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Bendixen KK, Mindegaard M, Epistolio S, Dazio G, Marchi F, Spina P, Arnspang EC, Soerensen M, Christensen UB, Frattini M, Petersen RK. A qPCR technology for direct quantification of methylation in untreated DNA. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5153. [PMID: 37620381 PMCID: PMC10449789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is important for gene expression and alterations in DNA methylation are involved in the development and progression of cancer and other major diseases. Analysis of DNA methylation patterns has until now been dependent on either a chemical or an enzymatic pre-treatment, which are both time consuming procedures and potentially biased due to incomplete treatment. We present a qPCR technology, EpiDirect®, that allows for direct PCR quantification of DNA methylations using untreated DNA. EpiDirect® is based on the ability of Intercalating Nucleic Acids (INA®) to differentiate between methylated and unmethylated cytosines in a special primer design. With this technology, we develop an assay to analyze the methylation status of a region of the MGMT promoter used in treatment selection and prognosis of glioblastoma patients. We compare the assay to two bisulfite-relying, methyl-specific PCR assays in a study involving 42 brain tumor FFPE samples, revealing high sensitivity, specificity, and the clinical utility of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Kolding Bendixen
- PentaBase A/S, Odense, Denmark.
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | | | - Samantha Epistolio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Dazio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Marchi
- Service of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Spina
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Locarno, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Eva C Arnspang
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Soerensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Milo Frattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Locarno, Switzerland
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Martin KC, Ma C, Yip S. From Theory to Practice: Implementing the WHO 2021 Classification of Adult Diffuse Gliomas in Neuropathology Diagnosis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050817. [PMID: 37239289 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are the most common type of primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasm to affect the adult population. The diagnosis of adult diffuse gliomas is dependent upon the integration of morphological features of the tumour with its underlying molecular alterations, and the integrative diagnosis has become of increased importance in the fifth edition of the WHO classification of CNS neoplasms (WHO CNS5). The three major diagnostic entities of adult diffuse gliomas are as follows: (1) astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; (2) oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted; and (3) glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiology, pathology, molecular characteristics, and major diagnostic updates encountered in WHO CNS5 of adult diffuse gliomas. Finally, the application of implementing the necessary molecular tests for diagnostic workup of these entities in the pathology laboratory setting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chornenka Martin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Crystal Ma
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Abstract
Cancer is a dangerous disease and one of the leading causes of death in the world. In 2020, there were nearly 10 million cancer deaths and approximately 20 million new cases. New cases and deaths from cancer are expected to increase further in the coming years. To have a deeper insight into the mechanism of carcinogenesis, epigenetics studies have been published and received much attention from scientists, doctors, and patients. Among alterations in epigenetics, DNA methylation and histone modification are studied by many scientists. They have been reported to be a major contributor in tumor formation and are involved in metastasis. From the understanding of DNA methylation and histone modification, effective, accurate and cost-effective methods for diagnosis and screening of cancer patients have been introduced. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches and drugs targeting altered epigenetics have also been clinically studied and have shown positive results in combating tumor progression. Several cancer drugs that rely on DNA methylation inactivation or histone modification have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of cancer patients. In summary, epigenetics changes such as DNA methylation or histone modification are take part in tumor growth, and they also have great prospect to study diagnostic and therapeutic methods of this dangerous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Anh-Dao Ngo
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Brighi N, Lamberti G, Andrini E, Mosconi C, Manuzzi L, Donati G, Lisotti A, Campana D. Prospective Evaluation of MGMT-Promoter Methylation Status and Correlations with Outcomes to Temozolomide-Based Chemotherapy in Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:1381-1394. [PMID: 36826067 PMCID: PMC9955977 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TEM) as a single agent or in combination with capecitabine (CAPTEM) is active in well-differentiated advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of gastro-entero-pancreatic and thoracic origin. The predictive role of MGMT-promoter methylation in this setting is controversial. We sought to prospectively evaluate the MGMT-promoter methylation status ability to predict outcomes to TEM-based chemotherapy in patients with NET. A single-center, prospective, observational study has been conducted at the ENETS Center-of-Excellence Outpatient Clinic of the IRCCS Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi in Bologna, Italy. Patients with advanced, gastro-entero-pancreatic or lung well-differentiated NETs candidate to TEM-based chemotherapy and with available tumor samples for MGMT-promoter methylation assessment were included. The MGMT-promoter methylation status was analyzed by using pyrosequencing. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) by the MGMT-promoter methylation status. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. Survival outcomes were compared by restricted mean survival time (RMST) difference. Of 26 screened patients, 22 were finally enrolled in the study. The most frequent NET primary sites were the pancreas (64%) and the lung (23%). MGMT promoter was methylated in five tumors (23%). At a median follow-up time of 47.2 months (95%CI 29.3-89.7), the median PFS was 32.8 months (95%CI 17.2-NA), while the median OS was not reached. Patients in the methylated MGMT group, when compared to those in the unmethylated MGMT group, had longer PFS (median not reached [95%CI NA-NA] vs. 30.2 months [95%CI 15.2-NA], respectively; RMST p = 0.005) and OS (median not reached [95%CI NA-NA] vs. not reached [40.1-NA], respectively; RMST p = 0.019). After adjusting for confounding factors, the MGMT-promoter methylation status was independently associated to the PFS. Numerically higher ORR (60% vs. 24%; p = 0.274) and DCR (100% vs. 88%; p = 1.00) were observed in the methylated vs. unmethylated MGMT group. TEM-based chemotherapy was well-tolerated (adverse events grade ≥3 < 10%). In this prospective study, MGMT-promoter methylation predicted better outcomes to TEM-based chemotherapy in patients with NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brighi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-2142886
| | - Elisa Andrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Manuzzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Donati
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Lisotti
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital of Imola, University of Bologna, 40026 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Chi Y, Song L, Liu W, Zhou Y, Miao Y, Fang W, Tan H, Shi S, Jiang H, Xu J, Jia R, Zheng B, Jiang L, Zhao J, Zhang R, Tan H, Wang Y, Chen Q, Yang M, Guo X, Tong Z, Qi Z, Zhao F, Yan X, Zhao H. S-1/temozolomide versus S-1/temozolomide plus thalidomide in advanced pancreatic and non-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (STEM): A randomised, open-label, multicentre phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 54:101667. [PMID: 36188432 PMCID: PMC9520203 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently limited systemic treatment options for patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETS) and the efficacy of existing treatments is sub-optimal. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of Tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil/potassium capsules (S-1)/Temozolomide with or without thalidomide for the treatment of NETS (STEM trial). METHODS A randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2 trial conducted at eight hospitals in China. Adults (≥18 years) with unresectable/metastatic, pancreatic or non-pancreatic NETS, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) PS of 0-1, and progression on ≤2 previous therapies were randomised (1:1, using hierarchical block randomization with block length 4, stratified by pancreatic/non-pancreatic disease to receive S-1 40-60 mg orally twice daily on days 1-14 plus temozolomide 200 mg orally daily on days 10-14 in a 21-day cycle OR S-1 and temozolomide plus thalidomide orally nightly (100 mg on days 1-7, 200 mg on days 8-14, and 300 mg from day 15), until disease progression, death, intolerable toxicity, withdrawal of informed consent or at the investigator's discretion. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST 1.1 in an intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all patients who received treatment. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03204019 (pancreatic group) and NCT03204032 (non-pancreatic group). FINDINGS Between March 23, 2017 and November 16, 2020, 187 patients were screened and 140 were randomly assigned to S-1/temozolomide plus thalidomide (n = 69) or S-1/temozolomide (n =71). After a median follow-up of 12·1 months (IQR: 8·4-16·6), the ORR was comparable in the S-1/temozolomide plus thalidomide and S-1/temozolomide groups 26·1% [95% CI 17·2-37·5] versus 25·4% [95% CI 16·7-36·6]; odds ratio: 1·03 [95% CI 0·48-2·22]; P = 0·9381). In the S-1/temozolomide plus thalidomide group, the most common grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse event was fatigue (2/68, 3%), and in the control group were thrombocytopenia and diarrhea (both 1/71, 2%). There were no treatment-related deaths in either group. INTERPRETATION S-1/temozolomide with or without thalidomide leads to a comparable treatment response in patients with advanced/metastatic NETS. FUNDING This work was supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS,2021-I2M-1-066, 2017-I2M-4-002, 2021-I2M-1-019, 2017-I2M-1-001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81972311, 82141127, 31970794,), the State Key Project on Infection Diseases of China (2017ZX10201021-007-003), the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019PT310026), Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM202011010), and the State Key Laboratory Special fund from the Ministry of Science (2060204).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihebali Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Song
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Sanhuan Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Yadong Miao
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmarceutical Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huangying Tan
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Susheng Shi
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- XuanZhu (Beijing) Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Senior Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Senior Department of Oncology, the Fifth Medical Centre of PLA General Hospital, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Jiang
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuda Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, China
| | - Huijing Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Sanhuan Cancer Hospital, China
| | - Qichen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumour Drug, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, & Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Qi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Fuxing Zhao
- Breast Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Centre/National Clinical Research Centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer centre/National Clinical Research centre for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
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Song P, Li H, Xu K, Li ZW, Ren X, Fu XJ. A bibliometric and visualization-based analysis of temozolomide research hotspots and frontier evolution. Front Oncol 2022; 12:905868. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.905868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature related to TMZ research in the Web of Science (WOS) database was analyzed using bibliometrics and visualization by Citespace and VOSviewer.The publication status (number of publications, institutions, and frequency of citations), collaborations, and research focus was analyzed to clarify the current situation of TMZ research. And the recent research on TMZ provides a detailed summary. Based on objective data analysis, this study provides a complete analysis portraying the progression of historical milestones in TMZ development and future research directions from various TMZ research domains.
