, Junghus F, Ashworth C, Lappalainen A, Mörbe U, Kotarsky K, Agace WW. cDC1-derived IL-27 regulates small intestinal CD4+ T cell homeostasis in mice. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213747. [PMID: 36515659 PMCID: PMC9754766 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal lamina propria contains large numbers of IFNγ-producing T helper (Th1) cells that play important roles in intestinal homeostasis and host defense, but the mechanisms underlying their development remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Th1 cells accumulate in the SI-LP after weaning and are maintained there long term. While both Th17 and Th1 cell accumulation in the SI-LP was microbiota dependent, Th1 cell accumulation uniquely required IL-27 and MHCII expression by cDC1. This reflected a requirement for IL-27 signaling in the priming of Th1 cells rather than for their maintenance once in the mucosa. cDC1-derived IL-27 was essential for maintaining the Th1-Th17 balance within the SI-LP, and in its absence, remaining Th1 cells expressed enhanced levels of Th17 signature genes. In conclusion, we identify cDC1-derived IL-27 as a key regulator of SI-LP Th1-Th17 cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Junghus
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Ashworth
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanda Lappalainen
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Knut Kotarsky
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - William W Agace
- Immunology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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21
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Rankin LC, Kaiser KA, de Los Santos-Alexis K, Park H, Uhlemann AC, Gray DHD, Arpaia N. Dietary tryptophan deficiency promotes gut RORγt + Treg cells at the expense of Gata3 + Treg cells and alters commensal microbiota metabolism. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112135. [PMID: 36840944 PMCID: PMC10150404 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency is a major cause of disease throughout the world. Yet, how perturbations influence the immune-microbiome interface remains poorly understood. Here, we report that loss of dietary tryptophan (Trp) reshapes intestinal microbial communities, including the depletion of probiotic L. reuteri, drives transcriptional changes to immune response genes in the intestinal ileum, and reshapes the regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment. Dietary Trp deficiency promotes expansion of RORγt+ Treg cells and the loss of Gata3+ Tregs in a microbiota-dependent manner. In the absence of dietary Trp, provision of the AhR ligand indole-3-carbinol is sufficient to restore the Treg compartment. Together, these data show that dietary Trp deficiency perturbs the interaction between the host and its bacterial symbionts to regulate Treg homeostasis via the deprivation of bacterially derived Trp metabolites. Our findings highlight an essential role for immune-microbiome crosstalk as a key homeostatic regulator during nutrient deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille C Rankin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 910C, New York, NY, USA; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine A Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 910C, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenia de Los Santos-Alexis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 910C, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heekuk Park
- Microbiome & Pathogen Genomics Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Microbiome & Pathogen Genomics Core, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H D Gray
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 910C, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Li X, Zhang M, Zhou G, Xie Z, Wang Y, Han J, Li L, Wu Q, Zhang S. Role of Rho GTPases in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 36690621 PMCID: PMC9871048 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rat sarcoma virus homolog (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) function as "molecular switch" in cellular signaling regulation processes and are associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This chronic intestinal tract inflammation primarily encompasses two diseases: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenesis of IBD is complex and considered to include four main factors and their interactions: genetics, intestinal microbiota, immune system, and environment. Recently, several novel pathogenic components have been identified. In addition, potential therapies for IBD targeting Rho GTPases have emerged and proven to be clinically effective. This review mainly focuses on Rho GTPases and their possible mechanisms in IBD pathogenesis. The therapeutic possibility of Rho GTPases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gaoshi Zhou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo Xie
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qirui Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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23
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Huang T, Lv Z, Cui K, Wang X, Zhang X, Yue B, Chu Y, Zhao K. Involvement of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cblb in host defense and evaluation of transcriptome during Trueperella pyogenes infection. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105104. [PMID: 36682520 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) is a versatile and ingenious bacterium that causes severe suppurative injuries in lots of economically important ruminants. The underlying pathogenesis of T. pyogenes infection remains poorly understood. In the current study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of mouse blood tissue infected with T. pyogenes. A total of 36.73 G clean data were collected, and 136 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the infection group compared to the control group. In addition, we found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cblb exhibited significant upregulation in the infection groups compared to the control group. Mechanistically, T. pyogenes infection markedly enhanced the expression of Cblb and regulated the host defense response. Inhibiting Cblb expression with Cblb siRNA impaired the inflammatory response and reduced the effect of phagocytosis in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Intriguingly, overexpression of Cblb induced a strong inflammatory response and enhanced phagocytosis against T. pyogenes infection in macrophages. More importantly, the overexpression of Cblb significantly reduced the bacterial load and protected mice from the T. pyogenes infections. Therefore, our findings reveal that Cblb is a novel and potential regulator in response to T. pyogenes infection and shed new light on the development of promising treatments against T. pyogenes-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Zheng Lv
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Kai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xinrong Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Kelei Zhao
