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Grause JF, Elschner MC, Ledesma NA, Murphy G. Development and validation of a chemiluminescent western blot assay for glanders ( Burkholderia mallei) serodetection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:283-286. [PMID: 38426457 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241230292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glanders, caused by Burkholderia mallei, is a zoonotic disease of equids. Serologic testing for glanders is required by disease-free countries before international movement of equids. The World Organisation for Animal Health Terrestrial Manual recommends the complement fixation test (CFT) for clearance of individual animals for movement, but the CFT is prone to false-positive results. A colorimetric western blot (WB) assay was developed and validated to resolve false-positive CFT results; however, that assay is relatively time-consuming, and the interpretation is subjective. We present here a procedurally similar chemiluminescent WB assay that performs comparably to the validated colorimetric WB assay and offers noticeable benefits of decreased time-to-result and greater ease of interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita F Grause
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mandy C Elschner
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicholas A Ledesma
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gleeson Murphy
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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2
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P K, M M, S M, Kr P, T D, G W, Ma V, K L. First glanders cases detected in Nepal underscore the need for surveillance and border controls. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:132. [PMID: 35387664 PMCID: PMC8985341 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glanders is a transmissible zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei that infects equids and humans. No glanders cases in equids were reported so far in Nepal. Case presentation Following suspected glanders in animals with clinical signs in different regions in Nepal, serum samples were tested by CFT, ELISA and Luminex® tests. Two horses and a mule tested positive for glanders by all tests, while two other equids only tested positive by ELISA and Luminex®. Analysis of swabs and pus samples by a PCR system targeting B. mallei confirmed the presence of the bacterium in the samples collected from the 3 equids that yielded positive results in all serological tests. Genotyping of the three PCR positive samples with a SNP-based method identified a genotype closely related to the B. mallei strains circulating in India. Conclusion Confirmation of glanders cases underscores the need of implementing a surveillance program in Nepal and a strict control of the animal movement across the borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koirala P
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Maharjan M
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manandhar S
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pandey Kr
- Veterinary Laboratory, Surkhet, Nepal
| | - Deshayes T
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Wang G
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Valvano Ma
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Laroucau K
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Shanmugasundaram K, Singha H, Saini S, Tripathi BN. 16S rDNA and ITS Sequence Diversity of Burkholderia mallei Isolated from Glanders-Affected Horses and Mules in India (2013-2019). Curr Microbiol 2021; 79:31. [PMID: 34921617 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a highly contagious and fatal infection of equids caused by the bacteria known as Burkholderia mallei. It is one of the notifiable equine diseases and is still present in Asia, South America and Africa. In India, glanders re-emerged in 2006, and thereafter, increasing numbers of cases were reported in different regions of the country. Between 2013 and 2019, 39 B. mallei were isolated from glanders-affected horses (n = 30) and mules (n = 9) from seven states of India such as Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships of these isolates were assessed by sequence analysis of 16S rDNA gene and ITS region. Purified PCR-amplified products of 16S rDNA gene and ITS region were sequenced, aligned and phylogenetic trees were constructed using MEGA 11 software. Additionally, B. mallei 16S rDNA (n = 36) and ITS (n = 18) sequences available in the GenBank were also included for analysis to determine the diversity of older B. mallei isolates with recent Indian isolates. Both the phylogeny showed that the majority of the recent isolates from India are closely related to each other, but are genetically diverse from older isolates that originated from India. Nucleotide substitutions were also observed in a single and double position in 12 recent and two old Indian isolates. The study also indicates that similar B. mallei strains were responsible for glanders outbreaks in different states (Uttar Pradesh- Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh- Haryana) and this is due to the migration of infected animals from one state to another state. This study implies that 16S rDNA and ITS region may be used for molecular characterization of B. mallei associated with glanders in resource-limited settings.