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Della Monica R, Cuomo M, Buonaiuto M, Costabile D, Franca RA, Del Basso De Caro M, Catapano G, Chiariotti L, Visconti R. MGMT and Whole-Genome DNA Methylation Impacts on Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7148. [PMID: 35806153 PMCID: PMC9266959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes in DNA methylation contribute to the development of many diseases, including cancer. In glioblastoma multiforme, the most prevalent primary brain cancer and an incurable tumor with a median survival time of 15 months, a single epigenetic modification, the methylation of the O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, is a valid biomarker for predicting response to therapy with alkylating agents and also, independently, prognosis. More recently, the progress from single gene to whole-genome analysis of DNA methylation has allowed a better subclassification of glioblastomas. Here, we review the clinically relevant information that can be obtained by studying MGMT gene and whole-genome DNA methylation changes in glioblastomas, also highlighting benefits, including those of liquid biopsy, and pitfalls of the different detection methods. Finally, we discuss how changes in DNA methylation, especially in glioblastomas bearing mutations in the Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes, can be exploited as targets for tailoring therapy.
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Abstract
Histomorphology has been a mainstay of cancer diagnosis in anatomic pathology for many years. DNA methylation profiling is an additional emerging tool that will serve as an adjunct to increase accuracy of pathological diagnosis. Genome-wide interrogation of DNA methylation signatures, in conjunction with machine learning methods, has allowed for the creation of clinical-grade classifiers, most prominently in central nervous system and soft tissue tumors. Tumor DNA methylation profiling has led to the identification of new entities and the consolidation of morphologically disparate cancers into biologically coherent entities, and it will progressively become mainstream in the future. In addition, DNA methylation patterns in circulating tumor DNA hold great promise for minimally invasive cancer detection and classification. Despite practical challenges that accompany any new technology, methylation profiling is here to stay and will become increasingly utilized as a cancer diagnostic tool across a range of tumor types. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; ,
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Butta S, Gupta MK. Immunohistochemical expression of MGMT in gliomas and its role in ascertaining patient survival. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:318-324. [PMID: 34430853 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyl transferase) is a DNA repair enzyme with implications on chemoresistance and subsequent patient prognosis. This study investigated the association of MGMT with the various grades and subtypes of gliomas and evaluated the associated clinical outcome of these patients. Methods This observational longitudinal follow up study spun over a period of 36 months and included 33 patients with primary glioma who underwent surgical interventions and chemoradiotherapy at a tertiary care center in Kolkata. The surgical samples were processed and histopathologically typed. Immunohistochemical analysis was done using anti-MGMT antibody and MGMT status was determined. Patients were followed up for 3 years. Results Males were 1.3 times more commonly affected by gliomas. Mean age was 42.9 years for females and 47.2 years for males. Frontal lobe was the most commonly involved site whereas focal neurological deficit was the most common symptom. Karnofsky performance score was higher for low grade gliomas and lower for high grade gliomas (p=0.04). Significant association was found between histopathological grade and MGMT immunoexpression (p=0.0001) as well as histopathological subtype and MGMT status (p=0.0036). On follow up, mean survival of the patients was 25.4 months. Significant association was found between MGMT status and survival of the patients (p=0.0437). Conclusion MGMT immunoexpression is significantly associated with different grades and subtypes of gliomas. In addition, MGMT has significant implications on chemoresistance and patient survival. Hence, MGMT expression should be mandatorily checked before starting the chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Butta
- Department Pathology, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department Tropical Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Sharma R, Lythgoe MP, Slaich B, Patel N. Exploring the Epigenome in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasias. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4181. [PMID: 34439335 PMCID: PMC8394968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasias are a diverse group of neoplasms with different characteristics in terms of site, biological behaviour and metastatic potential. In comparison to other cancers, they are genetically quiet, harbouring relatively few somatic mutations. It is increasingly becoming evident that epigenetic changes are as relevant, if not more so, as somatic mutations in promoting oncogenesis. Despite significant tumour heterogeneity, it is obvious that DNA methylation, histone and chromatin modifications and microRNA expression profiles are distinctive for GEP-NEN subtypes and may correlate with clinical outcome. This review summarises existing knowledge on epigenetic changes, identifying potential contributions to pathogenesis and oncogenesis. In particular, we focus on epigenetic changes pertaining to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours, which make up the bulk of NENs. We also highlight both similarities and differences within the subtypes of GEP-NETs and how these relate and compare to other types of cancers. We relate epigenetic understanding to existing treatments and explore how this knowledge may be exploited in the development of novel treatment approaches, such as in theranostics and combining conventional treatment modalities. We consider potential barriers to epigenetic research in GEP-NENs and discuss strategies to optimise research and development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Sharma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - Mark P. Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - Bhavandeep Slaich
- Department of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (B.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Nishil Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (B.S.); (N.P.)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast generation by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a recently emerging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research field with high clinical potential. METHODS This review covers the methodological principles and summarizes the clinical experience of CEST imaging studies in diagnostic oncology performed to date. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION CEST enables the detection of lowly concentrated metabolites, such as peptides and glucose, through selective saturation of metabolite-bound protons and subsequent magnetization transfer to free water. This technology yields additional information about metabolic activity and the tissue microenvironment without the need for conventional contrast agents or radioactive tracers. Various studies, mainly conducted in patients with neuro-oncolgic diseases, suggest that this technology may aid to assess tumor malignancy as well as therapeutic response prior to and in the first follow-up after intervention. KEY POINTS CEST-MRI enables the indirect detection of metabolites without radioactive tracers or contrast agents. Clinical experience exists especially in the setting of neuro-oncologic imaging. In oncologic imaging, CEST-MRI may improve assessment of prognosis and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N von Knebel Doeberitz
- Abteilung Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - S Maksimovic
- Abteilung Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - L Loi
- Abteilung Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - D Paech
- Abteilung Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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Ortiz-Barahona V, Joshi RS, Esteller M. Use of DNA methylation profiling in translational oncology. Semin Cancer Biol 2020:S1044-579X(20)30271-6. [PMID: 33352265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a highly regulated process that has a critical role in human development and homeostatic control of the cell. The number of genes affected by anomalous DNA methylation in cancer-associated pathways is swiftly accelerating and with the advancement of molecular technologies, new layers of complexity are opening up and refining our strategies to combat cancer. DNA methylation profiling is an essential facet to understanding malignant transformation and is becoming an increasingly important tool for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy monitoring. In this review, the role of DNA methylation in normal cellular function is discussed, as well as how epigenetic aberrations override normal cellular cues that lead to tumor initiation and propagation. The review also focuses on the latest advancements in DNA methylation profiling as a biomarker for early cancer detection, predicting patient clinical outcomes and responses to treatment and provides new insights into epigenetic-based therapy in clinical oncology.