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
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Ratiner K, Fachler-Sharp T, Elinav E. Small Intestinal Microbiota Oscillations, Host Effects and Regulation-A Zoom into Three Key Effector Molecules. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12010142. [PMID: 36671834 PMCID: PMC9855434 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota features a unique diurnal rhythmicity which contributes to modulation of host physiology and homeostasis. The composition and activity of the microbiota and its secreted molecules influence the intestinal milieu and neighboring organs, such as the liver. Multiple immune-related molecules have been linked to the diurnal microbiota-host interaction, including Reg3γ, IgA, and MHCII, which are secreted or expressed on the gut surface and directly interact with intestinal bacteria. These molecules are also strongly influenced by dietary patterns, such as high-fat diet and time-restricted feeding, which are already known to modulate microbial rhythms and peripheral clocks. Herein, we use Reg3γ, IgA, and MHCII as test cases to highlight the divergent effects mediated by the diurnal activity of the gut microbiota and their downstream host effects. We further highlight current challenges and conflicts, remaining questions, and perspectives toward a holistic understanding of the microbiome's impacts on circadian human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ratiner
- Systems Immunology Department, Weisman Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tahel Fachler-Sharp
- Systems Immunology Department, Weisman Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9987500, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology Department, Weisman Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Microbiota & Cancer Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: or
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25
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Cohen-Kedar S, Shaham Barda E, Rabinowitz KM, Keizer D, Abu-Taha H, Schwartz S, Kaboub K, Baram L, Sadot E, White I, Wasserberg N, Wolff-Bar M, Levy-Barda A, Dotan I. Human intestinal epithelial cells can internalize luminal fungi via LC3-associated phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142492. [PMID: 36969163 PMCID: PMC10030769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are the first to encounter luminal microorganisms and actively participate in intestinal immunity. We reported that IECs express the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1, and respond to commensal fungi and β-glucans. In phagocytes, Dectin-1 mediates LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) utilizing autophagy components to process extracellular cargo. Dectin-1 can mediate phagocytosis of β-glucan-containing particles by non-phagocytic cells. We aimed to determine whether human IECs phagocytose β-glucan-containing fungal particles via LAP. Methods Colonic (n=18) and ileal (n=4) organoids from individuals undergoing bowel resection were grown as monolayers. Fluorescent-dye conjugated zymosan (β-glucan particle), heat-killed- and UV inactivated C. albicans were applied to differentiated organoids and to human IEC lines. Confocal microscopy was used for live imaging and immuno-fluorescence. Quantification of phagocytosis was carried out with a fluorescence plate-reader. Results zymosan and C. albicans particles were phagocytosed by monolayers of human colonic and ileal organoids and IEC lines. LAP was identified by LC3 and Rubicon recruitment to phagosomes and lysosomal processing of internalized particles was demonstrated by co-localization with lysosomal dyes and LAMP2. Phagocytosis was significantly diminished by blockade of Dectin-1, actin polymerization and NAPDH oxidases. Conclusions Our results show that human IECs sense luminal fungal particles and internalize them via LAP. This novel mechanism of luminal sampling suggests that IECs may contribute to the maintenance of mucosal tolerance towards commensal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Cohen-Kedar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Iris Dotan, ; Sarit Cohen-Kedar,
| | - Efrat Shaham Barda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Masha Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Danielle Keizer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanan Abu-Taha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kawsar Kaboub
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liran Baram
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Sadot
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ian White
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Wasserberg
- Division of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Meirav Wolff-Bar
- Department of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Iris Dotan, ; Sarit Cohen-Kedar,
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Abstract
Since their discovery almost two decades ago, interleukin-17-producing CD4+ T cells (TH17 cells) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In addition, TH17 cells have been found to play an important role in tissue homeostasis, especially in the intestinal mucosa. Recently, the use of single-cell technologies, along with fate mapping and various mutant mouse models, has led to substantial progress in the understanding of TH17 cell heterogeneity in tissues and of TH17 cell plasticity leading to alternative T cell states and differing functions. In this Review, we discuss the heterogeneity of TH17 cells and the role of this heterogeneity in diverse functions of TH17 cells from homeostasis to tissue inflammation. In addition, we discuss TH17 cell plasticity and its incorporation into the current understanding of T cell subsets and alternative views on the role of TH17 cells in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Han Q, Bai Y, Zhou C, Dong B, Li Y, Luo N, Chen H, Yu Y. Effect of molecular hydrogen treatment on Sepsis-Associated encephalopathy in mice based on gut microbiota. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:633-645. [PMID: 36468415 PMCID: PMC9873526 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In our experiments, male wild-type mice were randomly divided into four groups: the sham, SAE, SAE + 2% hydrogen gas inhalation (H2 ), and SAE + hydrogen-rich water (HW) groups. The feces of the mice were collected for 16 S rDNA analysis 24 h after the models were established, and the serum and brain tissue of the mice were collected for nontargeted metabolomics analysis. AIM Destruction of the intestinal microbiota is a risk factor for sepsis and subsequent organ dysfunction, and up to 70% of severely ill patients with sepsis exhibit varying degrees of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). The pathogenesis of SAE remains unclear. We aimed to explore the changes in gut microbiota in SAE and the regulatory mechanism of molecular hydrogen. RESULTS Molecular hydrogen treatment significantly improved the functional outcome of SAE and downregulated inflammatory reactions in both the brain and the gut. In addition, molecular hydrogen treatment improved gut microbiota dysbiosis and partially amended metabolic disorder after SAE. CONCLUSIONS Molecular hydrogen treatment promotes functional outcomes after SAE in mice, which may be attributable to increasing beneficial bacteria, repressing harmful bacteria, and metabolic disorder, and reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Han