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Saini S, Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN. Characterization of immunoglobulin and cytokine responses in Burkholderia mallei infected equids. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105310. [PMID: 34838612 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes a highly fatal infectious disease in equines known as glanders. It is one of the OIE listed notifiable diseases, which entails strict control policy measures once B. mallei infection is confirmed in the susceptible hosts. Humans, especially equine handlers, veterinary professionals and laboratory workers are at greater risk to acquire the B. mallei infection directly through prolonged contact with glanderous equines, and indirectly through unprotected handling of B. mallei contaminated materials. Further, natural resistance of B. mallei to multiple antibiotics, aerosol transmission, lack of effective vaccine and treatment make this organism a potential agent of biological warfare. Results of experimental B. mallei infection in mouse and non-human primates and immunization with live attenuated B. mallei strains demonstrated that activation of early innate and adaptive immune responses play a critical role in controlling B. mallei infection. However, the immune response elicited by the primary hosts (equids) B. mallei infection is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate immune responses in glanders affected horses (n = 23) and mules (n = 1). In this study, chronically infected equids showed strong humoral responses (IgM, IgG and IgA) specific to B. mallei type 6 secretory proteins such as Hcp1, TssA and TssB. The infected equids also elicited robust cellular responses characterized by significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-6 in PBMCs. In addition, stimulation of equine PBMCs by Hcp1 resulted in the further elevation of these cytokines. Thus, the present study indicated that antibody response and T helper cell (Th) type 1-associated cytokines were the salient features of chronic B. mallei infection in horses. The immune responses also suggest further evaluation of these proteins as potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Harisankar Singha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
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Acharya KP, Marahatta S, Wilson RT. First outbreak of glanders in Nepal and possible implications for the animal sector. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3015-3017. [PMID: 34586719 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Acharya
- Animal Quarantine Office (AQO), Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suraj Marahatta
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University (TU), Siddarthanagar, Nepal
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Singha H, Elschner MC, Malik P, Saini S, Tripathi BN, Mertens-Scholz K, Brangsch H, Melzer F, Singh RK, Neubauer H. Molecular Typing of Burkholderia mallei Isolates from Equids with Glanders, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1745-1748. [PMID: 34013856 PMCID: PMC8153868 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.203232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected 10 Burkholderia mallei isolates from equids in 9 districts in India during glanders outbreaks in 2013–2016. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis showed 7 outbreak area–related genotypes. The study highlights the utility of this analysis for epidemiologically tracing of specific B. mallei isolates during outbreaks.
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7
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Elschner MC, Melzer F, Singha H, Muhammad S, Gardner I, Neubauer H. Validation of a Commercial Glanders ELISA as an Alternative to the CFT in International Trade of Equidae. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628389. [PMID: 33665218 PMCID: PMC7920956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders, caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei is a notifiable zoonotic disease in equidae. For international trade and movement of equids, certificates of negative serological test results for antibodies against B. mallei are required. To date, the complement fixation test (CFT) is the mandatory test to issue these health certificates. The CFT is difficult to standardize and, due to its poor specificity, often leads to false-positive reactions resulting in trade restrictions with considerable financial consequences. In the present study, the new ID Screen Glanders Double Antigen Multispecies ELISA (GLANDA- ELISA) (IDvet, Grabels, France) was evaluated using 400 negative and 370 glanders positive field samples of equidae. The GLANDA-ELISA was significantly more specific (99.8%) than the CFT (97.0%). Considering the comparable sensitivities of CFT (96.5%) and ELISA (98.1%), this new GLANDA-ELISA test appears a suitable confirmatory test and a realistic alternative for serological testing of horses for trade or movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Saqib Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
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8
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Laroucau K, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Varghese K, Deshayes T, Bertin C, Delannoy S, Sami AM, Al Batel M, El Shorbagy M, Almutawaa KAW, Alanezi SJ, Alazemi YSN, Guernier-Cambert V, Wernery U. A genetic variant of Burkholderia mallei detected in Kuwait: Consequences for the PCR diagnosis of glanders. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:960-963. [PMID: 33245616 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a contagious zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. Following the detection of glanders positive horses using the OIE complement fixation test, the tissues of two horses were analysed by PCR. While PCR systems targeting the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex gave positive signals, the species-specific PCR systems targeting B. mallei (fliP-IS407A) and B. pseudomallei (orf11)-the OIE recommended targets-resulted in negative signals. However, the presence of B. mallei in these tissues was confirmed with a recently described B. mallei-specific real-time PCR system and genotyping with MLST- and SNP-based methods, performed on the most positive tissue, identified a genotype closely related to B. mallei strains recently isolated in the Middle East. This study leads to recommendations regarding the use of PCR systems for the molecular diagnosis of glanders, especially in regions where the circulating B. mallei strains have not yet been fully genetically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laroucau
