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Breslin JW. Edema and lymphatic clearance: molecular mechanisms and ongoing challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1451-1476. [PMID: 37732545 PMCID: PMC11025659 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of edema remains a significant clinical challenge. Conditions such as traumatic shock, sepsis, or diabetes often involve microvascular hyperpermeability, which leads to tissue and organ dysfunction. Lymphatic insufficiency due to genetic causes, surgical removal of lymph nodes, or infections, leads to varying degrees of tissue swelling that impair mobility and immune defenses. Treatment options are limited to management of edema as there are no specific therapeutics that have demonstrated significant success for ameliorating microvascular leakage or impaired lymphatic function. This review examines current knowledge about the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that control microvascular permeability and lymphatic clearance, the respective processes for interstitial fluid formation and removal. Clinical conditions featuring edema, along with potential future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, FL, U.S.A
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2
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Xing L, Huang G, Chen R, Huang L, Liu J, Ren X, Wang S, Kuang H, Kumar A, Kim JK, Jiang Q, Li X, Lee C. Critical role of mitogen-inducible gene 6 in restraining endothelial cell permeability to maintain vascular homeostasis. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:151-165. [PMID: 36284029 PMCID: PMC10030747 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6) is highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells, it remains unknown whether MIG6 affects vascular permeability. Here, we show for the first time a critical role of MIG6 in limiting vascular permeability. We unveil that genetic deletion of Mig6 in mice markedly increased VEGFA-induced vascular permeability, and MIG6 knockdown impaired endothelial barrier function. Mechanistically, we reveal that MIG6 inhibits VEGFR2 phosphorylation by binding to the VEGFR2 kinase domain 2, and MIG6 knockdown increases the downstream signaling of VEGFR2 by enhancing phosphorylation of PLCγ1 and eNOS. Moreover, MIG6 knockdown disrupted the balance between RAC1 and RHOA GTPase activation, leading to endothelial cell barrier breakdown and the elevation of vascular permeability. Our findings demonstrate an essential role of MIG6 in maintaining endothelial cell barrier integrity and point to potential therapeutic implications of MIG6 in the treatment of diseases involving vascular permeability. Xing et al. (2022) investigated the critical role of MIG6 in vascular permeability. MIG6 deficiency promotes VEGFA-induced vascular permeability via activation of PLCγ1-Ca2+-eNOS signaling and perturbation of the balance in RAC1/RHOA activation, resulting in endothelial barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Guanqun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rongyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Juanxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiangrong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Haiqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jong Kyong Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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3
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of vascular permeability is critical to maintaining tissue metabolic homeostasis. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) is a key stimulus of vascular permeability in acute and chronic diseases including ischemia reperfusion injury, sepsis, and cancer. Identification of novel regulators of vascular permeability would allow for the development of effective targeted therapeutics for patients with unmet medical need. METHODS In vitro and in vivo models of VEGFA-induced vascular permeability, pathological permeability, quantitation of intracellular calcium release and cell entry, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels were evaluated with and without modulation of PLC (phospholipase C) β2. RESULTS Global knock-out of PLCβ2 in mice resulted in blockade of VEGFA-induced vascular permeability in vivo and transendothelial permeability in primary lung endothelial cells. Further work in an immortalized human microvascular cell line modulated with stable knockdown of PLCβ2 recapitulated the observations in the mouse model and primary cell assays. Additionally, loss of PLCβ2 limited both intracellular release and extracellular entry of calcium following VEGF stimulation as well as reduced basal and VEGFA-stimulated levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate compared to control cells. Finally, loss of PLCβ2 in both a hyperoxia-induced lung permeability model and a cardiac ischemia:reperfusion model resulted in improved animal outcomes when compared with wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS The results implicate PLCβ2 as a key positive regulator of VEGF-induced vascular permeability through regulation of both calcium flux and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels at the cellular level. Targeting of PLCβ2 in a therapeutic setting may provide a novel approach to regulating vascular permeability in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N. Phoenix
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Zhichao Yue
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Lixia Yue
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Chunxia G. Cronin
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Bruce T. Liang
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Luke H. Hoeppner
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin P. Claffey
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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4
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Fouani Y, Kirchhof L, Stanicek L, Luxán G, Heumüller AW, Knau A, Fischer A, Devraj K, John D, Neumann P, Bindereif A, Boon RA, Liebner S, Wittig I, Mogler C, Karimova M, Dimmeler S, Jaé N. The splicing-regulatory lncRNA NTRAS sustains vascular integrity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54157. [PMID: 35527520 PMCID: PMC9171682 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular integrity is essential for organ homeostasis to prevent edema formation and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and often expressed in a cell type‐specific manner. By screening for endothelial‐enriched lncRNAs, we identified the undescribed lncRNA NTRAS to control endothelial cell functions. Silencing of NTRAS induces endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro and increases vascular permeability and lethality in mice. Biochemical analysis revealed that NTRAS, through its CA‐dinucleotide repeat motif, sequesters the splicing regulator hnRNPL to control alternative splicing of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1; also named zona occludens 1, ZO‐1) pre‐mRNA. Deletion of the hnRNPL binding motif in mice (Ntras∆CA/∆CA) significantly repressed TJP1 exon 20 usage, favoring expression of the TJP1α‐ isoform, which augments permeability of the endothelial monolayer. Ntras∆CA/∆CA mice further showed reduced retinal vessel growth and increased vascular permeability and myocarditis. In summary, this study demonstrates that NTRAS is an essential gatekeeper of vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Fouani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luisa Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Stanicek
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas W Heumüller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Knau
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ariane Fischer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David John
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Neumann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Reinier A Boon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madina Karimova
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Jaé
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany
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Suntravat M, Sanchez O, Reyes A, Cirilo A, Ocheltree JS, Galan JA, Salazar E, Davies P, Sanchez EE. Evaluation of Signaling Pathways Profiling in Human Dermal Endothelial Cells Treated by Snake Venom Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins (svCRiSPs) from North American Snakes Using Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:613. [PMID: 34564617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins (CRiSPs) are typically found in many snake venoms; however, the role that these toxins play in the pathophysiology of snakebites is still unclear. Herein, we compared the effects of snake venom CRiSPs (svCRiSPs) from the most medically important species of North American snakes on endothelial cell permeability and vascular permeability. We used reverse phase protein array (RPPA) to identify key signaling molecules on human dermal lymphatic (HDLECs) and blood (HDBECs) endothelial cells treated with svCRiSPs. The results showed that Css-CRiSP isolated from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus and App-CRiSP from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus are the most potent causes of increase vascular and endothelial permeability in comparison with other svCRiSPs used in this study. We examined the protein expression levels and their activated phosphorylation states in HDLECs and HDBECs induced by App-CRiSP and Css-CRiSP using RPPA. Interestingly, both App-CRiSP and Css-CRiSP induced caveolin-1 expression in HDBECs. We also found that stimulating HDBECs with Css-CRiSP and App-CRiSP significantly induced the phosphorylation of mTOR and Src, respectively. In HDLECs, Css-CRiSP significantly downregulated the expression of N-Cadherin and phospholipase C-gamma, while App-CRiSP significantly enhanced Akt and JNK phosphorylation. These results suggest that the increased endothelial permeability in HDLECs and HDBECs by Css-CRiSP and App-CRiSP may occur through different pathways.
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6
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Dragoni S, Caridi B, Karatsai E, Burgoyne T, Sarker MH, Turowski P. AMP-activated protein kinase is a key regulator of acute neurovascular permeability. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs253179. [PMID: 33712448 PMCID: PMC8077405 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuronal and retinal disorders are associated with pathological hyperpermeability of the microvasculature. We have used explants of rodent retinae to study acute neurovascular permeability, signal transduction and the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Following stimulation with either vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) or bradykinin (BK), AMPK was rapidly and strongly phosphorylated and acted as a key mediator of permeability downstream of Ca2+. Accordingly, AMPK agonists potently induced acute retinal vascular leakage. AMPK activation led to phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, also known as NOS3), which in turn increased VE-cadherin (CDH5) phosphorylation on Y685. In parallel, AMPK also mediated phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinases (hereafter p38) and HSP27 (HSPB1), indicating that it regulated paracellular junctions and cellular contractility, both previously associated with endothelial permeability. Endothelial AMPK provided a missing link in neurovascular permeability, connecting Ca2+ transients to the activation of eNOS and p38, irrespective of the permeability-inducing factor used. Collectively, we find that, due to its compatibility with small molecule antagonists and agonists, as well as siRNA, the ex vivo retina model constitutes a reliable tool to identify and study regulators and mechanisms of acute neurovascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dragoni
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Bruna Caridi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Eleni Karatsai
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mosharraf H. Sarker
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- School of Science, Engineering & Design, Teesside University, Stephenson Street, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Patric Turowski
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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7
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Hwang K, Yoon JH, Lee JH, Lee S. Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Colorectal Cancers. Biomedicines 2021; 9:39. [PMID: 33466394 PMCID: PMC7824816 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have led to the development of numerous therapeutic antibodies as major sources of blockbuster drugs for CRC therapy. Simultaneously, increasing numbers of therapeutic targets in CRC have been identified. In this review, we first highlight the physiological and pathophysiological roles and signaling mechanisms of currently known and emerging therapeutic targets, including growth factors and their receptors as well as immune checkpoint proteins, in CRC. Additionally, we discuss the current status of monoclonal antibodies in clinical development and approved by US Food and Drug Administration for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sukmook Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (K.H.); (J.H.Y.); (J.H.L.)