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Research Institute of AnaesthesiologyTianjinChina
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of AnesthesiologyTianjin Baodi Hospital, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Chunjing Zhou
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTianjin 4 center hospitalTianjinChina
| | - Beibei Dong
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Research Institute of AnaesthesiologyTianjinChina
| | - Yingning Li
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Research Institute of AnaesthesiologyTianjinChina
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Research Institute of AnaesthesiologyTianjinChina
| | - Hongguang Chen
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Research Institute of AnaesthesiologyTianjinChina
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of AnaesthesiologyTianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Research Institute of AnaesthesiologyTianjinChina
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Chen X, Hashimoto D, Ebata K, Takahashi S, Shimizu Y, Shinozaki R, Hasegawa Y, Kikuchi R, Senjo H, Yoneda K, Zhang Z, Harada S, Hayase E, Ara T, Ohigashi H, Iwakura Y, Nakamura K, Ayabe T, Teshima T. Reactive granulopoiesis depends on T-cell production of IL-17A and neutropenia-associated alteration of gut microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211230119. [PMID: 36409919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211230119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulopoiesis in the bone marrow adjusts cellular output as demand for neutrophils changes. Reactive granulopoiesis is induced by profound neutropenia, but its mechanism remains to be clarified. We herein explored its mechanisms using mouse models of syngeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and 5-fluorouracil-induced neutropenia. After SCT, T cell production of IL-17A was up-regulated. Neutrophil recovery was significantly delayed in IL-17A-deficient or T cell-deficient RAG1-/- mice, and adoptive transfer of wild-type (WT) T cells facilitated neutrophil engraftment. Gut decontamination with oral antibiotics suppressed T cell production of IL-17A and impaired neutrophil recovery. Transplantation of fecal microbiota collected from neutropenic, not naive, mice promoted neutrophil recovery in these mice, suggesting that neutropenia-associated microbiota had a potential to stimulate reactive granulopoiesis. Our study uncovered a cross talk between gut microbiota and neutropenia after SCT and chemotherapy.
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29
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Ge Y, Zadeh M, Yang C, Candelario-Jalil E, Mohamadzadeh M. Ischemic Stroke Impacts the Gut Microbiome, Ileal Epithelial and Immune Homeostasis. iScience 2022; 25:105437. [PMID: 36388972 PMCID: PMC9650036 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke critically impacts neurovascular homeostasis, potentially resulting in neurological disorders. However, the mechanisms through which stroke-induced inflammation modifies the molecular and metabolic circuits, particularly in ileal epithelial cells (iECs), currently remain elusive. Using multiomic approaches, we illustrated that stroke impaired the ileal microbiome and associated metabolites, leading to increased inflammatory signals and altered metabolites, potentially deteriorating the iEC homeostasis. Bulk transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling demonstrated that stroke enhanced fatty acid oxidation while reducing the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in iECs within the first day after stroke. Intriguingly, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that stroke dysregulated cell-type-specific gene responses within iECs and reduced frequencies of goblet and tuft cells. Additionally, stroke augmented interleukin-17A+ γδ T cells but decreased CD4+ T cells in the ileum. Collectively, our findings provide a comprehensive overview of stroke-induced intestinal dysbiosis and unveil responsive gene programming within iECs with implications for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
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30
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Ringseis R, Eder K. Heat stress in pigs and broilers: role of gut dysbiosis in the impairment of the gut-liver axis and restoration of these effects by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:126. [DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHeat stress is one of the most challenging stressors for animal production due to high economic losses resulting from impaired animal’s productivity, health and welfare. Despite the fact that all farm animal species are susceptible to heat stress, birds and pigs are particularly sensitive to heat stress due to either lacking or non-functional sweat glands. Convincing evidence in the literature exists that gut dysbiosis, a term used to describe a perturbation of commensal gut microbiota, develops in broilers and pigs under heat stress. Owing to the protective role of commensal bacteria for the gut barrier, gut dysbiosis causes a disruption of the gut barrier leading to endotoxemia, which contributes to the typical characteristics of heat stressed broilers and growing and growing-finishing pigs, such as reduced feed intake, decreased growth and reduced lean carcass weight. A substantial number of studies have shown that feeding of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics is an efficacious strategy to protect broilers from heat stress-induced gut barrier disruption through altering the gut microbiota and promoting all decisive structural, biochemical, and immunological elements of the intestinal barrier. In most of the available studies in heat stressed broilers, the alterations of gut microbiota and improvements of gut barrier function induced by feeding of either probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics were accompanied by an improved productivity, health and/or welfare when compared to non-supplemented broilers exposed to heat stress. These findings indicate that the restoration of gut homeostasis and function is a key target for dietary interventions aiming to provide at least partial protection of broilers from the detrimental impact of heat stress conditions. Despite the fact that the number of studies dealing with the same feeding strategy in heat stressed pigs is limited, the available few studies suggest that feeding of probiotics might also be a suitable approach to enhance productivity, health and welfare in pigs kept under heat stress conditions.