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13
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Di Cintio F, Dal Bo M, Baboci L, De Mattia E, Polano M, Toffoli G. The Molecular and Microenvironmental Landscape of Glioblastomas: Implications for the Novel Treatment Choices. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:603647. [PMID: 33324155 PMCID: PMC7724040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.603647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary central nervous system tumor. Surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with alkylating agents constitutes standard first-line treatment of GBM. Complete resection of the GBM tumors is generally not possible given its high invasive features. Although this combination therapy can prolong survival, the prognosis is still poor due to several factors including chemoresistance. In recent years, a comprehensive characterization of the GBM-associated molecular signature has been performed. This has allowed the possibility to introduce a more personalized therapeutic approach for GBM, in which novel targeted therapies, including those employing tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), could be employed. The GBM tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts a key role in GBM tumor progression, in particular by providing an immunosuppressive state with low numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and other immune effector cell types that contributes to tumor proliferation and growth. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been successfully introduced in numerous advanced cancers as well as promising results have been shown for the use of these antibodies in untreated brain metastases from melanoma and from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Consequently, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has also been proposed in several clinical trials for the treatment of GBM. In the present review, we will outline the main GBM molecular and TME aspects providing also the grounds for novel targeted therapies and immunotherapies using ICIs for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Cintio
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Lorena Baboci
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Elena De Mattia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Polano
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Aviano, Italy
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14
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Yildiz OG, Aslan D, Akalin H, Erdem Y, Canoz O, Aytekin A, Ozoner S, Dundar M. The Effects of O 6-methyl Guanine DNA-methyl Transferase Promotor Methylation and CpG1, CpG2, CpG3 and CpG4 Methylation on Treatment Response and their Prognostic Significance in Patients with Glioblastoma. Balkan J Med Genet 2020; 23:33-41. [PMID: 32953407 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study examined the prognostic significance and treatment effect of promoter methylation of O6- methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) and meth-ylation of CpG 1, CpG2, CpG3 and CpG4 in glioblastoma (GB) patients received postoperative radiotherapy (PORT), with or without adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ). One hundred patients with GB who received PORT with concomitant TMZ plus adjuvant TMZ or PORT alone, were included. The MGMT promoter methylation of CpG1, CpG2, CpG3 and CpG4 islands were examined. Overall, MGMT-methylation emerged as a significant prognostic factor for better overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) [odds ratio (OR): 0.609, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.395-0.939, p = 0.02; OR: 0.662,95% CI: 0.430-1019, p = 0.5, respectively]. The methylation of each CpG1, CpG2, CpG3 and CpG4 islands was found to have no significant effects on OS and the methylation of each CpGl, CpG2 and CpG4 islands had no significant effect on PFS (p <0.05 for all). On the other hand, the methylation of CpG3 had a positive prognostic effect on PFS (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 0.99-4.67, p = 0.04). In the group that only received radiotherapy (RT), CpG1 and CpC3 methylations were found to have a positive prognostic significance in terms of PFS (OR: 266, 95% CI: 1.05-6.75, p -0.03 for CpG1; OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.01-5.92, p = 0.04 for CpG3). The MGMT promoter methylation represents an important biomarker for predicting response to therapy. Individual islands, particularly CpG3, deserves further investigation as a prognostic marker. Further studies need to be done with larger sample sizes to clarify the results.
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Evans WE, Pui CH, Yang JJ. The Promise and the Reality of Genomics to Guide Precision Medicine in Pediatric Oncology: The Decade Ahead. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 107:176-180. [PMID: 31563145 PMCID: PMC6925646 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Much has been written about the promise of "precision medicine," especially in oncology, where somatic mutations can influence the response of cancer cells to "targeted therapy." There have been successful examples of targeted therapy improving the outcome of some childhood cancers, such as the addition of an ABL class tyrosine kinase inhibitor to conventional chemotherapy substantially improving the cure rate for patients with BCR-ABL1 positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although there are other mutations serving as putative targets in various childhood leukemias and solid tumors, effective targeted therapy has yet to be established for them in prospective clinical trials. There are also uncertainties about which "targeted therapy" to use when patients have multiple targetable genomic lesions in their cancer cells, given the paucity of data upon which to develop evidence-based guidelines for selecting and integrating targeted agents for individual patients. There are also multiple examples of inherited germline variants for which evidence-based guidelines have been developed by the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium to guide the selection and dosing of medications in children with cancer. Clinical pharmacology is poised to play a critical role in both the discovery and development of new targeted anticancer agents and their evidence-based translation into better treatment for children with cancer. To embrace these challenges and opportunities of "precision medicine," clinical and basic pharmacologists must expand the depth of our science and the bandwidth of our translational capacity if we are to optimize precision medicine and advance the treatment of cancer in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Hematological Malignancies Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Morano F, Corallo S, Niger M, Barault L, Milione M, Berenato R, Moretto R, Randon G, Antista M, Belfiore A, Raimondi A, Nichetti F, Martinetti A, Battaglia L, Perrone F, Pruneri G, Falcone A, Di Bartolomeo M, de Braud F, Di Nicolantonio F, Cremolini C, Pietrantonio F. Temozolomide and irinotecan (TEMIRI regimen) as salvage treatment of irinotecan-sensitive advanced colorectal cancer patients bearing MGMT methylation. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:1800-1806. [PMID: 29860358 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-randomized studies showed that temozolomide (TMZ) achieves an average 10% response rate in heavily pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients with promoter methylation of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). In this phase II trial, irinotecan and temozolomide (TEMIRI) combination regimen was assessed in irinotecan-sensitive, MGMT methylated/microsatellite stable (MSS) pretreated mCRC patients. Patients and methods Key inclusion criteria were centrally confirmed MGMT methylation by methylation-specific PCR, MSS mCRC, progression after at least two prior chemotherapy regimens for advanced disease and irinotecan-free interval >3 months. TEMIRI (TMZ 150 mg/m2 on days 1-5 plus irinotecan 100 mg/m2 on days 1, 15 q28 days) was administered for six cycles, followed by maintenance with TMZ. The primary end point was overall response rate (ORR). Exploratory translational analyses included MGMT immunohistochemistry (IHC) and methyl-BEAMing (MB). Results Between December 2014 and June 2017, 25 patients were enrolled. The primary end point was met, since six patients achieved a partial response [ORR 24%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 11% to 43%]. At a median follow-up of 15.6 months, median progression-free survival (mPFS) and overall survival (mOS) were 4.4 and 13.8 months, respectively. Only four (16%) patients had ≥ grade 3 (CTCAE 4.0) adverse events. All patients whose cancer was MGMT-positive IHC were non-responders. Consistently, patients with MGMT-negative/low tumors had a significantly longer mPFS than others (6.9 versus 2.0 months; hazard ratio = 0.29, 95% CI 0.02-0.41; P = 0.003) and a non-significant trend for longer mOS. MB testing showed similar accuracy. Conclusions TEMIRI regimen is a safe and active option in pre-treated, irinotecan-sensitive mCRC patients with MGMT methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Morano
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - S Corallo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Niger
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - L Barault
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - M Milione
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - R Berenato
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - R Moretto
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Randon
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Antista
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - A Belfiore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - A Raimondi
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - F Nichetti
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - A Martinetti
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - L Battaglia
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - F Perrone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - G Pruneri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Oncology and Hemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Falcone
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Di Bartolomeo
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - F de Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Oncology and Hemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - C Cremolini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Oncology and Hemato-Oncology Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Iwabu J, Yamashita S, Takeshima H, Kishino T, Takahashi T, Oda I, Koyanagi K, Igaki H, Tachimori Y, Daiko H, Nakazato H, Nishiyama K, Lee YC, Hanazaki K, Ushijima T. FGF5 methylation is a sensitivity marker of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to definitive chemoradiotherapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13347. [PMID: 31527639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) is the major treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and prediction of the response to dCRT is important so as not to miss an opportunity to cure an ESCC. Nevertheless, few validated markers are available. Here, we aimed to identify a highly reproducible marker using multi-layer omics analysis. 117 ESCC samples from 67 responders and 50 non-responders were divided into screening, validation, and re-validation sets. In the screening cohort (n = 41), somatic mutations in 114 genes showed no association with dCRT response. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array identified four genic regions significantly associated with dCRT response. Among them, FGF5 methylation was validated to be associated with dCRT response (n = 34; P = 0.001), and further re-validated (n = 42; P = 0.020) by bisulfite-pyrosequencing. The sensitivity and specificity in the combined validation and re-validation sets (n = 76) were 45% and 90%, respectively, by using the cut-off value established in the screening set, and FGF5 methylation had predictive power independent from clinicopathological parameters. In ESCC cell lines, FGF5 promoter methylation repressed its expression. FGF5 expression was induced by cisplatin (CDDP) treatment in three unmethylated cell lines, but not in two methylated cell lines. Exogenous FGF5 overexpression in a cell line with its methylation conferred resistance to CDDP. In non-cancerous esophageal tissues, FGF5 was not expressed, and its methylation was present in a small fraction of cells. These results showed that FGF5 methylation is a validated marker for ESCC sensitivity to dCRT.