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Koshy Varghese
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Thomas Deshayes
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Bertin
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Food Research Laboratory, IdentyPath Platform, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Attia M Sami
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Maha Al Batel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Mamdouh El Shorbagy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Khaled A W Almutawaa
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Saad J Alanezi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Yousef S N Alazemi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Vanina Guernier-Cambert
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Erdemsurakh O, Purevdorj B, Ochirbat K, Adilbish A, Vanaabaatar B, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. Pathological and Immunohistochemical Analyses of Naturally Occurring Equine Glanders Using an Anti-BpaB Antibody. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:807-811. [PMID: 32885748 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820953422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia mallei. In this study, we investigated the histopathology and immunohistochemical localization of B. mallei in natural cases of equine glanders. Four horses showing clinical signs of nasal discharge and multiple cutaneous nodules or papulae in the hindlimbs and abdomen were reported in Mongolia. They tested positive for B. mallei infection on complement fixation, Rose Bengal agglutination, and mallein tests. Gross and histological lesions observed in these cases were similar to those previously reported in equine glanders. Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to B. mallei BpaB showed localization of the bacterial antigen in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells in the pyogranulomas and abscesses in target organs. Some alveolar type II cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells also contained the antigen. These results suggest that the anti-BpaB antibody is useful for identifying B. mallei-infected cell types in naturally infected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochbayar Erdemsurakh
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baatarjargal Purevdorj
- Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Khurtsbaatar Ochirbat
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Altanchimeg Adilbish
- Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbaatar Vanaabaatar
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Erdemsurakh O, Ochirbat K, Gombosuren U, Tserendorj B, Purevdorj B, Vanaabaatar B, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. Seroprevalence of equine glanders in horses in the central and eastern parts of Mongolia. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1247-1252. [PMID: 32641602 PMCID: PMC7538334 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a contagious and fatal equine disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium
Burkholderia mallei. B. mallei is prevalent among horse populations in
Asia, the Middle East, and South America. More than four million horses have been
registered in Mongolia in 2020. However, the recent prevalence of glanders has not been
well investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the seropositivity of B.
mallei in horse populations in Mongolia using the complement fixation test
(CFT) and Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBT). We randomly collected blood samples
from horses in central and eastern Mongolia between 2018 and 2019. Of 337 horses, 26
(7.7%) and 28 (8.3%) were seropositive using RBT and CFT, respectively. Interestingly,
seropositivity in horses resulting from crossbreeding of Mongolian native horses with
thoroughbred horses was higher than that in Mongolian native horses. Our observations
suggest that equine glanders are still endemic to Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochbayar Erdemsurakh
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Khurtsbaatar Ochirbat
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ulziisaikhan Gombosuren
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Tserendorj
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baatarjargal Purevdorj
- Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbaatar Vanaabaatar