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31
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Sassone-Corsi M, Azriel S, Simon A, Ramanan D, Ortiz-Lopez A, Chen F, Yissachar N, Mathis D, Benoist C. Sequestration of gut pathobionts in intraluminal casts, a mechanism to avoid dysregulated T cell activation by pathobionts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209624119. [PMID: 36201539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209624119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells that express the transcription factor RORγ, regulatory (Treg), or conventional (Th17) are strongly influenced by intestinal symbionts. In a genetic approach to identify mechanisms underlying this influence, we performed a screen for microbial genes implicated, in germfree mice monocolonized with Escherichia coli Nissle. The loss of capsule-synthesis genes impaired clonal expansion and differentiation of intestinal RORγ+ T cells. Mechanistic exploration revealed that the capsule-less mutants remained able to induce species-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and were highly IgA-coated. They could still trigger myeloid cells, and more effectively damaged epithelial cells in vitro. Unlike wild-type microbes, capsule-less mutants were mostly engulfed in intraluminal casts, large agglomerates composed of myeloid cells extravasated into the gut lumen. We speculate that sequestration in luminal casts of potentially harmful microbes, favored by IgA binding, reduces the immune system's actual exposure, preserving host-microbe equilibrium. The variable immunostimulation by microbes that has been charted in recent years may not solely be conditioned by triggering molecules or metabolites but also by physical limits to immune system exposure.
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Abstract
Transmission of bacterial endospores between the environment and people and the following germination in vivo play critical roles in both the deadly infections of some bacterial pathogens and the stabilization of the commensal microbiotas in humans. Our knowledge about the germination process of different bacteria in the mammalian gut, however, is still very limited due to the lack of suitable tools to visually monitor this process. We proposed a two-step labeling strategy that can image and quantify the endospores' germination in the recipient's intestines. Endospores collected from donor's gut microbiota were first labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and transplanted to mice via gavage. The recipient mice were then administered with Cyanine5-tagged D-amino acid to label all the viable bacteria, including the germinated endospores, in their intestines in situ. The germinated donor endospores could be distinguished by presenting two types of fluorescent signals simultaneously. The integrative use of cell-sorting, 16S rDNA sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) staining of the two-colored bacteria unveiled the taxonomic information of the donor endospores that germinated in the recipient's gut. Using this strategy, we investigated effects of different germinants and pre-treatment interventions on their germination, and found that germination of different commensal bacterial genera was distinctly affected by various types of germinants. This two-color labeling strategy shows its potential as a versatile tool for visually monitoring endospore germination in the hosts and screening for new interventions to improve endospore-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Xu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Du
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huibin Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Song
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China,CONTACT Chaoyong Yang
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Wei Wang Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai200127, China
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Akuzum B, Lee JY. Context-Dependent Regulation of Type17 Immunity by Microbiota at the Intestinal Barrier. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e46. [PMID: 36627936 PMCID: PMC9807962 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-helper-17 (Th17) cells and related IL-17-producing (type17) lymphocytes are abundant at the epithelial barrier. In response to bacterial and fungal infection, the signature cytokines IL-17A/F and IL-22 mediate the antimicrobial immune response and contribute to wound healing of injured tissues. Despite their protective function, type17 lymphocytes are also responsible for various chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis associated cancer (CAC). A deeper understanding of type17 regulatory mechanisms could ultimately lead to the discovery of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders and the prevention of cancer. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the development and function of type17 immune cells at the intestinal barrier, focusing on the impact of microbiota-immune interactions on intestinal barrier homeostasis and disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Akuzum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - June-Yong Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Kawano Y, Edwards M, Huang Y, Bilate AM, Araujo LP, Tanoue T, Atarashi K, Ladinsky MS, Reiner SL, Wang HH, Mucida D, Honda K, Ivanov II. Microbiota imbalance induced by dietary sugar disrupts immune-mediated protection from metabolic syndrome. Cell 2022; 185:3501-3519.e20. [PMID: 36041436 PMCID: PMC9556172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
How intestinal microbes regulate metabolic syndrome is incompletely understood. We show that intestinal microbiota protects against development of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing commensal-specific Th17 cells. High-fat, high-sugar diet promoted metabolic disease by depleting Th17-inducing microbes, and recovery of commensal Th17 cells restored protection. Microbiota-induced Th17 cells afforded protection by regulating lipid absorption across intestinal epithelium in an IL-17-dependent manner. Diet-induced loss of protective Th17 cells was mediated by the presence of sugar. Eliminating sugar from high-fat diets protected mice from obesity and metabolic syndrome in a manner dependent on commensal-specific Th17 cells. Sugar and ILC3 promoted outgrowth of Faecalibaculum rodentium that displaced Th17-inducing microbiota. These results define dietary and microbiota factors posing risk for metabolic syndrome. They also define a microbiota-dependent mechanism for immuno-pathogenicity of dietary sugar and highlight an elaborate interaction between diet, microbiota, and intestinal immunity in regulation of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Kawano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Madeline Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Angelina M Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leandro P Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Takeshi Tanoue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Atarashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Harris H Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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35