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18
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Cemeli T, Guasch-Vallés M, Nàger M, Felip I, Cambray S, Santacana M, Gatius S, Pedraza N, Dolcet X, Ferrezuelo F, Schuhmacher AJ, Herreros J, Garí E. Cytoplasmic cyclin D1 regulates glioblastoma dissemination. J Pathol 2019; 248:501-513. [PMID: 30957234 DOI: 10.1002/path.5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly invasive brain neoplasia with an elevated recurrence rate after surgical resection. The cyclin D1 (Ccnd1)/Cdk4-retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) axis is frequently altered in GBM, leading to overproliferation by RB1 deletion or by Ccnd1-Cdk4 overactivation. High levels of Ccnd1-Cdk4 also promote GBM cell invasion by mechanisms that are not so well understood. The purpose of this work is to elucidate the in vivo role of cytoplasmic Ccnd1-Cdk4 activity in the dissemination of GBM. We show that Ccnd1 activates the invasion of primary human GBM cells through cytoplasmic RB1-independent mechanisms. By using GBM mouse models, we observed that evaded GBM cells showed cytoplasmic Ccnd1 colocalizing with regulators of cell invasion such as RalA and paxillin. Our genetic data strongly suggest that, in GBM cells, the Ccnd1-Cdk4 complex is acting upstream of those regulators. Accordingly, expression of Ccnd1 induces focal adhesion kinase, RalA and Rac1 activities. Finally, in vivo experiments demonstrated increased GBM dissemination after expression of membrane-targeted Ccnd1. We conclude that Ccnd1-Cdk4 activity promotes GBM dissemination through cytoplasmic and RB1-independent mechanisms. Therefore, inhibition of Ccnd1-Cdk4 activity may be useful to hinder the dissemination of recurrent GBM. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tània Cemeli
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Guasch-Vallés
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mireia Nàger
- Calcium Signaling, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidre Felip
- Oncological Pathology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Serafí Cambray
- Vascular and Renal Translational Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV), Lleida, Spain
| | - Sònia Gatius
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova (HUAV), Lleida, Spain
| | - Neus Pedraza
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Dolcet
- Oncological Pathology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Francisco Ferrezuelo
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Alberto J Schuhmacher
- Biomedical Research Center of Aragon, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Judit Herreros
- Calcium Signaling, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eloi Garí
- Cell Cycle, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Llaguno-Munive M, Romero-Piña M, Serrano-Bello J, Medina LA, Uribe-Uribe N, Salazar AM, Rodríguez-Dorantes M, Garcia-Lopez P. Mifepristone Overcomes Tumor Resistance to Temozolomide Associated with DNA Damage Repair and Apoptosis in an Orthotopic Model of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:cancers11010016. [PMID: 30583528 PMCID: PMC6356343 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is surgery followed by chemo/radiotherapy. A major limitation on patient improvement is the high resistance of tumors to drug treatment, likely responsible for their subsequent recurrence and rapid progression. Therefore, alternatives to the standard therapy are necessary. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether mifepristone, an antihormonal agent, has a synergistic effect with temozolomide (used in standard therapy for gliomas). Whereas the mechanism of temozolomide involves damage to tumor DNA leading to apoptosis, tumor resistance is associated with DNA damage repair through the O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) enzyme. Temozolomide/mifepristone treatment, herein examined in Wistar rats after orthotopically implanting C6 glioma cells, markedly reduced proliferation. This was evidenced by a decreased level of the following parameters: a proliferation marker (Ki-67), a tumor growth marker (18F-fluorothymidine uptake, determined by PET/CT images), and the MGMT enzyme. Increased apoptosis was detected by the relative expression of related proteins, (e.g. Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), Bax (bcl-2-like protein 4) and caspase-3). Thus, greater apoptosis of tumor cells caused by their diminished capacity to repair DNA probably contributed significantly to the enhanced activity of temozolomide. The results suggest that mifepristone could possibly act as a chemo-sensitizing agent for temozolomide during chemotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Llaguno-Munive
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Mario Romero-Piña
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Janeth Serrano-Bello
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Luis A Medina
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan-UNAM, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico.
| | - Norma Uribe-Uribe
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
| | - Ana Maria Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | | | - Patricia Garcia-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
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Ingham MA, McGuinness JE, Kalinsky K, Schwartz GK. Exceptional Response to Dacarbazine in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma With Homozygous BRCA2 Deletion Highlights the Role of Homologous Recombination in Response to DNA Damage From Alkylating Agents. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1-6. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Ingham
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julia E. McGuinness
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Gary K. Schwartz
- All authors: Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Sharma M, Bellamkonda S, Mohapatra S, Meola A, Jia X, Mohammadi A, Angelov L, Barnett GH, Vogelbaum M, Ahluwalia MS. Correlation Between the Residual Tumor Volume, Extent of Tumor Resection, and O6-Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase Status in Patients with Glioblastoma. World Neurosurg 2018; 116:e147-e161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Romano A, Pasquini L, Di Napoli A, Tavanti F, Boellis A, Rossi Espagnet MC, Minniti G, Bozzao A. Prediction of survival in patients affected by glioblastoma: histogram analysis of perfusion MRI. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:455-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pandith AA, Qasim I, Zahoor W, Shah P, Bhat AR, Sanadhya D, Shah ZA, Naikoo NA. Concordant association validates MGMT methylation and protein expression as favorable prognostic factors in glioma patients on alkylating chemotherapy (Temozolomide). Sci Rep 2018; 8:6704. [PMID: 29712977 PMCID: PMC5928198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and its subsequent loss of protein expression has been identified to have a variable impact on clinical outcome of glioma patients indicated for chemotherapy with alkylating agents (Temozolomide). This study investigated methylation status of MGMT gene along with in situ protein expression in malignant glioma patients of different histological types to evaluate the associated clinical outcome vis-a-vis use of alkylating drugs and radiotherapy. Sixty three cases of glioma were evaluated for MGMT promoter methylation by methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) and protein expression by immunostaining (IHC). Methylation status of MGMT and loss of protein expression showed a very high concordant association with better survival and progression free survival (PFS) (p < 0.0001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed both MGMT methylation and loss of protein as significant independent prognostic factors in glioma patients with respect to lower Hazard Ratio (HR) for better OS and PFS) [p < 0.05]. Interestingly concordant MGMT methylation and lack of protein showed better response in TMZ therapy treated patient subgroups with HR of 2.02 and 0.76 (p < 0.05). We found the merits of prognostication of MGMT parameters, methylation as well as loss of its protein as predictive factors for favorable outcome in terms of better survival for TMZ therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad A Pandith
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K, India.
| | - Iqbal Qasim
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Wani Zahoor
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Parveen Shah
- Department of Pathology, SKIMS, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Abdul R Bhat
- Department of Neurosurgery, SKIMS, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Dheera Sanadhya
- School of Life and Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 302025, India
| | - Zafar A Shah
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine, SKIMS, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Niyaz A Naikoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Department, Cluster University, Srinagar, J & K, India
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Li Z, Xia Y, Bu X, Yang D, Yuan Y, Guo X, Zhang G, Wang Z, Jiao J. Effects of valproic acid on the susceptibility of human glioma stem cells for TMZ and ACNU. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9877-9883. [PMID: 29805689 PMCID: PMC5958707 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on the susceptibility of glioma stem cells to temozolomide (TMZ) and nimustine (ACNU), the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and its expression of MGMT were examined. A total of 3 glioma cell populations were isolated from human glioma tissues, and immunocytochemistry was used to detect the expression of MGMT. VPA inhibition on the growth of the 3 glioma cell populations exposed to various concentrations of TMZ and ACNU was evaluated. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the apoptosis of glioma cells, and a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to identify methylation of MGMT promoter. Immunocytochemistry results indicated that MGMT was negatively expressed in the G1 population, but positively expressed in the G2 and G3 populations. Cell growth inhibition assays demonstrated that the survival rate in the VPA + TMZ or ACNU groups was decreased compared with that of the TMZ or ACNU alone groups (P<0.05). As for the apoptotic rate, those in the VPA alone group were increased compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the rates in the VPA + TMZ or ACNU groups were increased compared with TMZ or ACNU alone groups (P<0.05). The expression of MGMT remained negative in the G1 population following treatment with VPA, but MGMT expression became negative in the 2 MGMT-positive cell populations (G2 and G3) following VPA treatment. The MGMT promoter in the G1 population was partially methylated in the control group, but was fully methylated following VPA treatment, while the promoters of G2, G3 were unmethylated in the control group and became partially methylated in the VPA treatment group. Taken together, TMZ and ACNU may suppress the growth of glioma stem cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. VPA may enhance the inhibitory effects of various concentrations of TMZ and ACNU on the growth of MGMT-negative/positive cells, particularly on MGMT-positive cell populations. VPA itself may induce the apoptosis of glioma cells, and VPA combined with TMZ or ACNU may enhance TMZ/ACNU-induced apoptosis of glioma stem cells. Furthermore, VPA may also promote the methylation of the MGMT promoter to silence MGMT expression in glioma cells, which may be an important mechanism through which VPA enhances the efficacy of TMZ and ACNU in targeting glioma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zhengzhou Health School, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xingyao Bu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Dongyi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Gangzhong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Jichao Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Human malignant tumors are characterized by pervasive changes in the patterns of DNA methylation. These changes include a globally hypomethylated tumor cell genome and the focal hypermethylation of numerous 5′-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3′ (CpG) islands, many of them associated with gene promoters. It has been challenging to link specific DNA methylation changes with tumorigenesis in a cause-and-effect relationship. Some evidence suggests that cancer-associated DNA hypomethylation may increase genomic instability. Promoter hypermethylation events can lead to silencing of genes functioning in pathways reflecting hallmarks of cancer, including DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, promotion of apoptosis or control of key tumor-relevant signaling networks. A convincing argument for a tumor-driving role of DNA methylation can be made when the same genes are also frequently mutated in cancer. Many of the most commonly hypermethylated genes encode developmental transcription factors, the methylation of which may lead to permanent gene silencing. Inactivation of such genes will deprive the cells in which the tumor may initiate from the option of undergoing or maintaining lineage differentiation and will lock them into a perpetuated stem cell-like state thus providing an additional window for cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd P Pfeifer