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8
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Jiang B, Geng Q, Li T, Mohammad Firdous S, Zhou X. Morin attenuates STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy in experimental animals. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2139-2142. [PMID: 32714041 PMCID: PMC7376113 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs in untreated diabetic patients due to the strong influence of oxidative stress. Bioflavonoids are well known for their antioxidant property. Morin, a bioflavonoid, has been demonstrated for its antioxidant as well as antidiabetic activity. Thus, this research work intended to determine the ameliorative impact of morin in DR rats using STZ-induced type 1 diabetic model. To induce type 1 diabetic in rats STZ (60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. Grouping of animals was done as described below (n = 6), where, group I - normal control, group II - diabetic control, group III - morin (25 mg/kg), group IV - morin (50 mg/kg), and group V - metformin (350 mg/kg) were used. All the animals underwent treatment for 60 days as given above. It was observed that supplementation of morin (25 and 50 mg/kg) showed a noteworthy decline in elevated serum glucose level. Moreover, decrease in the level of LPO and improved activity of endogenous antioxidants (GPx, CAT, and SOD) was observed in morin treated groups. It also notably drops the concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF in the tissue homogenate of the retina. Furthermore, it increased the retinal thickness and cell count in the ganglion cell layer of the retina in diabetic animals. Hence, we can conclude that morin encumbers the progression of DR in diabetic animals, which may be via antioxidant property and suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and VEGF.
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Key Words
- AGEs, Advanced glycated end products
- Antioxidants
- BGL, Blood glucose level
- BRB, Blood retinal barrier
- CAT, Catalase
- DAG, Diacylglycerol
- Diabetic retinopathy
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- IL-1β and VEGF
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta
- LPO, Lipid peroxidase
- Morin
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- TNF-α
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qingsen Geng
- Department of Eye Fundus,Liaocheng Guangming Ophthalmological Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Sayeed Mohammad Firdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah 711316, West Bengal, India
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
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9
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Jiao W, Ji JF, Xu W, Bu W, Zheng Y, Ma A, Zhao B, Fan Q. Distinct downstream signaling and the roles of VEGF and PlGF in high glucose-mediated injuries of human retinal endothelial cells in culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15339. [PMID: 31653890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) plays a crucial role in breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier due to hyperpermeability in diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the distinct signaling driven by VEGF and PlGF in the pathogenesis of DR remains unclear. In this study, we investigated VEGF- and PlGF- related signaling pathways and their roles in cultured human microvascular retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) under high glucose conditions (HG; 25 mM). Apoptotic cell death was evaluated, and FITC conjugated bovine serum albumin across monolayer hRECs served as an index of permeability. Western blots were used to assess the protein levels of VEGF and PlGF, as well as the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, STAT1 and Erk1/2. Knockdown of VEGF and PlGF was performed by using siRNA. Following HG treatment, increases of VEGF and PlGF as well as PKC activity were detected in hRECs. Increased phosphorylations of p38MAPKThr180/Thr182, STAT1Ser727, and Erk1/2Tyr202/Tyr185 as well as VEGFR1Tyr1213 and VEGFR2Tyr1175 were also detected in HG-treated hRECs. Inhibition of PKC activity by Go 6976 prevented HG-induced increases of phosphor-Erk1/2 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) expressions as well as hyperpermeability, whereas inhibition of p38MAPK pathway by SB203580 selectively suppressed activation of STAT1 and decreased apoptotic cell death under HG conditions. Moreover, VEGF knockdown predominantly inhibited activation of VEGFR2, and phosphorylation of p38MAPK and STAT1, as well as apoptotic cell death in HG-treated hRECs. Nevertheless, PlGF knockdown mainly suppressed phosphorylation of VEGFR1, PKC, and Erk1/2, as well as NOS1 expressions and hyperpermeability. Taken together, we provide evidence demonstrating that HG-induced elevation of PlGF is responsible for hyperpermeability mainly through increasing activation of PKC-Erk1/2-NOS axis via VEGFR1, while HG-induced elevation of VEGF is associated with induction of apoptotic cell death mainly through increasing activation of p38MAPK/STAT1 signaling via VEGFR2.
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10
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Filippini A, D'Amore A, D'Alessio A. Calcium Mobilization in Endothelial Cell Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184525. [PMID: 31547344 PMCID: PMC6769945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) constitute the innermost layer that lines all blood vessels from the larger arteries and veins to the smallest capillaries, including the lymphatic vessels. Despite the histological classification of endothelium of a simple epithelium and its homogeneous morphological appearance throughout the vascular system, ECs, instead, are extremely heterogeneous both structurally and functionally. The different arrangement of cell junctions between ECs and the local organization of the basal membrane generate different type of endothelium with different permeability features and functions. Continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous endothelia are distributed based on the specific function carried out by the organs. It is thought that a large number ECs functions and their responses to extracellular cues depend on changes in intracellular concentrations of calcium ion ([Ca2+]i). The extremely complex calcium machinery includes plasma membrane bound channels as well as intracellular receptors distributed in distinct cytosolic compartments that act jointly to maintain a physiological [Ca2+]i, which is crucial for triggering many cellular mechanisms. Here, we first survey the overall notions related to intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and later highlight the involvement of this second messenger in crucial ECs functions with the aim at stimulating further investigation that link Ca2+ mobilization to ECs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella D'Amore
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio D'Alessio
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Moccia F, Negri S, Shekha M, Faris P, Guerra G. Endothelial Ca 2+ Signaling, Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis: just What It Takes to Make a Blood Vessel. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3962. [PMID: 31416282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that endothelial Ca2+ signals drive angiogenesis by recruiting multiple Ca2+-sensitive decoders in response to pro-angiogenic cues, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, stromal derived factor-1α and angiopoietins. Recently, it was shown that intracellular Ca2+ signaling also drives vasculogenesis by stimulation proliferation, tube formation and neovessel formation in endothelial progenitor cells. Herein, we survey how growth factors, chemokines and angiogenic modulators use endothelial Ca2+ signaling to regulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The endothelial Ca2+ response to pro-angiogenic cues may adopt different waveforms, ranging from Ca2+ transients or biphasic Ca2+ signals to repetitive Ca2+ oscillations, and is mainly driven by endogenous Ca2+ release through inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and by store-operated Ca2+ entry through Orai1 channels. Lysosomal Ca2+ release through nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate-gated two-pore channels is, however, emerging as a crucial pro-angiogenic pathway, which sustains intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Understanding how endothelial Ca2+ signaling regulates angiogenesis and vasculogenesis could shed light on alternative strategies to induce therapeutic angiogenesis or interfere with the aberrant vascularization featuring cancer and intraocular disorders.
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12
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Monteiro DA, Kalinin AL, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Nogueira LAN, Beletti ME, Fernandes MN, Rantin FT. Cardioprotective effects of alternagin-C (ALT-C), a disintegrin-like protein from Rhinocerophis alternatus snake venom, on hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced injury in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 215:67-75. [PMID: 30352307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alternagin-C (ALT-C) is a disintegrin-like peptide purified from Rhinocerophis alternatus snake venom with the property of inducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and angiogenesis. Therefore, this protein could be interesting as a new approach for ischemic heart diseases, an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, leading to cardiac dysfunction. We investigated the effects of a single dose of alternagin-C (0.5 mg kg-1, via intra-arterial), after 7 days, on hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge in isolated ventricle strips and on morphological changes and density of blood vessels of the heart, using fish as an alternative experimental model. ALT-C treatment provided protection of cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced negative inotropism. ALT-C also stimulated angiogenesis and improved excitation-contraction coupling during hypoxic conditions. Our results provide a new insight into a functional role of ALT-C against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte injury pointing out to a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - A L Kalinin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H S Selistre-de-Araújo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A N Nogueira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - M E Beletti
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - M N Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F T Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yang GL, Li LY. Counterbalance: modulation of VEGF/VEGFR activities by TNFSF15. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:21. [PMID: 30101034 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability occurs in angiogenesis and several pathobiological conditions, producing elevated interstitial fluid pressure and lymphangiogenesis. How these closely related events are modulated is a fundamentally important question regarding the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and treatment of disease conditions such as cancer, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Signals mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, noticeably VEGFR-1, −2, and −3, are centrally involved in the promotion of both blood vessel and lymphatic vessel growth. These signaling pathways are counterbalanced or, in the case of VEGFR3, augmented by signals induced by tumor necrosis factor superfamily-15 (TNFSF15). TNFSF15 can simultaneously downregulate membrane-bound VEGFR1 and upregulate soluble VEGFR1, thus changing VEGF/VEGFR1 signals from pro-angiogenic to anti-angiogenic. In addition, TNFSF15 inhibits VEGF-induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation, thereby curbing VEGFR2-mediated enhancement of vascular permeability. Third, and perhaps more interestingly, TNFSF15 is capable of stimulating VEGFR3 gene expression in lymphatic endothelial cells, thus augmenting VEGF-C/D-VEGFR3-facilitated lymphangiogenesis. We discuss the intertwining relationship between the actions of TNFSF15 and VEGF in this review. The ability of tumor necrosis factor superfamily-15 (TNFSF15) protein to balance the actions of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) highlights new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diseases that disrupt the circulatory system. Gui-Li Yang at the Tianjin Neurological Institute and Lu-Yuan Li at Nankai University describe the mechanisms through which TNFSF15 inhibits blood vessel growth mediated by VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR1) and counterbalances the increase in vascular permeability mediated by VEGFR2. Interestingly, TNFSF15 enhances the effects of VEGFR3 on the formation of lymphatic vessels by promoting VEGFR3 gene expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Further research will determine whether TNFSF15′s unique capacity to regulate the properties of both blood and lymph vessels can be harnessed to improve the treatment of conditions such as cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction and lymphoedema.