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Ngoi S, Yang Y, Iwanowycz S, Gutierrez J, Li Y, Williams C, Hill M, Chung D, Allen C, Liu B. Migrating Type 2 Dendritic Cells Prime Mucosal Th17 Cells Specific to Small Intestinal Commensal Bacteria. J Immunol 2022; 209:1200-1211. [PMID: 35995508 PMCID: PMC9492644 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs equipped with MHC-restricted Ags, costimulations, and cytokines that effectively prime and differentiate naive T cells into distinct functional subsets. The immune signals that DCs carry reflect the route of Ag uptake and the innate stimuli they received. In the mucosal tissues, owing to the great variety of foreign Ags and inflammatory cues, DCs are predominantly activated and migratory. In the small intestine, CD4 Th17 cells are abundant and have been shown to be regulated by DCs and macrophages. Using a mouse commensal bacteria experimental model, we identified that the early priming step of commensal-driven Th17 cells is controlled by bona fide Zbtb46-expressing DCs. CCR7-dependent migration of type 2 DCs (DC2s) from the small intestine to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) is essential for the activation of naive CD4 T cells. The migratory DC2 population in the MLNs is almost exclusively Esam+ cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing highlighted the abundance of costimulatory markers (CD40 and OX40) and chemokines (Ccl22 and Cxcl16) on MLN migratory DCs. Further resolution of MLN migratory DC2s revealed that the Th17-polarizing cytokine IL-6 colocalizes with DC2s expressing CD40, Ccl17, and Ccl22. Thus, early Th17 cell differentiation is initiated by a small subset of migratory DC2s in the gut-draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ngoi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Stephen Iwanowycz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jennifer Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Yingqi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Christina Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Megan Hill
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Carter Allen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
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Shi Y, Lu Y, You J. Antigen transfer and its effect on vaccine-induced immune amplification and tolerance. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5888-5913. [PMID: 35966588 PMCID: PMC9373810 DOI: 10.7150/thno.75904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen transfer refers to the process of intercellular information exchange, where antigenic components including nucleic acids, antigen proteins/peptides and peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (p-MHCs) are transmitted from donor cells to recipient cells at the thymus, secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), intestine, allergic sites, allografts, pathological lesions and vaccine injection sites via trogocytosis, gap junctions, tunnel nanotubes (TNTs), or extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the context of vaccine inoculation, antigen transfer is manipulated by the vaccine type and administration route, which consequently influences, even alters the immunological outcome, i.e., immune amplification and tolerance. Mainly focused on dendritic cells (DCs)-based antigen receptors, this review systematically introduces the biological process, molecular basis and clinical manifestation of antigen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Ramirez-sánchez DA, Navarro-lleó N, Bäuerl C, Campista-león S, Coll-marqués JM, Pérez-martínez G. Factors Affecting Spontaneous Endocytosis and Survival of Probiotic Lactobacilli in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1142. [PMID: 35744660 PMCID: PMC9230732 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic bacteria have different forms of interaction with the host. In contrast to the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, naturally occurring internalization of commensal bacteria has not been studied in depth. Three in vitro methods, gentamicin protection, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, have been implemented to accurately assess the internalization of two lactobacillus strains—Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BL23 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG—in Caco-2 and T84 intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) under a variety of physiological conditions and with specific inhibitors. First and most interesting, internalization occurred at a variable rate that depends on the bacterial strain and IEC line, and the most efficient was BL23 internalization by T84 and, second, efficient internalization required active IEC proliferation, as it improved naturally at the early confluence stages and by stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF). IFN-γ is bound to innate immune responses and autolysis; this cytokine had a significant effect on internalization, as shown by flow cytometry, but increased internalization was not perceived in all conditions, possibly because it was also stimulating autolysis and, as a consequence, the viability of bacteria after uptake could be affected. Bacterial uptake required actin polymerization, as shown by cytochalasin D inhibition, and it was partially bound to clathrin and caveolin dependent endocytosis. It also showed partial inhibition by ML7 indicating the involvement of cholesterol lipid rafts and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation, at least in the LGG uptake by Caco-2. Most interestingly, bacteria remained viable inside the IEC for as long as 72 h without damaging the epithelial cells, and paracellular transcytosis was observed. These results stressed the fact that internalization of commensal and mutualistic bacteria is a natural, nonpathogenic process that may be relevant in crosstalk processes between the intestinal populations and the host, and future studies could determine its connection to processes such as commensal tolerance, resilience of microbial populations or transorganic bacterial migration.