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Xu Y, Shen M, Li Y, Sun Y, Teng Y, Wang Y, Duan Y. The synergic antitumor effects of paclitaxel and temozolomide co-loaded in mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles on glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20890-901. [PMID: 26956046 PMCID: PMC4991499 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To get better chemotherapy efficacy, the optimal synergic effect of Paclitaxel (PTX) and Temozolomide (TMZ) on glioblastoma cells lines was investigated. A dual drug-loaded delivery system based on mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) was developed to potentiate chemotherapy efficacy for glioblastoma. PTX/TMZ-NPs were prepared with double emulsification solvent evaporation method and exhibited a relatively uniform diameter of 206.3 ± 14.7 nm. The NPs showed sustained release character. Cytotoxicity assays showed the best synergistic effects were achieved when the weight ratios of PTX to TMZ were 1:5 and 1:100 on U87 and C6 cells, respectively. PTX/TMZ-NPs showed better inhibition effect to U87 and C6 cells than single drug NPs or free drugs mixture. PTX/TMZ-NPs (PTX: TMZ was 1:5(w/w)) significantly inhibited the tumor growth in the subcutaneous U87 mice model. These results indicate that coordinate administration of PTX and TMZ combined with NPs is an efficient method for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Huashan Hospital, School of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Lai SW, Huang BR, Liu YS, Lin HY, Chen CC, Tsai CF, Lu DY, Lin C. Differential Characterization of Temozolomide-Resistant Human Glioma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010127. [PMID: 29301329 PMCID: PMC5796076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of primary and malignant tumor occurring in the adult central nervous system. Temozolomide (TMZ) has been considered to be one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents to prolong the survival of patients with glioblastoma. Many glioma cells develop drug-resistance against TMZ that is mediated by increasing O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) levels. The expression of connexin 43 was increased in the resistant U251 subline compared with the parental U251 cells. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated regulators, including vimentin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin, was reduced in the resistant U251 subline. In addition, the resistant U251 subline exhibited decreased cell migratory activity and monocyte adhesion ability compared to the parental U251 cells. Furthermore, the resistant U251 subline also expressed lower levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 after treatment with recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These findings suggest differential characteristics in the drug-resistant GBM from the parental glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Ren Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Neurosurgery Department, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40249, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Jiang S, Rui Q, Wang Y, Heo HY, Zou T, Yu H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Du Y, Wen X, Chen F, Wang J, Eberhart CG, Zhou J, Wen Z. Discriminating MGMT promoter methylation status in patients with glioblastoma employing amide proton transfer-weighted MRI metrics. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:2115-23. [PMID: 29234914 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the feasibility of using amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI metrics as surrogate biomarkers to identify the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status in glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS Eighteen newly diagnosed GBM patients, who were previously scanned at 3T and had a confirmed MGMT methylation status, were retrospectively analysed. For each case, a histogram analysis in the tumour mass was performed to evaluate several quantitative APTw MRI metrics. The Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate the difference in APTw parameters between MGMT methylated and unmethylated GBMs, and the receiver-operator-characteristic analysis was further used to assess diagnostic performance. RESULTS Ten GBMs were found to harbour a methylated MGMT promoter, and eight GBMs were unmethylated. The mean, variance, 50th percentile, 90th percentile and Width10-90 APTw values were significantly higher in the MGMT unmethylated GBMs than in the MGMT methylated GBMs, with areas under the receiver-operator-characteristic curves of 0.825, 0.837, 0.850, 0856 and 0.763, respectively, for the discrimination of MGMT promoter methylation status. CONCLUSIONS APTw signal metrics have the potential to serve as valuable imaging biomarkers for identifying MGMT methylation status in the GBM population. KEY POINTS • APTw-MRI is applied to predict MGMT promoter methylation status in GBMs. • GBMs with unmethylated MGMT promoter present higher APTw-MRI than methylated GBMs. • Multiple APTw histogram metrics can identify MGMT methylation status. • Mean APTw values showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.825).
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Barone TA, Burkhart CA, Safina A, Haderski G, Gurova KV, Purmal AA, Gudkov AV, Plunkett RJ. Anticancer drug candidate CBL0137, which inhibits histone chaperone FACT, is efficacious in preclinical orthotopic models of temozolomide-responsive and -resistant glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:186-196. [PMID: 27370399 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The survival rate for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains dismal. New therapies targeting molecular pathways dysregulated in GBM are needed. One such clinical-stage drug candidate, CBL0137, is a curaxin, small molecules which simultaneously downregulate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-ĸB) and activate p53 by inactivating the chromatin remodeling complex, Facilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT). Methods We used publicly available databases to establish levels of FACT subunit expression in GBM. In vitro, we evaluated the toxicity and effect of CBL0137 on FACT, p53, and NF-ĸB on U87MG and A1207 human GBM cells. In vivo, we implanted the cells orthotopically in nude mice and administered CBL0137 in various dosing regimens to assess brain and tumor accumulation of CBL0137, its effect on tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis, and on survival of mice with and without temozolomide (TMZ). Results FACT subunit expression was elevated in GBM compared with normal brain. CBL0137 induced loss of chromatin-unbound FACT, activated p53, inhibited NF-ĸB-dependent transcription, and was toxic to GBM cells. The drug penetrated the blood-brain barrier and accumulated in orthotopic tumors significantly more than normal brain tissue. It increased apoptosis and suppressed proliferation in both U87MG and A1207 tumors. Intravenous administration of CBL0137 significantly increased survival in models of early- through late-stage TMZ-responsive and -resistant GBM, with a trend toward significantly increasing the effect of TMZ in TMZ-responsive U87MG tumors. Conclusion CBL0137 targets GBM according to its proposed mechanism of action, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and is efficacious in both TMZ-responsive and -resistant orthotopic models, making it an attractive new therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Barone
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | - Alfiya Safina
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | - Katerina V Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Andrei A Purmal
- Incuron, LLC, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Cleveland Biolabs, Inc., Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Andrei V Gudkov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Cleveland Biolabs, Inc., Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert J Plunkett
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Tezcan G, Tunca B, Demirci H, Bekar A, Taskapilioglu MO, Kocaeli H, Egeli U, Cecener G, Tolunay S, Vatan O. Olea europaea Leaf Extract Improves the Efficacy of Temozolomide Therapy by Inducing MGMT Methylation and Reducing P53 Expression in Glioblastoma. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:873-880. [PMID: 28718668 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1339810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter leads to Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in most of the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. We previously investigated the synergistic effect of Olea europaea leaf extract (OLE) on TMZ cytotoxicity through modulating microRNA expression. To date, knowledge about the effect of OLE on MGMT methylation is insufficient. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential modulating effect of OLE on the TMZ response of GBM tumors through MGMT methylation. Exposure to 1 mg/mL OLE caused a significant induction of CpG island methylation in the MGMT gene using Methyl quantitative PCR assay (P < 0.001). In WST-1 analysis, the use of 350 µM TMZ plus 1 mg/mL OLE significantly increased the TMZ response of MGMT unmethylated cells (P = 0.003). Using the comet assay, the impact of 1 mg/mL OLE plus 350 µM TMZ on the formation of DNA strand breaks was significantly higher than that of 450 µM TMZ alone (P < 0.001) and Western blot analysis revealed that, when cells are treated with 1-mg/mL OLE, the total p53 protein levels tended to decrease. The results presented in this study uniquely demonstrated that OLE synergistically increased the TMZ response of GBM tumors by regulating MGMT gene methylation and p53 expression. However, further studies to validate our findings are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tezcan
- a Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- a Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Hilal Demirci
- a Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bekar
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | | | - Hasan Kocaeli
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- a Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- a Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Sahsine Tolunay
- c Department of Pathology , Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Ozgur Vatan
- d Department of Biology , Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uludag University , Bursa , Turkey
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Pelosof L, Yerram S, Armstrong T, Chu N, Danilova L, Yanagisawa B, Hidalgo M, Azad N, Herman JG. GPX3 promoter methylation predicts platinum sensitivity in colorectal cancer. Epigenetics 2017; 12:540-550. [PMID: 27918237 PMCID: PMC5687334 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1265711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic control of gene expression is a major determinant of tumor phenotype and has been found to influence sensitivity to individual chemotherapeutic agents. Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3, plasma glutathione peroxidase) is a key component of cellular antioxidant regulation and its gene has been reported to be methylated in specific tumor types. GPX3 role in oxidative damage has been associated with sensitivity to platinums in other tumors but its importance in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been determined. We examined the role of GPX3 methylation in colorectal carcinoma in determining sensitivity to platinum drugs using primary tumor specimens, cell lines, knockdown cell lines, and tumor cell line xenografts. We find GPX3 promoter region methylation in approximately one third of CRC samples and GPX3 methylation leads to reduced GPX3 expression and increased oxaliplatin and cisplatin sensitivity. In contrast, in cell lines with high baseline levels of GPX3 expression or with the ability to increase GPX3 expression, platinum resistance is increased. The cisplatin IC50 in GPX3-methylated cell lines is approximately 6-fold lower than that in GPX3-unmethylated lines. Additionally, knockdown cell lines with essentially no GPX3 expression require N-acetylcysteine to survive in culture underscoring the importance of GPX3 in redox biology. In vivo, GPX3 methylation predicts tumor xenograft sensitivity to platinum with regression of GPX3 knockdown xenografts with platinum treatment but continued growth of GPX3 wild type xenografts in the presence of platinum. These studies demonstrate the importance of GPX3 for CRC cells resistance to platinums and the potential utility of GPX3 methylation status as a predictive biomarker for platinum sensitivity in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Pelosof
- Cancer Biology Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sashidhar Yerram
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Todd Armstrong
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nina Chu
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Bioinformatics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Breann Yanagisawa
- Cancer Biology Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MD, USA
| | - Nilofer Azad
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James G. Herman
- Cancer Biology Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lung Cancer Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Szopa W, Burley TA, Kramer-Marek G, Kaspera W. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:8013575. [PMID: 28316990 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8013575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary neuroepithelial tumor of the central nervous system, characterized by an extremely aggressive clinical phenotype. Patients with GBM have a poor prognosis and only 3–5% of them survive for more than 5 years. The current GBM treatment standards include maximal resection followed by radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant therapies. Despite these aggressive therapeutic regimens, the majority of patients suffer recurrence due to molecular heterogeneity of GBM. Consequently, a number of potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers have been investigated. Some of them, such as IDH mutations, 1p19q deletion, MGMT promoter methylation, and EGFRvIII amplification are frequently tested in routine clinical practice. With the development of sequencing technology, detailed characterization of GBM molecular signatures has facilitated a more personalized therapeutic approach and contributed to the development of a new generation of anti-GBM therapies such as molecular inhibitors targeting growth factor receptors, vaccines, antibody-based drug conjugates, and more recently inhibitors blocking the immune checkpoints. In this article, we review the exciting progress towards elucidating the potential of current and novel GBM biomarkers and discuss their implications for clinical practice.