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Li M, Wang S, Wang S, Zhang L, Wu D, Yang R, Ji A, Li Y, Wang J. Occludin downregulation in high glucose is regulated by SSTR 2 via the VEGF/NRP1/Akt signaling pathway in RF/6A cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1732-1738. [PMID: 28810643 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Occludin is a tight junction protein that forms the permeability barrier, which is typically disturbed in ischemic associated diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine whether somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) in RF/6A cells is involved in the modulation of the downregulation of occludin induced by high glucose, and to evaluate the implicated molecules. RF/6A cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and treated with 0 or 30 mM D-glucose. SSTR2 agonist octreotide (OCT), OCT with SSTR2 antagonist cycle-somatostatin (c-SOM) and neuropilin 1 (NRP1) inhibitor ATWLPPR, respectively, were administered to RF/6A cells under high glucose conditions. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression level of SSTR2, occludin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), protein kinase B (Akt), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK) and p-ERK proteins. The amount of VEGF released was determined by ELISA. Notably, the level of occludin reduced significantly under high glucose conditions. The results indicated that the administration of OCT prevented the reduction of occludin induced by high glucose, and co-administration with c-SOM reversed the effect of OCT. Increased VEGF secretion and expression of VEGF, p-Akt and p-ERK in RF/6A cells induced by high glucose were inhibited by OCT. ATWLPPR also prevented the downregulation of occludin, but did not inhibit p-Akt and p-ERK levels under high glucose conditions. The current study concluded that the activation of SSTR2 prevents high glucose-induced occludin downregulation in RF/6A cells, and VEGF, NRP1, p-Akt and p-ERK were implicated in this process. The pharmacological effects of SSTR2 targeting to endothelium may be used to assess the role of resistance of permeability and anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Li
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Shuaiwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Songjiang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Ruisheng Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475001, P.R. China
| | - Ailing Ji
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhang Li
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
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Yang GL, Zhao Z, Qin TT, Wang D, Chen L, Xiang R, Xi Z, Jiang R, Zhang ZS, Zhang J, Li LY. TNFSF15 inhibits VEGF-stimulated vascular hyperpermeability by inducing VEGFR2 dephosphorylation. FASEB J 2017; 31:2001-2012. [PMID: 28183800 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600800r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability is critical in ischemic diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as in inflammation and cancer. It is well known that the VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling pathways are pivotal in promoting vascular permeability; however, counterbalancing mechanisms that restrict vascular permeability to maintain the integrity of blood vessels are not yet fully understood. We report that TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), a cytokine largely produced by vascular endothelial cells and a specific inhibitor of the proliferation of these same cells, can inhibit VEGF-induced vascular permeability in vitro and in vivo, and that death receptor 3 (DR3), a cell surface receptor of TNFSF15, mediates TNFSF15-induced dephosphorylation of VEGFR2. Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) becomes associated with DR3 upon TNFSF15 interaction with the latter. In addition, a protein complex consisting of VEGFR2, DR3, and SHP-1 is formed in response to the effects of TNFSF15 and VEGF on endothelial cells. It is plausible that this protein complex provides a structural basis for the molecular mechanism in which TNFSF15 induces the inhibition of VEGF-stimulated vascular hyperpermeability.-Yang, G.-L., Zhao, Z., Qin, T.-T., Wang, D., Chen, L., Xiang, R., Xi, Z., Jiang, R., Zhang, Z.-S., Zhang, J., Li. L.-Y. TNFSF15 inhibits VEGF-stimulated vascular hyperpermeability by inducing VEGFR2 dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research.,Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Ting-Ting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nankai University, and
| | - Zhen Xi
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research,
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; and
| | - Lu-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research,
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16
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Hoeppner LH, Sinha S, Wang Y, Bhattacharya R, Dutta S, Gong X, Bedell VM, Suresh S, Chun C, Ramchandran R, Ekker SC, Mukhopadhyay D. RhoC maintains vascular homeostasis by regulating VEGF-induced signaling in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3556-68. [PMID: 26136364 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Dysregulation of these physiological processes contributes to the pathologies of heart disease, cancer and stroke. Rho GTPase proteins play an integral role in VEGF-mediated formation and maintenance of blood vessels. The regulatory functions of RhoA and RhoB in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are well defined, whereas the purpose of RhoC remains poorly understood. Here, we describe how RhoC promotes vascular homeostasis by modulating endothelial cell migration, proliferation and permeability. RhoC stimulates proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by stabilizing nuclear β-catenin, which promotes transcription of cyclin D1 and subsequently drives cell cycle progression. RhoC negatively regulates endothelial cell migration through MAPKs and downstream MLC2 signaling, and decreases vascular permeability through downregulation of the phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ)-Ca(2+)-eNOS cascade in HUVECs. Using a VEGF-inducible zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, we observed significantly increased vascular permeability in RhoC morpholino (MO)-injected zebrafish compared with control MO-injected zebrafish. Taken together, our findings suggest that RhoC is a key regulator of vascular homeostasis in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Hoeppner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sutapa Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shamit Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xun Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Victoria M Bedell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sandip Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Changzoon Chun
- Department of Developmental Vascular Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Developmental Vascular Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Abstract
Objective The occurrence of non-hemolytic transfusion reactions is highest with platelet and plasma administration. Some of these reactions are characterized by endothelial leak, especially transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI). Elevated concentrations of inflammatory mediators secreted by contaminating leukocytes during blood product storage may contribute to such reactions, but platelet-secreted mediators may also contribute. We hypothesized that platelet storage leads to accumulation of the endothelial permeability mediator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and that intravascular administration of exogenous VEGF leads to extensive binding to its lung receptors. Methods Single donor, leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelet units were sampled over 5 days of storage. VEGF protein content of the centrifuged supernatant was determined by ELISA, and the potential contribution of VEGF from contaminating leukocytes was quantified. Isolated-perfused rat lungs were used to study the uptake of radiolabeled VEGF administered intravascularly, and the effect of unlabeled VEGF on lung leak. Results There was a time-dependent release of VEGF into the plasma fraction of the platelet concentrates (62 ± 9 pg/ml on day one, 149 ± 23 pg/ml on day 5; mean ± SEM, p<0.01, n=8) and a contribution by contaminating leukocytes was excluded. Exogenous 125I-VEGF bound avidly and specifically to the lung vasculature, and unlabeled VEGF in the lung perfusate caused vascular leak. Conclusion Rising concentrations of VEGF occur during storage of single donor platelet concentrates due to platelet secretion or disintegration, but not due to leukocyte contamination. Exogenous VEGF at these concentrations rapidly binds to its receptors in the lung vessels. At higher VEGF concentrations, VEGF causes vascular leak in uninjured lungs. These data provide further evidence that VEGF may contribute to the increased lung permeability seen in TRALI associated with platelet products.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Maloney
- Departments of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, USA
| | - Daniel R Ambruso
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado at Denver, USA ; University of Colorado School of Medicine; the Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, USA ; Bonfils Blood Center, University of Colorado at Denver, USA
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Commonwealth University of Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher C Silliman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Colorado at Denver, USA ; University of Colorado School of Medicine; the Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, USA ; Bonfils Blood Center, University of Colorado at Denver, USA
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18
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Abstract