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Abstract
The immune system in the large intestine is separated from commensal microbes and comparatively rare enteric pathogens by a monolayer of diverse epithelial cells overlaid with a compact and adherent inner mucus layer and a looser outer mucus layer. Microorganisms, collectively referred to as the mucus-associated (MA) microbiota, physically inhabit this mucus barrier, resulting in a dynamic and incessant dialog to maintain both spatial segregation and immune tolerance. Recent major findings reveal novel features of the crosstalk between the immune system and mucus-associated bacteria in health and disease, as well as disease-related peripheral immune signatures indicative of host responses to these organisms. In this brief review, we integrate these novel observations into our overall understanding of host-microbiota mutualism at the colonic mucosal border and speculate on the significance of this emerging knowledge for our understanding of the prevention, development, and progression of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, USA,CONTACT Qing Zhao University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Craig L. Maynard
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, USA,Craig L. Maynard Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
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Abraham C, Abreu MT, Turner JR. Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling and Cytokine Networks in Microbial Defenses and Regulation of Intestinal Barriers: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1602-1616.e6. [PMID: 35149024 PMCID: PMC9112237 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by defects in epithelial function and dysregulated inflammatory signaling by lamina propria mononuclear cells including macrophages and dendritic cells in response to microbiota. In this review, we focus on the role of pattern recognition receptors in the inflammatory response as well as epithelial barrier regulation. We explore cytokine networks that increase inflammation, regulate paracellular permeability, cause epithelial damage, up-regulate epithelial proliferation, and trigger restitutive processes. We focus on studies using patient samples as well as speculate on pathways that can be targeted to more holistically treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Maria T. Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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40
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Abstract
The immune system employs recognition tools to communicate with its microbial evolutionary partner. Among all the methods of microbial perception, T cells enable the widest spectrum of microbial recognition resolution, ranging from the crudest detection of whole groups of microbes to the finest detection of specific antigens. The application of this recognition capability to the crucial task of combatting infections has been the focus of classical immunology. We now appreciate that the coevolution of the immune system and the microbiota has led to development of a lush immunological decision tree downstream of microbial recognition, of which an inflammatory response is but one branch. In this review we discuss known T cell-microbe interactions in the gut and place them in the context of an algorithmic framework of recognition, context-dependent interpretation, and response circuits across multiple levels of microbial recognition resolution. The malleability of T cells in response to the microbiota presents an opportunity to edit immune response cellularity, identity, and functionality by utilizing microbiota-controlled pathways to promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Timur Tuganbaev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ashwin N Skelly
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan;
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41
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Hathaway-Schrader JD, Carson MD, Gerasco JE, Warner AJ, Swanson BA, Aguirre JI, Westwater C, Liu B, Novince CM. Commensal gut bacterium critically regulates alveolar bone homeostasis. J Transl Med 2022; 102:363-75. [PMID: 34934182 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the presence of the teeth and the proximity of commensal oral microbes. Commensal microbe effects on alveolar bone homeostasis have been attributed to the oral microbiota, yet the impact of commensal gut microbes is unknown. Study purpose was to elucidate whether commensal gut microbes regulate osteoimmune mechanisms and skeletal homeostasis in alveolar bone. Male C57BL/6T germfree (GF) littermate mice were maintained as GF or monoassociated with segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), a commensal gut bacterium. SFB has been shown to elicit broad immune response effects, including the induction of TH17/IL17A immunity, which impacts the development and homeostasis of host tissues. SFB colonized the gut, but not oral cavity, and increased IL17A levels in the ileum and serum. SFB had catabolic effects on alveolar bone and non-oral skeletal sites, which was attributed to enhanced osteoclastogenesis. The alveolar bone marrow of SFB vs. GF mice had increased dendritic cells, activated helper T-cells, TH1 cells, TH17 cells, and upregulated Tnf. Primary osteoblast cultures from SFB and GF mice were stimulated with vehicle-control, IL17A, or TNF to elucidate osteoblast-derived signaling factors contributing to the pro-osteoclastic phenotype in SFB mice. Treatment of RAW264.7 osteoclastic cells with supernatants from vehicle-stimulated SFB vs. GF osteoblasts recapitulated the osteoclast phenotype found in vivo. Supernatants from TNF-stimulated osteoblasts normalized RAW264.7 osteoclast endpoints across SFB and GF cultures, which was dependent on the induction of CXCL1 and CCL2. This report reveals that commensal gut microbes have the capacity to regulate osteoimmune processes in alveolar bone. Outcomes from this investigation challenge the current paradigm that alveolar bone health and homeostasis is strictly regulated by oral microbes.