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Bosch LJW, Luo Y, Lao VV, Snaebjornsson P, Trooskens G, Vlassenbroeck I, Mongera S, Tang W, Welcsh P, Herman JG, Koopman M, Nagtegaal ID, Punt CJA, van Criekinge W, Meijer GA, Monnat RJ, Carvalho B, Grady WM. WRN Promoter CpG Island Hypermethylation Does Not Predict More Favorable Outcomes for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Irinotecan-Based Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4612-22. [PMID: 27121793 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE WRN promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer has been reported to increase sensitivity to irinotecan-based therapies. We aimed to characterize methylation of the WRN promoter, determine the effect of WRN promoter hypermethylation upon expression, and validate a previous report that WRN promoter hypermethylation predicts improved outcomes for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with irinotecan-based therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WRN methylation status was assessed using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing assays. WRN expression was determined using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. WRN methylation status was correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 183 patients with mCRC. Among these patients, 90 received capecitabine monotherapy as first-line therapy, and 93 received capecitabine plus irinotecan (CAPIRI) therapy as part of the CAIRO phase III clinical trial. RESULTS WRN mRNA and WRN protein expression levels were low in colorectal cancer cell lines and in primary colorectal cancer and were largely independent of WRN methylation status. Patients with methylated WRN colorectal cancer had a shorter OS compared with patients who had unmethylated WRN colorectal cancer (HR = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.2; P = 0.003). Patients with unmethylated WRN showed a significantly longer PFS when treated with CAPIRI compared with capecitabine alone (HR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.32-0.70; P = 0.0001). In contrast, patients did not benefit from adding irinotecan to capecitabine when WRN was methylated (HR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.69-1.77; P = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS WRN expression is largely independent of WRN promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Moreover, we could not validate the previous finding that WRN promoter hypermethylation predicts improved clinical outcomes of mCRC treated with irinotecan-based therapy and found instead the opposite result. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4612-22. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J W Bosch
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yanxin Luo
- Clinical Research Division, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Victoria V Lao
- Clinical Research Division, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Petur Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Trooskens
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Mongera
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Weiliang Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington
| | - Piri Welcsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington
| | - James G Herman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van Criekinge
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. MDxHealth SA, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond J Monnat
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Lv JF, Hu L, Zhuo W, Zhang CM, Zhou HH, Fan L. Epigenetic alternations and cancer chemotherapy response. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 77:673-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Epidemiology is the branch of science that investigates the causes and distribution of disease in populations in order to provide preventative measures and promote human health. The fields of genetic and environmental epidemiology primarily seek to identify genetic and environmental risk factors for disease, respectively. Epigenetics is emerging as an important piece of molecular data to include in these studies because it can provide mechanistic insights into genetic and environmental risk factors for disease, identify potential intervention targets, provide biomarkers of exposure, illuminate gene-environment interactions and help localize disease-relevant genomic regions. Here, we describe the importance of including epigenetics in genetic and environmental epidemiology studies, provide a conceptual framework when considering epigenetic data in population-based studies and touch upon the many challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ladd-Acosta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - M Daniele Fallin
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Shen D, Guo CC, Wang J, Qiu ZK, Sai K, Yang QY, Chen YS, Chen FR, Wang J, Panasci L, Chen ZP. Interferon-α/β enhances temozolomide activity against MGMT-positive glioma stem-like cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2715-21. [PMID: 26329778 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system in adults. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal type of glioma, whose 5-year survival is 9.8% at best. Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) play an important role in recurrence and treatment resistance. MGMT is a DNA repair protein that removes DNA adducts and therefore attenuates treatment efficiency. It has been reported that interferon-α/β (IFN-α/β) downregulates the level of MGMT and sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide. In the present study, we assessed whether IFN-α/β is able to sensitize GSCs to temozolomide by modulating MGMT expression. Upon the treatment of IFN-α/β, the efficacy of temozolomide against MGMT‑positive GSCs was markedly enhanced by combination treatment with IFN-α/β when compared with the temozolomide single agent group, and MGMT expression was markedly decreased at the same time. Further mechanistic study showed that IFN-α/β suppressed the NF-κB activity, which further mediated the sensitization of MGMT‑positive GSCs to temozolomide. Our data therefore demonstrated that the application of IFN-α/β is a promising agent with which to enhance temozolomide efficiency and reduce drug resistance, and our findings shed light on improving clinical outcomes and prolonging the survival of patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ke Sai
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Ying Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Lawrence Panasci
- Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Dong X, Liu R, Chen W. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Correlation of Promoter Methylation in the MGMT Gene with Glioma Risk and Prognosis: a Meta-Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1887-1887. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yoo B, Ifediba MA, Ghosh S, Medarova Z, Moore A. Combination treatment with theranostic nanoparticles for glioblastoma sensitization to TMZ. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:680-9. [PMID: 24696184 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In this study, we attempted to modulate tumor response to chemotherapy by combination treatment that included experimental (small interference RNA (siRNA), chlorotoxin) and conventional (temozolomide, TMZ) therapeutics. PROCEDURES siRNA therapy was used to silence O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), a key factor in brain tumor resistance to TMZ. For targeting of tumor cells, we used chlorotoxin (CTX), a peptide with antitumoral properties. siRNA and CTX were conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles (NP) that served as the drug carrier and allowed the means to monitor the changes in tumor volume by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Theranostic nanoparticles (termed CTX-NP-siMGMT) were internalized by T98G glioblastoma cells in vitro leading to enhancement of TMZ toxicity. Combination treatment of mice bearing orthotopic tumors with CTX-NP-siMGMT and TMZ led to significant retardation of tumor growth, which was monitored by MRI. CONCLUSIONS While our results demonstrate that siRNA delivery by targeted nanoparticles resulted in modulating tumor response to chemotherapy in GBM, they also point to a significant contribution of CTX to tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghee Yoo
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Building 75, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
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Tuominen R, Jewell R, van den Oord JJ, Wolter P, Stierner U, Lindholm C, Hertzman Johansson C, Lindén D, Johansson H, Frostvik Stolt M, Walker C, Snowden H, Newton-Bishop J, Hansson J, Egyházi Brage S. MGMT promoter methylation is associated with temozolomide response and prolonged progression-free survival in disseminated cutaneous melanoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 136:2844-53. [PMID: 25400033 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the predictive and prognostic value of O(6) -methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) inactivation by analyses of promoter methylation in pretreatment tumor biopsies from patients with cutaneous melanoma treated with dacarbazine (DTIC) or temozolomide (TMZ) were performed. The patient cohorts consisted of Belgian and Swedish disseminated melanoma patients. Patients were subdivided into those receiving single-agent treatment with DTIC/TMZ (cohort S, n = 74) and those treated with combination chemotherapy including DTIC/TMZ (cohort C, n = 79). Median follow-up was 248 and 336 days for cohort S and cohort C, respectively. MGMT promoter methylation was assessed by three methods. The methylation-related transcriptional silencing of MGMT mRNA expression was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Response to chemotherapy and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were correlated to MGMT promoter methylation status. MGMT promoter methylation was detected in tumor biopsies from 21.5 % of the patients. MGMT mRNA was found to be significantly lower in tumors positive for MGMT promoter methylation compared to tumors without methylation in both treatment cohorts (p < 0.005). DTIC/TMZ therapy response rate was found to be significantly associated with MGMT promoter methylation in cohort S (p = 0.0005), but