This article examines the role of the endothelial cytoskeleton in the lung's ability to restrict fluid and protein to vascular space at normal vascular pressures and thereby to protect lung alveoli from lethal flooding. The barrier properties of microvascular endothelium are dependent on endothelial cell contact with other vessel-wall lining cells and with the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM). Focal adhesion complexes are essential for attachment of endothelium to ECM. In quiescent endothelial cells, the thick cortical actin rim helps determine cell shape and stabilize endothelial adherens junctions and focal adhesions through protein bridges to actin cytoskeleton. Permeability-increasing agonists signal activation of "small GTPases" of the Rho family to reorganize the actin cytoskeleton, leading to endothelial cell shape change, disassembly of cortical actin rim, and redistribution of actin into cytoplasmic stress fibers. In association with calcium- and Src-regulated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), stress fibers become actinomyosin-mediated contractile units. Permeability-increasing agonists stimulate calcium entry and induce tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial cadherin) and β-catenins to weaken or pull apart endothelial adherens junctions. Some permeability agonists cause latent activation of the small GTPases, Cdc42 and Rac1, which facilitate endothelial barrier recovery and eliminate interendothelial gaps. Under the influence of Cdc42 and Rac1, filopodia and lamellipodia are generated by rearrangements of actin cytoskeleton. These motile evaginations extend endothelial cell borders across interendothelial gaps, and may initiate reannealing of endothelial junctions. Endogenous barrier protective substances, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, play an important role in maintaining a restrictive endothelial barrier and counteracting the effects of permeability-increasing agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical to tumor growth as well as to metastases. This process is tightly regulated by pro- and anti-angiogenic growth factors and their receptors. Some of these factors are highly specific for the endothelium-e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A variety of drugs that target VEGF or its receptors have been developed for the treatment of different tumor types and a number of new agents is expected to be introduced within the coming years. However, clinical experience has revealed that inhibition of VEGF induces several side effects including hypertension and renal and cardiac toxicity. Angiogenesis-inhibitor-induced hypertension represents "crux medicorum" as it is often pharmacoresistant to antihypertensive therapy. We consider two most important pathomechanisms in the development of hypertension induced by angiogenesis inhibitors. The first represents direct inhibition of NO production leading to reduced vasodilatation and the second consists in increased proliferation of vascular medial cells mediated by NO deficiency and is resulting in fixation of hypertension. Based on the results of experimental and clinical studies as well as on our clinical experience, we assume that NO donors could be successfully used not only for the treatment of developed angiogenesis-inhibitor-induced hypertension but also for preventive effects. We thoroughly documented three clinical cases of cancer patients with resistant hypertension who on receiving NO donor treatment achieved target blood pressure level and a good clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kruzliak
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Excellence for Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 813 71, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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20
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Jin BY, Lin AJ, Golan DE, Michel T. MARCKS protein mediates hydrogen peroxide regulation of endothelial permeability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14864-9. [PMID: 22927426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204974109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of endothelial barrier function is implicated in many vascular and inflammatory disorders. One prevalent mechanism of endothelial dysfunction is an increase in reactive oxygen species under oxidative stress. Previous reports have demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), a highly stable reactive oxygen species that modulates physiological signaling pathways, also enhances endothelial permeability, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. Here, we identify the actin-binding protein myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) as a key mediator of the H(2)O(2)-induced permeability change in bovine aortic endothelial cells. MARCKS knockdown and H(2)O(2) treatment alter the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton in endothelial cells, and H(2)O(2) induces the phosphorylation and translocation of MARCKS from the cell membrane to the cytosol. Using pharmacological inhibitors and small interference RNA constructs directed against specific proteins, we uncover a signaling cascade from Rac1 to Abl1, phospholipase Cγ1, and PKCδ that is triggered by H(2)O(2) and leads to MARCKS phosphorylation. Our findings establish a distinct role for MARCKS in the regulation of H(2)O(2)-induced permeability change in endothelial cells, and suggest potential new therapeutic targets for the treatment of disorders involving oxidative stress and altered endothelial permeability.
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21
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Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction is a serious problem that occurs in many inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Barrier dysfunction permits extravasation of serum components into the surrounding tissue, leading to edema formation and organ failure. The basis for microvascular barrier dysfunction is hyperpermeability at endothelial cell-cell junctions. Endothelial hyperpermeability is increased by actomyosin contractile activity in response to phosphorylation of myosin light chain by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). MLCK-dependent endothelial hyperpermeability occurs in response to inflammatory mediators (e.g., activated neutrophils, thrombin, histamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, etc.), through multiple cell signaling pathways and signaling molecules (e.g., Ca(++) , protein kinase C, Src kinase, nitric oxide synthase, etc.). Other signaling molecules protect against MLCK-dependent hyperpermeability (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate or cAMP). In addition, individual MLCK isoforms play specific roles in endothelial barrier dysfunction, suggesting that isoform-specific inhibitors could be useful for treating inflammatory disorders and preventing multiple organ failure. Because endothelial barrier dysfunction depends upon signaling through MLCK in many instances, MLCK-dependent signaling comprises multiple potential therapeutic targets for preventing edema formation and multiple organ failure. The following review is a discussion of MLCK-dependent mechanisms and cell signaling events that mediate endothelial hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Rigor
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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22
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Chung BH, Kim S, Kim JD, Lee JJ, Baek YY, Jeoung D, Lee H, Choe J, Ha KS, Won MH, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Syringaresinol causes vasorelaxation by elevating nitric oxide production through the phosphorylation and dimerization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:191-201. [PMID: 22170035 PMCID: PMC3317483 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.3.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) plays an important role in vascular functions, including vasorelaxation. We here investigated the pharmacological effect of the natural product syringaresinol on vascular relaxation and eNOS-mediated NO production as well as its underlying biochemical mechanism in endothelial cells. Treatment of aortic rings from wild type, but not eNOS(-/-) mice, with syringaresinol induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, which was abolished by addition of the NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine. Treatment of human endothelial cells and mouse aortic rings with syringaresinol increased NO production, which was correlated with eNOS phosphorylation via the activation of Akt and AMP kinase (AMPK) as well as elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) levels. A phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor blocked the increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels, AMPK-dependent eNOS phosphorylation, and NO production, but not Akt activation, in syringaresinol- treated endothelial cells. Syringaresinol-induced AMPK activation was inhibited by co-treatment with PLC inhibitor, Ca(2+) chelator, calmodulin antagonist, and CaMKKβ siRNA. This compound also increased eNOS dimerization, which was inhibited by a PLC inhibitor and a Ca(2+)-chelator. The chemicals that inhibit eNOS phosphorylation and dimerization attenuated vasorelaxation and cGMP production. These results suggest that syringaresinol induces vasorelaxation by enhancing NO production in endothelial cells via two distinct mechanisms, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt- and PLC/Ca(2+)/CaMKKβ-dependent eNOS phosphorylation and Ca(2+)-dependent eNOS dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hee Chung
- Vascular System Research Center, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Hoeppner LH, Phoenix KN, Clark KJ, Bhattacharya R, Gong X, Sciuto TE, Vohra P, Suresh S, Bhattacharya S, Dvorak AM, Ekker SC, Dvorak HF, Claffey KP, Mukhopadhyay D. Revealing the role of phospholipase Cβ3 in the regulation of VEGF-induced vascular permeability. Blood 2012; 120:2167-73. [PMID: 22674805 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-417824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGF induces vascular permeability (VP) in ischemic diseases and cancer, leading to many pathophysiological consequences. The molecular mechanisms by which VEGF acts to induce hyperpermeability are poorly understood and in vivo models that easily facilitate real-time, genetic studies of VP do not exist. In the present study, we report a heat-inducible VEGF transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model through which VP can be monitored in real time. Using this approach with morpholino-mediated gene knock-down and knockout mice, we describe a novel role of phospholipase Cβ3 as a negative regulator of VEGF-mediated VP by regulating intracellular Ca2+ release. Our results suggest an important effect of PLCβ3 on VP and provide a new model with which to identify genetic regulators of VP crucial to several disease processes.