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Abstract
Background Host-microbe interactions are crucial for normal physiological and immune system development and are implicated in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite large-scale case-control studies aimed at identifying microbial taxa or genes involved in pathogeneses, the mechanisms linking them to disease have thus far remained elusive. Results To identify potential pathways through which human-associated bacteria impact host health, we leverage publicly-available interspecies protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to find clusters of microbiome-derived proteins with high sequence identity to known human-protein interactors. We observe differential targeting of putative human-interacting bacterial genes in nine independent metagenomic studies, finding evidence that the microbiome broadly targets human proteins involved in immune, oncogenic, apoptotic, and endocrine signaling pathways in relation to IBD, CRC, obesity, and T2D diagnoses. Conclusions This host-centric analysis provides a mechanistic hypothesis-generating platform and extensively adds human functional annotation to commensal bacterial proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13059-022-02643-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Juan Felipe Beltrán
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ilana Lauren Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Leonardi I, Gao IH, Lin WY, Allen M, Li XV, Fiers WD, De Celie MB, Putzel GG, Yantiss RK, Johncilla M, Colak D, Iliev ID. Mucosal fungi promote gut barrier function and social behavior via Type 17 immunity. Cell 2022; 185:831-846.e14. [PMID: 35176228 PMCID: PMC8897247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal communities (the mycobiota) are an integral part of the gut microbiota, and the disruption of their integrity contributes to local and gut-distal pathologies. Yet, the mechanisms by which intestinal fungi promote homeostasis remain unclear. We characterized the mycobiota biogeography along the gastrointestinal tract and identified a subset of fungi associated with the intestinal mucosa of mice and humans. Mucosa-associated fungi (MAF) reinforced intestinal epithelial function and protected mice against intestinal injury and bacterial infection. Notably, intestinal colonization with a defined consortium of MAF promoted social behavior in mice. The gut-local effects on barrier function were dependent on IL-22 production by CD4+ T helper cells, whereas the effects on social behavior were mediated through IL-17R-dependent signaling in neurons. Thus, the spatial organization of the gut mycobiota is associated with host-protective immunity and epithelial barrier function and might be a driver of the neuroimmune modulation of mouse behavior through complementary Type 17 immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Leonardi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Iris H. Gao
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Woan-Yu Lin
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Megan Allen
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Xin V. Li
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - William D. Fiers
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Meghan Bialt De Celie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gregory G. Putzel
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rhonda K. Yantiss
- MJ Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melanie Johncilla
- MJ Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dilek Colak
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA.,Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Iliyan D. Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Zhang YW, Cao MM, Li YJ, Dai GC, Lu PP, Zhang M, Bai LY, Chen XX, Zhang C, Shi L, Rui YF. The regulative effect and repercussion of probiotics and prebiotics on osteoporosis: involvement of brain-gut-bone axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7510-7528. [PMID: 35234534 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2047005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic disease characterized by decreased bone mass and degeneration of bone microstructure. In recent years, more and more researches have focused on the close relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and the occurrence and progression of OP, and the regulation of probiotics and prebiotics on bone metabolism has gradually become a research hotspot. Based on the influence of brain-gut-bone axis on bone metabolism, this review expounds the potential mechanisms of probiotics and prebiotics on OP from next perspectives: regulation of intestinal metabolites, regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function, involvement of neuromodulation, involvement of immune regulation and involvement of endocrine regulation, so as to provide a novel and promising idea for the prevention and treatment of OP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mu-Min Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Juan Li
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Chun Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Pan-Pan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yong Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Xu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Feng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) for Geriatric Hip Fracture Management, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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45
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Pettersen VK, Dufour A, Arrieta MC. Metaproteomic profiling of fungal gut colonization in gnotobiotic mice. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:14. [PMID: 35193703 PMCID: PMC8862486 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eukaryotic microbes can modulate mammalian host health and disease states, yet the molecular contribution of gut fungi remains nascent. We previously showed that mice exclusively colonised with fungi displayed increased sensitivity to allergic airway inflammation and had fecal metabolite profiles similar to germ-free mice. This marginal effect on the host metabolome suggested that fungi do not primarily use metabolites to modulate the host immune system. Methods To describe functional changes attributed to fungal colonisation, we performed mass spectrometry-based analyses of feces (Label-Free Quantitative; LFQ) and the small intestine (labeling with Tandem Mass Tag; TMT) of gnotobiotic mice colonised with defined consortia of twelve bacterial species, five fungal species, or both. We also evaluated the effect of microbiome perturbances on the metaproteome by analysing feces from mouse pups treated with an antibiotic or antifungal. Results We detected 6675 proteins in the mice feces, of which 3845 had determined LFQ levels. Analysis of variance showed changes in the different gnotobiotic mouse groups; specifically, 46% of 2860 bacterial, 15% of 580 fungal, and 76% of 405 mouse quantified proteins displayed differential levels. The antimicrobial treatments resulted in lasting changes in the bacterial and fungal proteomes, suggesting that the antimicrobials impacted the entire community. Fungal colonisation resulted in changes in host proteins functional in innate immunity as well as metabolism, predicting specific roles of gut fungi on host systems during early developmental stages. Several of the detected fungal proteins (3% of 1492) have been previously reported as part of extracellular vesicles and having immunomodulating properties. Using an isobaric labelling TMT approach for profiling low abundant proteins of the jejunal tissue, we confirmed that the five fungal species differentially impacted the host intestinal proteome compared to the bacterial consortium. The detected changes in mouse jejunal proteins (4% of 1514) were mainly driven by metabolic proteins. Conclusions We used quantitative proteomic profiling of gnotobiotic conditions to show how colonisation with selected fungal species impacts the host gut proteome. Our results suggest that an increased abundance of certain gut fungal species in early life may affect the developing intracellular attributes of epithelial and immune cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00163-2.