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-Uul district, Zaisan 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN, Saini S, Khurana SK, Kanani A, Shah N, Mital A, Kanwar P, Bhatt L, Limaye V, Khasa V, Arora R, Gupta S, Sangha S, Sharma H, Agarwal SK, Tapase J, Parnam S, Dubey P, Baalasundaram SK, Mandal BN, Virmani N, Gulati BR, Malik P. Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1336-1348. [PMID: 31916415 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine glanders is an infectious and notifiable bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. The disease has been reported in South American, African and Asian countries including India. Here, we present the outcome of glanders serosurveillance carried out between January 2015 and December 2018 to know the status of equine glanders among different states in India. A total of 102,071 equid sera from 299 districts of twenty-one states and one union territory were tested for glanders. Samples were screened with Hcp1 indirect ELISA followed by confirmatory diagnosis by CFT. During this four-year surveillance, a total of 932 glanders-positive cases were detected from 120 districts of 12 states. The study also revealed increasing trend of glanders from 2016 onwards with maximum occurrence in northern India. Overall seroprevalence ranged between 0.62% (95% CI, 0.52-0.72) and 1.145% (95% CI, 1.03-1.25). Seasonal shifting from winter to summer (March to June) coincided with highest number glanders incidence with corresponding seroprevalences of 1.2% (95% CI, 1.09-1.30). The present surveillance unveils territorial ingression of glanders to six states like Jammu & Kashmir, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Tamil Nadu. In addition, re-emerging cases have been reported in Maharashtra, Haryana and Punjab after a gap of 10 years. Lack of awareness, little veterinary care and unrestricted movement of equids across state borders might have led to the introduction and establishment of the infection to these states. We believe that information from this study will provide a baseline data on glanders for devising surveillance and control strategies in India. Being a zoonotic disease, the persistence of glanders poses a potential threat to occupationally exposed humans especially equine handlers and veterinarians. Therefore, targeted surveillance of human population from each glanders outbreak is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheetal Saini
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Amit Kanani
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nisha Shah
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Anupam Mital
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Shimla, India
| | - Pooja Kanwar
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Shimla, India
| | - Lenin Bhatt
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jaipur, India
| | - Vinayak Limaye
- Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Zone, Department of Animal Husbandry, Pune, India
| | - Vipin Khasa
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Sonepat, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Talabtillo, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Talabtillo, India
| | - Shivani Sangha
- Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Zone, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jalandhar, India
| | | | | | - Jayant Tapase
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bhopal, India
| | - Sunil Parnam
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bhopal, India
| | - Prasoon Dubey
- State Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Rishikesh, India
| | - Satya K Baalasundaram
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital Complex Palam, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Baidya Nath Mandal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Praveen Malik
- CCS National Institute of Animal Health (DAHD, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Govt of India), Baghpat, India
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Abstract
Confirmation of glanders has not been possible in suspected cases submitted by field veterinarians, mainly due to the lack of diagnostic tools in Nepal. In view, however, of the re-emergence of glanders in India and the unrestricted migration of equines from there in to Nepal, an outbreak of Glanders in the short term is a distinct possibility. Such an event would affect the rural, marginalized community, and brick kiln industries. Therefore, due attention on the national epidemiological study and strengthened animal quarantine system with holding yards and laboratory backups are highly requested. Besides, the government's timely action on disease prevalence, monitoring, and disease reporting is utmost important besides widespread public awareness to prevent the entry and control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Adhikari
- Animal Health Training & Consultancy Services, Pokhara, Nepal
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13
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Moawad AA, Silge A, Bocklitz T, Fischer K, Rösch P, Roesler U, Elschner MC, Popp J, Neubauer H. A Machine Learning-Based Raman Spectroscopic Assay for the Identification of Burkholderia mallei and Related Species. Molecules 2019; 24:E4516. [PMID: 31835527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia (B.) mallei, the causative agent of glanders, and B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and animals, are genetically closely related. The high infectious potential of both organisms, their serological cross-reactivity, and similar clinical symptoms in human and animals make the differentiation from each other and other Burkholderia species challenging. The increased resistance against many antibiotics implies the need for fast and robust identification methods. The use of Raman microspectroscopy in microbial diagnostic has the potential for rapid and reliable identification. Single bacterial cells are directly probed and a broad range of phenotypic information is recorded, which is subsequently analyzed by machine learning methods. Burkholderia were handled under biosafety level 1 (BSL 1) conditions after heat inactivation. The clusters of the spectral phenotypes and the diagnostic relevance of the Burkholderia spp. were considered for an advanced hierarchical machine learning approach. The strain panel for training involved 12 B. mallei, 13 B. pseudomallei and 11 other Burkholderia spp. type strains. The combination of top- and sub-level classifier identified the mallei-complex with high sensitivities (>95%). The reliable identification of unknown B. mallei and B. pseudomallei strains highlighted the robustness of the machine learning-based Raman spectroscopic assay.