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Nees S, Juchem G, Eberhorn N, Thallmair M, Förch S, Knott M, Senftl A, Fischlein T, Reichart B, Weiss DR. Wall structures of myocardial precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules reexamined and reconstructed in vitro for studies on barrier functions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H51-68. [PMID: 21984546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00358.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The barrier functions of myocardial precapillary arteriolar and postcapillary venular walls (PCA or PCV, respectively) are of considerable scientific and clinical interest (regulation of blood flow and recruitment of immune defense). Using enzyme histochemistry combined with confocal microscopy, we reexamined the cell architecture of human PCA and PVC and reconstructed appropriate in vitro models for studies of their barrier functions. Contrary to current opinion, the PCA endothelial tube is encompassed not by smooth muscle cells but rather by a concentric layer of pericytes cocooned in a thick, microparticle-containing extracellular matrix (ECM) that contributes substantially to the tightness of the arteriolar wall. This core tube extends upstream into the larger arterioles, there additionally enwrapped by smooth muscle. PCV consist of an inner layer of large, contractile endothelial cells encompassed by a fragile, wide-meshed pericyte network with a weakly developed ECM. Pure pericyte and endothelial cell preparations were isolated from PCA and PCV and grown in sandwich cultures. These in vitro models of the PCA and PCV walls exhibited typical histological and functional features. In both plasma-like (PLM) and serum-containing (SCM) media, the PCA model (including ECM) maintained its low hydraulic conductivity (L(P) = 3.24 ± 0.52·10(-8)cm·s(-1)·cmH(2)O(-1)) and a high selectivity index for transmural passage of albumin (SI(Alb) = 0.95 ± 0.02). In contrast, L(P) and SI(Alb) in the PCV model (almost no ECM) were 2.55 ± 0.32·10(-7)cm·s(-1)·cmH(2)O(-1) and 0.88 ± 0.03, respectively, in PLM, and 1.39 ± 0.10·10(-6)cm·s(-1)·cmH(2)O(-1) and 0.49 ± 0.04 in SCM. With the use of these models, systematic, detailed studies on the regulation of microvascular barrier properties now appear to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Nees
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich, Germany.
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Trouillon R, Cheung C, Patel BA, O'Hare D. Electrochemical study of the intracellular transduction of vascular endothelial growth factor induced nitric oxide synthase activity using a multi-channel biocompatible microelectrode array. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:929-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction is implicated in the initiation and progression of inflammation, posttraumatic complications, sepsis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Under physiological conditions, a precise equilibrium between endothelial cell-cell adhesion and actin-myosin-based centripetal tension tightly controls the semi-permeability of microvascular barriers. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) plays an important role in maintaining the equilibrium by phosphorylating myosin light chain (MLC), thereby inducing actomyosin contractility and weakening endothelial cell-cell adhesion. MLCK is activated by numerous physiological factors and inflammatory or angiogenic mediators, causing vascular hyperpermeability. In this review, we discuss experimental evidence supporting the crucial role of MLCK in the hyperpermeability response to key cell signalling events during inflammation. At the cellular level, in vitro studies of cultured endothelial monolayers treated with MLCK inhibitors or transfected with specific inhibiting peptides have demonstrated that induction of endothelial MLCK activity is necessary for hyperpermeability. Ex vivo studies of live microvessels, enabled by development of the isolated, perfused venule method, support the importance of MLCK in endothelial permeability regulation in an environment that more closely resembles in vivo tissues. Finally, the role of MLCK in vascular hyperpermeability has been confirmed with in vivo studies of animal disease models and the use of transgenic MLCK210 knockout mice. These approaches provide a more complete view of the role of MLCK in vascular barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO) cascade and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) are best known for their role in endothelium-mediated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Activation of eNOS by certain inflammatory stimuli and enhanced NO release have also been shown to promote increased microvascular permeability. However, it is not entirely clear why activation of eNOS by certain vasodilatory agents, like acetylcholine, does not affect microvascular permeability, whereas activation of eNOS by other inflammatory agents that increase permeability, like platelet-activating factor, does not cause vasodilation. In this review, we discuss the evidence demonstrating the role of eNOS in the elevation of microvascular permeability. We also examine the relative importance of eNOS phosphorylation and localization in its function to promote elevated microvascular permeability as well as emerging topics with regard to eNOS and microvascular permeability regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Durán
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA.
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key regulators of permeability. The principal evidence behind how they increase vascular permeability in vivo and in vitro and the consequences of that increase are addressed here. Detailed analysis of the published literature has shown that in vivo and in vitro VEGF-mediated permeability differs in its time course, but has common involvement of many specific signalling pathways, in particular VEGF receptor-2 activation, calcium influx through transient receptor potential channels, activation of phospholipase C gamma and downstream activation of nitric oxide synthase. Pathways downstream of endothelial nitric oxide synthase appear to involve the guanylyl cyclase-mediated activation of the Rho–Rac pathway and subsequent involvement of junctional signalling proteins such as vascular endothelial cadherin and the tight junctional proteins zona occludens and occludin linked to the actin cytoskeleton. The signalling appears to be co-ordinated through spatial organization of the cascade into a signalplex, and arguments for why this may be important are considered. Many proteins have been identified to be involved in the regulation of vascular permeability by VEGF, but still the mechanisms through which these are thought to interact to control permeability are dependent on the experimental system, and a synthesis of existing data reveals that in intact vessels the co-ordination of the pathways is still not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Bates
- Microvascular Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol, UK.
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Gündüz D, Thom J, Hussain I, Lopez D, Härtel FV, Erdogan A, Grebe M, Sedding D, Piper HM, Tillmanns H, Noll T, Aslam M. Insulin stabilizes microvascular endothelial barrier function via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-mediated Rac1 activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1237-45. [PMID: 20339116 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.203901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin is a key regulator of metabolism, but it also confers protective effects on the cardiovascular system. Here, we analyze the mechanism by which insulin stabilizes endothelial barrier function. METHODS AND RESULTS Insulin reduced basal and antagonized tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced macromolecule permeability of rat coronary microvascular endothelial monolayers. It also abolished reperfusion-induced vascular leakage in isolated-perfused rat hearts. Insulin induced dephosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chains, as well as translocation of actin and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin to cell borders, indicating a reduction in contractile activation and stabilization of cell adhesion structures. These protective effects were blocked by genistein or Hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethylphosphonic acid tris acetoxymethyl ester (HNMPA-[AM](3)), a pan-tyrosine-kinase or specific insulin-receptor-kinase inhibitor, respectively. Insulin stimulated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and NO production, and it activated Rac1. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt abrogated Rac1 activation and insulin-induced barrier protection, whereas inhibition of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase/soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway partially inhibited them. Inhibition of Rac1 abrogated the assembly of actin at cell borders. Accordingly, it abolished the protective effect of insulin on barrier function of the cultured endothelial monolayer, as well as the intact coronary system of ischemic-reperfused hearts. CONCLUSIONS Insulin stabilizes endothelial barrier via inactivation of the endothelial contractile machinery and enhancement of cell-cell adhesions. These effects are mediated via PI3K/Akt- and NO/cGMP-induced Rac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Gündüz
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Klinikstrasse 36, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Abstract
Microvascular barrier dysfunction represents a significant problem in clinical conditions associated with trauma, burn, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and diabetic retinopathy. An important cellular mechanism underlying microvascular leakage is the generation of contractile force from the endothelial cytoskeleton, which counteracts cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions leading to paracellular hyperpermeability. In this review, we present recent experimental evidence supporting the critical role of MLCK-activated, RhoA/ROCK-regulated contractile cytoskeleton in endothelial permeability response to inflammatory and thrombotic stimuli arising from thermal injury, activated neutrophils, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibrinogen degradation products. Further understanding the molecular basis of microvascular barrier structure and function would contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets for treating circulatory disorders and vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shen
- Division of Research, Department, of Surgery, University of California, at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Kumar P, Shen Q, Pivetti CD, Lee ES, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Molecular mechanisms of endothelial hyperpermeability: implications in inflammation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e19. [PMID: 19563700 DOI: 10.1017/S1462399409001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability is a significant problem in vascular inflammation associated with trauma, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes, thrombosis and cancer. An important mechanism underlying this process is increased paracellular leakage of plasma fluid and protein. Inflammatory stimuli such as histamine, thrombin, vascular endothelial growth factor and activated neutrophils can cause dissociation of cell-cell junctions between endothelial cells as well as cytoskeleton contraction, leading to a widened intercellular space that facilitates transendothelial flux. Such structural changes initiate with agonist-receptor binding, followed by activation of intracellular signalling molecules including calcium, protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases, myosin light chain kinase, and small Rho-GTPases; these kinases and GTPases then phosphorylate or alter the conformation of different subcellular components that control cell-cell adhesion, resulting in paracellular hypermeability. Targeting key signalling molecules that mediate endothelial-junction-cytoskeleton dissociation demonstrates a therapeutic potential to improve vascular barrier function during inflammatory injury.