did not reach significance in cohort C (p = 0.16). Significantly longer PFS was observed among patients with MGMT promoter-methylated tumors (p = 0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified presence of MGMT promoter methylation as an independent variable associated with longer PFS. Together, this implies that MGMT promoter methylation is associated with response to single-agent DTIC/TMZ and longer PFS in disseminated cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cabrini G, Fabbri E, Lo Nigro C, Dechecchi MC, Gambari R. Regulation of expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and the treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:417-28. [PMID: 26035292 PMCID: PMC4501657 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is an abundantly expressed nuclear protein dealkylating O6-methylguanine (O6-MG) DNA residue, thus correcting the mismatches of O6-MG with a thymine residue during DNA replication. The dealkylating effect of MGMT is relevant not only in repairing DNA mismatches produced by environmental alkylating agents promoting tumor pathogenesis, but also when alkylating molecules are applied in the chemotherapy of different cancers, including glioma, the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system. Elevated MGMT gene expression is known to confer resistance to the treatment with the alkylating drug temozolomide in patients affected by gliomas and, on the contrary, methylation of MGMT gene promoter, which causes reduction of MGMT protein expression, is known to predict a favourable response to temozolomide. Thus, detecting expression levels of MGMT gene is crucial to indicate the option of alkylating agents or to select patients directly for a second line targeted therapy. Further study is required to gain insights into MGMT expression regulation, that has attracted growing interest recently in MGMT promoter methylation, histone acetylation and microRNAs expression. The review will focus on the epigenetic regulation of MGMT gene, with translational applications to the identification of biomarkers predicting response to therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cabrini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrica Fabbri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lo Nigro
- Department of Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Lattanzio L, Borgognone M, Mocellini C, Giordano F, Favata E, Fasano G, Vivenza D, Monteverde M, Tonissi F, Ghiglia A, Fillini C, Bernucci C, Merlano M, Lo Nigro C. MGMT promoter methylation and glioblastoma: a comparison of analytical methods and of tumor specimens. Int J Biol Markers 2015; 30:e208-16. [PMID: 25588856 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is already well known that hypermethylation of the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter is a predictive biomarker of response to temozolomide treatment and of favorable outcomes in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Nevertheless, MGMT methylation status has not currently been introduced into routine clinical practice, as the choice of the ideal technique and tissue sample specimen is still controversial. The aim of this study was to compare 2 analytical methods, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and pyrosequencing (PSQ), and their use on 2 different tissue type samples, snap-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), obtained from a single-center and uniformly treated cohort of 46 GBM patients. We obtained methylation data from all frozen tissues, while no results were obtained for 5 FFPE samples. The highest concordance for methylation was found on frozen tissues (88.5%, 23/26 samples), using PSQ (76.7%, 23/30 samples). Moreover, we confirmed that OS and PFS for patients carrying methylation of the MGMT promoter were longer than for patients with an unmethylated promoter. In conclusion, we considered MSP a limited technique for FFPE tissues due to the high risk of false-positive results; in contrast, our data indicated PSQ as the most powerful method to stratify methylated/unmethylated patients as it allows reaching quantitative results with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, frozen tumor tissues were shown to be the best specimens for MGMT methylation analysis, due to the low DNA degradation and homogeneity in methylation throughout the tumor.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric carcinoma (GC) has one of the highest mortality rates of cancer diseases and has a high incidence rate in China. Palliative chemotherapy is the main treatment for advanced gastric cancer. It is necessary to compare the effectiveness and toxicities of different regimens. This study explores the possibility of methylation of DNA damage repair genes serving as a prognostic and chemo-sensitive marker in human gastric cancer. METHODS The methylation status of five DNA damage repair genes (CHFR, FANCF, MGMT, MLH1, and RASSF1A) was detected by nested methylation-specific PCR in 102 paraffin-embedded gastric cancer samples. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate the association of methylation status and clinic-pathological factors. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were employed to analyze the association of methylation status and chemo-sensitivity. RESULTS The results indicate that CHFR, MLH1, RASSF1A, MGMT, and FANCF were methylated in 34.3% (35/102), 21.6% (22/102), 12.7% (13/102), 9.8% (10/102), and 0% (0/102) of samples, respectively. No association was found between methylation of CHFR, MLH1, RASSF1A, MGMT, or FANCF with gender, age, tumor size, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. In docetaxel-treated gastric cancer patients, resistance to docetaxel was found in CHFR unmethylated patients by Cox proportional hazards model (HR 0.243, 95% CI, 0.069-0.859, p = 0.028), and overall survival is longer in the CHFR methylated group compared with the CHFR unmethylated group (log-rank, p = 0.036). In oxaliplatin-treated gastric cancer patients, resistance to oxaliplatin was found in MLH1 methylated patients (HR 2.988, 95% CI, 1.064-8.394, p = 0.038), and overall survival was longer in the MLH1 unmethylated group compared with the MLH1 methylated group (log-rank, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS CHFR is frequently methylated in human gastric cancer, and CHFR methylation may serve as a docetaxel-sensitive marker. MLH1 methylation was related to oxaliplatin resistance in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhuo Li
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haitangwan Town, Sanya, 572000, Hainan, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
| | - Rosaria Renna
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
| | - Tatiana Koudriavtseva
- Unit of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IFO , Rome , Italy
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Sexton-Oates A, MacGregor D, Dodgshun A, Saffery R. The potential for epigenetic analysis of paediatric CNS tumours to improve diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1314-24. [PMID: 25605740 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours of central nervous system (CNS) origin are the second most prevalent group of cancers in children, yet account for the majority of childhood cancer-related deaths. Such tumours show diverse location, cell type of origin, disease course and long-term outcome, both across and within tumour types, making treatment problematic and contributing to the relatively modest progress in reducing mortality over recent decades. As technological advances begin to reveal the genetic landscape of all cancers, it is becoming increasingly clear that genetic disruption represents only one 'layer' of molecular disruption associated with disease aetiology. Obtaining a full understanding of tumour behaviour requires an understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways disrupted during tumourigenesis, particularly in relation to gene expression. The utility of such an approach has allowed stratification of cancers such as medulloblastoma into subgroups based on molecular features, with potential to refine risk prediction. Given that epigenetic disruption is a universal feature of all human cancers, it is logical to speculate that interrogating epigenetic marks may help to further define the molecular profile, and therefore the clinical trajectory, of tumours. An integrated approach to build a molecular 'signature' of individual tumours that incorporates traditional morphological and demographic information, genetic and transcriptome analysis, in addition to epigenomics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNA analysis), offers tremendous promise to (i) inform treatment approach, (ii) facilitate accurate early identification (preferably at diagnosis) of variable risk groups (both good and poor prognosis groups), and (iii) track disease progression in childhood CNS tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sexton-Oates
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne
| | - D MacGregor
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - A Dodgshun
- Children's Cancer Centre, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Saffery
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne
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Golden EB, Cho HY, Jahanian A, Hofman FM, Louie SG, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Chloroquine enhances temozolomide cytotoxicity in malignant gliomas by blocking autophagy. Neurosurg Focus 2014; 37:E12. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.focus14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Object
In a recent clinical trial, patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme benefited from chloroquine (CQ) in combination with conventional therapy (resection, temozolomide [TMZ], and radiation therapy). In the present study, the authors report the mechanism by which CQ enhances the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ to aid future studies aimed at improving this therapeutic regimen.
Methods
Using in vitro and in vivo experiments, the authors determined the mechanism by which CQ enhances TMZ cytotoxicity. They focused on the inhibition-of-autophagy mechanism of CQ by knockdown of the autophagy-associated proteins or treatment with autophagy inhibitors. This mechanism was tested using an in vivo model with subcutaneously implanted U87MG tumors from mice treated with CQ in combination with TMZ.