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14
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Yazdansetad S, Mosavari N, Tadayon K, Mehregan I. Development of an immunoblotting assay for serodiagnosis of Burkholderia mallei infection: the whole-cell proteome-based paradigm. Iran J Microbiol 2019; 11:232-238. [PMID: 31523407 PMCID: PMC6711873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Burkholderia mallei is the leading cause of glanders, a highly transmittable and an OIE-notifiable disease of equidae. Despite the importance of B. mallei, little is known about serodiagnosis of glanders. The present study aimed to develop an immunoblotting assay based on whole-cell proteome of B. mallei to enable accurate serodiagnosis of glanders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three farm horses were subcutaneously immunized with a crude suspension (106 cfu/ml) of heat-inactivated B. mallei formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to achieve a hyperimmune sera panel. The immunization was done for 1, 14 and 28 days with 1 dose of 1 ml antigen containing 106 cfu/ml. The hyperimmunity of sera was confirmed by CFT. B. mallei whole-cell proteome was prepared through sonication and the protein content was visualized by SDS-PAGE and quantified by Western blot using HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-horse IgG. A comprehensive set of positive and negative horse sera validated the test. RESULTS A ladder pattern of the B. mallei immunoreactive antigens was seen within the region of 20-90 kDa clearly and the immunoblot was scored positive, while no reaction was seen for the negative sera. The Western blot assay indicated a noticeably higher diagnostic specificity for positive or negative sera of glanders. CONCLUSION The whole-cell proteome-based immunoblot proved reliable and straightforward in our study. The prepared antigen was adaptable for application in immunoblotting. We assumed this improved immunoblotting system provides appropriate sensitivity and also specificity expected in serodiagnosis of glanders in endemic areas and typically in less-developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Yazdansetad
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Mosavari
- Department of Tuberculin and Mallein, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran,Corresponding author: Nader Mosavari, Ph.D, Department of Tuberculin and Mallein, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. Tel: +98 912 261 1438, Fax: +98 26 34 55 2194,
| | - Keyvan Tadayon
- Department of Veterinary Aerobic Bacterial Vaccines, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Iraj Mehregan
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Kinoshita Y, Cloutier AK, Rozak DA, Khan MSR, Niwa H, Uchida-Fujii E, Katayama Y, Tuanyok A. A novel selective medium for the isolation of Burkholderia mallei from equine specimens. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:133. [PMID: 31064357 PMCID: PMC6505306 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes glanders, a zoonotic disease, especially in equine populations (e.g. horses, donkeys, and mules). B. mallei usually grows slowly on most culture media, and this property makes it difficult to isolate from clinical specimens. One of the problems is that B. mallei is easily overgrown by other bacteria, especially in animal specimens collected from non-sterile sites. The aim of this study was to develop a new selective agar for the laboratory diagnosis of glanders. We formulated a new agar, named BM agar, to enrich B. mallei growth, but inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi based on their antimicrobial profiles. We compared the growth of B. mallei on BM with Xie's and PC agars, the two previously described selective agars for B. mallei. RESULTS BM agar could sufficiently grow almost all of the tested B. mallei strains within 72 h: only one out of the 38 strains grew scantly after 72 h of incubation. BM agar was further tested with other Burkholderia species and various bacterial species commonly found in the nasal cavities and on the skin of horses. We have found that other Burkholderia species including B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis can grow on BM agar, but non-Burkholderia species cannot. Furthermore, the specificities of the three selective agars were tested with or without spiking B. mallei culture into clinical specimens of non-sterile sites collected from healthy horses. The results showed that BM agar inhibited growths of fungi and other bacterial species better than PC and Xie's agars. We have also found that growth of B. mallei on BM agar was equivalent to that on 5% horse blood agar and was significantly greater than those on the other two agars (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We believe that BM agar can be used to efficiently isolate B. mallei from mixed samples such as those typically collected from horses and other contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kinoshita
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Ashley K Cloutier
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - David A Rozak
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - Md S R Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Katayama
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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16