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Hamdollah Zadeh MA, Glass CA, Magnussen A, Hancox JC, Bates DO. VEGF-mediated elevated intracellular calcium and angiogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro are inhibited by dominant negative TRPC6. Microcirculation 2009; 15:605-14. [PMID: 18800249 PMCID: PMC2635545 DOI: 10.1080/10739680802220323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular permeability has been shown to be dependent on calcium influx, possibly through a transient receptor potential cation channel (TRPC)-mediated cation channel with properties of the TRPC3/6/7 subfamily. To investigate further the involvement of this subfamily, we determined the effects of dominant negative TRPC6 overexpression on VEGF-mediated changes of human microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) calcium, proliferation, migration, and sprouting. METHODS Cytoplasmic calcium concentration was estimated by fura-2 fluorescence spectrophotometry, migration by Boyden chamber assay, sprouting by immunofluorescence imaging of stimulated endothelial cells, and proliferation by flow cytometry. RESULTS Overexpression of a dominant negative TRPC6 construct in HMVECs inhibited the VEGF-mediated increases in cytosolic calcium, migration, sprouting, and proliferation. In contrast, overexpression of a wild-type TRPC6 construct increased the proliferation and migration of HMVECs. CONCLUSIONS TRPC6 is an obligatory component of cation channels required for the VEGF-mediated increase in cytosolic calcium and subsequent downstream signaling that leads to processes associated with angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hamdollah Zadeh
- Bristol Heart Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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Mowa CN, Li T, Jesmin S, Folkesson HG, Usip SE, Papka RE, Hou G. Delineation of VEGF-regulated genes and functions in the cervix of pregnant rodents by DNA microarray analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:64. [PMID: 19087268 PMCID: PMC2628666 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VEGF-regulated genes in the cervices of pregnant and non-pregnant rodents (rats and mice) were delineated by DNA microarray and Real Time PCR, after locally altering levels of or action of VEGF using VEGF agents, namely siRNA, VEGF receptor antagonist and mouse VEGF recombinant protein. METHODS Tissues were analyzed by genome-wide DNA microarray analysis, Real-time and gel-based PCR, and SEM, to decipher VEGF function during cervical remodeling. Data were analyzed by EASE score (microarray) and ANOVA (Real Time PCR) followed by Scheffe's F-test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Of the 30,000 genes analyzed, about 4,200 genes were altered in expression by VEGF, i.e., expression of about 2,400 and 1,700 genes were down- and up-regulated, respectively. Based on EASE score, i.e., grouping of genes according to their biological process, cell component and molecular functions, a number of vascular- and non-vascular-related processes were found to be regulated by VEGF in the cervix, including immune response (including inflammatory), cell proliferation, protein kinase activity, and cell adhesion molecule activity. Of interest, mRNA levels of a select group of genes, known to or with potential to influence cervical remodeling were altered. For example, real time PCR analysis showed that levels of VCAM-1, a key molecule in leukocyte recruitment, endothelial adhesion, and subsequent trans-endothelial migration, were elevated about 10 folds by VEGF. Further, VEGF agents also altered mRNA levels of decorin, which is involved in cervical collagen fibrillogenesis, and expression of eNO, PLC and PKC mRNA, critical downstream mediators of VEGF. Of note, we show that VEGF may regulate cervical epithelial proliferation, as revealed by SEM. CONCLUSION These data are important in that they shed new insights in VEGF's possible roles and mechanisms in cervical events near-term, including cervical remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chishimba N Mowa
- Appalachian State University, Department of Biology, Rankin Science North Building N219, 572 River Street, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Tianbo Li
- Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Departments of Integrative Medical Sciences, 4209 St. Rt. 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8655, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hans G Folkesson
- Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Departments of Integrative Medical Sciences, 4209 St. Rt. 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
| | - Sharon E Usip
- Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 4209 St. Rt. 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
| | - Raymond E Papka
- Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 4209 St. Rt. 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
| | - Guichuan Hou
- Appalachian State University, Department of Biology, Rankin Science North Building N219, 572 River Street, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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Sánchez FA, Kim DD, Durán RG, Meininger CJ, Durán WN. Internalization of eNOS via caveolae regulates PAF-induced inflammatory hyperpermeability to macromolecules. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1642-8. [PMID: 18708444 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00629.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) is thought to regulate microvascular permeability via NO production. We tested the hypotheses that the expression of eNOS and eNOS endocytosis by caveolae are fundamental for appropriate signaling mechanisms in inflammatory endothelial permeability to macromolecules. We used bovine coronary postcapillary venular endothelial cells (CVECs) because these cells are derived from the microvascular segment responsible for the transport of macromolecules in inflammation. We stimulated CVECs with platelet-activating factor (PAF) at 100 nM and measured eNOS phosphorylation, NO production, and CVEC monolayer permeability to FITC-dextran 70 KDa (Dx-70). PAF translocated eNOS from plasma membrane to cytosol, induced changes in the phosphorylation state of the enzyme, and increased NO production from 4.3+/-3.8 to 467+/-22.6 nM. PAF elevated CVEC monolayer permeability to FITC-Dx-70 from 3.4+/-0.3 x 10(-6) to 8.5+/-0.4 x 10(-6) cm/s. The depletion of endogenous eNOS with small interfering RNA abolished PAF-induced hyperpermeability, demonstrating that the expression of eNOS is required for inflammatory hyperpermeability responses. The inhibition of the caveolar internalization by blocking caveolar scission using transfection of dynamin dominant-negative mutant, dyn2K44A, inhibited PAF-induced hyperpermeability to FITC-Dx-70. We interpret these data as evidence that 1) eNOS is required for hyperpermeability to macromolecules and 2) the internalization of eNOS via caveolae is an important mechanism in the regulation of endothelial permeability. We advance the novel concept that eNOS internalization to cytosol is a signaling mechanism for the onset of microvascular hyperpermeability in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Sánchez
- Program in Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
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Gaudreault N, Perrin RM, Guo M, Clanton CP, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Counter regulatory effects of PKCbetaII and PKCdelta on coronary endothelial permeability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1527-33. [PMID: 18497307 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.166975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the endothelial distribution and activity of selected PKC isoforms in coronary vessels with respect to their functional impact on endothelial permeability under the experimental conditions relevant to diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS En face immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant increase of PKC(betaII) and decrease of PKCdelta expression in coronary arterial endothelium of Zucker diabetic rats. To test whether changes in PKC expression alter endothelial barrier properties, we measured the transcellular electric resistance in human coronary microvascular endothelial monolayers and found that either PKC(betaII) overexpression or PKCdelta inhibition disrupted the cell-cell adhesive barrier. Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy revealed that hyperpermeability was caused by altered PKC activity in association with distinct translocation of PKC(betaII) to the cell-cell junction and PKCdelta localization to the cytosol. Further analyses in fractionated endothelial lysates confirmed the differential redistribution of these isozymes. Additionally, FRET analysis of PKC subcellular dynamics demonstrated a high PKC(betaII) activity at the cell surface and junction, whereas PKCdelta activity is concentrated in intracellular membrane organelles. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that PKC(betaII) and PKCdelta counter-regulate coronary endothelial barrier properties by targeting distinctive subcellular sites. Imbalanced PKC(betaII)/PKCdelta expression and activity may contribute to endothelial hyperpermeability and coronary dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gaudreault
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4625 2nd Avenue, Room 3006, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Guo L, Ye C, Chen W, Ye H, Zheng R, Li J, Yang H, Yu X, Zhang D. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency of carboxyamidotriazole, a tumorostatic agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:10-6. [PMID: 18182559 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) is a calcium influx inhibitor that is undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of various human cancers following the identification of its antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities. The exact mechanism of its action is not clearly understood, and whether it has other functions besides the established antitumor activity has not been reported either. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that CAI possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using a variety of animal models, including croton oil-induced ear edema, cotton-induced granuloma, rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, acetic acid-induced writhing, and the formalin test. We also show that CAI significantly inhibits local vascular permeability stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor or histamine and decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta levels at the site of inflammation and in serums, which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect. These data suggest that CAI is a promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, and they provide new insight into the biological activity of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Santiao, Dongdan, Beijing 100005, China.