Results
Knockdown of the autophagy-associated proteins (GRP78 and Beclin) or treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), blocked autophagosome formation and reduced CQ cytotoxicity, suggesting that autophagosome accumulation precedes CQ-induced cell death. In contrast, blocking autophagosome formation with knockdown of GRP78 or treatment with 3-MA enhanced TMZ cytotoxicity, suggesting that the autophagy pathway protects from TMZ-induced cytotoxicity. CQ in combination with TMZ significantly increased the amounts of LC3B-II (a marker for autophagosome levels), CHOP/GADD-153, and cleaved PARP (a marker for apoptosis) over those with untreated or individual drug-treated glioma cells. These molecular mechanisms seemed to take place in vivo as well. Subcutaneously implanted U87MG tumors from mice treated with CQ in combination with TMZ displayed higher levels of CHOP/GADD-153 than did untreated or individual drug-treated tumors.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results demonstrate that CQ blocks autophagy and triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby increasing the chemosensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encouse B. Golden
- 1Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Ardeshir Jahanian
- 4Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Stan G. Louie
- 5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Axel H. Schönthal
- 4Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, and
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Zauderer MG, Drilon A, Kadota K, Huberman K, Sima CS, Bergagnini I, Sumner DK, Travis WD, Heguy A, Ginsberg MS, Holodny AI, Riely GJ, Kris MG, Krug LM, Pietanza MC. Trial of a 5-day dosing regimen of temozolomide in patients with relapsed small cell lung cancers with assessment of methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Lung Cancer 2014; 86:237-40. [PMID: 25194640 PMCID: PMC4497567 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) are characterized by aberrantly methylated O(6)-methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Epigenetic silencing of MGMT is associated with loss of MGMT activity and improved sensitivity to alkylating agents in glioblastomas. We have reported the activity of temozolomide, a non-classical alkylating agent, in patients with relapsed sensitive or refractory SCLCs, given at 75 mg/m2/day for 21 of 28 days. However, prolonged myelosuppression was noted. We therefore evaluated a 5-day dosing schedule of temozolomide and examined MGMT as a predictive biomarker for temozolomide treatment in SCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with sensitive or refractory SCLCs and progression after one or two prior chemotherapy regimens received temozolomide 200 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days in 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was tolerability. We also assessed MGMT promoter methylation status by PCR and MGMT expression by immunohistochemistry in tumor specimens. RESULTS Of 25 patients enrolled, 5 experienced grade 3 or 4 toxicity (anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and constipation). The partial response rate was 12% [95% CI: 3-31%], with partial responses in 2 refractory patients. We were able to obtain tumor samples for more than half of patients for MGMT testing. CONCLUSION Temozolomide 200 mg/m2/day for 5 days in 28-day cycles is tolerable and active in patients with relapsed SCLCs. No treatment-limiting prolonged cytopenias were observed, making this our preferred schedule for further studies. Acquisition of archived biospecimens is feasible and necessary in order to continue evaluating the role of MGMT as a predictive biomarker in SCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie G Zauderer
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States.
| | - Alex Drilon
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Kyuichi Kadota
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Kety Huberman
- Geoffrey Beene Translational Oncology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Camelia S Sima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Isabella Bergagnini
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Dyana K Sumner
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - William D Travis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Geoffrey Beene Translational Oncology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Michelle S Ginsberg
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Andrei I Holodny
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Gregory J Riely
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Mark G Kris
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Lee M Krug
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - M Catherine Pietanza
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
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Mikeska T, Craig JM. DNA methylation biomarkers: cancer and beyond. Genes (Basel). 2014;5:821-864. [PMID: 25229548 PMCID: PMC4198933 DOI: 10.3390/genes5030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are naturally-occurring characteristics by which a particular pathological process or disease can be identified or monitored. They can reflect past environmental exposures, predict disease onset or course, or determine a patient's response to therapy. Epigenetic changes are such characteristics, with most epigenetic biomarkers discovered to date based on the epigenetic mark of DNA methylation. Many tissue types are suitable for the discovery of DNA methylation biomarkers including cell-based samples such as blood and tumor material and cell-free DNA samples such as plasma. DNA methylation biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic and predictive power are already in clinical trials or in a clinical setting for cancer. Outside cancer, strong evidence that complex disease originates in early life is opening up exciting new avenues for the detection of DNA methylation biomarkers for adverse early life environment and for estimation of future disease risk. However, there are a number of limitations to overcome before such biomarkers reach the clinic. Nevertheless, DNA methylation biomarkers have great potential to contribute to personalized medicine throughout life. We review the current state of play for DNA methylation biomarkers, discuss the barriers that must be crossed on the way to implementation in a clinical setting, and predict their future use for human disease.
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Abstract
Epigenetic testing, primarily in the form of DNA methylation analysis, is currently being used in healthcare settings to help identify and manage disease conditions and to develop and select drugs that specifically target epigenetic machinery. Yet, the clinical application of epigenetic analysis is still in its infancy. With a number of large-scale national and international epigenomic consortia projects in progress to identify tissue-specific epigenomes in normal and disease conditions, we are now poised for a new era of understanding disease processes based upon genetic changes that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence. The developing epigenetic knowledge base will significantly advance the practice of personalized medicine and precision therapeutics. In this article, we provide a primer on the fundamentals of epigenetics with an emphasis on DNA methylation and review the prospective uses of epigenetic testing in advancing healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Linder
- PGXL Laboratories, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, MDR Building, 511 S Flloyd Street, Room 222, Louisville KY 40292, USA
| | - Roland Valdes
- PGXL Laboratories, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, MDR Building, 511 S Flloyd Street, Room 222, Louisville KY 40292, USA
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Grogan PT, Sarkaria JN, Timmermann BN, Cohen MS. Oxidative cytotoxic agent withaferin A resensitizes temozolomide-resistant glioblastomas via MGMT depletion and induces apoptosis through Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitory modulation. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:604-17. [PMID: 24718901 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) has remained the chemotherapy of choice in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) primarily due to the lack of more effective drugs. Tumors, however, quickly develop resistance to this line of treatment creating a critical need for alternative approaches and strategies to resensitize the cells. Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone derived from several genera of the Solanaceae plant family has previously demonstrated potent anti-cancer activity in multiple tumor models. Here, we examine the effects of WA against TMZ-resistant GBM cells as a monotherapy and in combination with TMZ. WA prevented GBM cell proliferation by dose-dependent G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death through both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. This effect correlated with depletion of principle proteins of the Akt/mTOR and MAPK survival and proliferation pathways with diminished phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and p70 S6K but compensatory activation of ERK1/2. Depletion of tyrosine kinase cell surface receptors c-Met, EGFR, and Her2 was also observed. WA demonstrated induction of N-acetyl-L-cysteine-repressible oxidative stress as measured directly and through a subsequent heat shock response with HSP32 and HSP70 upregulation and decreased HSF1. Finally, pretreatment of TMZ-resistant GBM cells with WA was associated with O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) depletion which potentiated TMZ-mediated MGMT degradation. Combination treatment with both WA and TMZ resulted in resensitization of MGMT-mediated TMZ-resistance but not resistance through mismatch repair mutations. These studies suggest great clinical potential for the utilization of WA in TMZ-resistant GBM as both a monotherapy and a resensitizer in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic agent TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Grogan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Odia Y, Orr BA, Bell WR, Eberhart CG, Rodriguez FJ. cMYC expression in infiltrating gliomas: associations with IDH1 mutations, clinicopathologic features and outcome. J Neurooncol 2013; 115:249-59. [PMID: 23934175 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are among the most frequent adult primary brain tumors. Mutations in IDH1, a metabolic enzyme, strongly correlate with secondary glioblastomas and increased survival. cMYC is an oncogene also implicated in aberrant metabolism, but its prognostic impact remains unclear. Recent genotyping studies also showed SNP variants near the cMYC gene locus, associate with an increased risk for development of IDH1/2 mutant gliomas suggesting a possible interaction between cMYC and IDH1. We evaluated nuclear cMYC protein levels and IDH1 (R132H) by immunohistochemistry in patients with oligodendroglioma/oligoastrocytomas (n = 20), astrocytomas (grade II) (n = 19), anaplastic astrocytomas (n = 21) or glioblastomas (n = 111). Of 158 tumors with sufficient tissue, 110 (70 %) showed nuclear cMYC immunopositivity--most frequent (95 %, χ(2) p = 0.0248) and intense (mean 1.33, ANOVA p = 0.0179) in anaplastic astrocytomas versus glioblastomas (63 %) or low grade gliomas (74 %). cMYC expression associated with younger age as well as p53 immunopositivity (OR = 3.6, p = 0.0332) and mutant IDH1 (R132H) (OR = 7.4, p = 0.06) among malignant gliomas in our cohort. Independent analysis of the publically available TCGA glioblastoma dataset confirmed our strong association between cMYC and mutant IDH1 expression. Both IDH1 (R132H) and cMYC protein expression were associated with improved overall survival by univariate analysis. However, cMYC co-expression associated with shortened time to malignant transformation and overall survival among IDH1 (R132H) mutants in both univariate and multivariate analyses. In summary, our findings suggest that cMYC may be associated with a unique clinicopathologic and biologic group of infiltrating gliomas and help mediate the malignant transformation of IDH1 mutant gliomas.
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