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Elschner MC, Laroucau K, Singha H, Tripathi BN, Saqib M, Gardner I, Saini S, Kumar S, El-Adawy H, Melzer F, Khan I, Malik P, Sauter-Louis C, Neubauer H. Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214963. [PMID: 30951554 PMCID: PMC6450644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a zoonotic contagious disease of equids caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei. Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glanders-free and 254 glanderous equids. Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. mallei-antigen. Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. The WB and all ELISAs, except BimA, were significantly more specific than the CFT. ELISAs based on TssA, TssB, and BimA antigens had significantly lower sensitivity compared to CFT while the sensitivities of the Hcp1-ELISA, the IDVet-ELISA and the WB did not differ significantly from that of the CFT. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (98.0%, 96.4%), the WB (96.8%, 99.4%), the Hcp1-ELISA (95.3%, 99.6%) and the IDVet-ELISA (92.5%, 99.5%) should be further developed to meet OIE requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Paris Est University, Animal Health Laboratory, EU-Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, UPEI, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Microbiology Division, Gwalior, India
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Praveen Malik
- Chaudhary Charan Singh, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Baghpat, India
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
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17
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Singh S, Dohre SK, Kamthan A, Pal V, Karothia BS, Singha HS, Kumar S. Improvement of recombinant-truncated Burkholderia motility protein A (BimA)-based indirect ELISA for equine glanders. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 39:565-575. [PMID: 30303469 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2018.1523800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glanders is a contagious and highly fatal disease of equines with zoonotic potential. It is caused by a Gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium Burkholderia mallei. Complement fixation test (CFT) is one of the most commonly used tests for diagnosis of glanders; however, it has some limitations. A recombinant-truncated Burkholderia intracellular motility A (BimA) protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) was previously reported by us for glanders diagnosis, which has been re-optimized in this study using a panel of glanders positive (n = 75) and glanders negative (n = 227) serum samples. The improved iELISA exhibited 96% sensitivity and 90.75% specificity. The assay had 98.56% negative predictive value. In the improved iELISA, background for negative samples was reduced and a rational assay cut-off based on ROC curves was introduced. Intra laboratory repeatability of the iELISA was tested by 3 different operators with 100% correlation. The BimA-coated ELISA plates could be used without significant decrease in diagnostic efficacy even after their storage at room temperature or 37°C for 90 days. Overall, the improved iELISA is a sensitive, specific, reproducible, and easy-to-use assay that has potential in serodiagnosis of glanders, more suitably to demonstrate freedom from B. mallei infection in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- a Microbiology Division , Defence Research & Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - Sudhir K Dohre
- a Microbiology Division , Defence Research & Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - Aayushi Kamthan
- a Microbiology Division , Defence Research & Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | - Vijai Pal
- a Microbiology Division , Defence Research & Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
| | | | - Hari-Sankar Singha
- b Equine Health Unit , ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines2 , Hisar , India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- a Microbiology Division , Defence Research & Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
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18
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Laroucau K, Lucia de Assis Santana V, Girault G, Martin B, Miranda da Silveira P, Brasil Machado M, Joseph M, Wernery R, Wernery U, Zientara S, Madani N. First molecular characterisation of a Brazilian Burkholderia mallei strain isolated from a mule in 2016. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2018; 57:117-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Ghori MT, Khan MS, Khan JA, Rabbani M, Shabbir MZ, Chaudhry HR, Ali MA, Muhammad J, Elschner MC, Jayarao BM. Seroprevalence and risk factors of glanders in working equines - Findings of a cross-sectional study in Punjab province of Pakistan. Acta Trop 2017; 176:134-139. [PMID: 28760480 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is an infectious and contagious bacterial disease of equines. A little is known about its seroprevalence and risk factors in working equines in countries where the disease is endemic. Also, there are no reports on prevalence of the disease in areas where there is a prior evidence of Burkholderia (B.) mallei detection in soil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts (n=09) of Punjab province of Pakistan during 2014-2015. A total of 1008 serum samples were screened for detection of antibodies to B. mallei with complement fixation test followed by western blot. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 3.17% (95% CI: 2.25-4.44). The seropositivity was significantly higher from the sampling sites where B. mallei was detected in soil [OR: 10.66 (95% CI: 4.42-31.66), p=0.00]. Other risk factors significantly associated with animal seropositivity were: age group [OR: 1.78 (95% CI: 4.58-15.56), p=0.00], location in urban area [OR: 2.99 (95% CI: 1.46-6.51), p=0.00],body condition [OR: 3.47 (95% CI: 1.64-7.99), p=0.00], presence of farcy lesion[OR: 7.71 (95% CI: 3.47-19.50), p=0.00], proximity to water bodies [OR: 7.71 (95% CI: 3.47-19.50), p=0.00]; domestic animal population [OR: 3.20 (95% CI: 1.24-10.87), p=0.03] and number of households in sampling area [OR: 4.18 (95%CI: 1.82-11.30), p=0.00]. The study provides an estimate of prevalence of glanders and a potential link between animal seropositivity and presence of B. mallei in soil. The risk factors identified in this study can be used in surveillance and disease awareness. The high prevalence of disease in draught horses and contact of infected animals with their care-takers in developing countries signify need to initiate progressive control of the disease using one health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jawaria Ali Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Asad Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javed Muhammad
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a 07743, Jena, Germany
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20
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Zimmerman SM, Long ME, Dyke JS, Jelesijevic TP, Michel F, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Use of Immunohistochemistry to Demonstrate In Vivo Expression of the Burkholderia mallei Virulence Factor BpaB During Experimental Glanders. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:258-267. [PMID: 29145795 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817736113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes the highly contagious and debilitating zoonosis glanders, which infects via inhalation or percutaneous inoculation and often culminates in life-threatening pneumonia and sepsis. In humans, glanders is difficult to diagnose and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. No vaccine exists to protect against B. mallei, and there is concern regarding its use as a bioweapon. The authors previously identified the protein BpaB as a potential target for devising therapies due to its role in adherence to host cells and the formation of biofilms in vitro and its contribution to pathogenicity in a mouse model of glanders. In the present study, the authors developed an immunostaining approach to probe tissues of experimentally infected animals and demonstrated that BpaB is produced exclusively in vivo by wild-type B. mallei in target organs from mice and marmosets. They detected the expression of BpaB by B. mallei both extracellularly and within macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells in respiratory tissues (7/10 marmoset; 2/2 mouse). The authors also noted the intracellular expression of BpaB by B. mallei in macrophages in the regional lymph nodes of mice (2/2 tissues) and MALT of marmosets (4/5 tissues). It is interesting that B. mallei bacteria infecting distal organs did not express BpaB (2/2 mice; 3/3 marmosets), suggesting that the protein is not necessary for bacterial fitness in these anatomic locations. These findings underscore the value of BpaB as a target for developing medical countermeasures and provide insight into its role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Zimmerman
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mackenzie E Long
- 2 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Dyke
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tomislav P Jelesijevic
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frank Michel
- 3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.,3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Zimmerman SM, Dyke JS, Jelesijevic TP, Michel F, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Antibodies against In Vivo-Expressed Antigens Are Sufficient To Protect against Lethal Aerosol Infection with Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00102-17. [PMID: 28507073 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00102-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, a facultative intracellular bacterium and tier 1 biothreat, causes the fatal zoonotic disease glanders. The organism possesses multiple genes encoding autotransporter proteins, which represent important virulence factors and targets for developing countermeasures in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, we investigated one of these autotransporters, BatA, and demonstrate that it displays lipolytic activity, aids in intracellular survival, is expressed in vivo, elicits production of antibodies during infection, and contributes to pathogenicity in a mouse aerosol challenge model. A mutation in the batA gene of wild-type strain ATCC 23344 was found to be particularly attenuating, as BALB/c mice infected with the equivalent of 80 median lethal doses cleared the organism. This finding prompted us to test the hypothesis that vaccination with the batA mutant strain elicits protective immunity against subsequent infection with wild-type bacteria. We discovered that not only does vaccination provide high levels of protection against lethal aerosol challenge with B. mallei ATCC 23344, it also protects against infection with multiple isolates of the closely related organism and causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei Passive-transfer experiments also revealed that the protective immunity afforded by vaccination with the batA mutant strain is predominantly mediated by IgG antibodies binding to antigens expressed exclusively in vivo Collectively, our data demonstrate that BatA is a target for developing medical countermeasures and that vaccination with a mutant lacking expression of the protein provides a platform to gain insights regarding mechanisms of protective immunity against B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, including antigen discovery.