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Breslin JW, Yuan SY, Wu MH. VEGF-C alters barrier function of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells through a VEGFR-3-dependent mechanism. Lymphat Res Biol 2007; 5:105-13. [PMID: 17935478 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic endothelium is an important semi-permeable barrier separating lymph from the interstitial space. However, there is currently a limited understanding of the lymphatic endothelial barrier and the mechanisms of lymph formation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential active role of lymphatic endothelial cells in barrier regulation, and to test whether the endothelial cell agonists VEGF-A and VEGF-C can alter lymphatic endothelial barrier function. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured adult human dermal microlymphatic endothelial cells (HMLEC-d) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were respectively used as models of lymphatic and vascular endothelium. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) of endothelial monolayers served as an index of barrier function. Cells were treated with VEGF-A, VEGF-C, or the VEGFR-3 selective mutant VEGF-C156S. MAZ51 was used to inhibit VEGFR-3 signaling. The results show that while VEGF-A causes a time-dependent decrease in TER in HUVEC, there is no response in HMLEC-d. In contrast, VEGF-C and VEGF-C156S cause a similar decrease in TER in HMLEC-d that is not observed in HUVEC. These results corresponded to the protein expression of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in these cell types, determined by Western blotting. In addition, the VEGF-C- and VEGF-C156S-induced TER changes were inhibited by MAZ51. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate differential responses of the lymphatic and vascular endothelial barriers to VEGF-A and VEGF-C. Furthermore, our data suggest that VEGF-C alters lymphatic endothelial function through a mechanism involving VEGFR-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Klinger JR, Murray JD, Casserly B, Alvarez DF, King JA, An SS, Choudhary G, Owusu-Sarfo AN, Warburton R, Harrington EO. Rottlerin causes pulmonary edema in vivo: a possible role for PKCδ. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:2084-94. [PMID: 17901241 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00695.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the effects of chemical inhibitors shown to be selective for protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms on lung barrier function both in vitro and in vivo. Rottlerin, a purported inhibitor of PKCδ, but not other chemical inhibitors, dose dependently promoted barrier dysfunction in lung endothelial cells in vitro. This barrier dysfunction correlated with structural changes in focal adhesions and stress fibers, which were consistent with functional changes in cell stiffness. To determine whether the effects noted in vitro correlated with changes in intact lungs, we tested the effects of rottlerin in the formation of pulmonary edema in rats using both ex vivo and in vivo models. Isolated, perfused lungs demonstrated a significant increase in filtration coefficients on exposure to rottlerin, compared with vehicle-treated lungs, an effect that correlated with increased extravasation of Evan's blue dye (EBD)-conjugated albumin. Additionally, compared with vehicle, the ratio of the wet lung weights to dry lung weights was significantly greater on exposure of animals to rottlerin; rottlerin also produced a dose-dependent increase in EBD extravasation into the lungs. These effects on lung edema occurred without any increase in right ventricular pressures. Microscopic assessment of edema in the ex vivo lungs demonstrated perivascular cuffing, with no evidence of septal capillary leak, in rottlerin-exposed lungs. Taken together, rottlerin increases barrier dysfunction in pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers and causes pulmonary edema in rats; results suggestive of an important role for PKCδ in maintaining lung endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Klinger
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02908, USA
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Hu G, Place AT, Minshall RD. Regulation of endothelial permeability by Src kinase signaling: vascular leakage versus transcellular transport of drugs and macromolecules. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 171:177-89. [PMID: 17897637 PMCID: PMC3001132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An important function of the endothelium is to regulate the transport of liquid and solutes across the semi-permeable vascular endothelial barrier. Two cellular pathways have been identified controlling endothelial barrier function. The normally restrictive paracellular pathway, which can become "leaky" during inflammation when gaps are induced between endothelial cells at the level of adherens and tight junctional complexes, and the transcellular pathway, which transports plasma proteins the size of albumin via transcytosis in vesicle carriers originating from cell surface caveolae. During non-inflammatory conditions, caveolae-mediated transport may be the primary mechanism of vascular permeability regulation of fluid phase molecules as well as lipids, hormones, and peptides that bind avidly to albumin. Src family protein tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the upstream signaling pathways that lead to endothelial hyperpermeability through both the paracellular and transcellular pathways. Endothelial barrier dysfunction not only affects vascular homeostasis and cell metabolism, but also governs drug delivery to underlying cells and tissues. In this review of the field, we discuss the current understanding of Src signaling in regulating paracellular and transcellular endothelial permeability pathways and effects on endogenous macromolecule and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Chen ZY, Feng GG, Nishiwaki K, Shimada Y, Fujiwara Y, Komatsu T, Ishikawa N. Possible roles of neuropeptide Y Y3-receptor subtype in rat aortic endothelial cell proliferation under hypoxia, and its specific signal transduction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H959-67. [PMID: 17400722 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00886.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) induces proliferation of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs). Since NPY increased the permeability of RAEC monolayers to large molecules via the NPY Y3 receptor, RAEC proliferation has been evaluated in terms of NPY-receptor subtypes and also intracellular mechanisms. RAECs were incubated with gases containing 20, 15, or 10% O2 and a certain amount of N2, depending on the O2 content in 5% CO2 incubators. NPY (10−9–10−6 M) increased the RAEC numbers under hypoxic conditions, such as 15 or 10% O2. Peptide YY elicited no proliferative effect on RAEC, and NPY-(18-36) inhibited the NPY-induced increase in cell number, suggesting that NPY increases the RAEC count through the NPY Y3 receptor. Pertussis toxin, U-73122, GF-109203X, myristorylated autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide, and wortmannin inhibited the NPY-induced proliferation of RAEC concentration dependently. DY9760e little affected the proliferation caused by NPY. ML-9 and imatinib actually enhanced the NPY-induced proliferation of cells. These results indicated that the NPY Y3 receptor is coupled with Gi protein, and that NPY-induced increases in RAEC proliferation are mediated by phospholipase C-protein kinase C and/or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. In intracellular Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent pathways, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II partly participates in the NPY-induced cell proliferation. Regarding the previously reported effect of NPY on the permeability of RAEC monolayers to large molecules, it is probable that protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways are activated for both permeability and cell proliferation induced by NPY under hypoxia, relevant to new insights into the roles of NPY in ischemia-hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Herndon JE, Dowell JM, Reardon DA, Quinn JA, Rich JN, Sathornsumetee S, Gururangan S, Wagner M, Bigner DD, Friedman AH, Friedman HS. Phase II trial of bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1253-9. [PMID: 17317837 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 767] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent grade III-IV gliomas have a dismal prognosis with minimal improvements in survival seen following currently available salvage therapy. This study was conducted to determine if the combination of a novel antiangiogenic therapy, bevacizumab, and a cytotoxic agent, irinotecan, is safe and effective for patients with recurrent grade III-IV glioma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a phase II trial of bevacizumab and irinotecan in adults with recurrent grade III-IV glioma. Patients with evidence of intracranial hemorrhage on initial brain magnetic resonance imaging were excluded. Patients were scheduled to receive bevacizumab and irinotecan i.v. every 2 weeks of a 6-week cycle. Bevacizumab was administered at 10 mg/kg. The dose of irinotecan was determined based on antiepileptic use: patients taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs received 340 mg/m(2), whereas patients not taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs received 125 mg/m(2). Toxicity and response were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were assessed (23 with grade IV glioma and 9 with grade III glioma). Radiographic responses were noted in 63% (20 of 32) of patients (14 of 23 grade IV patients and 6 of 9 grade III patients). The median progression-free survival was 23 weeks for all patients (95% confidence interval, 15-30 weeks; 20 weeks for grade IV patients and 30 weeks for grade III patients). The 6-month progression-free survival probability was 38% and the 6-month overall survival probability was 72%. No central nervous system hemorrhages occurred, but three patients developed deep venous thromboses or pulmonary emboli, and one patient had an arterial ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS The combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan is an active regimen for recurrent grade III-IV glioma with acceptable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Vredenburgh
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Ahmad S, Hewett PW, Wang P, Al-Ani B, Cudmore M, Fujisawa T, Haigh JJ, le Noble F, Wang L, Mukhopadhyay D, Ahmed A. Direct evidence for endothelial vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 function in nitric oxide-mediated angiogenesis. Circ Res 2006; 99:715-22. [PMID: 16946136 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000243989.46006.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is critical for angiogenesis but fails to induce neovascularization in ischemic tissue lesions in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is critical for angiogenesis, although little is known about the precise role of endothelial VEGFR-1 and its downstream effectors in this process. Here we have used a chimeric receptor approach in which the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor was substituted for that of VEGFR-1 (EGLT) or VEGFR-2 (EGDR) and transduced into primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using a retroviral system. Activation of HUVECs expressing EGLT or EGDR induced rapid phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177, release of NO, and formation of capillary networks, similar to VEGF. Activation of eNOS by VEGFR-1 was dependent on Tyr794 and was mediated via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, whereas VEGFR-2 Tyr951 was involved in eNOS activation via phospholipase Cgamma1. Consistent with these findings, the VEGFR-1-specific ligand placenta growth factor-1 activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and VEGF-E, which is selective for VEGFR-2-activated phospholipase Cgamma1. Both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 signal pathways converged on Akt, as dominant-negative Akt inhibited the NO release and in vitro tube formation induced following activation of EGLT and EGDR. The identification Tyr794 of VEGFR-1 as a key residue in this process provides direct evidence of endothelial VEGFR-1 in NO-driven in vitro angiogenesis. These studies provide new sites of modulation in VEGF-mediated vascular morphogenesis and highlight new therapeutic targets for management of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmad