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Abstract
The immune system employs recognition tools to communicate with its microbial evolutionary partner. Among all the methods of microbial perception, T cells enable the widest spectrum of microbial recognition resolution, ranging from the crudest detection of whole groups of microbes to the finest detection of specific antigens. The application of this recognition capability to the crucial task of combatting infections has been the focus of classical immunology. We now appreciate that the coevolution of the immune system and the microbiota has led to development of a lush immunological decision tree downstream of microbial recognition, of which an inflammatory response is but one branch. In this review we discuss known T cell-microbe interactions in the gut and place them in the context of an algorithmic framework of recognition, context-dependent interpretation, and response circuits across multiple levels of microbial recognition resolution. The malleability of T cells in response to the microbiota presents an opportunity to edit immune response cellularity, identity, and functionality by utilizing microbiota-controlled pathways to promote human health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Timur Tuganbaev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ashwin N Skelly
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan;
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Zhang Q, Jin D, Mou X, Ye H. PBMC CDC42 reveals the disease activity and treatment efficacy of TNF inhibitor in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24267. [PMID: 35104386 PMCID: PMC8906019 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) regulates the polarization of M2 macrophage and maintains the T cell homeostasis, to participate in multiple autoimmune diseases, while its clinical involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains unclear. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the correlation of CDC42 with clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in AS patients receiving tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) CDC42 expression was detected at baseline, week (W) 4, W8, and W12 after TNF inhibitor treatment in 91 AS patients and in 50 HCs after enrollment. Furthermore, serum TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) from AS patients were detected at baseline. RESULTS Blood CDC42 was lower in AS patients compared with HCs (p < 0.001). Additionally, blood CDC42 was negatively linked with CRP (r = -0.349, p = 0.001), BASDAI score (r = -0.243, p = 0.020), and ASDASCRP score (r = -0.238, p = 0.023) in AS patients; however, blood CDC42 was not correlated with other clinical characteristics. Besides, CDC42 was negatively correlated with TNF-α (r = -0.237, p = 0.024) and IL-17A (r = -0.339, p = 0.001) but not with IFN-γ (p = 0.083) or IL-10 (p = 0.280). Moreover, blood CDC42 was elevated after TNF inhibitor treatment (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, blood CDC42 was not varied at baseline and W4 between response patients and non-response patients, while it was higher at W8 (p = 0.019) and W12 (p = 0.002) in response patients than in non-response patients after treatment. CONCLUSION Blood CDC42 deficiency links with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, disease activity and unsatisfying response to TNF inhibitor in AS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Du Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Mou
- Department of Rheumatology, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Hengli Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Huangyan Hospital Of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, China
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Wang X, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhang P, Zhang X. Tea Polyphenols: A Natural Antioxidant Regulates Gut Flora to Protect the Intestinal Mucosa and Prevent Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020253. [PMID: 35204136 PMCID: PMC8868443 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract of a healthy human body hosts many microorganisms that are closely linked to all aspects of people’s lives. The impact of intestinal flora on host health is no longer limited to the gut but can also affect every organ in the body through various pathways. Studies have found that intestinal flora can be altered by external factors, which provides new ideas for treating some diseases. Tea polyphenols (TP), a general term for polyphenols in tea, are widely used as a natural antioxidant in various bioactive foods. In recent years, with the progress of research, there have been many experiments that provide strong evidence for the ability of TP to regulate intestinal flora. However, there are very few studies on the use of TP to modify the composition of intestinal microorganisms to maintain health or treat related diseases, and this area has not received sufficient attention. In this review, we outline the mechanisms by which TP regulates intestinal flora and the essential role in maintaining suitable health. In addition, we highlighted the protective effects of TP on intestinal mucosa by regulating intestinal flora and the preventive and therapeutic effects on certain chronic diseases, which will help further explore measures to prevent related chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Student Affairs, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
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Bae J, Park K, Kim YM. Commensal Microbiota and Cancer Immunotherapy: Harnessing Commensal Bacteria for Cancer Therapy. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e3. [PMID: 35291651 PMCID: PMC8901697 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the number of cancer patients is expected to continuously increase in the future. Traditional cancer therapies focus on inhibiting cancer growth while largely ignoring the contribution of the immune system in eliminating cancer cells. Recently, better understanding of immunological mechanisms pertaining to cancer progress has led to development of several immunotherapies, which revolutionized cancer treatment. Nonetheless, only a small proportion of cancer patients respond to immunotherapy and maintain a durable response. Among multiple factors contributing to the variability of immunotherapy response rates, commensal microbiota inhabiting patients have been identified as one of the most critical factors determining the success of immunotherapy. The functional diversity of microbiota differentially affects the host immune system and controls the efficacy of immunotherapy in individual cancer patients. Moreover, clinical studies have demonstrated that changing the gut microbiota composition by fecal microbiota transplantation in patients who failed a previous immunotherapy converts them to responders of the same therapy. Consequently, both academic and industrial researchers are putting extensive efforts to identify and develop specific bacteria or bacteria mixtures for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will summarize the immunological roles of commensal microbiota in cancer treatment and give specific examples of bacteria that show anticancer effect when administered as a monotherapy or as an adjuvant agent for immunotherapy. We will also list ongoing clinical trials testing the anticancer effect of commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Bae
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kwangcheon Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Immunotherapy is revolutionizing tumor treatment by activating the immune response to tumors. Among them, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors is considered to be a milestone in tumor treatment. It has revolutionized the management of advanced malignant tumors by activating T cells, promoting cytotoxic signaling pathways, and killing tumor cells, effectively improving the overall survival of patients. However, resistance to immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events remain challenges for immunotherapy. It has been demonstrated in previous studies that modulating intestinal microbiota can enhance immunotherapy response and reduce complications. Currently, the more mature method for microbiota regulation is fecal microbiota transplantation, which involves transfering a donor's microbiome to the recipient in the form of capsules or fecal microbiota suspension to restore the richness of the recipient's intestinal microbiota. In terms of cancer immunotherapy, fecal microbiota transplantation in patients who fail to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors is expected to produce better prognosis for patients.
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