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22
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Singha H, Malik P, Saini S, Khurana SK, Elschner MC, Mertens K, Barth SA, Tripathi BN, Singh RK. Draft Genome Sequences of Two Clinical Isolates of Burkholderia mallei Obtained from Nasal Swabs of Glanderous Equines in India. Genome Announc 2017; 5:e00063-17. [PMID: 28385832 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00063-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative coccobacillus which causes glanders-a fatal disease of equines that may occasionally be transmitted to humans. Several cases of outbreaks have been reported from India since 2006. This paper presents draft genome sequences of two B. mallei strains isolated from equines affected by glanders in India.
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Elschner MC, Neubauer H, Sprague LD. The Resurrection of Glanders in a new Epidemiological Scenario: A Beneficiary of “Global Change”. Curr Clin Micro Rpt 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Kettle ANB, Wernery U. Glanders and the risk for its introduction through the international movement of horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 48:654-8. [PMID: 27288893 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is the contagious zoonotic disease caused by infection with Burkholderia mallei. It affects primarily horses, donkeys and mules. The disease was eradicated from large areas of the Western world in the early 20th century, but, over the last 10-20 years, has emerged and re-emerged in areas in which it was previously unknown or had been eradicated. Although glanders was previously thought to manifest in only acute or chronic presentations, it now appears that B. mallei can produce latent infections similar to those caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. These latent infections may or may not be detectable by current diagnostic tests. The diagnostic test currently recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties [OIE]) for international trade in equids is the complement fixation test (CFT). This test has been shown to have varying sensitivities and specificities depending on the antigen and methodology used. False positives are problematic for the horse-owner and veterinary authority, whereas false negatives may allow the reintroduction of B. mallei into B. mallei-free areas. These gaps in knowledge of the epidemiology of glanders, and weaknesses in its diagnosis, coupled with the increased movement of equids, indicate that infection with B. mallei remains a major risk in the context of international movement of equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N B Kettle
- Equine International Consultancy FZ LLE, Dubai, UAE
| | - U Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Malik
- CCS National Institute of Animal Health; Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; Baghpat 250609 India
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26
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Laroucau K, Colaneri C, Jaÿ M, Corde Y, Drapeau A, Durand B, Zientara S, Beck C. Interlaboratory ring trial to evaluate CFT proficiency of European laboratories for diagnosis of glanders in equids. Vet Rec 2016; 178:632. [PMID: 27122499 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the routine complement fixation test (CFT) used to detect Burkholderia mallei antibodies in equine sera, an interlaboratory proficiency test was held with 24 European laboratories, including 22 National Reference Laboratories for glanders. The panels sent to participants were composed of sera with or without B mallei antibodies. This study confirmed the reliability of CFT and highlighted its intralaboratory reproducibility. However, the sensitivity of glanders serodiagnosis and laboratory proficiency may be improved by standardising critical reagents, including antigens, and by developing a standard B mallei serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laroucau
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Colaneri
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Jaÿ
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Y Corde
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Drapeau
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - B Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Beck
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
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