- Department of Reproductive and Vascular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Cheng HW, James AF, Foster RR, Hancox JC, Bates DO. VEGF activates receptor-operated cation channels in human microvascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1768-76. [PMID: 16763162 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000231518.86795.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) exerts many of its effects by stimulating endothelial calcium influx, but little is known about channels mediating VEGF-induced cation entry. The aim of this study was to measure and characterize for the first time the VEGF-activated cation current in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). METHODS AND RESULTS Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from HMVECs. During applied voltage ramps, VEGF activated a current that reversed at 0 mV, was sensitive to gadolinium, and required extracellular cations. Noise analysis yielded a single-channel conductance of 27 pS. The current was not dependent on intracellular calcium stores, and was not blocked by inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor or serine/threonine kinase inhibition but was partially inhibited by flufenamic acid. A similar current was activated by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), a membrane-permeant analog of diacylglycerol (DAG). To determine whether VEGF could activate recombinant ion channels with similar properties, we investigated the effect of VEGF on Chinese hamster ovary cells cotransfected with VEGFR2 and the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels, TRPC3 or TRPC6. VEGF induced a similar current to that described above in VEGFR2-TRPC3 and VEGFR2-TRPC6 cells but not in cells transfected with either cDNA alone. CONCLUSIONS VEGF activates a receptor-operated cation current in HMVECs and OAG can activate directly a similar current in these cells. VEGF is also able to activate heterologously expressed TRPC3/6 channels through VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Cheng
- Microvascular Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, Southwell St, Bristol BS2 8EJ, UK
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Hatakeyama T, Pappas PJ, Hobson RW, Boric MP, Sessa WC, Durán WN. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulates microvascular hyperpermeability in vivo. J Physiol 2006; 574:275-81. [PMID: 16675496 PMCID: PMC1817804 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of blood flow, but its role in permeability is still challenged. We tested in vivo the hypotheses that: (a) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is not essential for regulation of baseline permeability; (b) eNOS is essential for hyperpermeability responses in inflammation; and (c) molecular inhibition of eNOS with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (AP-Cav) reduces eNOS-regulated hyperpermeability. We used eNOS-deficient (eNOS-/-) mice and their wild-type control as experimental animals, platelet-activating factor (PAF) at 10(-7) m as the test pro-inflammatory agent, and integrated optical intensity (IOI) as an index of microvascular permeability. PAF increased permeability in wild-type cremaster muscle from a baseline of 2.4 +/- 2.2 to a peak net value of 84.4 +/- 2.7 units, while the corresponding values in cremaster muscle of eNOS-/- mice were 1.0 +/- 0.3 and 15.6 +/- 7.7 units (P < 0.05). Similarly, PAF increased IOI in the mesentery of wild-type mice but much less in the mesentery of eNOS-/- mice. PAF increased IOI to comparable values in the mesenteries of wild-type mice and those lacking the gene for inducible NOS (iNOS). Administration of AP-Cav blocked the microvascular hyperpermeability responses to 10(-7) m PAF. We conclude that: (1) baseline permeability does not depend on eNOS; (2) eNOS and NO are integral elements of the signalling pathway for the hyperpermeability response to PAF; (3) iNOS does not affect either baseline permeability or hyperpermeability responses to PAF; and (4) caveolin-1 inhibits eNOS regulation of microvascular permeability in vivo. Our results establish eNOS as an important regulator of microvascular permeability in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hatakeyama
- Program in Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA
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Dawson NS, Zawieja DC, Wu MH, Granger HJ. Signaling pathways mediating VEGF165-induced calcium transients and membrane depolarization in human endothelial cells. FASEB J 2006; 20:991-3. [PMID: 16581961 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-3923fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic calcium and membrane potential were monitored simultaneously in quiescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 using the fluorescent indicators indo-1 AM and DiSBAC2(3), respectively. Application of VEGF165 to cells elicits a rapid rise in cytosolic calcium followed by a slower decline toward control values. Peak calcium is associated with a slight membrane hyperpolarization; however, as calcium falls toward control, a strong depolarization develops and is sustained throughout a 10-min period of VEGF165 stimulation. Both the VEGF165-mediated rise in cytosolic calcium and membrane depolarization are eliminated by inhibitors of VEGFR-2, tyrosine kinase, src kinase and inositol-1,4,5 triphosphate-operated calcium channels. Calcium entry, which is initially facilitated by transient hyperpolarization, is restricted by a substantial, sustained depolarization that developed during the downstroke of the calcium spike. Inhibition of plasmalemmal calcium channels diminished the magnitude and duration of the calcium spike, suggesting that extracellular calcium influx, secondary to stores release, is a significant component of the calcium transient. Inhibition of chloride channels substantially reduced membrane depolarization. In addition, the depolarization is modulated by PI3 kinase in a ras-independent manner. In summary, intracellular calcium and membrane potential are influenced by several key signaling cascades of VEGFR-2 activation in HUVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Dawson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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Abstract
Focal adhesions composed of integrins provide an important structural basis for anchoring the endothelial lining to its surrounding matrices in the vascular wall. Complex molecular reactions occur at the endothelial cell-matrix contact sites in response to physical and chemical stress present in the circulatory system. Recent experimental evidence points to the importance of focal adhesions in the regulation of microvascular barrier function. On one hand, the adhesive interaction between integrins and their extracellular ligands is essential to the maintenance of endothelial barrier properties, and interruption of integrin-matrix binding leads to leaky microvessels. On the other hand, focal adhesion assembly and activation serve as important signalling events in modulating endothelial permeability under stimulatory conditions in the presence of angiogenic factors, inflammatory mediators, or physical forces. The focal responses show distinctive patterns with different temporal characteristics, whereas focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a central role in initiating and integrating various signalling pathways that ultimately affect the barrier function. The molecular basis of focal adhesion-dependent microvascular permeability is currently under investigation, and advances in the technologies of computerized quantitative microscopy and intact microvessel imaging should aid the establishment of a functional significance for focal adhesions in the physiological regulation of microvascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack H Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Wu MH, Yuan SY, Granger HJ. The protein kinase MEK1/2 mediate vascular endothelial growth factor- and histamine-induced hyperpermeability in porcine coronary venules. J Physiol 2004; 563:95-104. [PMID: 15539400 PMCID: PMC1665553 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.076075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in the signal transduction of the endothelial response to growth factors and inflammatory stimuli. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the p42/44 MAPK pathway plays a common role in mediating the microvascular hyperpermeability response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and histamine. The apparent permeability coefficient of albumin was measured in isolated and perfused coronary venules. Application of VEGF induced a rapid increase in venular permeability, and the effect was blocked by PD98059 and UO126, selective inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1/2, in a dose-dependent pattern. The same MEK1/2 inhibitors dose-dependently attenuated the increase in venular permeability caused by histamine. In addition, the increases in venular permeability caused by agents that are known to activate the nitric oxide pathway, including the calcium ionophore ionomycin, the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, and the protein kinase G activator 8-bromo-cGMP, were significantly attenuated in venules pretreated with the MEK1/2 inhibitors. Furthermore, transfection of venules with active MEK1 increased baseline permeability. In contrast, transfection of active ERK1, a downstream target of MEK1/2, did not significantly alter the basal permeability of venules. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with a specific inhibiting peptide did not prevent the hyperpermeability response to VEGF or histamine. The results suggest that activation of MEK1/2 may play a central role in the signal transduction of microvascular hyperpermeability in response to growth factors and inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack H Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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Abstract
Besides its role as an essential regulator of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) triggers growth, survival, and migration of leukemia and multiple myeloma cells; plays a pivotal role in hematopoiesis; inhibits maturation of dendritic cells; and increases osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity as well as osteoclast chemotaxis. Dysregulation of VEGF expression and signaling pathways therefore plays an important role in the pathogenesis and clinical features of hematologic malignancies, in particular multiple myeloma. Direct and indirect targeting of VEGF and its receptors therefore may provide a potent novel therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to therapies and thereby improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Podar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Regard JB, Scheek S, Borbiev T, Lanahan AA, Schneider A, Demetriades AM, Hiemisch H, Barnes CA, Verin AD, Worley PF. Verge: a novel vascular early response gene. J Neurosci 2004; 24:4092-103. [PMID: 15102925 PMCID: PMC6729408 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4252-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelium forms a continuous, semipermeable barrier that regulates the transvascular movement of hormones, macromolecules, and other solutes. Here, we describe a novel immediate early gene that is expressed selectively in vascular endothelial cells, verge (vascular early response gene). Verge protein includes an N-terminal region of approximately 70 amino acids with modest homology (approximately 30% identity) to Apolipoprotein L but is otherwise unique. Verge mRNA and protein are induced selectively in the endothelium of adult vasculature by electrical or chemical seizures. Verge expression appears to be responsive to local tissue conditions, because it is induced in the hemisphere ipsilateral to transient focal cerebral ischemia. In contrast to the transient expression in adult, Verge mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed at high levels in the endothelium of developing tissues (particularly heart) in association with angiogenesis. Verge mRNA is induced in cultured endothelial cells by defined growth factors and hypoxia. Verge protein is dramatically increased by cysteine proteinase inhibitors, suggesting rapid turnover, and is localized to focal regions near the periphery of the cells. Endothelial cell lines that stably express Verge form monolayers that show enhanced permeability in response to activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters. This response is accompanied by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of paracellular gaps. These studies suggest that Verge functions as a dynamic regulator of endothelial cell signaling and vascular function.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain Ischemia/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Activators/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genes, Immediate-Early/genetics
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Seizures/chemically induced
- Seizures/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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